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Bohtan (also Buhtan, Bokhti) was a medieval Kurdishprincipality in the Ottoman Empire centered on the town of Jazirah ibn 'Omar (modern Cizre also known as Cizîra Botan (Jazira Botan) in southeastern Anatolia. The official religion of this principality was Yezidism in 14th century, although the rulers eventually converted to Islam, Bohtan still constituted the third major Yezidi enclave after Shekhan and Sinjar until 19th century.[1][2]
In the early 8th century, Bukhtis and Bajnawi Kurds ruled the area surrounding Sinjar and Jazira mountains known under name Zozan by Arab geographers. Yaqoot Hamawi describes their residing area to be from Ikhlat to Salmas which included many strongholds belonging to Bokhtis; he also mentioned town of Jardhakil as their capital. The principality ruled over an area extending from Diyarbakir to Van and from Rawanduz to Sinjar at its peak.[3] The first governors of Bohtan, were from the Azizan family, who originally followed Yezidism[4][5] later converted to Sunni Islam[5] and were related to the Governors of the Principality of Bitlis.[6] Following their role in the Ottoman defeat of the Safavids in the Battle of Caldiran in 1514,[6] Bohtan was granted the status of a Hükümet, and it became a hereditary Kurdish principality within the Ottoman Empire.[7]
An important governor of the Bohtan was Bedir Khan Bey, who succeeded Mir Seyfeddin.[8] Bedir Khan Bey was Mîr of the principality between 1821 and 1847.[3] He reformed the military forces in establishing an elite force consistent with members of the several tribes within the emirate[9][10]which brought security into Bohtan.[11] According to European diplomats in the region, he even tested if the regional chief was observant enough.[11] He would try to raid a tribe by night, and if he succeeded he would punish the tribal chief in whose territory the robbery was successful.[11] He then returned what he had robbed the night before.[11] The security standard in Bohtan was such, that it encouraged the population of neighboring provinces to move into the territory under Bedir Khans control.[12] This led to the opposition by the Ottoman Vali of Mosul, who demanded an end to the emigration of the habitants from the Mosul province to Bohtan.[12] Following, Bedir Khan expelled 2000 immigrants who settled into Bohtan during the Governorship of Mehmet Pasha in Mosul,[12] but they returned after four years.[12] The renewed emigration lead the Vali of Mosul Mehmet Şerif Pasha to file a report against Bedir Khan, who in 1847 had to agree to bring an end to the immigration of foreigners in Bohtan.[12] Bedir Khan Bey resigned after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottoman Empire and following, Bohtan lost its independence[3]
^SHIELDS, SARAH (August 2001). "NELIDA FUCCARO, The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq, Library of Modern Middle East Studies, vol. 14 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999). Pp. 246. $55 cloth". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 33 (3): 463–465. doi:10.1017/s0020743801293064. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 161122658.
^ abAktürk, Ahmet Serdar (2018). "Family, Empire, and Nation: Kurdish Bedirkhanis and the Politics of Origins in a Changing Era". Journal of Global South Studies. 35 (2): 393. doi:10.1353/gss.2018.0032. ISSN 2476-1419. S2CID 158487762 – via Project MUSE.
^ abWinter, Stefan (2006). "The other Nahdah: The Bedirxans, the Millîs and the tribal roots of Kurdish nationalism in Syria". Oriente Moderno. 25 (86) (3): 461–474. doi:10.1163/22138617-08603003. ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR 25818086 – via JSTOR.
^Henning, Barbara (2018). Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes. University of Bamberg Press. p. 94. ISBN978-3863095512.
^van Bruinessen, Martin. Agha, Sheik and State(PDF). p. 179.
^Bruinessen, Martin van (1992). Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 179. ISBN978-1-85649-018-4.
^ abcdGökçe, Hasan (1997). Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.), p. 80
^ abcdeGökçe, Hasan (1997). Kieser, Hans-Lukas (ed.). Kurdistan et l'Europe (in French). Chronos. p. 81. ISBN978-3-905312-32-4.
External links
June 17, 2023
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Not to be confused with Bhutan This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Kurdish February 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Kurdish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Kurdish Wikipedia article at ku Mirektiya Botan see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ku Mirektiya Botan to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish February 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Turkish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 447 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Wikipedia article at tr Botan Emirligi see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated tr Botan Emirligi to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Bohtan also Buhtan Bokhti was a medieval Kurdish principality in the Ottoman Empire centered on the town of Jazirah ibn Omar modern Cizre also known as Cizira Botan Jazira Botan in southeastern Anatolia The official religion of this principality was Yezidism in 14th century although the rulers eventually converted to Islam Bohtan still constituted the third major Yezidi enclave after Shekhan and Sinjar until 19th century 1 2 Bohtanearly 8th century 1847StatusSovereign State Before 1514 Vassal of the Ottoman EmpireCapitalJardhakilReligionYazidism Sunni Islam From 14th century GovernmentPrincipalityMir 1821 1847Bedir Khan Beg last History Establishedearly 8th century Disestablished1847Succeeded byOttoman EmpireToday part ofTurkey Al Hasakah Governorate Iraq Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksHistory EditIn the early 8th century Bukhtis and Bajnawi Kurds ruled the area surrounding Sinjar and Jazira mountains known under name Zozan by Arab geographers Yaqoot Hamawi describes their residing area to be from Ikhlat to Salmas which included many strongholds belonging to Bokhtis he also mentioned town of Jardhakil as their capital The principality ruled over an area extending from Diyarbakir to Van and from Rawanduz to Sinjar at its peak 3 The first governors of Bohtan were from the Azizan family who originally followed Yezidism 4 5 later converted to Sunni Islam 5 and were related to the Governors of the Principality of Bitlis 6 Following their role in the Ottoman defeat of the Safavids in the Battle of Caldiran in 1514 6 Bohtan was granted the status of a Hukumet and it became a hereditary Kurdish principality within the Ottoman Empire 7 An important governor of the Bohtan was Bedir Khan Bey who succeeded Mir Seyfeddin 8 Bedir Khan Bey was Mir of the principality between 1821 and 1847 3 He reformed the military forces in establishing an elite force consistent with members of the several tribes within the emirate 9 10 which brought security into Bohtan 11 According to European diplomats in the region he even tested if the regional chief was observant enough 11 He would try to raid a tribe by night and if he succeeded he would punish the tribal chief in whose territory the robbery was successful 11 He then returned what he had robbed the night before 11 The security standard in Bohtan was such that it encouraged the population of neighboring provinces to move into the territory under Bedir Khans control 12 This led to the opposition by the Ottoman Vali of Mosul who demanded an end to the emigration of the habitants from the Mosul province to Bohtan 12 Following Bedir Khan expelled 2000 immigrants who settled into Bohtan during the Governorship of Mehmet Pasha in Mosul 12 but they returned after four years 12 The renewed emigration lead the Vali of Mosul Mehmet Serif Pasha to file a report against Bedir Khan who in 1847 had to agree to bring an end to the immigration of foreigners in Bohtan 12 Bedir Khan Bey resigned after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottoman Empire and following Bohtan lost its independence 3 See also EditList of Kurdish dynasties and countriesReferences Edit SHIELDS SARAH August 2001 NELIDA FUCCARO The Other Kurds Yazidis in Colonial Iraq Library of Modern Middle East Studies vol 14 London I B Tauris 1999 Pp 246 55 cloth International Journal of Middle East Studies 33 3 463 465 doi 10 1017 s0020743801293064 ISSN 0020 7438 S2CID 161122658 Allison Christine Robins nee The Yezidis a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b c Jongerden Joost 2012 Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir 1870 1915 Brill p 60 ISBN 9789004225183 Jwaideh Wadie 2006 06 19 The Kurdish National Movement Its Origins and Development Syracuse University Press ISBN 978 0 8156 3093 7 a b Akturk Ahmet Serdar 2018 Family Empire and Nation Kurdish Bedirkhanis and the Politics of Origins in a Changing Era Journal of Global South Studies 35 2 393 doi 10 1353 gss 2018 0032 ISSN 2476 1419 S2CID 158487762 via Project MUSE a b Winter Stefan 2006 The other Nahdah The Bedirxans the Millis and the tribal roots of Kurdish nationalism in Syria Oriente Moderno 25 86 3 461 474 doi 10 1163 22138617 08603003 ISSN 0030 5472 JSTOR 25818086 via JSTOR Henning Barbara 2018 Narratives of the History of the Ottoman Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post Imperial Contexts Continuities and Changes University of Bamberg Press p 94 ISBN 978 3863095512 Henning Barbara 2018 p 95 van Bruinessen Martin Agha Sheik and State PDF p 179 Bruinessen Martin van 1992 Agha Shaikh and State The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan Bloomsbury Academic p 179 ISBN 978 1 85649 018 4 a b c d Gokce Hasan 1997 Kieser Hans Lukas ed p 80 a b c d e Gokce Hasan 1997 Kieser Hans Lukas ed Kurdistan et l Europe in French Chronos p 81 ISBN 978 3 905312 32 4 External links EditEncyclopaedia Islamica in Persian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bohtan amp oldid 1158899241, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
