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Soran Emirate

January 31, 2023

Soran Emirate (Kurdish: میرنشینی سۆران)[1] was a medieval Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by Ottoman Empire in 1514[2] and later revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1836.[3] Kor was ousted in an offensive by the Ottomans.[4]

Soran Emirate circa 1835.

Early years

While no date has been established for the origin of the Soran Emirate, Kurdish historian Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi mentions the Emirate in Sharafnama in 1597 as established by a shepherd by the name of Isa. Bitlisi claims that villagers quickly followed the popular Isa and they attacked the Rewan Castle where they established themselves. They took the name Soran meaning from red after the red stones near the castle. Qadir Muhammad Muhammad writes that the emirate was likely established sometime between the 1330s and 1430s.[5]

Years later, during the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 between the Ottomans and the Safavids, the Emirate was able to conquer land between Erbil and Kirkuk.[6] In 1534, Emir Ezaddin Sher was executed by Suleiman the Magnificent for his treatment of the Emperor's servants and the Emirate was given to Yazidis led by Hussein Beg who ruled as a brutal tyrant. He was soon toppled by the family of the previous Emir led by Emir Saifaddin who himself was executed by the Emperor in Constantinople, pushing the Emirate into anarchy.[7]


Under Emir Kor

The last prince of the emirate was Emir Muhammad Kor, who reigned from 1813 to 1836. His father, Mustafa Beg, peacefully handed the princedom to him. In the first few years of his rule, he was able to consolidate his power and began launching attacks towards the neighboring principality of Baban. He occupied Harir in 1822, Koysinjaq, Altunkupri, and Erbil in 1823, and conquered Akre and Raniyah in 1824.[5] This established the Zab river as the border between the two emirates.

As the region experienced a power vacuum due to the decline of Baban, the Russo-Turkish War from 1828 to 1829, and the Egyptian–Ottoman War from 1831 to 1833, he led a tribal force to Rawandiz and built a citadel in the town as they build up a military. Between 1831 and 1834 he was able to capture several towns and cities in other Kurdish emirates. 1831 he captured the Bahdinan emirate of Amedi.[8] Kor further expanded his influence to Mardin, Cizre and Nusaybin, compelling the ruler of the Bohtan Mir Sevdin, to accept his authority, which caused serious concern in the Ottoman capital Constantinople.[8] Kor then captured Akre and oppressed Yazidis in the newly-conquered areas.[8]

Under Emir Kor, the Soran emirate developed a powerful army. It consisted of between 30 to 50,000 tribal musketeers who were given regular salaries, having the appearance of a national army.[5] Kor himself ate each evening with 100-200 soldiers from different tribes.[5] A multitude of different tribes joined his army such as the Baliki, Rewendek, Sidek, Shirwani, Rusuri, Malibas, Sheikhab, Nurik, Kheilani, Hnearai, Sheikh Mahmudi, Kassan, Derijiki, Bamami, Sekw, Shikuli, Mendik, Baimar, and Piraji.[5]

Fearing a cooperation between the Soran Emirate and Muhammad Ali of Egypt, the Ottomans dispatched an army to Soran in 1834. Mire Kor was able to repeal the forces and push towards Iran.[8] This led Kurdish notables from Bradost, Akre and Amedi to complain to Reşid Mehmed Pasha of the Ottoman government alleging they were oppressed by Mir Kor of Soran.[8]

Kor tried to subdue the Assyrians of Tyari in 1834 but suffered a humiliating defeat near the village of Lezan in Lower Tyari. This defeat played a major role in the downfall of the emirate.[9][10][11][12] A second Ottoman offensive was initiated in 1836 which forced Kor to retreat to Rawandiz, mainly due to the lack of support from his tribal allies.[13]

After having pressured to surrender by the situation given, Emir Kor travelled to Istanbul for negotiations, where he was given authority over the area of the Emirate of Soran. But on his way home he disappeared in the Black Sea area and the Ottoman Empire supported his brother Rasul as the Emir of the Emirate. The Emirate would ultimately fall victim to the growing centralization of the Ottoman Empire.[14][15]

Kurdish awareness

There were traits of Kurdish awareness by the Soran Emirate including the desire to unite all Kurdish areas under one rule and the use of Kurdish uniforms for his army. On this, Emir Kor's brother Rasul told British writer and traveller Frederick Milingen:[16]

With an aspiring genius he had conceived the grande idée of emancipating his country from the authority of the sultans, and of consolidating the power of his family. Uniting the qualities of a conqueror and of a legislator, Mehemet Pasha succeeded in extending his sway over the neighbouring provinces of Kerkuk[sic] and Mussul [sic], and in gathering under his flag a large number of Koordish [sic] troop.

Moreover, researcher Ghalib writes:[17]

[T]hrough many centuries of Ottoman rule, they [Kurds] could not build up a sense of community between the Kurds and the dominant ruler. Kurds remembered their happiness under Soran and other Kurdish emirates. Therefore, they did not welcome the Ottoman officials. Remembering the past is important for keeping one’s own history in mind.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mustafa (2019), p. 1.
  2. ^ Ghalib (2011), p. 50.
  3. ^ Ebraheem (2013), p. 235.
  4. ^ Eppel (2016), pp. 54–55.
  5. ^ a b c d e Muhammad, Qadir Muhammad (2017-12-14). Kurds and Kurdistan in the View of British Travellers in the Nineteenth Century (thesis thesis). University of Leicester. pp.94–98.
  6. ^ Ghalib (2011), p. 52.
  7. ^ Ghalib (2011), p. 53.
  8. ^ a b c d e Ates, Sabri (2021), Gunes, Cengiz; Bozarslan, Hamit; Yadirgi, Veli (eds.), "The End of Kurdish Autonomy: The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire", The Cambridge History of the Kurds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 76, ISBN 978-1-108-47335-4, retrieved 2021-12-15
  9. ^ Aboona, Hirmis (2008). Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire. Cambria Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-61336-471-0.
  10. ^ Ross, Mosul, 19 November 1847. From Ross to Layard, 61,63,79
  11. ^ Ross, Henry James (1902). Letters from the East. J. M. Dent & Company. pp. 62–63.
  12. ^ Laurie, Thomas (1853). Dr. Grant and the Mountain Nestorians. Gould and Lincoln. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7905-5103-6.
  13. ^ Eppel (2018), pp. 42–43.
  14. ^ Eppel (2016), p. 56.
  15. ^ Eppel (2018), p. 43.
  16. ^ Millingen (1870), p. 184.
  17. ^ Ghalib (2011), p. 111.

Bibliography

  • Ebraheem, Sharameen (2013), The Impact of Architectural Identity on Nation Branding: The Case Study of Iraqi Kurdistan. (PDF), Manchester Metropolitan University's Research Repository
  • Eppel, Michael (2016), A People Without a State, The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-4773-0911-7
  • Eppel, Michael (2018), "The Kurdish emirates", Routledge Handbook on the Kurds, Routledge Handbooks Online, pp. 35–47, doi:10.4324/9781315627427-4, ISBN 978-1-138-64664-3, S2CID 186808301, retrieved 1 May 2020
  • Ghalib, Sabah Abdullah (2011), The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire, 1800-1850 (PDF), University of Exeter, retrieved 1 May 2020
  • Millingen, Frederick (1870), Wild Life Among the Koords, Hurst and Blackett, retrieved 1 May 2020
  • Mustafa, Amanj Ahmad (2019), سیاسه‌تی ده‌وڵه‌تی عوسمانی به‌رانبه‌ر میرنشینی سۆران له‌ سه‌رده‌می میر محه‌مه‌دی ڕەواندزید (-) (in Kurdish and English), Soran University, doi:10.31918/twejer.1923.10, retrieved 1 May 2020

January 31, 2023
soran, emirate, kurdish, میرنشینی, سۆران, medieval, kurdish, emirate, established, before, conquest, kurdistan, ottoman, empire, 1514, later, revived, emir, centered, rawandiz, from, 1816, 1836, ousted, offensive, ottomans, circa, 1835, statue, muhammad, pasha. Soran Emirate Kurdish میرنشینی سۆران 1 was a medieval Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by Ottoman Empire in 1514 2 and later revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1836 3 Kor was ousted in an offensive by the Ottomans 4 Soran Emirate circa 1835 The statue of Muhammad Pasha of Rawanduz in Rawanduz Contents 1 Early years 2 Under Emir Kor 3 Kurdish awareness 4 See also 5 Notes 6 BibliographyEarly years EditWhile no date has been established for the origin of the Soran Emirate Kurdish historian Sharaf al Din Bitlisi mentions the Emirate in Sharafnama in 1597 as established by a shepherd by the name of Isa Bitlisi claims that villagers quickly followed the popular Isa and they attacked the Rewan Castle where they established themselves They took the name Soran meaning from red after the red stones near the castle Qadir Muhammad Muhammad writes that the emirate was likely established sometime between the 1330s and 1430s 5 Years later during the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 between the Ottomans and the Safavids the Emirate was able to conquer land between Erbil and Kirkuk 6 In 1534 Emir Ezaddin Sher was executed by Suleiman the Magnificent for his treatment of the Emperor s servants and the Emirate was given to Yazidis led by Hussein Beg who ruled as a brutal tyrant He was soon toppled by the family of the previous Emir led by Emir Saifaddin who himself was executed by the Emperor in Constantinople pushing the Emirate into anarchy 7 Under Emir Kor EditThe last prince of the emirate was Emir Muhammad Kor who reigned from 1813 to 1836 His father Mustafa Beg peacefully handed the princedom to him In the first few years of his rule he was able to consolidate his power and began launching attacks towards the neighboring principality of Baban He occupied Harir in 1822 Koysinjaq Altunkupri and Erbil in 1823 and conquered Akre and Raniyah in 1824 5 This established the Zab river as the border between the two emirates As the region experienced a power vacuum due to the decline of Baban the Russo Turkish War from 1828 to 1829 and the Egyptian Ottoman War from 1831 to 1833 he led a tribal force to Rawandiz and built a citadel in the town as they build up a military Between 1831 and 1834 he was able to capture several towns and cities in other Kurdish emirates 1831 he captured the Bahdinan emirate of Amedi 8 Kor further expanded his influence to Mardin Cizre and Nusaybin compelling the ruler of the Bohtan Mir Sevdin to accept his authority which caused serious concern in the Ottoman capital Constantinople 8 Kor then captured Akre and oppressed Yazidis in the newly conquered areas 8 Under Emir Kor the Soran emirate developed a powerful army It consisted of between 30 to 50 000 tribal musketeers who were given regular salaries having the appearance of a national army 5 Kor himself ate each evening with 100 200 soldiers from different tribes 5 A multitude of different tribes joined his army such as the Baliki Rewendek Sidek Shirwani Rusuri Malibas Sheikhab Nurik Kheilani Hnearai Sheikh Mahmudi Kassan Derijiki Bamami Sekw Shikuli Mendik Baimar and Piraji 5 Fearing a cooperation between the Soran Emirate and Muhammad Ali of Egypt the Ottomans dispatched an army to Soran in 1834 Mire Kor was able to repeal the forces and push towards Iran 8 This led Kurdish notables from Bradost Akre and Amedi to complain to Resid Mehmed Pasha of the Ottoman government alleging they were oppressed by Mir Kor of Soran 8 Kor tried to subdue the Assyrians of Tyari in 1834 but suffered a humiliating defeat near the village of Lezan in Lower Tyari This defeat played a major role in the downfall of the emirate 9 10 11 12 A second Ottoman offensive was initiated in 1836 which forced Kor to retreat to Rawandiz mainly due to the lack of support from his tribal allies 13 After having pressured to surrender by the situation given Emir Kor travelled to Istanbul for negotiations where he was given authority over the area of the Emirate of Soran But on his way home he disappeared in the Black Sea area and the Ottoman Empire supported his brother Rasul as the Emir of the Emirate The Emirate would ultimately fall victim to the growing centralization of the Ottoman Empire 14 15 Kurdish awareness EditThere were traits of Kurdish awareness by the Soran Emirate including the desire to unite all Kurdish areas under one rule and the use of Kurdish uniforms for his army On this Emir Kor s brother Rasul told British writer and traveller Frederick Milingen 16 With an aspiring genius he had conceived the grande idee of emancipating his country from the authority of the sultans and of consolidating the power of his family Uniting the qualities of a conqueror and of a legislator Mehemet Pasha succeeded in extending his sway over the neighbouring provinces of Kerkuk sic and Mussul sic and in gathering under his flag a large number of Koordish sic troop Moreover researcher Ghalib writes 17 T hrough many centuries of Ottoman rule they Kurds could not build up a sense of community between the Kurds and the dominant ruler Kurds remembered their happiness under Soran and other Kurdish emirates Therefore they did not welcome the Ottoman officials Remembering the past is important for keeping one s own history in mind See also EditList of Kurdish dynasties and countries Mir XanzadNotes Edit Mustafa 2019 p 1 Ghalib 2011 p 50 Ebraheem 2013 p 235 Eppel 2016 pp 54 55 a b c d e Muhammad Qadir Muhammad 2017 12 14 Kurds and Kurdistan in the View of British Travellers in the Nineteenth Century thesis thesis University of Leicester pp 94 98 Ghalib 2011 p 52 Ghalib 2011 p 53 a b c d e Ates Sabri 2021 Gunes Cengiz Bozarslan Hamit Yadirgi Veli eds The End of Kurdish Autonomy The Destruction of the Kurdish Emirates in the Ottoman Empire The Cambridge History of the Kurds Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 76 ISBN 978 1 108 47335 4 retrieved 2021 12 15 Aboona Hirmis 2008 Assyrians Kurds and Ottomans Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire Cambria Press p 173 ISBN 978 1 61336 471 0 Ross Mosul 19 November 1847 From Ross to Layard 61 63 79 Ross Henry James 1902 Letters from the East J M Dent amp Company pp 62 63 Laurie Thomas 1853 Dr Grant and the Mountain Nestorians Gould and Lincoln p 262 ISBN 978 0 7905 5103 6 Eppel 2018 pp 42 43 Eppel 2016 p 56 Eppel 2018 p 43 Millingen 1870 p 184 Ghalib 2011 p 111 Bibliography EditEbraheem Sharameen 2013 The Impact of Architectural Identity on Nation Branding The Case Study of Iraqi Kurdistan PDF Manchester Metropolitan University s Research Repository Eppel Michael 2016 A People Without a State The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism Routledge ISBN 978 1 4773 0911 7 Eppel Michael 2018 The Kurdish emirates Routledge Handbook on the Kurds Routledge Handbooks Online pp 35 47 doi 10 4324 9781315627427 4 ISBN 978 1 138 64664 3 S2CID 186808301 retrieved 1 May 2020 Ghalib Sabah Abdullah 2011 The Emergence of Kurdism with Special Reference to the Three Kurdish Emirates within the Ottoman Empire 1800 1850 PDF University of Exeter retrieved 1 May 2020 Millingen Frederick 1870 Wild Life Among the Koords Hurst and Blackett retrieved 1 May 2020 Mustafa Amanj Ahmad 2019 سیاسه تی ده وڵه تی عوسمانی به رانبه ر میرنشینی سۆران له سه رده می میر محه مه دی ڕەواندزید in Kurdish and English Soran University doi 10 31918 twejer 1923 10 retrieved 1 May 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Soran Emirate amp oldid 1122269338, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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