The Hadiya Sultanate (r. ~13th century – 15th century) was a medieval kingdom located in southwestern Ethiopia, south of the Abbay River and west of Shewa. It was ruled by the Hadiya people, who spoke the CushiticHadiyya language. The historical Hadiya area was situated between Kambaata, Gamo and Wej, southwest of Shewa. By 1850, Hadiya is placed north-west of lakes Zway and Langano but still between these areas.[1] Hadiya was historically a vassal state of the Adal federation.[2]
The Hadiya Kingdom was described in the mid-fourteenth century by the Arab historian Chihab Al-Umari as measuring eight days' journey by nine, which Richard Pankhurst estimates was 160 by 180 kilometers. Although small, Hadiya was fertile with fruit and cereals, rich with horses, and its inhabitants used pieces of iron as currency. It could raise an army of 40,000 cavalry and at least twice as many foot soldiers.[3]
Hadiya was likely part of the domain of the Sultanate of Showa and linked to the Harla[4] before the pagan Kingdom of Damot's invasion led by Sidama.[5] A cluster of speakers labelled Hadiya-Sidama developed, maintaining Islamic identity and later creating the Hadiya Sultanate.[6] According to Hadiya elders the dynasty was started by descendants of Harar Emir Abadir, who intermarried with Sidama. The earliest surviving mention of Hadiya is in the Kebra Nagast (ch. 94), indicating that the kingdom was in existence by the 13th century.[7] Another early mention is in a manuscript written on the island monastery of Lake Hayq, which states that after conquering Damot, Emperor Amda Seyon I proceeded to Hadiya and brought it under his control using Gura armies from modern Eritrea which would later become Gurage region.[8][9] Later during Amda Seyon's reign, the King of Hadiya, Amano, refused to submit to the Emperor of Ethiopia. Amano was encouraged in this by a Muslim "prophet of darkness" named Bel'am. Amda Seyon subsequently set forth for Hadiya, where he "slew the inhabitants of the country with the point of the sword", killing many of the inhabitants while enslaving others.[10] Despite such punitive measures, many of the Hadiya people served in the military units of Amda Seyon.[3]
In the fourteenth century according to professor Lapiso, the Hadiya state within the "Hadiya-Harla Sultanate" maintained one of the largest armies in the region, consisting of 80,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry.[11] During the reign of Zara Yaqob, the Garad or Sultan of Hadiya, Mahiko, the son of Garaad Mehmad, repeated his predecessor's actions and refused to submit to the Abyssinian Emperor. However, with the help of one of Mahiko's followers, the Garaad was deposed in favor of his uncle Bamo. Garaad Mahiko then sought sanctuary at the court of the Adal Sultanate. He was later slain by the military contingent Adal Mabrak, who had been in pursuit. The chronicles record that the Adal Mabrak sent Mahiko's head and limbs to Zara Yaqob as proof of his death.[12]
After militarily occupying Hadiya, many kings of Ethiopia and high ranking members converted and married Hadiya women; Princess Eleni of Hadiya is one example. This would escalate pre-existing tensions with the neighboring Adal Sultanate, who did not take kindly to the atrocities committed by Ethiopia against its fellow Muslim state.[13] Adal attempted to invade Ethiopia in response, however the campaign was a disaster and led to the death of Sultan Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din at the Battle of Gomit.[14] Ethiopian and Adal relations continued to sour after the Hadiya incident and reached its peak at the Ethiopian–Adal war, where the Hadiya would join the Adal armies in their invasion of Ethiopia during the sixteenth century.[15] It was revealed during Adal's invasion that the Hadiya state under Abyssinia was forced to pay yearly tribute by offering a Muslim girl to be converted to Christianity.[16] Emperor Sarsa Dengel suppressed a rebellion by Hadiya leader Garad Aze which involved Hadiya ally Sultanate of Harar at the Battle of Hadiya.[17] In the late sixteenth century, the Hadiya region was overrun by the Oromo expansion, thus, the Arsi Oromo today claim Hadiya ancestry.[18]
Identity
Historical definition of Hadiya people includes a number of Ethiopian ethnic groups currently known by other names according to ethnologist Ulrich Braukämper, who lived in various parts of southern-central Ethiopia for over four years during his research.[19][20] In his book titled A history of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia, he established linkages to the ancient Hadiya Kingdom. Currently, Hadiya is not a homogeneous ethnic group but is rather sub-divided into a number of ethnonyms, partly with different languages and cultural affiliations. They were initially all inhabitants of a single political entity, a Sultanate, which in the 4th centuries following its break-down became remarkably diverse.[21] The Libidoo (Maräqo), Leemo, Sooro, Shaashoogo, and Baadawwaachcho remained a language entity and preserved an identity of oneness, the Hadiya proper; whereas the Qabeena, Allaaba, Siltʼe people, clans of Hadiyya origin in Walayta, parts of the East-Gurage as well as descendants of an old Hadiya stratum living with the Oromo and Sidama developed separate ethnic identities.[19] Hadiya are related to the Harari.[22]
^ abRichard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1977) p. 79
^Hassen, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia(PDF). University of London. p. 137.
^Bounga, Ayda (2014). "The kingdom of Damot: An Inquiry into Political and Economic Power in the Horn of Africa (13th c.)". Annales d'Ethiopie. 29: 262. doi:10.3406/ethio.2014.1572.
^BRAUKÄMPER, ULRICH (1973). "The Correlation of Oral Traditions and Historical Records in Southern Ethiopia: A Case Study of the Hadiya/Sidamo Past". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 11 (2): 29–50. JSTOR 41988257.
^First identified by Enrico Cerulli, according to David Allen Hubbard, "The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast" (St. Andrews, 1954), p. 397 n. 71.
^Wydawn, Naukowe (1977). Folia orientalia. p. 134.
^Dilebo, Lapiso (2003). An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D. Commercial Printing Enterprise. p. 40.
^Hassen, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region(PDF). University of London. p. 22.
^J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 75.
^Braukämper, Ulrich (1977). "Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part Ii)". Ethiopianist Notes. Michigan State University. 1 (2): 1–43. JSTOR 42731322.
^Trimingham, J.Spencer. Islam in Ethiopia(PDF). Routledge. pp. 78–79.
^Cerulli, Ernesta (2017). Peoples of South-West Ethiopia and Its Borderland. Taylor & Francis.
^Ethiopianist Notes. Michigan State University. 1977. p. 28.
^ abUlrich, Braukämper (2012). A History of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia: Translated from German by Geraldine Krause. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN978-3447068048.
^D'Abbadie, A. T. (1890). Reconnaissances magnetiques. Annales du Bureau des Longitudes, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 4, b1-b62.
^Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian borderlands: Essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century. The Red Sea Press, 1997.
^Braukaemper, Ulrich. A history of the Hadiya in Southern Ethiopia. Universite Hamburg. p. 9.
References
Braukämper, Ulrich. (1980), Geschichte der Hadiya Süd-Äthiopiens: von den Anfängen bis zur Revolution 1974, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag (Studien zur Kulturkunde 50).
hadiya, sultanate, other, uses, hadiya, disambiguation, 13th, century, 15th, century, medieval, kingdom, located, southwestern, ethiopia, south, abbay, river, west, shewa, ruled, hadiya, people, spoke, cushitic, hadiyya, language, historical, hadiya, area, sit. For other uses see Hadiya disambiguation The Hadiya Sultanate r 13th century 15th century was a medieval kingdom located in southwestern Ethiopia south of the Abbay River and west of Shewa It was ruled by the Hadiya people who spoke the Cushitic Hadiyya language The historical Hadiya area was situated between Kambaata Gamo and Wej southwest of Shewa By 1850 Hadiya is placed north west of lakes Zway and Langano but still between these areas 1 Hadiya was historically a vassal state of the Adal federation 2 Hadiya Sultanate 13th century 15th centuryCapitalHadiya WorabeCommon languagesHadiyyaReligionIslamGovernmentSultanateKing Garad 14th centuryAmano 15th centuryMahikoHistory Established 13th century Disestablished15th centuryPreceded by Succeeded byKingdom of Damot Ethiopian EmpireThe Hadiya Kingdom was described in the mid fourteenth century by the Arab historian Chihab Al Umari as measuring eight days journey by nine which Richard Pankhurst estimates was 160 by 180 kilometers Although small Hadiya was fertile with fruit and cereals rich with horses and its inhabitants used pieces of iron as currency It could raise an army of 40 000 cavalry and at least twice as many foot soldiers 3 The current Hadiya Zone of the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region is located in approximately the same area as this former kingdom Contents 1 History 2 Identity 3 Famous members 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesHistory EditHadiya was likely part of the domain of the Sultanate of Showa and linked to the Harla 4 before the pagan Kingdom of Damot s invasion led by Sidama 5 A cluster of speakers labelled Hadiya Sidama developed maintaining Islamic identity and later creating the Hadiya Sultanate 6 According to Hadiya elders the dynasty was started by descendants of Harar Emir Abadir who intermarried with Sidama The earliest surviving mention of Hadiya is in the Kebra Nagast ch 94 indicating that the kingdom was in existence by the 13th century 7 Another early mention is in a manuscript written on the island monastery of Lake Hayq which states that after conquering Damot Emperor Amda Seyon I proceeded to Hadiya and brought it under his control using Gura armies from modern Eritrea which would later become Gurage region 8 9 Later during Amda Seyon s reign the King of Hadiya Amano refused to submit to the Emperor of Ethiopia Amano was encouraged in this by a Muslim prophet of darkness named Bel am Amda Seyon subsequently set forth for Hadiya where he slew the inhabitants of the country with the point of the sword killing many of the inhabitants while enslaving others 10 Despite such punitive measures many of the Hadiya people served in the military units of Amda Seyon 3 In the fourteenth century according to professor Lapiso the Hadiya state within the Hadiya Harla Sultanate maintained one of the largest armies in the region consisting of 80 000 infantry and 40 000 cavalry 11 During the reign of Zara Yaqob the Garad or Sultan of Hadiya Mahiko the son of Garaad Mehmad repeated his predecessor s actions and refused to submit to the Abyssinian Emperor However with the help of one of Mahiko s followers the Garaad was deposed in favor of his uncle Bamo Garaad Mahiko then sought sanctuary at the court of the Adal Sultanate He was later slain by the military contingent Adal Mabrak who had been in pursuit The chronicles record that the Adal Mabrak sent Mahiko s head and limbs to Zara Yaqob as proof of his death 12 After militarily occupying Hadiya many kings of Ethiopia and high ranking members converted and married Hadiya women Princess Eleni of Hadiya is one example This would escalate pre existing tensions with the neighboring Adal Sultanate who did not take kindly to the atrocities committed by Ethiopia against its fellow Muslim state 13 Adal attempted to invade Ethiopia in response however the campaign was a disaster and led to the death of Sultan Badlay ibn Sa ad ad Din at the Battle of Gomit 14 Ethiopian and Adal relations continued to sour after the Hadiya incident and reached its peak at the Ethiopian Adal war where the Hadiya would join the Adal armies in their invasion of Ethiopia during the sixteenth century 15 It was revealed during Adal s invasion that the Hadiya state under Abyssinia was forced to pay yearly tribute by offering a Muslim girl to be converted to Christianity 16 Emperor Sarsa Dengel suppressed a rebellion by Hadiya leader Garad Aze which involved Hadiya ally Sultanate of Harar at the Battle of Hadiya 17 In the late sixteenth century the Hadiya region was overrun by the Oromo expansion thus the Arsi Oromo today claim Hadiya ancestry 18 Identity EditHistorical definition of Hadiya people includes a number of Ethiopian ethnic groups currently known by other names according to ethnologist Ulrich Braukamper who lived in various parts of southern central Ethiopia for over four years during his research 19 20 In his book titled A history of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia he established linkages to the ancient Hadiya Kingdom Currently Hadiya is not a homogeneous ethnic group but is rather sub divided into a number of ethnonyms partly with different languages and cultural affiliations They were initially all inhabitants of a single political entity a Sultanate which in the 4th centuries following its break down became remarkably diverse 21 The Libidoo Maraqo Leemo Sooro Shaashoogo and Baadawwaachcho remained a language entity and preserved an identity of oneness the Hadiya proper whereas the Qabeena Allaaba Siltʼe people clans of Hadiyya origin in Walayta parts of the East Gurage as well as descendants of an old Hadiya stratum living with the Oromo and Sidama developed separate ethnic identities 19 Hadiya are related to the Harari 22 Famous members EditEleni of Ethiopia Garad Aze Garaad Amano Garaad Mehmad Garaad Mahiko Garaad BamoSee also EditHadiya people Hadiya Zone Hadiyya language Assan EnjaamooNotes Edit Local History in Ethiopia Archived 2008 02 27 at the Wayback Machine pdf The Nordic Africa Institute website accessed 25 January 2008 Hadiyya Ethiopia BRILL a b Richard Pankhurst The Ethiopian Borderlands Lawrenceville Red Sea Press 1977 p 79 Hassen Mohammed Oromo of Ethiopia PDF University of London p 137 Bounga Ayda 2014 The kingdom of Damot An Inquiry into Political and Economic Power in the Horn of Africa 13th c Annales d Ethiopie 29 262 doi 10 3406 ethio 2014 1572 BRAUKAMPER ULRICH 1973 The Correlation of Oral Traditions and Historical Records in Southern Ethiopia A Case Study of the Hadiya Sidamo Past Journal of Ethiopian Studies 11 2 29 50 JSTOR 41988257 First identified by Enrico Cerulli according to David Allen Hubbard The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast St Andrews 1954 p 397 n 71 Wydawn Naukowe 1977 Folia orientalia p 134 Pankhurst Ethiopian Borderlands p 77 Pankhurst Ethiopian Borderlands p 78 Dilebo Lapiso 2003 An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic circa 13000 B C to 2000 A D Commercial Printing Enterprise p 40 Pankhurst Ethiopian Borderlands pp 143f Hassen Mohammed Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region PDF University of London p 22 J Spencer Trimingham Islam in Ethiopia Oxford Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press 1952 p 75 Braukamper Ulrich 1977 Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries Part Ii Ethiopianist Notes Michigan State University 1 2 1 43 JSTOR 42731322 Trimingham J Spencer Islam in Ethiopia PDF Routledge pp 78 79 Cerulli Ernesta 2017 Peoples of South West Ethiopia and Its Borderland Taylor amp Francis Ethiopianist Notes Michigan State University 1977 p 28 a b Ulrich Braukamper 2012 A History of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia Translated from German by Geraldine Krause Wiesbaden Germany Otto Harrassowitz ISBN 978 3447068048 D Abbadie A T 1890 Reconnaissances magnetiques Annales du Bureau des Longitudes Gauthier Villars Paris 4 b1 b62 Pankhurst Richard The Ethiopian borderlands Essays in regional history from ancient times to the end of the 18th century The Red Sea Press 1997 Braukaemper Ulrich A history of the Hadiya in Southern Ethiopia Universite Hamburg p 9 References EditBraukamper Ulrich 1980 Geschichte der Hadiya Sud Athiopiens von den Anfangen bis zur Revolution 1974 Wiesbaden Franz Steiner Verlag Studien zur Kulturkunde 50 Braukamper Ulrich 2005 Hadiyya Ethnography in Siegbert Uhlig ed Encyclopaedia Aethiopica vol 2 D Ha Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag pp 961 963 Braukamper Ulrich 2005 Hadiyya Sultanate in Siegbert Uhlig ed Encyclopaedia Aethiopica vol 2 D Ha Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag pp 963 965 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hadiya Sultanate amp oldid 1134217609, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
