fbpx
Wikipedia

Garad

January 18, 2023

Garad (Harari: ገራድ, Somali: Garaad, Arabic: الجراد, Oromo: Garaada) is a term used to refer to a clan leader or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states, most notably the Adal Sultanate.[1][2]

Etymology

The origin of the term Garad is uncertain.[3] According to Enrico Cerulli, Garad originates from the era of the Adal emirate.[4] Garad denotes a headman within a "Gaar" (clan).[5][6] In the Somali language Garad roughly translates to "chief" or "wise man", as well as "wisdom".[7][8] Garad also denotes a "chief" in Harari and Silt'e languages respectively.[9]

History

 
Garad of Ala Oromo in 1885

Several Muslim states and dominions including Hadiya Sultanate, Sultanate of Darfur, Ganz province, Harla and Somali Sultanate leaders were known as Garads.[10][11][12][13]

Within Somali clans the use of the traditional hereditary title "Garad" is most widespread among the Dhulbahante and Karanle and was also used by the Habr Awal up until the 1940s.[14][15][16] According to tradition the Somali Girhi's founding Garad "Aboker" lived five centuries ago in Harar.[17] Tradition among the Somali Geledi clan claim Aw Kalafow, a descendant of Abadir, was the first to use the title Garad.[18] Enrico Cerulli and others state that the Harari titles such as Garad were embraced by Somali chiefs.[19][20]

In the early seventeenth century Emirate of Harar, Garad was the title given to tax collectors on behalf of the state. According to Richard Caulk, Garad was a bygone Harari title that was introduced to the Oromo of Hararghe whom also began using it.[21][22] Garads were also commanders of the army called the Malassay in the Harar Emirate.[23] An eighteen century Harari chronicle states the Harar region went through major upheavals in the late 1700s which led to the destruction of several villages administrated by Garads.[24]

Somali Garad clans

There are many Somali clans suffixed with Garad, in particular subclans of the Dhulbahante, which include:[25][26]

Places

Notable Garads

References

  1. ^ Abubaker, Abdulmalik. Taxes, tax payers and collectors-pre and post Menelik: Harari experience (PDF). University of Alabama. p. 24.
  2. ^ Hassan, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia (PDF). University of London. p. 177.
  3. ^ Ben-Dror, Avishai (n.d.), Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth .., ISBN 9780815654315
  4. ^ Hersi, Ali. The Arab factor in Somali history the origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influences in the Somali peninsula. University of California. p. 13.
  5. ^ Woldeselassie, Zerihun (2017). "Ethnicity, belonging and identity among the Eastern Gurage of Ethiopia". Ethnicities. Sage Publications, Inc. 17 (3): 438. doi:10.1177/1468796815588619. hdl:10037/18693. JSTOR 26413960. S2CID 143003936.
  6. ^ Turton, Edmund. The Pastrol tribes of Northern Kenya (PDF). University of London. p. 27.
  7. ^ Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland : marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision. London. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5. OCLC 976483444.
  8. ^ Waller, David (1993). Rwanda : which way now?. Oxford: Oxfam. p. 68. ISBN 0-85598-217-9. OCLC 29513928.
  9. ^ Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad.
  10. ^ Boustead, J.E.H (1939). "The Youth & Last Days of Sultan Ali Dinar "A Fur View"". Sudan Notes and Records. University of Khartoum. 22 (1): 149–153. JSTOR 41716321.
  11. ^ Markakis, John (2011). Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 141. ISBN 9781847010339.
  12. ^ Huntingford, G.W.B (15 May 2017). Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317052715.
  13. ^ Levi, Vida. "Le manuscrit Vatican arabe 1792" (PDF). European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. p. 2.
  14. ^ Felix, Rosen (1907). Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien (in German). VERLAG VON VEIT & COMP Leipzig. p. 115. ISBN 9780274113415.
  15. ^ Buur, L; Kyed, K (2007). State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities?. Springer. p. 176. ISBN 9780230609716. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  16. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 199.
  17. ^ Hussein, Jeylan (2015). "Sociocognitive Processes in the Construction of Identity and Conflict between the Jarso and Girhi in Eastern Ethiopia". African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review. Indiana University Press. 5 (2): 107. doi:10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89. JSTOR 10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89. S2CID 154694376.
  18. ^ Mukhtar, Mohammed (25 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780810866041.
  19. ^ Cerulli, Enrico. HARAR CENTRO MUSULMANO IN ETIOPIA (PDF). Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino. p. 314.
  20. ^ Banti, Giorgio. Strata in Semitic loanwords in Northern Somali. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 192.
  21. ^ Abubaker, Abdulmalik. Trade for Peace not for Conflict: Harari Experience. School of Law, University of Warwick.
  22. ^ WONDIMU, ALEMAYEHU. (PDF). Jimma University. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2021.
  23. ^ Kropp, Manfred (1990). "Mäläsay: Selbstbezeichnung Eines Harariner Offizierskorps und Ihr Gebrauch in Äthiopischen und Arabischen Chroniken". Paideuma. Frobenius Institute. 36: 111. JSTOR 40732663.
  24. ^ Wagner, Ewald (1974). "Three Arabic Documents on the History of Harar". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 12 (1): 213–224. JSTOR 44324707.
  25. ^ GIKONYO, FLORENCE, MÉMOIRE SOUMIS POUR L’OBTENTION DU, and DIPLÔME DE MAÎTRISE ES LETTRES. "UNIVERSITÉ KENYATTA." (2011).
  26. ^ Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. pp. 141–143.
  27. ^ Hussein, Ahmed. HARAR-WALLO RELATIONS REVISITED: HISTORICAL,RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS (PDF). Kyoto University. p. 112.

January 18, 2023
garad, harari, ገራድ, somali, garaad, arabic, الجراد, oromo, garaada, term, used, refer, clan, leader, regional, administrator, used, primarily, muslims, horn, africa, that, were, associated, with, islamic, states, most, notably, adal, sultanate, contents, etymo. Garad Harari ገራድ Somali Garaad Arabic الجراد Oromo Garaada is a term used to refer to a clan leader or regional administrator It was used primarily by Muslims in the Horn of Africa that were associated with Islamic states most notably the Adal Sultanate 1 2 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Somali Garad clans 4 Places 5 Notable Garads 6 ReferencesEtymology EditThe origin of the term Garad is uncertain 3 According to Enrico Cerulli Garad originates from the era of the Adal emirate 4 Garad denotes a headman within a Gaar clan 5 6 In the Somali language Garad roughly translates to chief or wise man as well as wisdom 7 8 Garad also denotes a chief in Harari and Silt e languages respectively 9 History Edit Garad of Ala Oromo in 1885 Several Muslim states and dominions including Hadiya Sultanate Sultanate of Darfur Ganz province Harla and Somali Sultanate leaders were known as Garads 10 11 12 13 Within Somali clans the use of the traditional hereditary title Garad is most widespread among the Dhulbahante and Karanle and was also used by the Habr Awal up until the 1940s 14 15 16 According to tradition the Somali Girhi s founding Garad Aboker lived five centuries ago in Harar 17 Tradition among the Somali Geledi clan claim Aw Kalafow a descendant of Abadir was the first to use the title Garad 18 Enrico Cerulli and others state that the Harari titles such as Garad were embraced by Somali chiefs 19 20 In the early seventeenth century Emirate of Harar Garad was the title given to tax collectors on behalf of the state According to Richard Caulk Garad was a bygone Harari title that was introduced to the Oromo of Hararghe whom also began using it 21 22 Garads were also commanders of the army called the Malassay in the Harar Emirate 23 An eighteen century Harari chronicle states the Harar region went through major upheavals in the late 1700s which led to the destruction of several villages administrated by Garads 24 Somali Garad clans EditThere are many Somali clans suffixed with Garad in particular subclans of the Dhulbahante which include 25 26 Farah Garad Mohamoud Garad Guuleed Garad Ali Garad Yasin Garad Abdi GaradPlaces EditGarad Wiil Waal Airport airport in Jijiga Ethiopia Garado city in Wollo Province of Amhara Region derived from Garad 27 Garad Erer hill overlooking Porc Epic Cave near Dire Dawa Ethiopia Garad port city in Puntland SomaliaNotable Garads EditMahfuz of Adal Sultanate Dhuh Barar last leader of the Somali Tolje lo Isaaq dynasty Deria Abdalla 4th chief of the Habr Awal clan as well as the father of the clan s first Sultan Abdulrahman Deria Mohammed of Hadiya Sultanate father of Empress Eleni of Ethiopia Ibrahim of Sultanate of Darfur Usman Oda of Emirate of Harar father of Oromo scholar Bakri Sapalo Abun Adashe of Adal Sultanate Dhidhin first chief of the Somali Warsangali clan Abubaker Qecchin of Adal Sultanate Sediso K albo last leader of the Gan Silt e dynasty Side forefather of Halaba people Aboker first chief of Somali Girhi clan Jama Ali current chief of the Somali Dhulbahante clan Hassan Injamo of Kebena Aze of Hadiya Adan Ṣadiq of Imamate of Aussa a Somali Issa chief Abass continued jihad in Ethiopian territory even after Imam Ahmed Gurey s death Abdiqani Jama grand chief of the Dhulbahante clan and one of the signatories of the Somaliland declaration of independenceReferences Edit Abubaker Abdulmalik Taxes tax payers and collectors pre and post Menelik Harari experience PDF University of Alabama p 24 Hassan Mohammed Oromo of Ethiopia PDF University of London p 177 Ben Dror Avishai n d Emirate Egyptian Ethiopian Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth ISBN 9780815654315 Hersi Ali The Arab factor in Somali history the origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influences in the Somali peninsula University of California p 13 Woldeselassie Zerihun 2017 Ethnicity belonging and identity among the Eastern Gurage of Ethiopia Ethnicities Sage Publications Inc 17 3 438 doi 10 1177 1468796815588619 hdl 10037 18693 JSTOR 26413960 S2CID 143003936 Turton Edmund The Pastrol tribes of Northern Kenya PDF University of London p 27 Hohne Markus Virgil 2015 Between Somaliland and Puntland marginalization militarization and conflicting political vision London p 47 ISBN 978 1 907431 13 5 OCLC 976483444 Waller David 1993 Rwanda which way now Oxford Oxfam p 68 ISBN 0 85598 217 9 OCLC 29513928 Encyclopaedia Aethiopica Garad Boustead J E H 1939 The Youth amp Last Days of Sultan Ali Dinar A Fur View Sudan Notes and Records University of Khartoum 22 1 149 153 JSTOR 41716321 Markakis John 2011 Ethiopia The Last Two Frontiers Boydell amp Brewer Ltd p 141 ISBN 9781847010339 Huntingford G W B 15 May 2017 Some Records of Ethiopia 1593 1646 Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey s History of the Galla Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781317052715 Levi Vida Le manuscrit Vatican arabe 1792 PDF European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme p 2 Felix Rosen 1907 Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien in German VERLAG VON VEIT amp COMP Leipzig p 115 ISBN 9780274113415 Buur L Kyed K 2007 State Recognition and Democratization in Sub Saharan Africa A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities Springer p 176 ISBN 9780230609716 Retrieved 21 September 2019 Cerulli Enrico Islam Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber Istituto Per L Oriente p 199 Hussein Jeylan 2015 Sociocognitive Processes in the Construction of Identity and Conflict between the Jarso and Girhi in Eastern Ethiopia African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review Indiana University Press 5 2 107 doi 10 2979 africonfpeacrevi 5 2 89 JSTOR 10 2979 africonfpeacrevi 5 2 89 S2CID 154694376 Mukhtar Mohammed 25 February 2003 Historical Dictionary of Somalia Scarecrow Press p 87 ISBN 9780810866041 Cerulli Enrico HARAR CENTRO MUSULMANO IN ETIOPIA PDF Istituto per l Oriente C A Nallino p 314 Banti Giorgio Strata in Semitic loanwords in Northern Somali De Gruyter Mouton p 192 Abubaker Abdulmalik Trade for Peace not for Conflict Harari Experience School of Law University of Warwick WONDIMU ALEMAYEHU A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE PDF Jimma University p 18 Archived from the original PDF on 21 April 2021 Kropp Manfred 1990 Malasay Selbstbezeichnung Eines Harariner Offizierskorps und Ihr Gebrauch in Athiopischen und Arabischen Chroniken Paideuma Frobenius Institute 36 111 JSTOR 40732663 Wagner Ewald 1974 Three Arabic Documents on the History of Harar Journal of Ethiopian Studies 12 1 213 224 JSTOR 44324707 GIKONYO FLORENCE MEMOIRE SOUMIS POUR L OBTENTION DU and DIPLOME DE MAITRISE ES LETTRES UNIVERSITE KENYATTA 2011 Hunt John Anthony 1951 A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944 1950 Final Report on An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944 1950 Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D 484 To be purchased from the Chief Secretary pp 141 143 Hussein Ahmed HARAR WALLO RELATIONS REVISITED HISTORICAL RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS PDF Kyoto University p 112 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Garad amp oldid 1124427763, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.