This article is about the entire period of Habsburg rule in the Low Countries. For the rule of the Spanish branch, see Spanish Netherlands. For that of the Austrian branch, see Austrian Netherlands.
Becoming known as the Seventeen Provinces in 1549, they were held by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556, known as the Spanish Netherlands from that time on.[5] In 1581, in the midst of the Dutch Revolt, the Seven United Provinces seceded from the rest of this territory to form the Dutch Republic. The remaining Spanish Southern Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands in 1714, after Austrian acquisition under the Treaty of Rastatt. De facto Habsburg rule ended with the annexation by the revolutionary French First Republic in 1795. Austria, however, did not relinquish its claim over the province until 1797 in the Treaty of Campo Formio.
The Habsburg Netherlands was a geo-political entity covering the whole of the Low Countries (i.e. the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and most of the modern French départements of Nord and Pas-de-Calais) from 1482 to 1581. The northern Low Countries began growing from 1200 CE, with the drainage and flood control of land, which could then be cultivated. The population rose and the region of Holland became important. Before that, the development of large cities was in the south, with Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp, Brussels, and Leuven, all of which were larger than any settlement in the north. Rivers in the Low Countries run east-west and were a political and strategic barrier to influence southern influence on the north, forming two separate political areas.[6]
Burgundian Netherlands (orange) upon the death of Charles the Bold
Already under the Holy Roman Empire rule of the Burgundian duke Philip the Good (1419–1467), the provinces of the Netherlands began to grow together, whereas previously they were split with being either the tributary of the French Kingdom or of Burgundy under the Holy Roman Empire banner. The collected fiefdoms were Flanders, Artois and Mechelen, Namur, Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut, Brabant, Limburg and Luxembourg were ruled in personal union by the Valois-Burgundy monarchs and represented in the States-General assembly. The centre of the Burgundian possessions was the Duchy of Brabant, where the Burgundian dukes held court in Brussels.
Philip's son Duke Charles the Bold (1467–1477) also acquired Guelders and Zutphen and even hoped for the royal title from the hands of the Habsburg emperor Frederick III by marrying their children Mary and Maximilian. Deeply disappointed, he entered into the disastrous Burgundian Wars and was killed in the Battle of Nancy.
Philip's son Charles, born in Ghent, succeeded his father in 1506, when he was just a six-year-old minor. His paternal grandfather, Emperor Maximilian I, incorporated the Burgundian heritage into the Burgundian Circle, whereafter the territories in the far west of the Empire developed a certain grade of autonomy. Through his mother Joanna of Castile, who had a mental breakdown following the death of her husband, he was heir to the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and Spain's overseas empire in the New World. Attaining full age in 1515, Charles went on to rule his Burgundian heritage as a native Netherlander. He acquired the lands of Overijssel and the Bishopric of Utrecht (see Guelders Wars), purchased Friesland from Duke George of Saxony and regained Groningen and Gelderland. His Seventeen Provinces were re-organised in the 1548 Burgundian Treaty, whereby the Imperial estates represented in the Imperial Diet at Augsburg acknowledged a certain autonomy of the Netherlands. It was followed by a pragmatic sanction by the Emperor the next year, which established the Seventeen Provinces as an entity separate from the Empire and from France.
Following a series of abdications between 1555 and 1556, Charles V divided the House of Habsburg into an Austrian-German and a Spanish branch. His brother Ferdinand I became suo jure monarch in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, as well as the new Holy Roman Emperor. Philip II of Spain, Charles' son, inherited the Seventeen Provinces and incorporated them into the Spanish Crown (which included also south Italy and the American possessions). King Philip II of Spain became infamous for his despotism, and Catholic persecutions sparked the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish hold on the northern provinces was more and more tenuous. In 1579 the northern provinces established the Protestant Union of Utrecht, in which they declared themselves independent as the Seven United Provinces by the 1581 Act of Abjuration.
After the secession of 1581, the southern provinces, called "'t Hof van Brabant" (of Flandria, Artois, the Tournaisis, Cambrai, Luxembourg, Limburg, Hainaut, Namur, Mechelen, Brabant, and Upper Guelders) remained with the House of Habsburg until the French Revolutionary Wars. After the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line in 1700 with the death of the childless Charles II and the War of the Spanish Succession (1700-14), the southern provinces were also known as the Austrian Netherlands from 1715 onwards.
In 1578 the Dutch insurgents appointed Archduke Matthias of Austria governor, though he could not prevail and resigned before the 1581 Act of Abjuration.
^(Dutch: Habsburgse Nederlanden; French: Pays-Bas des Habsbourg), in Latin referred to as Belgica
^Sicking, L. H. J. (2004-01-01). Neptune and the Netherlands: State, Economy, and War at Sea in the Renaissance. BRILL. p. 13. ISBN9004138501.
^"How Brussels became the capital of Europe 500 years ago". The Brussels Times. 2017-04-21. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
^Jenkins, Everett Jr. (2015-05-07). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. p. 36. ISBN978-1-4766-0889-1.
^Kamen, Henry (2014-03-26). Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. ISBN9781317755005.
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This article is about the entire period of Habsburg rule in the Low Countries For the rule of the Spanish branch see Spanish Netherlands For that of the Austrian branch see Austrian Netherlands Habsburg Netherlands 1 was the Renaissance period fiefs in the Low Countries held by the Holy Roman Empire s House of Habsburg The rule began in 1482 when the last Valois Burgundy ruler of the Netherlands Mary wife of Maximilian I of Austria died 2 Their grandson Emperor Charles V was born in the Habsburg Netherlands and made Brussels one of his capitals 3 4 Habsburg Netherlands1482 1797Flag Coat of armsThe Low Countries in 1560 Habsburg Netherlands Prince Bishopric of Liege Principality of Stavelot Malmedy Prince Bishopric of CambresisStatusPersonal union of Imperial fiefs within EmpireCapitalDe facto Mechelen till 1530 afterwards BrusselsCommon languagesDutch Low Saxon West Frisian Walloon Luxembourgish FrenchReligionRoman Catholic state religion ProtestantGovernmentMonarchyHistorical eraEarly modern period Inherited by House of Habsburg1482 Incorporated into Burgundian Circle1512 Pragmatic Sanction1549 Inherited by Habsburg Spain1556 Peace of Munster30 January 1648 Treaty of Rastatt7 March 1714 Battle of Sprimont18 September 1794 Treaty of Campo Formio17 October 1797ISO 3166 codeNLPreceded by Succeeded byBurgundian NetherlandsEpiscopal principality of Utrecht Dutch RepublicFrench First RepublicBecoming known as the Seventeen Provinces in 1549 they were held by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 known as the Spanish Netherlands from that time on 5 In 1581 in the midst of the Dutch Revolt the Seven United Provinces seceded from the rest of this territory to form the Dutch Republic The remaining Spanish Southern Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands in 1714 after Austrian acquisition under the Treaty of Rastatt De facto Habsburg rule ended with the annexation by the revolutionary French First Republic in 1795 Austria however did not relinquish its claim over the province until 1797 in the Treaty of Campo Formio Contents 1 Geography 2 History 3 Rulers 4 See also 5 ReferencesGeography EditFurther information Burgundian inheritance in the Low Countries The Habsburg Netherlands was a geo political entity covering the whole of the Low Countries i e the present day Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg and most of the modern French departements of Nord and Pas de Calais from 1482 to 1581 The northern Low Countries began growing from 1200 CE with the drainage and flood control of land which could then be cultivated The population rose and the region of Holland became important Before that the development of large cities was in the south with Ghent Bruges Antwerp Brussels and Leuven all of which were larger than any settlement in the north Rivers in the Low Countries run east west and were a political and strategic barrier to influence southern influence on the north forming two separate political areas 6 Burgundian Netherlands orange upon the death of Charles the Bold Already under the Holy Roman Empire rule of the Burgundian duke Philip the Good 1419 1467 the provinces of the Netherlands began to grow together whereas previously they were split with being either the tributary of the French Kingdom or of Burgundy under the Holy Roman Empire banner The collected fiefdoms were Flanders Artois and Mechelen Namur Holland Zeeland and Hainaut Brabant Limburg and Luxembourg were ruled in personal union by the Valois Burgundy monarchs and represented in the States General assembly The centre of the Burgundian possessions was the Duchy of Brabant where the Burgundian dukes held court in Brussels Philip s son Duke Charles the Bold 1467 1477 also acquired Guelders and Zutphen and even hoped for the royal title from the hands of the Habsburg emperor Frederick III by marrying their children Mary and Maximilian Deeply disappointed he entered into the disastrous Burgundian Wars and was killed in the Battle of Nancy History of the Low CountriesFrisii BelgaeCana nefates Chamavi Tubantes Gallia Belgica 55 BC 5th c AD Germania Inferior 83 5th c Salian Franks Bataviunpopulated 4th 5th c Saxons Salian Franks 4th 5th c Frisian Kingdom 6th c 734 Frankish Kingdom 481 843 Carolingian Empire 800 843 Austrasia 511 687 Middle Francia 843 855 WestFrancia 843 Kingdom of Lotharingia 855 959 Duchy of Lower Lorraine 959 Frisia FrisianFreedom 11 16thcentury County ofHolland 880 1432 Bishopric of Utrecht 695 1456 Duchy ofBrabant 1183 1430 Duchy ofGuelders 1046 1543 County ofFlanders 862 1384 County ofHainaut 1071 1432 County ofNamur 981 1421 P Bish of Liege 980 1794 Duchy ofLuxem bourg 1059 1443 Burgundian Netherlands 1384 1482 Habsburg Netherlands 1482 1795 Seventeen Provinces after 1543 Dutch Republic 1581 1795 Spanish Netherlands 1556 1714 Austrian Netherlands 1714 1795 United States of Belgium 1790 R Liege 1789 91 Batavian Republic 1795 1806 Kingdom of Holland 1806 1810 associated with French First Republic 1795 1804 part of First French Empire 1804 1815 Princip of the Netherlands 1813 1815 United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815 1830 Gr D L 1815 Kingdom of the Netherlands 1839 Kingdom of Belgium 1830 Gr D ofLuxem bourg 1890 History EditUpon the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482 her substantial possessions including the Burgundian Netherlands passed to her son Philip also known as Philip the Handsome who married Joanna of Castile the daughter of Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon known as the Catholic Monarchs Through his father Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 Philip was a Habsburg scion and so the period of the Habsburg Netherlands began The period 1481 1492 saw the Flemish cities revolt and Utrecht embroiled in civil war but by the turn of the century both areas had been pacified by the Austrian rulers Philip s son Charles born in Ghent succeeded his father in 1506 when he was just a six year old minor His paternal grandfather Emperor Maximilian I incorporated the Burgundian heritage into the Burgundian Circle whereafter the territories in the far west of the Empire developed a certain grade of autonomy Through his mother Joanna of Castile who had a mental breakdown following the death of her husband he was heir to the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and Spain s overseas empire in the New World Attaining full age in 1515 Charles went on to rule his Burgundian heritage as a native Netherlander He acquired the lands of Overijssel and the Bishopric of Utrecht see Guelders Wars purchased Friesland from Duke George of Saxony and regained Groningen and Gelderland His Seventeen Provinces were re organised in the 1548 Burgundian Treaty whereby the Imperial estates represented in the Imperial Diet at Augsburg acknowledged a certain autonomy of the Netherlands It was followed by a pragmatic sanction by the Emperor the next year which established the Seventeen Provinces as an entity separate from the Empire and from France Following a series of abdications between 1555 and 1556 Charles V divided the House of Habsburg into an Austrian German and a Spanish branch His brother Ferdinand I became suo jure monarch in Austria Bohemia and Hungary as well as the new Holy Roman Emperor Philip II of Spain Charles son inherited the Seventeen Provinces and incorporated them into the Spanish Crown which included also south Italy and the American possessions King Philip II of Spain became infamous for his despotism and Catholic persecutions sparked the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Years War The Spanish hold on the northern provinces was more and more tenuous In 1579 the northern provinces established the Protestant Union of Utrecht in which they declared themselves independent as the Seven United Provinces by the 1581 Act of Abjuration After the secession of 1581 the southern provinces called t Hof van Brabant of Flandria Artois the Tournaisis Cambrai Luxembourg Limburg Hainaut Namur Mechelen Brabant and Upper Guelders remained with the House of Habsburg until the French Revolutionary Wars After the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line in 1700 with the death of the childless Charles II and the War of the Spanish Succession 1700 14 the southern provinces were also known as the Austrian Netherlands from 1715 onwards Rulers Edit1482 1506 Philip I of Castile as Duke of Burgundy Maximilian I his father as regent 1482 1493 Margaret of York his stepgrandmother governess 1489 1493 1506 1556 Charles V as Duke of Burgundy as Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 1556 1581 Philip II as King of SpainThe provinces were ruled on their behalf by a governor stadtholder or landvoogd 1489 1493 Margaret of York dowager Duchess of Burgundy 1506 1507 William de Croy Marquis d Aerschot 1507 1530 Margaret of Austria Duchess of Savoy 1531 1555 Mary of Hungary 1555 1559 Emmanuel Philibert Duke of Savoy 1559 1567 Margaret of Parma 1567 1573 Fernando Alvarez de Toledo 3rd Duke of Alba 1573 1576 Luis de Requesens y Zuniga 1576 1578 John of Austria 1578 1592 Alexander Farnese Duke of ParmaIn 1578 the Dutch insurgents appointed Archduke Matthias of Austria governor though he could not prevail and resigned before the 1581 Act of Abjuration See also EditSpanish NetherlandsReferences Edit Dutch Habsburgse Nederlanden French Pays Bas des Habsbourg in Latin referred to as Belgica Sicking L H J 2004 01 01 Neptune and the Netherlands State Economy and War at Sea in the Renaissance BRILL p 13 ISBN 9004138501 How Brussels became the capital of Europe 500 years ago The Brussels Times 2017 04 21 Retrieved 2020 03 01 Jenkins Everett Jr 2015 05 07 The Muslim Diaspora Volume 2 1500 1799 A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia Africa Europe and the Americas McFarland p 36 ISBN 978 1 4766 0889 1 Kamen Henry 2014 03 26 Spain 1469 1714 A Society of Conflict Routledge ISBN 9781317755005 Israel Jonathan The Dutch Republic pp 11 12 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Habsburg Netherlands amp oldid 1133545916, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
