Nord (French department)
Nord (French pronunciation: [nɔʁ] (listen); officially French: département du Nord; Picard: départémint dech Nord; Dutch: Noorderdepartement, lit. 'Northern Department') is a department in Hauts-de-France region, France bordering Belgium. It was created from the western halves of the historical counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and the Bishopric of Cambrai. The modern coat of arms was inherited from the County of Flanders.
Nord | |
|---|---|
Prefecture building of the Nord department, in Lille | |
Flag Coat of arms | |
Location of Nord in France | |
| Coordinates: 50°23′N 03°19′E / 50.383°N 3.317°ECoordinates: 50°23′N 03°19′E / 50.383°N 3.317°E | |
| Country | France |
| Region | Hauts-de-France |
| Prefecture | Lille |
| Subprefectures | Avesnes- sur-Helpe Cambrai Douai Dunkirk Valenciennes |
| Government | |
| • President of the Departmental Council | Christian Poiret[1] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 5,742.74 km2 (2,217.28 sq mi) |
| Population (Jan. 2019)[2] | |
| • Total | 2,608,346 |
| • Rank | 1st |
| • Density | 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Department number | 59 |
| Arrondissements | 6 |
| Cantons | 41 |
| Communes | 648 |
| ^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2 | |
Nord is the country's most populous department. It had a population of 2,608,346 in 2019.[3] It also contains the metropolitan region of Lille (the main city and the prefecture of the department), the fourth-largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseille. The department is the part of France where the French Flemish dialect of Dutch has historically been spoken as a native language. Similarly, the distinct French Picard dialect Ch'ti is spoken there.
History
Tribes of the Belgae, such as the Menapii and Nervii were the first peoples recorded in the area later known as Nord.
During the 4th and 5th Centuries, Roman rulers of Gallia Belgica secured the route from the major port of Bononia (Boulogne) to Colonia (Cologne), by co-opting Germanic peoples north-east of this corridor, such as the Tungri. In effect, the area known later as Nord became an isogloss (linguistic border) between the Germanic and Romance languages. Saxon colonisation of the region from the 5th to the 8th centuries likely shifted the isogloss further south so that, by the 9th century, most people immediately north of Lille spoke a dialect of Old Dutch. This has remained evident in the place names of the region. After the County of Flanders became part of France in the 9th century, the isogloss moved north and east.[4]
During the 14th century, much of the area came under the control of the Duchy of Burgundy and in subsequent centuries was therefore part of the Habsburg Netherlands (from 1482) and the Spanish Netherlands (1581).
Areas that later constituted Nord were ceded to France by treaties in 1659, 1668, and 1678, becoming the Counties of Flanders and Hainaut, and part of the Bishopric of Cambrai.
On 4 March 1790, during the French Revolution, Nord became one of the original 83 departments created to replace the counties.
Modern government policies making French the only official language have led to a decline in use of the Dutch West Flemish dialect. There are currently 20,000 speakers of a sub-dialect of West Flemish in the arrondissement of Dunkirk and it appears likely that this particular sub-dialect will be extinct within decades.[4]
Geography
Nord is part of the current Hauts-de-France region and is surrounded by the French departments of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, and Aisne, as well as by Belgium and the North Sea. Its area is 5,742.8 km2 (2,217.3 sq mi).[5] It is the longest department in metropolitan France, measuring 184 km from Fort-Philippe in the north-west to Anor in the south-east.
Situated in the north of the country along the western half of the Belgian frontier, the department is unusually long and narrow. The principal rivers are the following: Yser, Lys, Escaut, Scarpe, Sambre.
Principal towns
The most populous commune is Lille, the prefecture. With nearby Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve-d'Ascq, it constitutes the center of a cluster of industrial and former mining towns totalling slightly over a million inhabitants. As of 2019, there are 10 communes with more than 30,000 inhabitants:[3]
| Commune | Population (2019) |
|---|---|
| Lille | 234,475 |
| Roubaix | 98,828 |
| Tourcoing | 98,656 |
| Dunkirk | 86,279 |
| Villeneuve-d'Ascq | 61,957 |
| Valenciennes | 43,229 |
| Wattrelos | 40,898 |
| Douai | 39,613 |
| Marcq-en-Barœul | 38,486 |
| Cambrai | 32,176 |
Demographics
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| source:SPLAF[6] and INSEE[7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
With a population of 2,608,346 in 2019,[3] Nord is the department with the largest population. The population of the department is being approximately equal to Albania.
Politics
The President of the Departmental Council is the unaffiliated right-winger Christian Poiret.[8]
The first President of the Fifth Republic, General Charles de Gaulle, was born in Lille in the department on 22 November 1890.
| Party | Seats[9] | |
|---|---|---|
| Union of the Right (UD) | 30 | |
| Union of the Left (UG) | 18 | |
| Miscellaneous right (DVD) | 10 | |
| Union of the Centre and the Right (UCD) | 8 | |
| French Communist Party (PCF) | 4 | |
| Miscellaneous left (DVG) | 4 | |
| Union of the Left and Ecologists (UGE) | 4 | |
| Miscellaneous centre (DVC) | 2 | |
| Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV) | 2 | |
Presidential elections second round
| Election | Winning Candidate | Party | % | 2nd Place Candidate | Party | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Emmanuel Macron | LREM | 52.85 | Marine Le Pen | RN | 47.15 | |
| 2017[10] | Emmanuel Macron | LREM | 56.90 | Marine Le Pen | FN | 43.10 | |
| 2012 | François Hollande | PS | 52.88 | Nicolas Sarkozy | UMP | 47.12 | |
| 2007 | Nicolas Sarkozy | UMP | 51.75 | Ségolène Royal | PS | 48.25 | |
| 2002[10] | Jacques Chirac | RPR | 78.28 | Jean-Marie Le Pen | FN | 21.72 | |
| 1995[11] | Lionel Jospin | PS | 53.70 | Jacques Chirac | RPR | 46.30 | |
Current National Assembly Representatives
Economy
At the forefront of France's 19th century industrialisation, the area suffered severely during World War I and now faces the economic, social and environmental problems associated with the decline of coal mining with its neighbours following the earlier decline of the Lille-Roubaix textile industry.
Until recently, the department was dominated economically by coal mining, which extended through the heart of the department from neighbouring Artois into central Belgium.
Tourism
See also
References
- ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 4 May 2022.
- ^ "Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 29 December 2021.
- ^ a b c Populations légales 2019: 59 Nord, INSEE
- ^ a b "Dutch dialect" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. (404 KB)
- ^ "Comparateur de territoire − Comparez les territoires de votre choix - Résultats pour les communes, départements, régions, intercommunalités... | Insee". www.insee.fr (in French). Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ "Le SPLAF - Historique du Nord". splaf.free.fr.
- ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
- ^ "Christian Poiret, élu président du conseil départemental du Nord". France Bleu (in French). 1 July 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ "Départementales 2021 dans le Nord : découvrez les résultats définitifs du second tour". France 3 Hauts-de-France (in French). Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Présidentielles / Les résultats / Elections - Ministère de l'Intérieur" (in French). Interieur.gouv.fr. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ "Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département". Politiquemania. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ Assemblée Nationale (25 April 2022). "Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français". Assemblee-nationale.fr. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
External links
- (in French) Prefecture website
- (in French) Departmental Council website
- (in English) Nord (French department) at Curlie