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Peace of Münster

April 04, 2023

The Peace of Münster was a treaty between the Lords States General of the Seven United Netherlands[a] and the Spanish Crown, the terms of which were agreed on 30 January 1648.[1] The treaty, parallelly negotiated to but not part of the Peace of Westphalia, is a key event in Dutch history, marking the formal recognition of the independent Dutch Republic and the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War.

The Swearing of the Oath of Ratification of the Treaty of Münster in 1648 (1648) by Gerard ter Borch

Background

This section is an excerpt from Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648.[edit]
 
The Low Countries in 1621–1628
  Dutch Republic
  Dutch conquests
  Spanish Netherlands
  Spanish conquests
  Prince-Bishopric of Liège

The years 1621–1648 constituted the final phase of the Eighty Years' War (c. 1568–1648) between the Spanish Empire and the emerging Dutch Republic. It began when the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621) expired, and concluded with the Peace of Münster in 1648.

Although the Dutch and Spanish were both involved in opposite sides of the War of the Jülich Succession (June 1609 – October 1610; May–October 1614) in Jülich-Cleves-Berg, they carefully avoided each other, and thus the hostilities never spread back into the Habsburg Netherlands, and the truce held firm.[2] Nevertheless, attempts to negotiate a definitive peace also failed, and the war resumed as anticipated in 1621.[3] Essentially, it became a side theatre of the wider Thirty Years' War that had already broken out with the Bohemian Revolt in 1618 in eastern parts of the Holy Roman Empire (Bohemia and Austria), pitting Central Europe's Protestant Union against the Catholic League, although the two conflicts never fully merged.[4] With several back and forths – notably, the Spanish conquered Breda in 1625, but the Dutch took it back in 1637[4] – the Dutch Republic was able to conquer the eastern border forts of Oldenzaal (1626) and Groenlo (1627), the major Brabantian city of 's-Hertogenbosch (1629), the fortified cities of Venlo, Roermond and Maastricht along the Meuse (1632), and Sas van Gent (1644) and Hulst (1645) in Zeelandic Flanders.[4] Nevertheless, peace talks in 1629–1630 came to nothing, more ambitious plans to conquer Brussels in 1632–1633 with the help of anti-Spanish nobility in the Southern Netherlands never came to fruition, and several attempted Northern republican surprises and sieges of Antwerp were parried by the Spanish royal Army of Flanders.[5] Nor did the Franco-Dutch alliance of 1635 bring any significant changes to the situation on the ground, particularly due to the atrocities committed during the Sack of Tienen [nl], which backfired and cost them the sympathies of the Southern population.[6] However, French intervention and internal discontent at the costs of the war in the Low Countries led to a change in Spain's 'Netherlands First' policy and a focus on suppressing the French-backed Catalan Revolt or Reapers War.[7] The resulting stalemate and financial troubles, plus Spanish military exhaustion and Dutch desire for formal political recognition, eventually convinced both sides in the mid-1640s to hold peace talks.[5] The outcome was the 1648 Peace of Münster, which confirmed most agreements already reached with the Truce of 1609.[8]

Negotiations

 
Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
See also: Peace of Westphalia

Negotiations between began in 1641 in the towns of Münster and Osnabrück, in present-day Germany. With the initiation of Spanish-Dutch peace talks, Dutch trade with the Levant and the Iberian Peninsula began to flourish. Dutch merchants, benefiting from both the availability of relatively cheap shipping and the cessation of hostilities, soon dominated the markets that had been previously dominated by English traders. Dutch merchants would also benefit from the foreign upheavals of the English Civil War and gain on English trade in their American colonies.[9]

While Spain did not recognise the Dutch Republic, it agreed that the Lords States General of the United Netherlands was 'sovereign' and could participate in the peace Talks. This was a result of the immense political pressure from the entire Bicker-De Graeff Clan,[10] whose leaders Andries and Cornelis Bicker,[11] Cornelis and Andries de Graeff from Amsterdam[10] as well as Jacob de Witt from Dordrecht[10] vehemently pushed for this peace.[12] In January 1646, eight Dutch representatives arrived in Münster to begin negotiations; these included two delegates from Holland with one each from the other six provinces. The Spanish envoys had been given great authority by the Spanish King Philip IV who had been suing for peace for years.[citation needed]

Start of peace negotiations

This section is an excerpt from Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 § Start of peace negotiations.[edit]

The Holland regents continued their attempts at whittling down the stadtholder's influence by breaking up the system of secrete besognes in the States General. This helped wrest influence from the stadtholder's favourites, who dominated these committees. It was an important development in the context of the general peace negotiations which the main participants in the Thirty Years' War (France, Sweden, Spain, the Emperor, and the Republic) started in 1641 in Münster and Osnabrück. The drafting of the instructions for the Dutch delegation occasioned spirited debate and Holland made sure that she was not barred from their formulation. The Dutch demands that were eventually agreed upon were:

  • cession by Spain of the entire Meierij district;
  • recognition of Dutch conquests in the Indies (both East and West);
  • permanent closure of the Scheldt to Antwerp commerce;
  • tariff concessions in the Flemish ports; and
  • lifting of the Spanish trade embargoes.[13]
 
1645: The Siege of Hulst, the last major siege of the war
While the peace negotiations were progressing at a snail's pace, Frederick Henry managed a few final military successes: in 1644 he captured Sas van Gent and Hulst in what was to become States Flanders. In 1646, however, Holland, sick of the feet-dragging in the peace negotiations, refused to approve the annual war budget, unless progress was made in the negotiations. Frederick Henry now gave in and began to promote the peace progress, instead of frustrating it. Still, there was so much opposition from other quarters (such as the partisans of France in the States General, Zeeland, Frederick Henry's son William) that the peace could not be concluded before Frederick Henry's death on 14 March 1647.[14]

Spain's disadvantage

This section is an excerpt from Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648 § Spain's disadvantage.[edit]
Spain finally was forced to recognise the independence of the Dutch provinces, which had been among its most valuable possessions. While scholars propose numerous reasons for its defeat, the dominant argument is that Spain could no longer afford the expense of the conflict. Certainly, both Spain and the rebels spent considerable wealth to finance their campaigns, but the latter became increasingly stronger as the conflict progressed. Due to its booming economy, which was mainly driven by Dutch banks and a thriving stock market, the soldiers in the rebel armies got their pay on time. On the Spanish front, the situation was dismal. According to Nolan, the troops were usually owed months - if not years - of back pay and, "as a result, they fought with less enthusiasm and mutinied dozens of times during the eight decades of war."[15] Also, Spanish mercenaries were spending their money in Flanders, not Spain. As a result, three million ducats were being pumped into the Dutch economy every year.[citation needed]

Outcome

On 30 January 1648, the parties reached agreement and the text sent to the Hague and Madrid for approval; it was ratified by the Spanish and Dutch delegations on 15 May, with the States General narrowly approving the Treaty on 5 June 1648.[16]

Despite achieving independence, there was considerable opposition to the Treaty within the States General since it allowed Spain to retain the Southern Provinces and permitted religious toleration for Catholics. Support from the powerful province of Holland meant it was narrowly approved but these differences resulted in political conflict.[16]

Contents

During the peace talks, negotiators representing the Republic and Spain reached an agreement relatively quickly.[8] The text of the Twelve Years' Truce was taken as the foundation, and this made it a lot easier to formulate the peace treaty, because many articles could be copied without too many changes.[8] If one compares the texts of the Twelve Years' Truce of 1609 to the Peace of Münster of 1648, the articles that correspond in whole or in part are as follows::[17]

Twelve Years' Truce (1609) Art. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10/11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38
Peace of Münster (1648) Art. 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 17 20 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 42 43 46 47 48 51 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 75 77 79
 
Archives of the peace treaty of Münster with the signatures and personal seals of the negotiators, in the National Archives in The Hague. The treaty is about forty pages in total.

The States-General of the Dutch Republic were formally recognised by Spain as a sovereign entity. This important concession by Spain was therefore the first point; Spain stopped regarding the Republic's inhabitants as rebellious Spanish subjects (which it had done for nearly a century). Peace seemed near. France, with which the Republic had agreed to come to a joint treaty with Spain, threw a spanner in the works by constantly coming up with new demands. The States then decided to conclude a separate peace with Spain without France.[18] On 30 January 1648, the peace text was adopted in four copies, two in French and two in Dutch.[18] The Utrecht delegate Nederhorst initially refused to put down his signature and seal, but after being forced to do so by his province, he put them on 30 April (although they no longer fit neatly on the document).[18] Then the documents were sent to The Hague and Madrid for ratification.[18] On 15 May 1648, the peace was definitively signed and solemnly ratified with an oath by Dutch and Spanish envoys, while a huge crowd was spectating the proceedings from the sidelines.[18]

 
Jan Lievens' Allegory of Peace, painted to celebrate the Peace of Münster

In the Netherlands, the National Archives in The Hague keeps two copies of the Peace of Münster, a Dutch-language one ("NL-HaNA 1.01.02 12588.55B"), and a Francophone version ("NL-HaNA 1.01.02 12588.55C").[19] Both versions are provided by the Spanish side with French-language ratifications, both signed by King Philip IV – one in Spanish with Yo el Rey ("I the King"), the other in French with Philippe ("Philip") – and both bearing his seal in solid gold.[19][20]: 12–13  They are on display in the archive's exhibition room.[19] The Archivo General de Simancas in Spain preserves the other Dutch-language copy ("ES.47161.AGS//EST,LEG,2943,27") and the other French-language copy ("ES.47161.AGS//EST,LEG,2943,28").[21]

Further developments

 
The Celebration of the Peace of Münster (1648) by Bartholomeus van der Helst
This section is an excerpt from Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War.[edit]
The aftermath of the Eighty Years' War (c.1568–1648) had far-reaching military, political, socio-economic, religious, and cultural effects on the Low Countries, the Spanish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, as well as other regions of Europe and European colonies overseas. By the Peace of Münster (15 May 1648), the Habsburg Netherlands were split in two, with the northern Protestant-dominated Netherlands becoming the Dutch Republic, independent of the Spanish and Holy Roman Empires, while the southern Catholic-dominated Spanish Netherlands remained under Spanish Habsburg sovereignty. Whereas the Spanish Empire and the Southern Netherlands along with it were financially and demographically ruined, declining politically and economically, the Dutch Republic became a global commercial power and achieved a high level of prosperity for its upper and middle classes known as the Dutch Golden Age, despite continued great socio-economic, geographic and religious inequalities and problems, as well as internal and external political, military and religious conflicts.[22][23]

See also

Explanatory footnotes

  1. ^ The Treaty does not use the word Republic but instead recognizes the Lords States General as sovereign.

References

  1. ^ 1648 Treaty of Munster. Rijks Museum/
  2. ^ Israel 1995, p. 407–8.
  3. ^ "Twaalfjarig Bestand". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
  4. ^ a b c Groenveld 2009, p. 25.
  5. ^ a b Groenveld 2009, p. 26.
  6. ^ Lesaffer 2006, p. 2–4.
  7. ^ Parker, Geoffrey (1972). The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars (2004 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780521543927.
  8. ^ a b c Groenveld 2009, p. 142.
  9. ^ Gijs Rommelse, "The Role of Mercantilism in Anglo-Dutch political relations, 1650–74", p. 596. Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 63, No. 3 (August 2010), pp. 591–611. JSTOR 40929818.
  10. ^ a b c Amsterdam: a brief life of the city. By Geert Mak, Harvill Press (1999), p 123
  11. ^ Andries and Cornelis Bicker at Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid
  12. ^ Buitenplaatsen in de Gouden Eeuw: De rijkdom van het buitenleven in de Republik. Herausgegeben von Y. Kuiper, Ben Olde Meierink, Elyze Storms-Smeets, S. 71 (2015)
  13. ^ Israel 1995, p. 542.
  14. ^ Israel 1995, p. 544–6.
  15. ^ Nolan, Cathal (2017). The Allure of Battle: A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780195383782.
  16. ^ a b (PDF). University of Massachusetts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2019.
  17. ^ Groenveld 2009, p. 154.
  18. ^ a b c d e Groenveld 2009, p. 146.
  19. ^ a b c "Eindelijk vrede (1648)". Nationaal Archief (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  20. ^ "Topstukken in perspectief Nationaal Archief". Issuu. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  21. ^ "EST,LEG,2943,27 - Treaty of peace between Spain and The Netherlands". PARES. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  22. ^ Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008, p. 143–144.
  23. ^ Runa Hellinga (27 September 2019). "Die eeuw van goud ging aan Brabant en Limburg voorbij". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 July 2022.

Bibliography

  • Boer, H. W. J. de, H. Bruch en H. Krol (red.) Adriaan Pauw (1585–1653); staatsman en ambachtsheer. Heemstede, VOHB, 1985
  • Groenveld, Simon (2009). Unie – Bestand – Vrede. Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 200. ISBN 9789087041274. (in cooperation with H.L.Ph. Leeuwenberg and H.B. van der Weel)
  • Israel, Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-873072-1.
  • Lesaffer, Randall (2006). "Siege Warfare and the Early Modern Laws of War". Ius Brabanticum, ius commune, ius gentium (PDF). pp. 87–109.
  • Manzano Baena, Laura (Winter 2007), "Negotiating Sovereignty: The Peace Treaty of Münster, 1648", History of Political Thought, Volume 28, Number 4, pp. 617–641. JSTOR 26222899.
  • Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. ISBN 9789055746262.
  • Poelhekke, J. J. De vrede van Munster. 's-Gravenhage, Martinus Nijhoff, 1948.

External links

 
Dutch Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Vrede van Münster
 
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Traité de Münster (janvier 1648)
  • Scans from the National Archives (The Hague) of the Dutch-language version (12588.55B) of the Peace of Münster
  • Scans from the National Archives (The Hague) of the French-language version (12588.55C) of the Peace of Münster
  • Printed Latin and German translations of the original text of the Peace of Münster (30 January 1648)
  • Tratado de Münster (1648) en español – Modern Spanish version

April 04, 2023
peace, münster, treaty, between, lords, states, general, seven, united, netherlands, spanish, crown, terms, which, were, agreed, january, 1648, treaty, parallelly, negotiated, part, peace, westphalia, event, dutch, history, marking, formal, recognition, indepe. The Peace of Munster was a treaty between the Lords States General of the Seven United Netherlands a and the Spanish Crown the terms of which were agreed on 30 January 1648 1 The treaty parallelly negotiated to but not part of the Peace of Westphalia is a key event in Dutch history marking the formal recognition of the independent Dutch Republic and the end of the Thirty Years War and the Eighty Years War The Swearing of the Oath of Ratification of the Treaty of Munster in 1648 1648 by Gerard ter Borch Contents 1 Background 2 Negotiations 2 1 Start of peace negotiations 2 2 Spain s disadvantage 2 3 Outcome 3 Contents 4 Further developments 5 See also 6 Explanatory footnotes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksBackground EditThis section is an excerpt from Eighty Years War 1621 1648 edit The Low Countries in 1621 1628 Dutch Republic Dutch conquests Spanish Netherlands Spanish conquests Prince Bishopric of Liege The years 1621 1648 constituted the final phase of the Eighty Years War c 1568 1648 between the Spanish Empire and the emerging Dutch Republic It began when the Twelve Years Truce 1609 1621 expired and concluded with the Peace of Munster in 1648 Although the Dutch and Spanish were both involved in opposite sides of the War of the Julich Succession June 1609 October 1610 May October 1614 in Julich Cleves Berg they carefully avoided each other and thus the hostilities never spread back into the Habsburg Netherlands and the truce held firm 2 Nevertheless attempts to negotiate a definitive peace also failed and the war resumed as anticipated in 1621 3 Essentially it became a side theatre of the wider Thirty Years War that had already broken out with the Bohemian Revolt in 1618 in eastern parts of the Holy Roman Empire Bohemia and Austria pitting Central Europe s Protestant Union against the Catholic League although the two conflicts never fully merged 4 With several back and forths notably the Spanish conquered Breda in 1625 but the Dutch took it back in 1637 4 the Dutch Republic was able to conquer the eastern border forts of Oldenzaal 1626 and Groenlo 1627 the major Brabantian city of s Hertogenbosch 1629 the fortified cities of Venlo Roermond and Maastricht along the Meuse 1632 and Sas van Gent 1644 and Hulst 1645 in Zeelandic Flanders 4 Nevertheless peace talks in 1629 1630 came to nothing more ambitious plans to conquer Brussels in 1632 1633 with the help of anti Spanish nobility in the Southern Netherlands never came to fruition and several attempted Northern republican surprises and sieges of Antwerp were parried by the Spanish royal Army of Flanders 5 Nor did the Franco Dutch alliance of 1635 bring any significant changes to the situation on the ground particularly due to the atrocities committed during the Sack of Tienen nl which backfired and cost them the sympathies of the Southern population 6 However French intervention and internal discontent at the costs of the war in the Low Countries led to a change in Spain s Netherlands First policy and a focus on suppressing the French backed Catalan Revolt or Reapers War 7 The resulting stalemate and financial troubles plus Spanish military exhaustion and Dutch desire for formal political recognition eventually convinced both sides in the mid 1640s to hold peace talks 5 The outcome was the 1648 Peace of Munster which confirmed most agreements already reached with the Truce of 1609 8 Negotiations Edit Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 See also Peace of Westphalia Negotiations between began in 1641 in the towns of Munster and Osnabruck in present day Germany With the initiation of Spanish Dutch peace talks Dutch trade with the Levant and the Iberian Peninsula began to flourish Dutch merchants benefiting from both the availability of relatively cheap shipping and the cessation of hostilities soon dominated the markets that had been previously dominated by English traders Dutch merchants would also benefit from the foreign upheavals of the English Civil War and gain on English trade in their American colonies 9 While Spain did not recognise the Dutch Republic it agreed that the Lords States General of the United Netherlands was sovereign and could participate in the peace Talks This was a result of the immense political pressure from the entire Bicker De Graeff Clan 10 whose leaders Andries and Cornelis Bicker 11 Cornelis and Andries de Graeff from Amsterdam 10 as well as Jacob de Witt from Dordrecht 10 vehemently pushed for this peace 12 In January 1646 eight Dutch representatives arrived in Munster to begin negotiations these included two delegates from Holland with one each from the other six provinces The Spanish envoys had been given great authority by the Spanish King Philip IV who had been suing for peace for years citation needed Start of peace negotiations Edit This section is an excerpt from Eighty Years War 1621 1648 Start of peace negotiations edit The Holland regents continued their attempts at whittling down the stadtholder s influence by breaking up the system of secrete besognes in the States General This helped wrest influence from the stadtholder s favourites who dominated these committees It was an important development in the context of the general peace negotiations which the main participants in the Thirty Years War France Sweden Spain the Emperor and the Republic started in 1641 in Munster and Osnabruck The drafting of the instructions for the Dutch delegation occasioned spirited debate and Holland made sure that she was not barred from their formulation The Dutch demands that were eventually agreed upon were cession by Spain of the entire Meierij district recognition of Dutch conquests in the Indies both East and West permanent closure of the Scheldt to Antwerp commerce tariff concessions in the Flemish ports and lifting of the Spanish trade embargoes 13 1645 The Siege of Hulst the last major siege of the war While the peace negotiations were progressing at a snail s pace Frederick Henry managed a few final military successes in 1644 he captured Sas van Gent and Hulst in what was to become States Flanders In 1646 however Holland sick of the feet dragging in the peace negotiations refused to approve the annual war budget unless progress was made in the negotiations Frederick Henry now gave in and began to promote the peace progress instead of frustrating it Still there was so much opposition from other quarters such as the partisans of France in the States General Zeeland Frederick Henry s son William that the peace could not be concluded before Frederick Henry s death on 14 March 1647 14 Spain s disadvantage Edit This section is an excerpt from Eighty Years War 1621 1648 Spain s disadvantage edit Spain finally was forced to recognise the independence of the Dutch provinces which had been among its most valuable possessions While scholars propose numerous reasons for its defeat the dominant argument is that Spain could no longer afford the expense of the conflict Certainly both Spain and the rebels spent considerable wealth to finance their campaigns but the latter became increasingly stronger as the conflict progressed Due to its booming economy which was mainly driven by Dutch banks and a thriving stock market the soldiers in the rebel armies got their pay on time On the Spanish front the situation was dismal According to Nolan the troops were usually owed months if not years of back pay and as a result they fought with less enthusiasm and mutinied dozens of times during the eight decades of war 15 Also Spanish mercenaries were spending their money in Flanders not Spain As a result three million ducats were being pumped into the Dutch economy every year citation needed Outcome Edit On 30 January 1648 the parties reached agreement and the text sent to the Hague and Madrid for approval it was ratified by the Spanish and Dutch delegations on 15 May with the States General narrowly approving the Treaty on 5 June 1648 16 Despite achieving independence there was considerable opposition to the Treaty within the States General since it allowed Spain to retain the Southern Provinces and permitted religious toleration for Catholics Support from the powerful province of Holland meant it was narrowly approved but these differences resulted in political conflict 16 Contents EditDuring the peace talks negotiators representing the Republic and Spain reached an agreement relatively quickly 8 The text of the Twelve Years Truce was taken as the foundation and this made it a lot easier to formulate the peace treaty because many articles could be copied without too many changes 8 If one compares the texts of the Twelve Years Truce of 1609 to the Peace of Munster of 1648 the articles that correspond in whole or in part are as follows 17 Twelve Years Truce 1609 Art 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38Peace of Munster 1648 Art 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 17 20 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 42 43 46 47 48 51 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 75 77 79 Archives of the peace treaty of Munster with the signatures and personal seals of the negotiators in the National Archives in The Hague The treaty is about forty pages in total The States General of the Dutch Republic were formally recognised by Spain as a sovereign entity This important concession by Spain was therefore the first point Spain stopped regarding the Republic s inhabitants as rebellious Spanish subjects which it had done for nearly a century Peace seemed near France with which the Republic had agreed to come to a joint treaty with Spain threw a spanner in the works by constantly coming up with new demands The States then decided to conclude a separate peace with Spain without France 18 On 30 January 1648 the peace text was adopted in four copies two in French and two in Dutch 18 The Utrecht delegate Nederhorst initially refused to put down his signature and seal but after being forced to do so by his province he put them on 30 April although they no longer fit neatly on the document 18 Then the documents were sent to The Hague and Madrid for ratification 18 On 15 May 1648 the peace was definitively signed and solemnly ratified with an oath by Dutch and Spanish envoys while a huge crowd was spectating the proceedings from the sidelines 18 Jan Lievens Allegory of Peace painted to celebrate the Peace of Munster In the Netherlands the National Archives in The Hague keeps two copies of the Peace of Munster a Dutch language one NL HaNA 1 01 02 12588 55B and a Francophone version NL HaNA 1 01 02 12588 55C 19 Both versions are provided by the Spanish side with French language ratifications both signed by King Philip IV one in Spanish with Yo el Rey I the King the other in French with Philippe Philip and both bearing his seal in solid gold 19 20 12 13 They are on display in the archive s exhibition room 19 The Archivo General de Simancas in Spain preserves the other Dutch language copy ES 47161 AGS EST LEG 2943 27 and the other French language copy ES 47161 AGS EST LEG 2943 28 21 Further developments Edit The Celebration of the Peace of Munster 1648 by Bartholomeus van der Helst This section is an excerpt from Aftermath of the Eighty Years War edit The aftermath of the Eighty Years War c 1568 1648 had far reaching military political socio economic religious and cultural effects on the Low Countries the Spanish Empire the Holy Roman Empire as well as other regions of Europe and European colonies overseas By the Peace of Munster 15 May 1648 the Habsburg Netherlands were split in two with the northern Protestant dominated Netherlands becoming the Dutch Republic independent of the Spanish and Holy Roman Empires while the southern Catholic dominated Spanish Netherlands remained under Spanish Habsburg sovereignty Whereas the Spanish Empire and the Southern Netherlands along with it were financially and demographically ruined declining politically and economically the Dutch Republic became a global commercial power and achieved a high level of prosperity for its upper and middle classes known as the Dutch Golden Age despite continued great socio economic geographic and religious inequalities and problems as well as internal and external political military and religious conflicts 22 23 See also EditAct of Abjuration Thirty Years War Peace of Westphalia Eighty Years WarExplanatory footnotes Edit The Treaty does not use the word Republic but instead recognizes the Lords States General as sovereign References Edit 1648 Treaty of Munster Rijks Museum Israel 1995 p 407 8 Twaalfjarig Bestand Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins in Dutch Microsoft Corporation Het Spectrum 1993 2002 a b c Groenveld 2009 p 25 a b Groenveld 2009 p 26 Lesaffer 2006 p 2 4 Parker Geoffrey 1972 The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567 1659 The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries Wars 2004 ed Cambridge University Press p 221 ISBN 9780521543927 a b c Groenveld 2009 p 142 Gijs Rommelse The Role of Mercantilism in Anglo Dutch political relations 1650 74 p 596 Economic History Review New Series Vol 63 No 3 August 2010 pp 591 611 JSTOR 40929818 a b c Amsterdam a brief life of the city By Geert Mak Harvill Press 1999 p 123 Andries and Cornelis Bicker at Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid Buitenplaatsen in de Gouden Eeuw De rijkdom van het buitenleven in de Republik Herausgegeben von Y Kuiper Ben Olde Meierink Elyze Storms Smeets S 71 2015 Israel 1995 p 542 Israel 1995 p 544 6 Nolan Cathal 2017 The Allure of Battle A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost New York Oxford University Press p 73 ISBN 9780195383782 a b The Treaty of Munster 1648 PDF University of Massachusetts Archived from the original PDF on 13 July 2019 Groenveld 2009 p 154 a b c d e Groenveld 2009 p 146 a b c Eindelijk vrede 1648 Nationaal Archief in Dutch Retrieved 9 July 2022 Topstukken in perspectief Nationaal Archief Issuu 27 March 2019 Retrieved 9 July 2022 EST LEG 2943 27 Treaty of peace between Spain and The Netherlands PARES Retrieved 9 July 2022 Mulder Doedens amp Kortlever 2008 p 143 144 Runa Hellinga 27 September 2019 Die eeuw van goud ging aan Brabant en Limburg voorbij Trouw in Dutch Retrieved 15 July 2022 Bibliography EditBoer H W J de H Bruch en H Krol red Adriaan Pauw 1585 1653 staatsman en ambachtsheer Heemstede VOHB 1985 Groenveld Simon 2009 Unie Bestand Vrede Drie fundamentele wetten van de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden Hilversum Uitgeverij Verloren p 200 ISBN 9789087041274 in cooperation with H L Ph Leeuwenberg and H B van der Weel Israel Jonathan 1995 The Dutch Republic Its Rise Greatness and Fall 1477 1806 Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 0 19 873072 1 Lesaffer Randall 2006 Siege Warfare and the Early Modern Laws of War Ius Brabanticum ius commune ius gentium PDF pp 87 109 Manzano Baena Laura Winter 2007 Negotiating Sovereignty The Peace Treaty of Munster 1648 History of Political Thought Volume 28 Number 4 pp 617 641 JSTOR 26222899 Mulder Liek Doedens Anne Kortlever Yolande 2008 Geschiedenis van Nederland van prehistorie tot heden Baarn HBuitgevers p 288 ISBN 9789055746262 Poelhekke J J De vrede van Munster s Gravenhage Martinus Nijhoff 1948 External links Edit Dutch Wikisource has original text related to this article Vrede van Munster French Wikisource has original text related to this article Traite de Munster janvier 1648 Scans from the National Archives The Hague of the Dutch language version 12588 55B of the Peace of Munster Scans from the National Archives The Hague of the French language version 12588 55C of the Peace of Munster Printed Latin and German translations of the original text of the Peace of Munster 30 January 1648 Tratado de Munster 1648 en espanol Modern Spanish version Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Peace of Munster amp oldid 1148135924, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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