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Géza II of Hungary

April 30, 2023

For other people with the same name, see Géza of Hungary.

Géza II (Hungarian: II. Géza; Croatian: Gejza II; Slovak: Gejza II; 1130 – 31 May 1162) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1141 to 1162. He was the oldest son of Béla the Blind and his wife, Helena of Serbia. When his father died, Géza was still a child and he started ruling under the guardianship of his mother and her brother, Beloš. A pretender to the throne, Boris Kalamanos, who had already claimed Hungary during Béla the Blind's reign, temporarily captured Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia) with the assistance of German mercenaries in early 1146. In retaliation, Géza, who came of age in the same year, invaded Austria and routed Henry Jasomirgott, Margrave of Austria, in the Battle of the Fischa.

Although the German–Hungarian relations remained tense, no major confrontations occurred when the German crusaders marched through Hungary in June 1147. Two months later, Louis VII of France and his crusaders arrived, along with Boris Kalamanos who attempted to take advantage of the crusade to return to Hungary. Louis VII refused to extradite Boris to Géza, but prevented the pretender from coming into contacts with his supporters in Hungary and took him to Constantinople. Géza joined the coalition that Louis VII and Roger II of Sicily formed against Conrad III of Germany and the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.

Géza intervened at least six times in the fights for Kiev on behalf of Iziaslav II of Kiev either by sending reinforcements or by personally leading his troops to the Kievan Rus' between 1148 and 1155. He also waged wars against the Byzantine Empire on behalf of his allies, including his cousins, rulers of the Grand Principality of Serbia, but could not prevent the Byzantines from restoring their suzerainty over them. Conflicts emerged between Géza and his brothers, Stephen and Ladislaus, who fled from Hungary and settled in Emperor Manuel's court in Constantinople. Géza supported Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, against the Lombard League with auxiliary troops between 1158 and 1160. After the cardinals who supported Emperor Frederick I elected Victor IV pope, Géza acknowledged his legitimacy in 1160, but in a year, he changed sides and concluded a concordat with Victor IV's opponent, Pope Alexander III. Before his death, Géza organized a separate appanage duchy for his younger son, Béla.

The ancestors of the Transylvanian Saxons came to Hungary during Géza's reign. Western European knights and Muslim warriors from the Pontic steppes also settled in Hungary in this period. Géza even allowed his Muslim soldiers to take concubines.

Early years

Géza was born the eldest son of Béla the Blind, a cousin of King Stephen II of Hungary, and Helena of Serbia in 1130.[1][2] Géza's father had been blinded, together with his rebellious father, Álmos, in the 1110s on the order of Stephen II's father, Coloman, King of Hungary, who wanted to ensure Stephen's succession.[3] When Géza was born, his parents lived on an estate that King Stephen had granted them in Tolna.[1] Géza's father succeeded King Stephen in the spring of 1131.[4] In the same year, Queen Helena took Géza and his younger brother, Ladislaus, to an assembly held at Arad, where she ordered the massacre of sixty-eight noblemen "by whose counsel the King had been blinded",[5] according to the Illuminated Chronicle.[6]

Reign

Minor king (1141–1146)

 
Géza's royal seal

King Béla died on 13 February 1141 and Géza succeeded him without opposition.[7] The eleven-year-old Géza was crowned king on 16 February.[1][8] During his regency, his mother and her brother, Beloš, ruled the kingdom in the first years of his reign.[1][7]

One of Géza's first charters, issued in 1141, confirmed the privileges of the citizens of Split in Dalmatia.[9] In the charter, Géza is titled as "By the Grace of God, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia and Rama".[1] According to historian Paul Stephenson, the towns of central Dalmatia—including Šibenik and Trogir—accepted Géza's suzerainty after a Hungarian invasion around 1142.[10] Hungarian troops assisted Prince Volodimerko of Halych—who had been the ally of Géza's father against the pretender Boris—when Great Prince Vsevolod II of Kiev invaded Halych in 1144.[9][11] Although the Hungarian auxiliaries "were of no use whatsoever", according to the Hypatian Codex, the grand prince could not occupy Volodimerko's principality.[9][12]

Boris was the son of Eufemia of Kiev, King Coloman of Hungary's second wife, whom the king expelled on the charge of adultery before Boris's birth.[7] According to the chronicler Bishop Otto of Freising, Boris approached Conrad III of Germany to seek his assistance against Géza at the end of 1145.[9] Upon the recommendation of Vladislav II of Bohemia, the German monarch authorized Boris to muster an army of mercenaries in Bavaria and Austria.[9] Boris stormed Hungary and took the fortress of Pressburg (present-day Bratislava in Slovakia).[13][9] The royal forces soon imposed a blockade on the fortress and convinced Boris's mercenaries to surrender without resistance in exchange for compensation.[9][14]

The Hungarians blamed Conrad III for Boris's attack and decided to invade the Holy Roman Empire.[15] Before crossing the river Lajta (now Leitha in Austria), which marked the western border of Hungary, the sixteen-year-old Géza was girded with a sword in token of his coming of age.[16] In the Battle of the Fischa on 11 September, the Hungarian army under the command of Géza and Beloš routed the German troops led by Henry Jasomirgott, Margrave of Austria.[15]

Crusaders' march across Hungary (1146–1147)

 
Conrad III of Germany and the German crusaders arrive in Hungary (from the Illuminated Chronicle)

Géza married Euphrosyne, sister of Grand Prince Iziaslav II of Kiev, in the second half of 1146.[17] German–Hungarian relations remained tense[7] as Boris attempted to take advantage of Conrad III's decision to lead a crusade to the Holy Land through Hungary.[18] However Géza, who knew that "he could conquer more easily by gold than by force, poured out much money among the Germans and thus escaped an attack from them,"[19] according to the chronicler Odo of Deuil.[20] The German crusaders marched across Hungary without major incident in June 1147.[20][21]

The Illuminated Chronicle relates that some Hungarian noblemen promised Boris "if he could make his way into the kingdom, many would take him for their lord and, deserting the King, would cleave to him."[20][22] Boris convinced two French noblemen to assist by hiding him among the French crusaders who followed the Germans towards the Holy Land.[20] King Louis VII of France and his crusaders arrived in Hungary in August.[23] Géza learnt that his opponent was with the French and demanded his extradition.[20] Although Louis VII rejected this demand, he held Boris in custody and "took him out of Hungary,"[24] according to Odo of Deuil.[20] Having left Hungary, Boris settled in the Byzantine Empire.[20]

Active foreign policy (1147–1155)

Disputes among European powers led to the formation of two coalitions in the late 1140s.[25] One alliance was formed by the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Conrad III[26] against Roger II of Sicily who had invaded Byzantine territories.[27] Géza sided with Roger II and his allies, including the rebellious German prince, Welf VI and Uroš II of Serbia.[28][29] Géza sent reinforcements to his brother-in-law, Grand Prince Iziaslav II, against Prince Vladimir of Chernigov in the spring of 1148.[30] The Grand Principality of Serbia rebelled in 1149, forcing Emperor Manuel I to interrupt his preparations for an invasion of Southern Italy and invade Serbia in 1149.[31][32] According to the emperor's panegyrist Theodore Prodromus, Hungarian forces supported the Serbs during the emperor's campaign.[33] The Hypatian Codex says that Géza referred to his war against Emperor Manuel when excusing himself for refusing to send reinforcements to Iziaslav II whom Yuri Dolgorukiy, Prince of Suzdal, expelled from Kiev in August 1149.[32] Hungarian auxiliaries supported Iziaslav II to reoccupy Kiev in the early spring of 1150, but before long Yuri Dolgorukiy expelled Iziaslav from the town.[34] In autumn, Géza led his army against Volodimirko of Halych, who was Yuri Dolgorukiy's close ally.[30] He captured Sanok, but Volodimirko bribed the Hungarian commanders, who persuaded Géza to leave Halych before November.[30]

A "countless allied force of Hungarian cavalry as well as of the heterodox Chalisoi"[35] had supported the Serbs in the same year, according to the contemporaneous John Kinnamos, but the Byzantine army routed their united troops on the river Tara in September.[36][28] The Byzantine victory forced Uroš II of Serbia to acknowledge the emperor's suzerainty.[37] Emperor Manuel launched a retaliatory campaign against Hungary and ravaged the lands between the rivers Sava and Danube.[38][39] Assisted by Byzantine troops, the pretender Boris also broke into Hungary and devastated the valley of the river Temes.[38][40] Géza, who had just returned from Halych, did not want to "involve the remaining Hungarian force in destruction"[41] and sued for peace.[38] The peace treaty was signed in late 1150 or early 1151.[38][40]

 
Géza meets King Louis VII of France during the Second Crusade (from the Illuminated Chronicle)

Géza met Henry Jasomirgott which contributed to the normalization of their strained relations in 1151.[42] He sent reinforcements to Iziaslav II who again reoccupied Kiev before April 1151.[43] Three months later, Volodimirko of Halych routed a Hungarian army that was marching towards Kiev.[43] Frederick Barbarossa, the newly elected King of Germany, demanded the German princes' consent to wage war against Hungary at the Imperial Diet of June 1152, but the princes refused him "for certain obscure reasons",[44] according to Otto of Freising.[42] Géza invaded Halych in the summer of 1152.[43] The united armies of Géza and Iziaslav defeated Volodimirko's troops at the San River, forcing Volodimirko to sign a peace treaty with Iziaslav.[43] Pope Eugenius III sent his envoys to Hungary to strengthen the "faith and discipline" of the Hungarian church.[40] Géza forbade the papal envoys to enter Hungary, which shows that his relationship with the Holy See had deteriorated.[45]

Géza planned to invade Paristrion—the Byzantine province along the Lower Danube—in the spring of 1153.[46][47] According to John Kinnamos, Géza sought vengeance for Manuel's invasion of 1150;[47] on the other hand, Michael of Thessalonica wrote that Géza prevented Emperor Manuel from invading Southern Italy.[46] However, the emperor, who had been informed of Géza's plan, marched to the Danube.[47] Géza sent his envoys to the emperor and a new peace treaty was signed in Sardica (now Sofia in Bulgaria).[46] In accordance with the peace treaty, the Byzantines released their Hungarian prisoners of wars, according to Abū Hāmid al-Gharnātī, a Muslim traveler from Granada who lived in Hungary between 1150 and 1153.[47]

Abū Hāmid stated that every country feared Géza's attack, "because of the many armies he has at his disposal and his great courage".[48][49] The Muslim traveler observed that Géza employed Muslim soldiers who had been recruited from among the peoples of the Eurasian steppes.[50] Abū Hāmid even urged the soldiers to make "every effort to go on jihad" with Géza "for thus God [would] set down the merit of Holy War to [their] account".[51][52] Géza allowed his Muslim subjects to take concubines, which stirred up the Hungarian clergy.[52] He also invited Western European (primarily German) knights to settle in Hungary.[52] For instance, he made a land grant to two knights, named Gottfried and Albert, who had "abandoned their homeland" upon his invitation in the 1150s.[53] Some years earlier, one Hezelo of Merkstein sold his patrimony in the region of Aachen before departing to Hungary from where he never returned to his homeland.[54] According to the Diploma Andreanum of 1224, which spelled out the privileges of the Transylvanian Saxons, their ancestors were invited by Géza to settle in southern Transylvania.[55]

Pope Anastasius IV declared Géza's rule in Dalmatia unlawful in October 1154.[40][56] Emperor Manuel's cousin, Andronikos Komnenos, who administered Belgrade, Braničevo and Niš sent a letter to Géza in 1154, offering to hand over those towns to Géza in exchange for Géza's support against the emperor.[57] Géza sent his envoys to Sicily to sign a new alliance with William I of Sicily around the end of the year, but William I was fighting with his rebellious subjects.[58] Although Andronius Komnenus's plot was discovered and he was captured, Géza invaded the Byzantine Empire and laid siege to Braničevo in late 1154.[59][60] After hearing of the imprisonment of Andronikus Komnenos, Géza abandoned the siege and returned to Hungary.[58] A Byzantine general, Basil Tzintziluces, launched an attack on the Hungarian army, but Géza annihilated the Byzantine forces before returning to Hungary.[58][61] In early 1155, the Byzantine and Hungarian envoys signed a new peace treaty.[58] In the same year, a Byzantine army expelled Géza's ally, Desa, from Serbia and restored Uroš II, who had promised that he would not enter into an alliance with Hungary.[62]

Last years (1155–1162)

 
The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, a powerful enemy of Géza in the early 1150s

Frederick Barbarossa, who had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor, received the envoys of Manuel I in Nuremberg in July 1156.[63][64] The Byzantine envoys proposed a joint invasion of Hungary, but Barbarossa refused their offer.[63][64] On 16 September, Barbarossa stipulated that the dukes of Austria were to support the Holy Roman emperors during a war against Hungary in his charter by which he elevated Austria to a duchy, showing that the relationship between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire was still tense.[65] Barbarossa's close advisor, Daniel, Bishop of Prague, visited Hungary in the summer of 1157.[65] On this occasion, Géza promised that he would support Barbarossa with auxiliary troops if the emperor invaded Italy.[65][66]

Géza's youngest brother, Stephen, started conspiring with their uncle, Beloš, and other lords against Géza, according to the nearly contemporaneous Rahewin.[65] To avoid a civil war, Géza first ordered the persecution of Stephen's partisans, then had his rebellious brother expelled from the kingdom and even sentenced to death.[67] Niketas Choniates also recorded that Stephen had been "forced to flee from the murderous clutches" of Géza.[68][67] Géza's uncle, Beloš, was not mentioned in royal charters issued after March 1157, which suggest that he left Hungary after that date.[69] During the summer of that year, Stephen fled to the Holy Roman Empire, seeking Emperor Frederick's protection against Géza.[69][49] Upon the emperor's demand, Géza accepted Frederick Barbarossa as arbitrator in his conflict with Stephen and sent his envoys to Regensburg in January 1158.[70] However, Barbarossa "decided to defer to a more suitable time the settlement"[71] of the quarrel between Géza and Stephen and departed for his campaign against the Lombard League.[70] In accordance with his former promise, Géza sent a troop of 5–600 archers to accompany the emperor to Italy.[49][72] Before long, Géza's brother, Stephen, left for the Byzantine Empire and settled in Constantinople where he married Emperor Manuel's niece Maria Komnene.[49][73] Within two years, he was joined by his brother, Ladislaus, who fled from Hungary around 1160.[49][74]

Frederick Barbarossa forced the Italian towns to surrender in September 1158.[75][76] However, Milan and Crema again rose up in open rebellion against the emperor's rule after the Diet of Roncaglia ordered the restoration of imperial rights, including the emperor's rights to levy taxes in the Northern Italian towns.[77][76] Géza sent his envoys to Barbarossa's camp and promised to dispatch further reinforcements against the rebellious towns.[76]

The death of Pope Adrian IV on 1 September 1159 caused a schism, because the college of the cardinals was divided: the majority of the cardinals was opposed to Barbarossa's policy, but a minority supported him.[78] The first group elected Alexander III pope, but Barbarossa's supporters chose Victor IV.[79] Emperor Frederick summoned a synod to Pavia to put an end to the schism.[80][79] Géza sent his envoys to the church council where Victor IV was declared the lawful pope in February 1160.[81] However, Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom, remained loyal to Alexander III and persuaded Géza to start negotiations with the representatives of Alexander III.[82][83] Géza only decided to change sides after most European monarchs, including the kings of Sicily, England and France, joined Alexander III.[84] Géza's envoys announced his decision to Alexander III in early 1161, but Géza only informed the emperor of his recognition of Alexander III in the autumn of the same year.[85]

Géza's and Alexander III's envoys signed a concordat in the summer of 1161.[86] According to that treaty, Géza promised that he would not depose or transfer prelates without the consent of the Holy See; on the other hand, the pope acknowledged that no papal legates could be sent to Hungary without the king's permission and the Hungarian prelates were only allowed to appeal to the Holy See with the king's consent.[86] He also signed a truce for five years with the Byzantine Empire.[87] Shortly before his death, Géza granted Dalmatia, Croatia and other territories to his younger son, Béla, as an appanage duchy.[88] Géza died on 31 May 1162 and was buried in Székesfehérvár.[87][13]

Family

Géza's wife, Euphrosyne of Kiev, was a daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav I of Kiev.[90] She survived Géza and died around 1193.[91] Their first child, Stephen, was born in the summer of 1147; he succeeded Géza in 1162.[92][93] His younger brother, Béla, was born in about 1148; he inherited Hungary after the death of Stephen in 1172.[94] Géza's third son and namesake, Géza, was born in the 1150s.[95] The youngest son of Géza and Euphrosyne, Árpád, did not survive childhood.[95] Géza's and Euphrosyne's oldest daughter, Elizabeth, was given in marriage to Frederick of Bohemia, who was the heir to Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia, in 1157.[65][95] The second daughter, Odola, married Vladislaus II of Bohemia's younger son, Sviatopluk, in 1164.[96][95] The third daughter of Géza and Euphrosyne, Helena, became the wife of Leopold V of Austria in 1174.[97][95]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 175.
  2. ^ Makk 1994, p. 236.
  3. ^ Engel 2001, p. 35.
  4. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 35, 50.
  5. ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 160.114), p. 136.
  6. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 166.
  7. ^ a b c d Engel 2001, p. 50.
  8. ^ Makk 1989, p. 35.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Makk 1989, p. 36.
  10. ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 226.
  11. ^ Dimnik 1994, p. 401.
  12. ^ Dimnik 1994, pp. 401–402.
  13. ^ a b Bartl et al. 2002, p. 29.
  14. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 178.
  15. ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 39.
  16. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 178–179.
  17. ^ Makk 1989, p. 41.
  18. ^ Makk 1989, pp. 39–40.
  19. ^ Odo of Deuil: De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem: The Journey of Louis VII to the East, p. 35.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Makk 1989, p. 40.
  21. ^ Runciman 1952, p. 260.
  22. ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 166.120), p. 138.
  23. ^ Runciman 1952, pp. 262–263.
  24. ^ Odo of Deuil: De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem: The Journey of Louis VII to the East, p. 35.
  25. ^ Makk 1989, pp. 42, 44–45.
  26. ^ Makk 1989, pp. 44–45.
  27. ^ Fine 1991, p. 236.
  28. ^ a b Fine 1991, p. 237.
  29. ^ Makk 1989, pp. 45–46.
  30. ^ a b c Makk 1989, p. 47.
  31. ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 224.
  32. ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 50.
  33. ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 225.
  34. ^ Dimnik 2003, pp. 62–63.
  35. ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (3.8), p. 86.
  36. ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 225-226, 230.
  37. ^ Fine 1991, pp. 237–238.
  38. ^ a b c d Stephenson 2000, p. 230.
  39. ^ Makk 1989, p. 55.
  40. ^ a b c d Makk 1989, p. 56.
  41. ^ Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (3.11), p. 94.
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  44. ^ The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa (2.6), p. 119.
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  47. ^ a b c d Makk 1989, p. 58.
  48. ^ The Travels of Abū Hāmid al-Andalusī al-Gharnātī, 1130–1155, pp. 82–83.
  49. ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 51.
  50. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 64–65.
  51. ^ The Travels of Abū Hāmid al-Andalusī al-Gharnātī, 1130–1155, p. 81.
  52. ^ a b c Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 185.
  53. ^ Fügedi & Bak 2012, p. 323.
  54. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 162.
  55. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 163.
  56. ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 228.
  57. ^ Makk 1989, p. 60.
  58. ^ a b c d Makk 1989, p. 61.
  59. ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 231.
  60. ^ Makk 1989, pp. 60–62.
  61. ^ Stephenson 2000, pp. 233–234.
  62. ^ Fine 1991, p. 238.
  63. ^ a b Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 111.
  64. ^ a b Makk 1989, pp. 63–64.
  65. ^ a b c d e Makk 1989, p. 65.
  66. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 188.
  67. ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 66.
  68. ^ O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates (4.126), p. 72.
  69. ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 68.
  70. ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 69.
  71. ^ The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa (3.13), p. 188.
  72. ^ Érszegi & Solymosi 1981, p. 112.
  73. ^ Stephenson 2000, p. 247.
  74. ^ Makk 1989, p. 76.
  75. ^ Fuhrmann 1986, p. 147.
  76. ^ a b c Makk 1989, p. 71.
  77. ^ Fuhrmann 1986, pp. 147–148.
  78. ^ Fuhrmann 1986, pp. 148–149.
  79. ^ a b Fuhrmann 1986, p. 149.
  80. ^ Makk 1989, p. 72.
  81. ^ Makk 1989, pp. 72–73.
  82. ^ Makk 1989, pp. 73, 75.
  83. ^ Engel 2001, p. 52.
  84. ^ Makk 1989, p. 73.
  85. ^ Makk 1989, pp. 73–74.
  86. ^ a b Makk 1989, p. 75.
  87. ^ a b Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 189.
  88. ^ Makk 1989, p. 77.
  89. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 175, Appendices 2–3.
  90. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 182, Appendix 3.
  91. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 194, Appendix 3.
  92. ^ Makk 1989, p. 139.
  93. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, pp. 190–191, Appendix 3.
  94. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 205, Appendix 3.
  95. ^ a b c d e Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 190, Appendix 3.
  96. ^ Makk 1989, p. 89.
  97. ^ Makk 1989, p. 111.

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Géza II of Hungary
Born: 1130 Died: 31 May 1162
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Hungary and Croatia
1141–1162 		Succeeded by

April 30, 2023
géza, hungary, other, people, with, same, name, géza, hungary, géza, hungarian, géza, croatian, gejza, slovak, gejza, 1130, 1162, king, hungary, croatia, from, 1141, 1162, oldest, béla, blind, wife, helena, serbia, when, father, died, géza, still, child, start. For other people with the same name see Geza of Hungary Geza II Hungarian II Geza Croatian Gejza II Slovak Gejza II 1130 31 May 1162 was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1141 to 1162 He was the oldest son of Bela the Blind and his wife Helena of Serbia When his father died Geza was still a child and he started ruling under the guardianship of his mother and her brother Belos A pretender to the throne Boris Kalamanos who had already claimed Hungary during Bela the Blind s reign temporarily captured Pressburg now Bratislava in Slovakia with the assistance of German mercenaries in early 1146 In retaliation Geza who came of age in the same year invaded Austria and routed Henry Jasomirgott Margrave of Austria in the Battle of the Fischa Geza IIThe young Geza from the Illuminated Chronicle King of Hungary and CroatiaReign1141 1162Coronation16 February 1141PredecessorBela IISuccessorStephen IIIRegentHelena of SerbiaBorn1130Tolna Kingdom of HungaryDied31 May 1162 aged 31 32 Szekesfehervar citation needed Kingdom of HungaryBurialSzekesfehervar BasilicaSpouseEuphrosyne of KievIssuemore Stephen IIIBela IIIElisabeth Duchess of BohemiaGezaHelena Duchess of AustriaDynastyArpadFatherBela II of HungaryMotherHelena of SerbiaReligionRoman CatholicAlthough the German Hungarian relations remained tense no major confrontations occurred when the German crusaders marched through Hungary in June 1147 Two months later Louis VII of France and his crusaders arrived along with Boris Kalamanos who attempted to take advantage of the crusade to return to Hungary Louis VII refused to extradite Boris to Geza but prevented the pretender from coming into contacts with his supporters in Hungary and took him to Constantinople Geza joined the coalition that Louis VII and Roger II of Sicily formed against Conrad III of Germany and the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos Geza intervened at least six times in the fights for Kiev on behalf of Iziaslav II of Kiev either by sending reinforcements or by personally leading his troops to the Kievan Rus between 1148 and 1155 He also waged wars against the Byzantine Empire on behalf of his allies including his cousins rulers of the Grand Principality of Serbia but could not prevent the Byzantines from restoring their suzerainty over them Conflicts emerged between Geza and his brothers Stephen and Ladislaus who fled from Hungary and settled in Emperor Manuel s court in Constantinople Geza supported Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor against the Lombard League with auxiliary troops between 1158 and 1160 After the cardinals who supported Emperor Frederick I elected Victor IV pope Geza acknowledged his legitimacy in 1160 but in a year he changed sides and concluded a concordat with Victor IV s opponent Pope Alexander III Before his death Geza organized a separate appanage duchy for his younger son Bela The ancestors of the Transylvanian Saxons came to Hungary during Geza s reign Western European knights and Muslim warriors from the Pontic steppes also settled in Hungary in this period Geza even allowed his Muslim soldiers to take concubines Contents 1 Early years 2 Reign 2 1 Minor king 1141 1146 2 2 Crusaders march across Hungary 1146 1147 2 3 Active foreign policy 1147 1155 2 4 Last years 1155 1162 3 Family 4 References 5 Sources 5 1 Primary sources 5 2 Secondary sourcesEarly years EditGeza was born the eldest son of Bela the Blind a cousin of King Stephen II of Hungary and Helena of Serbia in 1130 1 2 Geza s father had been blinded together with his rebellious father Almos in the 1110s on the order of Stephen II s father Coloman King of Hungary who wanted to ensure Stephen s succession 3 When Geza was born his parents lived on an estate that King Stephen had granted them in Tolna 1 Geza s father succeeded King Stephen in the spring of 1131 4 In the same year Queen Helena took Geza and his younger brother Ladislaus to an assembly held at Arad where she ordered the massacre of sixty eight noblemen by whose counsel the King had been blinded 5 according to the Illuminated Chronicle 6 Reign EditMinor king 1141 1146 Edit Geza s royal seal King Bela died on 13 February 1141 and Geza succeeded him without opposition 7 The eleven year old Geza was crowned king on 16 February 1 8 During his regency his mother and her brother Belos ruled the kingdom in the first years of his reign 1 7 One of Geza s first charters issued in 1141 confirmed the privileges of the citizens of Split in Dalmatia 9 In the charter Geza is titled as By the Grace of God King of Hungary Dalmatia Croatia and Rama 1 According to historian Paul Stephenson the towns of central Dalmatia including Sibenik and Trogir accepted Geza s suzerainty after a Hungarian invasion around 1142 10 Hungarian troops assisted Prince Volodimerko of Halych who had been the ally of Geza s father against the pretender Boris when Great Prince Vsevolod II of Kiev invaded Halych in 1144 9 11 Although the Hungarian auxiliaries were of no use whatsoever according to the Hypatian Codex the grand prince could not occupy Volodimerko s principality 9 12 Boris was the son of Eufemia of Kiev King Coloman of Hungary s second wife whom the king expelled on the charge of adultery before Boris s birth 7 According to the chronicler Bishop Otto of Freising Boris approached Conrad III of Germany to seek his assistance against Geza at the end of 1145 9 Upon the recommendation of Vladislav II of Bohemia the German monarch authorized Boris to muster an army of mercenaries in Bavaria and Austria 9 Boris stormed Hungary and took the fortress of Pressburg present day Bratislava in Slovakia 13 9 The royal forces soon imposed a blockade on the fortress and convinced Boris s mercenaries to surrender without resistance in exchange for compensation 9 14 The Hungarians blamed Conrad III for Boris s attack and decided to invade the Holy Roman Empire 15 Before crossing the river Lajta now Leitha in Austria which marked the western border of Hungary the sixteen year old Geza was girded with a sword in token of his coming of age 16 In the Battle of the Fischa on 11 September the Hungarian army under the command of Geza and Belos routed the German troops led by Henry Jasomirgott Margrave of Austria 15 Crusaders march across Hungary 1146 1147 Edit Conrad III of Germany and the German crusaders arrive in Hungary from the Illuminated Chronicle Geza married Euphrosyne sister of Grand Prince Iziaslav II of Kiev in the second half of 1146 17 German Hungarian relations remained tense 7 as Boris attempted to take advantage of Conrad III s decision to lead a crusade to the Holy Land through Hungary 18 However Geza who knew that he could conquer more easily by gold than by force poured out much money among the Germans and thus escaped an attack from them 19 according to the chronicler Odo of Deuil 20 The German crusaders marched across Hungary without major incident in June 1147 20 21 The Illuminated Chronicle relates that some Hungarian noblemen promised Boris if he could make his way into the kingdom many would take him for their lord and deserting the King would cleave to him 20 22 Boris convinced two French noblemen to assist by hiding him among the French crusaders who followed the Germans towards the Holy Land 20 King Louis VII of France and his crusaders arrived in Hungary in August 23 Geza learnt that his opponent was with the French and demanded his extradition 20 Although Louis VII rejected this demand he held Boris in custody and took him out of Hungary 24 according to Odo of Deuil 20 Having left Hungary Boris settled in the Byzantine Empire 20 Active foreign policy 1147 1155 Edit Disputes among European powers led to the formation of two coalitions in the late 1140s 25 One alliance was formed by the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Conrad III 26 against Roger II of Sicily who had invaded Byzantine territories 27 Geza sided with Roger II and his allies including the rebellious German prince Welf VI and Uros II of Serbia 28 29 Geza sent reinforcements to his brother in law Grand Prince Iziaslav II against Prince Vladimir of Chernigov in the spring of 1148 30 The Grand Principality of Serbia rebelled in 1149 forcing Emperor Manuel I to interrupt his preparations for an invasion of Southern Italy and invade Serbia in 1149 31 32 According to the emperor s panegyrist Theodore Prodromus Hungarian forces supported the Serbs during the emperor s campaign 33 The Hypatian Codex says that Geza referred to his war against Emperor Manuel when excusing himself for refusing to send reinforcements to Iziaslav II whom Yuri Dolgorukiy Prince of Suzdal expelled from Kiev in August 1149 32 Hungarian auxiliaries supported Iziaslav II to reoccupy Kiev in the early spring of 1150 but before long Yuri Dolgorukiy expelled Iziaslav from the town 34 In autumn Geza led his army against Volodimirko of Halych who was Yuri Dolgorukiy s close ally 30 He captured Sanok but Volodimirko bribed the Hungarian commanders who persuaded Geza to leave Halych before November 30 A countless allied force of Hungarian cavalry as well as of the heterodox Chalisoi 35 had supported the Serbs in the same year according to the contemporaneous John Kinnamos but the Byzantine army routed their united troops on the river Tara in September 36 28 The Byzantine victory forced Uros II of Serbia to acknowledge the emperor s suzerainty 37 Emperor Manuel launched a retaliatory campaign against Hungary and ravaged the lands between the rivers Sava and Danube 38 39 Assisted by Byzantine troops the pretender Boris also broke into Hungary and devastated the valley of the river Temes 38 40 Geza who had just returned from Halych did not want to involve the remaining Hungarian force in destruction 41 and sued for peace 38 The peace treaty was signed in late 1150 or early 1151 38 40 Geza meets King Louis VII of France during the Second Crusade from the Illuminated Chronicle Geza met Henry Jasomirgott which contributed to the normalization of their strained relations in 1151 42 He sent reinforcements to Iziaslav II who again reoccupied Kiev before April 1151 43 Three months later Volodimirko of Halych routed a Hungarian army that was marching towards Kiev 43 Frederick Barbarossa the newly elected King of Germany demanded the German princes consent to wage war against Hungary at the Imperial Diet of June 1152 but the princes refused him for certain obscure reasons 44 according to Otto of Freising 42 Geza invaded Halych in the summer of 1152 43 The united armies of Geza and Iziaslav defeated Volodimirko s troops at the San River forcing Volodimirko to sign a peace treaty with Iziaslav 43 Pope Eugenius III sent his envoys to Hungary to strengthen the faith and discipline of the Hungarian church 40 Geza forbade the papal envoys to enter Hungary which shows that his relationship with the Holy See had deteriorated 45 Geza planned to invade Paristrion the Byzantine province along the Lower Danube in the spring of 1153 46 47 According to John Kinnamos Geza sought vengeance for Manuel s invasion of 1150 47 on the other hand Michael of Thessalonica wrote that Geza prevented Emperor Manuel from invading Southern Italy 46 However the emperor who had been informed of Geza s plan marched to the Danube 47 Geza sent his envoys to the emperor and a new peace treaty was signed in Sardica now Sofia in Bulgaria 46 In accordance with the peace treaty the Byzantines released their Hungarian prisoners of wars according to Abu Hamid al Gharnati a Muslim traveler from Granada who lived in Hungary between 1150 and 1153 47 Abu Hamid stated that every country feared Geza s attack because of the many armies he has at his disposal and his great courage 48 49 The Muslim traveler observed that Geza employed Muslim soldiers who had been recruited from among the peoples of the Eurasian steppes 50 Abu Hamid even urged the soldiers to make every effort to go on jihad with Geza for thus God would set down the merit of Holy War to their account 51 52 Geza allowed his Muslim subjects to take concubines which stirred up the Hungarian clergy 52 He also invited Western European primarily German knights to settle in Hungary 52 For instance he made a land grant to two knights named Gottfried and Albert who had abandoned their homeland upon his invitation in the 1150s 53 Some years earlier one Hezelo of Merkstein sold his patrimony in the region of Aachen before departing to Hungary from where he never returned to his homeland 54 According to the Diploma Andreanum of 1224 which spelled out the privileges of the Transylvanian Saxons their ancestors were invited by Geza to settle in southern Transylvania 55 Pope Anastasius IV declared Geza s rule in Dalmatia unlawful in October 1154 40 56 Emperor Manuel s cousin Andronikos Komnenos who administered Belgrade Branicevo and Nis sent a letter to Geza in 1154 offering to hand over those towns to Geza in exchange for Geza s support against the emperor 57 Geza sent his envoys to Sicily to sign a new alliance with William I of Sicily around the end of the year but William I was fighting with his rebellious subjects 58 Although Andronius Komnenus s plot was discovered and he was captured Geza invaded the Byzantine Empire and laid siege to Branicevo in late 1154 59 60 After hearing of the imprisonment of Andronikus Komnenos Geza abandoned the siege and returned to Hungary 58 A Byzantine general Basil Tzintziluces launched an attack on the Hungarian army but Geza annihilated the Byzantine forces before returning to Hungary 58 61 In early 1155 the Byzantine and Hungarian envoys signed a new peace treaty 58 In the same year a Byzantine army expelled Geza s ally Desa from Serbia and restored Uros II who had promised that he would not enter into an alliance with Hungary 62 Last years 1155 1162 Edit The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos a powerful enemy of Geza in the early 1150s Frederick Barbarossa who had been crowned Holy Roman Emperor received the envoys of Manuel I in Nuremberg in July 1156 63 64 The Byzantine envoys proposed a joint invasion of Hungary but Barbarossa refused their offer 63 64 On 16 September Barbarossa stipulated that the dukes of Austria were to support the Holy Roman emperors during a war against Hungary in his charter by which he elevated Austria to a duchy showing that the relationship between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire was still tense 65 Barbarossa s close advisor Daniel Bishop of Prague visited Hungary in the summer of 1157 65 On this occasion Geza promised that he would support Barbarossa with auxiliary troops if the emperor invaded Italy 65 66 Geza s youngest brother Stephen started conspiring with their uncle Belos and other lords against Geza according to the nearly contemporaneous Rahewin 65 To avoid a civil war Geza first ordered the persecution of Stephen s partisans then had his rebellious brother expelled from the kingdom and even sentenced to death 67 Niketas Choniates also recorded that Stephen had been forced to flee from the murderous clutches of Geza 68 67 Geza s uncle Belos was not mentioned in royal charters issued after March 1157 which suggest that he left Hungary after that date 69 During the summer of that year Stephen fled to the Holy Roman Empire seeking Emperor Frederick s protection against Geza 69 49 Upon the emperor s demand Geza accepted Frederick Barbarossa as arbitrator in his conflict with Stephen and sent his envoys to Regensburg in January 1158 70 However Barbarossa decided to defer to a more suitable time the settlement 71 of the quarrel between Geza and Stephen and departed for his campaign against the Lombard League 70 In accordance with his former promise Geza sent a troop of 5 600 archers to accompany the emperor to Italy 49 72 Before long Geza s brother Stephen left for the Byzantine Empire and settled in Constantinople where he married Emperor Manuel s niece Maria Komnene 49 73 Within two years he was joined by his brother Ladislaus who fled from Hungary around 1160 49 74 Frederick Barbarossa forced the Italian towns to surrender in September 1158 75 76 However Milan and Crema again rose up in open rebellion against the emperor s rule after the Diet of Roncaglia ordered the restoration of imperial rights including the emperor s rights to levy taxes in the Northern Italian towns 77 76 Geza sent his envoys to Barbarossa s camp and promised to dispatch further reinforcements against the rebellious towns 76 The death of Pope Adrian IV on 1 September 1159 caused a schism because the college of the cardinals was divided the majority of the cardinals was opposed to Barbarossa s policy but a minority supported him 78 The first group elected Alexander III pope but Barbarossa s supporters chose Victor IV 79 Emperor Frederick summoned a synod to Pavia to put an end to the schism 80 79 Geza sent his envoys to the church council where Victor IV was declared the lawful pope in February 1160 81 However Lucas Archbishop of Esztergom remained loyal to Alexander III and persuaded Geza to start negotiations with the representatives of Alexander III 82 83 Geza only decided to change sides after most European monarchs including the kings of Sicily England and France joined Alexander III 84 Geza s envoys announced his decision to Alexander III in early 1161 but Geza only informed the emperor of his recognition of Alexander III in the autumn of the same year 85 Geza s and Alexander III s envoys signed a concordat in the summer of 1161 86 According to that treaty Geza promised that he would not depose or transfer prelates without the consent of the Holy See on the other hand the pope acknowledged that no papal legates could be sent to Hungary without the king s permission and the Hungarian prelates were only allowed to appeal to the Holy See with the king s consent 86 He also signed a truce for five years with the Byzantine Empire 87 Shortly before his death Geza granted Dalmatia Croatia and other territories to his younger son Bela as an appanage duchy 88 Geza died on 31 May 1162 and was buried in Szekesfehervar 87 13 Family EditAncestors of Geza II of Hungary 89 16 Bela I of Hungary8 Geza I of Hungary17 Richeza or Adelaide of Poland4 Almos Duke of Croatia9 Sophia2 Bela II of Hungary10 Sviatopolk II of Kiev5 Predslava of Kiev1 Geza II of Hungary6 Uros I of Serbia3 Helena of Serbia Geza s wife Euphrosyne of Kiev was a daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav I of Kiev 90 She survived Geza and died around 1193 91 Their first child Stephen was born in the summer of 1147 he succeeded Geza in 1162 92 93 His younger brother Bela was born in about 1148 he inherited Hungary after the death of Stephen in 1172 94 Geza s third son and namesake Geza was born in the 1150s 95 The youngest son of Geza and Euphrosyne Arpad did not survive childhood 95 Geza s and Euphrosyne s oldest daughter Elizabeth was given in marriage to Frederick of Bohemia who was the heir to Vladislaus II Duke of Bohemia in 1157 65 95 The second daughter Odola married Vladislaus II of Bohemia s younger son Sviatopluk in 1164 96 95 The third daughter of Geza and Euphrosyne Helena became the wife of Leopold V of Austria in 1174 97 95 References Edit a b c d e Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 175 Makk 1994 p 236 Engel 2001 p 35 Engel 2001 pp 35 50 The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle ch 160 114 p 136 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 166 a b c d Engel 2001 p 50 Makk 1989 p 35 a b c d e f g Makk 1989 p 36 Stephenson 2000 p 226 Dimnik 1994 p 401 Dimnik 1994 pp 401 402 a b Bartl et al 2002 p 29 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 178 a b Makk 1989 p 39 Kristo amp Makk 1996 pp 178 179 Makk 1989 p 41 Makk 1989 pp 39 40 Odo of Deuil De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem The Journey of Louis VII to the East p 35 a b c d e f g Makk 1989 p 40 Runciman 1952 p 260 The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle ch 166 120 p 138 Runciman 1952 pp 262 263 Odo of Deuil De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem The Journey of Louis VII to the East p 35 Makk 1989 pp 42 44 45 Makk 1989 pp 44 45 Fine 1991 p 236 a b Fine 1991 p 237 Makk 1989 pp 45 46 a b c Makk 1989 p 47 Stephenson 2000 p 224 a b Makk 1989 p 50 Stephenson 2000 p 225 Dimnik 2003 pp 62 63 Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos 3 8 p 86 Stephenson 2000 p 225 226 230 Fine 1991 pp 237 238 a b c d Stephenson 2000 p 230 Makk 1989 p 55 a b c d Makk 1989 p 56 Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos 3 11 p 94 a b Makk 1989 p 57 a b c d Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 110 The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa 2 6 p 119 Makk 1989 pp 56 57 a b c Stephenson 2000 p 232 a b c d Makk 1989 p 58 The Travels of Abu Hamid al Andalusi al Gharnati 1130 1155 pp 82 83 a b c d e Engel 2001 p 51 Engel 2001 pp 64 65 The Travels of Abu Hamid al Andalusi al Gharnati 1130 1155 p 81 a b c Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 185 Fugedi amp Bak 2012 p 323 Sălăgean 2005 p 162 Sălăgean 2005 p 163 Stephenson 2000 p 228 Makk 1989 p 60 a b c d Makk 1989 p 61 Stephenson 2000 p 231 Makk 1989 pp 60 62 Stephenson 2000 pp 233 234 Fine 1991 p 238 a b Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 111 a b Makk 1989 pp 63 64 a b c d e Makk 1989 p 65 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 188 a b Makk 1989 p 66 O City of Byzantium Annals of Niketas Choniates 4 126 p 72 a b Makk 1989 p 68 a b Makk 1989 p 69 The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa 3 13 p 188 Erszegi amp Solymosi 1981 p 112 Stephenson 2000 p 247 Makk 1989 p 76 Fuhrmann 1986 p 147 a b c Makk 1989 p 71 Fuhrmann 1986 pp 147 148 Fuhrmann 1986 pp 148 149 a b Fuhrmann 1986 p 149 Makk 1989 p 72 Makk 1989 pp 72 73 Makk 1989 pp 73 75 Engel 2001 p 52 Makk 1989 p 73 Makk 1989 pp 73 74 a b Makk 1989 p 75 a b Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 189 Makk 1989 p 77 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 175 Appendices 2 3 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 182 Appendix 3 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 194 Appendix 3 Makk 1989 p 139 Kristo amp Makk 1996 pp 190 191 Appendix 3 Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 205 Appendix 3 a b c d e Kristo amp Makk 1996 p 190 Appendix 3 Makk 1989 p 89 Makk 1989 p 111 Sources EditPrimary sources Edit Archdeacon Thomas of Split History of the Bishops of Salona and Split Latin text by Olga Peric edited translated and annotated by Damir Karbic Mirjana Matijevic Sokol and James Ross Sweeney 2006 CEU Press ISBN 963 7326 59 6 O City of Byzantium Annals of Niketas Choniates Translated by Harry J Magoulias 1984 Wayne State University Press ISBN 978 0 8143 1764 8 Odo of Deuil De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem The Journey of Louis VII to the East Edited with an English Translation by Virginia Gingerick Berry 1948 Columbia University Press Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos Translated by Charles M Brand 1976 Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 04080 6 The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his Continuator Rahewin Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow with the collaboration of Richard Emery 2004 Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 13419 3 The Travels of Abu Hamid al Andalusi al Gharnati 1130 1155 In Ibn Fadlan Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darnkess Arab Travellers in the Far North Translated with an Introduction by Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone 2012 Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 140 45507 6 Secondary sources Edit Bartl Julius Cicaj Viliam Kohutova Maria Letz Robert Seges Vladimir Skvarna Dusan 2002 Slovak History Chronology amp Lexicon Bolchazy Carducci Publishers Slovenske Pedegogicke Nakladatel stvo ISBN 0 86516 444 4 Dimnik Martin 1994 The Dynasty of Chernigov 1054 1146 Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies ISBN 0 88844 116 9 Dimnik Martin 2003 The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146 1246 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 03981 9 Engel Pal 2001 The Realm of St Stephen A History of Medieval Hungary 895 1526 I B Tauris Publishers ISBN 1 86064 061 3 Erszegi Geza Solymosi Laszlo 1981 Az Arpadok kiralysaga 1000 1301 The Monarchy of the Arpads 1000 1301 In Solymosi Laszlo ed Magyarorszag torteneti kronologiaja I a kezdetektol 1526 ig Historical Chronology of Hungary Volume I From the Beginning to 1526 in Hungarian Akademiai Kiado pp 79 187 ISBN 963 05 2661 1 Fine John V A Jr 1991 1983 The Early Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08149 7 Fugedi Erik Bak Janos M 2012 Foreign Knights and Clerks in Early Medieval Hungary In Berend Nora ed The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages Ashgate Variorum pp 319 331 ISBN 978 1 4094 2245 7 Fuhrmann Horst 1986 Germany in the high middle ages c 1146 1246 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 31980 3 Kristo Gyula Makk Ferenc 1996 Az Arpad haz uralkodoi Rulers of the House of Arpad in Hungarian I P C Konyvek ISBN 963 7930 97 3 Makk Ferenc 1989 The Arpads and the Comneni Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century Translated by Gyorgy Novak Akademiai Kiado ISBN 963 05 5268 X Makk Ferenc 1994 II Geza In Kristo Gyula Engel Pal Makk Ferenc eds Korai magyar torteneti lexikon 9 14 szazad Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History 9th 14th centuries in Hungarian Akademiai Kiado p 236 ISBN 963 05 6722 9 Runciman Steven 1952 A History of the Crusades Volume II The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 06162 8 Sălăgean Tudor 2005 Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages 9th 14th Centuries AD In Pop Ioan Aurel Bolovan Ioan eds History of Romania Compendium Romanian Cultural Institute Center for Transylvanian Studies pp 133 207 ISBN 978 973 7784 12 4 Stephenson Paul 2000 Byzantium s Balkan Frontier A Political Study of the Northern Balkans 900 1204 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 02756 4 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geza II of Hungary Geza II of HungaryHouse of ArpadBorn 1130 Died 31 May 1162Regnal titlesPreceded byBela II King of Hungary and Croatia1141 1162 Succeeded byStephen III Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Geza II of Hungary amp oldid 1142076441, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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