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Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan

Coordinates: 21°10′38.2″N 110°25′4.76″E / 21.177278°N 110.4179889°E / 21.177278; 110.4179889

The Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan, officially the Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan,[nb 1] was a territory on the coast of Zhanjiang in China leased to France and administered by French Indochina.[1] The capital of the territory was Fort-Bayard, present-day Zhanjiang.[nb 2]

Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
廣州灣
1898–1945
Flag
Location of Kwangchow Wan in French Indochina
StatusLeased territory of France
CapitalFort-Bayard
Common languages
Historical eraNew Imperialism
• French occupation
22 April 1898
• Leased by France
29 May 1898
• Administered by French Indochina
5 January 1900
• Occupied by Japan
21 February 1943
• Returned by France
18 August 1945
CurrencyFrench Indochinese piastre
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan
Traditional Chinese廣州灣
Simplified Chinese广州湾
Literal meaningGuangzhou Bay
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuǎngzhōu wān
Wade–GilesKuang3 Chou1 Wan1
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingGwong2 Zau1 Waan1

The Japanese occupied the territory in February 1943. In 1945, following the surrender of Japan, France formally relinquished Guangzhouwan to China. The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced, rising from 189,000 in the early 20th century[2] to just 209,000 in 1935.[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining.

Geography

The leased territory was situated on the east side of the Leizhou Peninsula (French: Péninsule de Leitcheou), near Guangzhou, around a bay then called Kwangchowan, now called the Port of Zhanjiang. The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River (Chinese: Maxie He, French: Rivière Ma-The). The Maxie is navigable as far as 19 kilometres (12 mi) inland even by large warships.

The territory leased to France included the islands lying in the bay, which enclosed an area 29 km long by 10 km wide and a minimum water depth of 10 metres. The islands were recognized at the time as an admirable natural defense, the main islands being Donghai Dao. On the smaller Naozhou Island farther to the southeast, a lighthouse was constructed.

The limits of the territory inland were fixed in November 1899; on the left bank of the Maxie, France gained from Gaozhou prefecture (Kow Chow Fu) a strip of territory 18 kilometres (11 mi) by 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and on the right bank a strip 24 kilometres (15 mi) by 18 kilometres (11 mi) from Leizhou prefecture (Lei Chow Fu).[2] The total land area of the leased territory was 1,300 square kilometres (500 sq mi).[3] The city of Fort-Bayard (Zhanjiang) was developed as a port.

History

French occupation and early development

 
Fort-Bayard circa 1910

Kwangchouwan was leased to the French for 99 years, or until 1997 (as the British did in Hong Kong's New Territories) according to the Treaty of 29 May 1898, ratified by China on 5 January 1900. The colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of the mainland of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade.[1] Kwangchow Wan, while not a constituent part of Indochina, was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident Superior in Tonkin (itself under the Governor-General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.[4] In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour situated on the west side of the peninsula; however when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures.[2] The return of the leased territory to China was promised after the First World War by the French at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922 and ultimately returned.[5]

By 1931, the population of Kwangchow Wan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km2; virtually all Chinese, and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there.[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining.[4] The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on the export of commercial airplanes, Kwangchow Wan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China,[6] and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.[7]

World War II

 
Landing of Japanese troops in Kwangchow Wan in February 1943

As an adjunct of French Indochina, Kwangchow Wan generally endured the same fate as the rest of the Indochina colony during World War II. Even before the signing of the 30 August 1940 accord with Japan in which France recognized the “privileged status of Japanese interests in the Far East” and which constituted the first step of the Japanese military occupation of Indochina, a small detachment of Japanese marines had landed at Fort-Bayard without opposition in early July and set up a control and observation post in the harbor.[8] However, as in the rest of French Indochina, the civilian administration of the territory was to remain in the hands of officials of Vichy France following the Fall of France; in November 1941, Governor-General Jean Decoux, newly appointed by Marshal Pétain, made an official visit to Kwangchow Wan.[9]

In mid-February 1943, the Japanese, after having informed the Vichy government that they needed to strengthen the defence of Kwangchow Wan Bay, unilaterally landed more troops and occupied the airport and all other strategic locations in the Territory. From then on, Kwanchow Wan was de facto under full military Japanese occupation and the French civilian administration was gradually reduced to a mere façade. The Administrator resigned in disgust and Adrien Roques, a local pro-Vichy militant, was appointed to replace him.[10] In May of the same year, Roques signed a convention with the local Japanese military authorities in which the French authorities promised to cooperate fully with the Japanese. On 10 March 1945, the Japanese, following up on their sudden attack on French garrisons throughout Indochina the night before, disarmed and imprisoned the small French colonial garrison in Fort-Bayard.[11] Just prior to the Japanese surrender, Chinese intelligence forces began planning to launch a large-scale assault on Kwangchow Wan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised.[12] While the Japanese were still occupying Kwangchow Wan following the surrender, a French diplomat from the Provisional Government of the French Republic and Kuo Chang Wu, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, signed the Convention between the Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang-Tchéou-Wan. Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September, representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to Fort-Bayard to proceed to the transfer of authority; the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945.[13]

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Kwangchow Wan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hainan and Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Thailand, North America and Free China; Patrick Yu, a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese military officer helped him to escape in this way.[14] However, the escape route was closed when the Japanese occupied the area in February 1943.[15]

French language

A French-language school, École Franco-Chinoise de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, as well as a branch of the Banque de l'Indochine, were set up in Fort-Bayard.[16] In addition, a Roman Catholic church constructed during the French occupation is still preserved today.[17]

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also spelled Kwangchow Wan, Kwangchow-wan, Kwang-Chou-Wan or Quang-Tchéou-Wan.
  2. ^ Also spelled Tsankiang, Chankiang, and Tsamkong.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Gale 1970, p. 201.
  2. ^ a b c Chisholm 1911.
  3. ^ a b c Priestly 1967, p. 441.
  4. ^ a b Olson 1991, p. 349.
  5. ^ Escarra 1929, p. 9.
  6. ^ Xu 2001, p. 21.
  7. ^ Anslinger & Tompkins 1953, p. 141.
  8. ^ Matot 2013, p. 193.
  9. ^ Matot 2013, p. 194.
  10. ^ Matot 2013, p. 204.
  11. ^ Matot 2013, pp. 209–210.
  12. ^ Handel 1990, p. 242.
  13. ^ Matot 2013, pp. 214–217.
  14. ^ Yu 2000, p. 38.
  15. ^ Olson 1991, pp. 349–350.
  16. ^ Le Papier Colonial
  17. ^ Li & Ou 2001.

Sources

  • Anslinger, H.J.; Tompkins, William F. (1953), The Traffic in Narcotics, Funk and Wagnalls
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kwangchow Bay" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 957.
  • Escarra, Jean (1929), Le régime des concessions étrangères en Chine, Académie de droit international
  • Gale, Esson M. (1970), "International Relations: The Twentieth Century", China, Ayer Publishing, pp. 200–221, ISBN 0-8369-1987-4
  • A. Choveaux, "Situation économique du territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan en 1923". Annales de Géographie, Volume 34, Nr. 187, pp. 74–77, 1925.
  • Handel, Michael (1990), Intelligence and Military Operations, United Kingdom: Routledge
  • Li, Chuanyi; Ou, Jie (2001), [Research on the Victor Catholic Church of Zhanjiang], Study and Preservation of Chinese Modern Architecture Series, Tsinghua University, 1, archived from the original on October 21, 2014
  • Luong, Hy Van (1992), Revolution in the Village: tradition and transformation in North Vietnam, 1925–1988, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press
  • Matot, Bertrand (2013). Fort Bayard. Quand la France vendait son opium. Paris: Éditions François Bourin.
  • Olson, James S., ed. (1991), Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press
  • Pieragastini, Steven (2017), State and Smuggling in Modern China: The Case of Guangzhouwan/Zhanjiang, Cross-Currents e-Journal (No. 25)
  • Priestly, Herbert Ingram (1967), France Overseas: Study of Modern Imperialism, United Kingdom: Routledge
  • Vannière, Antoine (2020), Kouang Tchéou-Wan, colonie clandestine: Un territoire à bail français en Chine du Sud 1898-1946, Indes Savantes
  • Xu, Guangqiu (2001), War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-32004-7
  • Yu, Patrick Shuk-Siu (2000), A Seventh Child and the Law, Hong Kong, China: Hong Kong University Press
  • lettres > par pays > Chine > Kouang-Tcheou-Wan, Le Papier Colonial: la France d'outre-mer et ses anciennes colonies, retrieved January 1, 2007[permanent dead link] Includes images of letters sent to and from the territory.

External links

  • "Compte administratif du budget local du territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan". National Library of France.
  • WorldStatesmen - China
  • . Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  • Map of French Guangzhouwan
  • Map of French Indochina and Guangzhouwan
  • Map of Kwang Tchou Wan
  • "French Colonial Zhanjiang"

leased, territory, guangzhouwan, guangzhouwan, redirects, here, confused, with, guangzhou, coordinates, 177278, 4179889, 177278, 4179889, officially, territoire, kouang, tchéou, territory, coast, zhanjiang, china, leased, france, administered, french, indochin. Guangzhouwan redirects here Not to be confused with Guangzhou Coordinates 21 10 38 2 N 110 25 4 76 E 21 177278 N 110 4179889 E 21 177278 110 4179889 The Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan officially the Territoire de Kouang Tcheou Wan nb 1 was a territory on the coast of Zhanjiang in China leased to France and administered by French Indochina 1 The capital of the territory was Fort Bayard present day Zhanjiang nb 2 Kouang Tcheou Wan廣州灣1898 1945FlagLocation of Kwangchow Wan in French IndochinaStatusLeased territory of FranceCapitalFort BayardCommon languagesFrench official CantoneseHistorical eraNew Imperialism French occupation22 April 1898 Leased by France29 May 1898 Administered by French Indochina5 January 1900 Occupied by Japan21 February 1943 Returned by France18 August 1945CurrencyFrench Indochinese piastrePreceded by Succeeded byZhanjiang ZhanjiangLeased Territory of GuangzhouwanTraditional Chinese廣州灣Simplified Chinese广州湾Literal meaningGuangzhou BayTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGuǎngzhōu wanWade GilesKuang3 Chou1 Wan1Yue CantoneseJyutpingGwong2 Zau1 Waan1The Japanese occupied the territory in February 1943 In 1945 following the surrender of Japan France formally relinquished Guangzhouwan to China The territory did not experience the rapid growth in population that other parts of coastal China experienced rising from 189 000 in the early 20th century 2 to just 209 000 in 1935 3 Industries included shipping and coal mining Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2 1 French occupation and early development 2 2 World War II 3 French language 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Sources 8 External linksGeography EditThe leased territory was situated on the east side of the Leizhou Peninsula French Peninsule de Leitcheou near Guangzhou around a bay then called Kwangchowan now called the Port of Zhanjiang The bay forms the estuary of the Maxie River Chinese Maxie He French Riviere Ma The The Maxie is navigable as far as 19 kilometres 12 mi inland even by large warships The territory leased to France included the islands lying in the bay which enclosed an area 29 km long by 10 km wide and a minimum water depth of 10 metres The islands were recognized at the time as an admirable natural defense the main islands being Donghai Dao On the smaller Naozhou Island farther to the southeast a lighthouse was constructed The limits of the territory inland were fixed in November 1899 on the left bank of the Maxie France gained from Gaozhou prefecture Kow Chow Fu a strip of territory 18 kilometres 11 mi by 10 kilometres 6 2 mi and on the right bank a strip 24 kilometres 15 mi by 18 kilometres 11 mi from Leizhou prefecture Lei Chow Fu 2 The total land area of the leased territory was 1 300 square kilometres 500 sq mi 3 The city of Fort Bayard Zhanjiang was developed as a port History EditFrench occupation and early development Edit Fort Bayard circa 1910 Kwangchouwan was leased to the French for 99 years or until 1997 as the British did in Hong Kong s New Territories according to the Treaty of 29 May 1898 ratified by China on 5 January 1900 The colony was described as commercially unimportant but strategically located most of France s energies went into their administration of the mainland of French Indochina and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries rather than the promotion of trade 1 Kwangchow Wan while not a constituent part of Indochina was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident Superior in Tonkin itself under the Governor General of French Indochina also in Hanoi the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators 4 In addition to the territory acquired France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour situated on the west side of the peninsula however when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance As a result France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures 2 The return of the leased territory to China was promised after the First World War by the French at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921 1922 and ultimately returned 5 By 1931 the population of Kwangchow Wan had reached 206 000 giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km2 virtually all Chinese and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there 3 Industries included shipping and coal mining 4 The port was also popular with smugglers prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on the export of commercial airplanes Kwangchow Wan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China 6 and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there 7 World War II Edit Landing of Japanese troops in Kwangchow Wan in February 1943 As an adjunct of French Indochina Kwangchow Wan generally endured the same fate as the rest of the Indochina colony during World War II Even before the signing of the 30 August 1940 accord with Japan in which France recognized the privileged status of Japanese interests in the Far East and which constituted the first step of the Japanese military occupation of Indochina a small detachment of Japanese marines had landed at Fort Bayard without opposition in early July and set up a control and observation post in the harbor 8 However as in the rest of French Indochina the civilian administration of the territory was to remain in the hands of officials of Vichy France following the Fall of France in November 1941 Governor General Jean Decoux newly appointed by Marshal Petain made an official visit to Kwangchow Wan 9 In mid February 1943 the Japanese after having informed the Vichy government that they needed to strengthen the defence of Kwangchow Wan Bay unilaterally landed more troops and occupied the airport and all other strategic locations in the Territory From then on Kwanchow Wan was de facto under full military Japanese occupation and the French civilian administration was gradually reduced to a mere facade The Administrator resigned in disgust and Adrien Roques a local pro Vichy militant was appointed to replace him 10 In May of the same year Roques signed a convention with the local Japanese military authorities in which the French authorities promised to cooperate fully with the Japanese On 10 March 1945 the Japanese following up on their sudden attack on French garrisons throughout Indochina the night before disarmed and imprisoned the small French colonial garrison in Fort Bayard 11 Just prior to the Japanese surrender Chinese intelligence forces began planning to launch a large scale assault on Kwangchow Wan however due to the end of the war the assault never materialised 12 While the Japanese were still occupying Kwangchow Wan following the surrender a French diplomat from the Provisional Government of the French Republic and Kuo Chang Wu Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China signed the Convention between the Provisional Government of the French Republic and the National Government of China for the retrocession of the Leased Territory of Kouang Tcheou Wan Almost immediately after the last Japanese occupation troops had left the territory in late September representatives of the French and the Chinese governments went to Fort Bayard to proceed to the transfer of authority the French flag was lowered for the last time on 20 November 1945 13 During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong Kwangchow Wan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hainan and Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Thailand North America and Free China Patrick Yu a prominent trial lawyer recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese military officer helped him to escape in this way 14 However the escape route was closed when the Japanese occupied the area in February 1943 15 French language EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2008 A French language school Ecole Franco Chinoise de Kouang Tcheou Wan as well as a branch of the Banque de l Indochine were set up in Fort Bayard 16 In addition a Roman Catholic church constructed during the French occupation is still preserved today 17 Gallery Edit Kwangchow Wan pavilion at the Marseille Colonial Exhibition Post and Telegraph building in Poteou Kwangchow Wan Colonial militia with French officers Pupils and teachers of the Ecole franco chinoise de Kouang Tcheou WanSee also Edit Geography portal History portal Asia portal China portal France portalChina France relations French Indochina Zhanjiang French colonization of the AmericasNotes Edit Also spelled Kwangchow Wan Kwangchow wan Kwang Chou Wan or Quang Tcheou Wan Also spelled Tsankiang Chankiang and Tsamkong References EditCitations Edit a b Gale 1970 p 201 a b c Chisholm 1911 a b c Priestly 1967 p 441 a b Olson 1991 p 349 Escarra 1929 p 9 Xu 2001 p 21 Anslinger amp Tompkins 1953 p 141 Matot 2013 p 193 Matot 2013 p 194 Matot 2013 p 204 Matot 2013 pp 209 210 Handel 1990 p 242 Matot 2013 pp 214 217 Yu 2000 p 38 Olson 1991 pp 349 350 Le Papier Colonial Li amp Ou 2001 Sources Edit Anslinger H J Tompkins William F 1953 The Traffic in Narcotics Funk and Wagnalls Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Kwangchow Bay Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 957 Escarra Jean 1929 Le regime des concessions etrangeres en Chine Academie de droit international Gale Esson M 1970 International Relations The Twentieth Century China Ayer Publishing pp 200 221 ISBN 0 8369 1987 4 A Choveaux Situation economique du territoire de Kouang Tcheou Wan en 1923 Annales de Geographie Volume 34 Nr 187 pp 74 77 1925 Handel Michael 1990 Intelligence and Military Operations United Kingdom Routledge Li Chuanyi Ou Jie 2001 湛江维多尔天主教堂考察 Research on the Victor Catholic Church of Zhanjiang Study and Preservation of Chinese Modern Architecture Series Tsinghua University 1 archived from the original on October 21 2014 Luong Hy Van 1992 Revolution in the Village tradition and transformation in North Vietnam 1925 1988 Hawaii University of Hawaii Press Matot Bertrand 2013 Fort Bayard Quand la France vendait son opium Paris Editions Francois Bourin Olson James S ed 1991 Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press Pieragastini Steven 2017 State and Smuggling in Modern China The Case of Guangzhouwan Zhanjiang Cross Currents e Journal No 25 Priestly Herbert Ingram 1967 France Overseas Study of Modern Imperialism United Kingdom Routledge Vanniere Antoine 2020 Kouang Tcheou Wan colonie clandestine Un territoire a bail francais en Chine du Sud 1898 1946 Indes Savantes Xu Guangqiu 2001 War Wings The United States and Chinese Military Aviation 1929 1949 Greenwood Press ISBN 0 313 32004 7 Yu Patrick Shuk Siu 2000 A Seventh Child and the Law Hong Kong China Hong Kong University Press lettres gt par pays gt Chine gt Kouang Tcheou Wan Le Papier Colonial la France d outre mer et ses anciennes colonies retrieved January 1 2007 permanent dead link Includes images of letters sent to and from the territory External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kouang tcheou Wan Compte administratif du budget local du territoire de Kouang Tcheou Wan National Library of France WorldStatesmen China Historic pictures of Fort Bayard Archived from the original on October 12 2007 Retrieved November 16 2010 Map of French Guangzhouwan Map of French Indochina and Guangzhouwan Other map about Guangzhouwan and Indochina Map of Kwang Tchou Wan French Colonial Zhanjiang Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan amp oldid 1125371973, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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