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Greater Mekong Subregion

February 15, 2024

The Greater Mekong Subregion, (GMS) or just Greater Mekong, is a trans-national region of the Mekong River basin in Southeast Asia. The region is home to more than 300 million people. It came into being with the launch of a development program in 1992 by the Asian Development Bank that brought together the six Asian countries of Cambodia, China (specifically Yunnan Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, and Vietnam.[1]

Economic corridors of the Greater Mekong Subregion
Mekong River sunrise, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

The Greater Mekong holds irreplaceable natural and cultural riches and is considered one of the world's most significant biodiversity hotspots. The region is an important food provider and the site of many large-scale construction projects with social and economic implications.[2]

Regional cooperation edit

For more than two decades, the six countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion have been working together under an economic cooperation program[3] to realize their vision of a prosperous, integrated, and harmonious subregion.

The GMS Program has adopted a three-pronged strategy (the three Cs):

  1. Strengthening connectivity through physical infrastructure and the development of economic corridors.
  2. Improving competitiveness through market integration and the facilitation of cross-border trade and travel.
  3. Building a sense of community by addressing shared social and environmental concerns.

The GMS Program, with the support of development partners, helps identify and implement high-priority subregional projects in a wide range of sectors: agriculture, energy, environment, health and human resource development, information and communication technology, tourism, transport, transport and trade facilitation, and urban development. More than US$20 billion in investments have been directly channeled through the program.[4]

Since 1998, the GMS program has been using economic corridors to promote economic growth and development. Economic corridors are investment areas, usually running along major highways, which connect centers of economic activity. Three main economic corridors are being developed in the Greater Mekong Subregion: the North-South Economic Corridor, the Southern Economic Corridor, and the East-West Economic Corridor.[5]

In September 2017, the 22nd Ministerial Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam endorsed the medium-term pipeline of priority projects from 2018 to 2022. The rolling pipeline includes more than 200 investment and technical assistance projects, which will require more than US$80 billion in financing.[6]

On 31 March 2018, the Sixth GMS Summit of Leaders in Hanoi adopted the Hanoi Action Plan and the Regional Investment Framework 2022.[7]

Landscape and biodiversity edit

 
The Mekong River, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand (more images)

The region has a diverse landscape including massifs, plateaus, and limestone karsts, lowlands, floodplains and deltas, forests (evergreen and semi-evergreen, deciduous, dipterocarp, mangroves, and swamp), and grasslands. Water environments include fast-flowing mountain streams and wetlands such as Tonlé Sap in Cambodia.[8]

The region's geographic variety and consequent variety of climatic zones supports significant biodiversity, with more than a thousand new species discovered in the first decade of the 2000s. The geographic region encapsulates 16 of the World Wide Fund for Nature's (WWF) Global 200 ecoregions, and habitats for an estimated 20,000 plant species, 1,300 fish species, 1,200 bird species, 800 reptile and amphibian species, and 430 mammalian species (according to WWF, 44 of these are primates, 19 of which are endemic[9]). Notable species include the Javan rhino, Irrawaddy dolphins, and Mekong giant catfish, one of the largest extant freshwater fish.[8] The WWF reported that in 2016, 115 new species were discovered in the region, including three mammals, two fish, 11 reptiles, 11 amphibians, and 88 plants. This brings the total number of newly discovered species in the Greater Mekong Subregion from 1997 to 2016 to 2,524.[10]

The region's biodiversity is ranked as a top-five most threatened hotspot by Conservation International. The WWF cites accelerating economic development, population growth, and increased consumption patterns as primary causes, including agricultural deforestation, logging and illegal timber trade, wildlife trade, overfishing, dam and road construction, and mining. The WWF also states that the region is particularly vulnerable to global climate change.[8]

Conservation edit

With the rapid development in the region, conservation efforts to protect natural resources, habitats, biodiversity and local cultures in the Greater Mekong have become urgent. The most pressing current threats are hydropower development, climate change, illegal wildlife trade, and habitat loss.[2]

Environmental threats edit

See also: Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin

The harvesting and production of natural resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion is of significant economic importance, with the retail value of Mekong river fisheries alone estimated at more than US$4 billion annually.[11]

The Greater Mekong Subregion has become the site of large-scale construction projects and rapid economic development, including hydropower dams, mining, forestry, and industrial production.[2] These factors have raised environmental concerns internationally since the mid-2000s. For now, it has resulted in formulation of environmental programs and strategy proposals and strategy developments of a sustainable green growth economy for this region. It has been attained by influential organizations like the United Nations (UNEP and FAO), WWF, PROFOR and others, in high-level collaboration with the governmental ministries of the countries comprising the Greater Mekong Subregion.[11][12][13][14]

Solar and wind energy offer solutions to the environmental and social challenges posed by coal power and hydropower projects.[15] The Mekong countries have substantial potential for solar and wind power. With the support of off-river pumped hydro energy storage, solar and wind power emerge as promising and sustainable alternatives for meeting the energy needs of the Mekong region.

Deforestation edit

In the 1970s, the Greater Mekong Subregion was one of the world's most densely forested areas. However, deforestation has reduced its forests by a third and is on a trajectory to lose another third by 2030.[16] The highest rates of deforestation in the GMS are found in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and Myanmar.[17]

Deforestation in the GMS has many causes, including the expansion of unsustainable rubber and palm oil plantations, dam development, infrastructure development, illegal and unsustainable logging, forest fires, and natural resource exploitation.[18] In effect, deforestation has impacted the environment, biodiversity, and inhabitants of the region. The increased pollution due to run-off has made the water of the Mekong unhealthy for the fish and for human consumption, while riverbanks have become more susceptible to the pressures of climate change and flash flooding because of missing protection tree roots provide.[16] The loss of flooded forests[17] has also impacted the aquatic food chain, putting further pressures on the fishing industry and the 40 million people who take part in fishing-related activities in the GMS.[19]

The GMS is a hotspot for vector-borne diseases along its watershed, including malaria, but environmental changes such as deforestation have begun to change this reality.[20] A study that compared malaria rates in the northern and southern regions of Laos found that deforestation increases malaria rates in the short term (1–3 years), but lessens them dramatically in the long term.[21]

Deforestation in the GMS has the potential to become irreversible unless actions are taken and policy is implemented. Local community-supported initiatives, such as the many Community Protected Areas (CPAs) in Cambodia's Phnom Kulen National Park, have been established to stop illegal logging and poaching.[22]

Organizations edit

Organizations involved in the Greater Mekong Subregion include:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "About the Greater Mekong Subregion". Greater Mekong Subregion. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  2. ^ a b c "Greater Mekong". World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  3. ^ Bank, Asian Development (2015-05-18). Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program: Overview. Asian Development Bank.
  4. ^ "Overview of the Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program". Greater Mekong Subregion. GMS Secretariat. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Economic Corridors in the Greater Mekong Subregion". Greater Mekong Subregion. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
  6. ^ "Greater Mekong Subregion Regional Investment Framework 2022: First Progress Report and Update". Greater Mekong Subregion. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  7. ^ "Joint Summit Declaration: 6th GMS Summit of Leaders". Greater Mekong Subregion. 2018-03-31. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  8. ^ a b c "First Contact in the Greater Mekong: new species discoveries". WWF. 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  9. ^ "WHAT YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT THE PRIMATES OF THE GREATER MEKONG". WWF. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  10. ^ "Stranger Species". WWF. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
  11. ^ a b . WWF. Archived from the original on 2015-11-19. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  12. ^ "UNEP - Regional Office for Asia Pacific - Mainstreaming Environment through Regional Forums". UNEP. Archived from the original on 2015-09-20. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  13. ^ "Mekong River Commission (MRC)". FAO. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  14. ^ "Forest Law Enforcement and Governance in the Mekong Region". Program on Forests (PROFOR). 12 April 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  15. ^ Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J.; Lu, Bin (2023). "Harnessing solar and wind for sustainable cross-border electricity trade in the Greater Mekong Subregion". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 11. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2023.1188335. hdl:1885/293436. ISSN 2296-665X.
  16. ^ a b Caroll, J. (2018). Pulse of the Forest: The State of The Greater Mekong’s Forests and the Everyday People Working to Protect Them. WWF.
  17. ^ a b Lohani, Sapana; Dilts, Thomas E.; Weisberg, Peter J.; Null, Sarah E.; Hogan, Zeb S. (2020). "Rapidly Accelerating Deforestation in Cambodia's Mekong River Basin: A Comparative Analysis of Spatial Patterns and Drivers". Water. 12 (8): 2191. doi:10.3390/w12082191. ISSN 2073-4441.
  18. ^ Gritten, David; Lewis, Sophie Rose; Breukink, Gijs; Mo, Karen; Thuy, Dang Thi Thu; Delattre, Etienne (2019). "Assessing Forest Governance in the Countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion". Forests. 10 (1): 47. doi:10.3390/f10010047. ISSN 1999-4907.
  19. ^ Fitrian Ardiansyah and Desak Putu Adhityani Putri, “Risk, Resilience and Human Security in Cross-Border Areas: The Greater Mekong Subregion, the Heart of Borneo and the Coral Triangle,” Human Security and Climate Change in Southeast Asia: Managing Risk and Resilience: Managing Risk and Resilience, eds. Lorraine Elliott and Mely Caballero-Anthony (Routledge, 2012): 131–50.
  20. ^ Cui, Liwang; Yan, Guiyun; Sattabongkot, Jetsumon; Cao, Yaming; Chen, Bin; Chen, Xiaoguang; Fan, Qi; Fang, Qiang; Jongwutiwes, Somchai; Parker, Daniel; Sirichaisinthop, Jeeraphat (2012). "Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Heterogeneity and complexity". Acta Tropica. 121 (3): 227–239. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.02.016. PMC 3132579. PMID 21382335.
  21. ^ Rerolle, Francois; Dantzer, Emily; Lover, Andrew A; Marshall, John M; Hongvanthong, Bouasy; Sturrock, Hugh JW; Bennett, Adam (2021-03-09). "Spatio-temporal associations between deforestation and malaria incidence in Lao PDR". eLife. 10: e56974. doi:10.7554/eLife.56974. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 8024023. PMID 33686939.
  22. ^ Singh, Minerva; Evans, Damian; Chevance, Jean-Baptiste; Tan, Boun Suy; Wiggins, Nicholas; Kong, Leaksmy; Sakhoeun, Sakada (2018). "Evaluating the ability of community-protected forests in Cambodia to prevent deforestation and degradation using temporal remote sensing data". Ecology and Evolution. 8 (20): 10175–10191. Bibcode:2018EcoEv...810175S. doi:10.1002/ece3.4492. PMC 6206189. PMID 30397457.

External links edit

  • Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program official website
  • United Nations map of the Mekong Subregion
  • World Wildlife Federation's GMS website
  • A brief history of ASEAN's role in the GMS
  • GMS nations meet to fight human trafficking 2012-02-17 at the Wayback Machine
  • Asian Development Bank (ADB): Greater Mekong Subregion
    • Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program
    • Countries of the Mekong River: The Greater Mekong Subregion
  • Greater Mekong Subregion Studies Center | Nakhon Phanom University
  • Thailand's Learning Across Boundaries in the GMS

February 15, 2024
greater, mekong, subregion, just, greater, mekong, trans, national, region, mekong, river, basin, southeast, asia, region, home, more, than, million, people, came, into, being, with, launch, development, program, 1992, asian, development, bank, that, brought, . The Greater Mekong Subregion GMS or just Greater Mekong is a trans national region of the Mekong River basin in Southeast Asia The region is home to more than 300 million people It came into being with the launch of a development program in 1992 by the Asian Development Bank that brought together the six Asian countries of Cambodia China specifically Yunnan Province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Laos Myanmar Burma Thailand and Vietnam 1 Economic corridors of the Greater Mekong SubregionMekong River sunrise Phnom Penh CambodiaThe Greater Mekong holds irreplaceable natural and cultural riches and is considered one of the world s most significant biodiversity hotspots The region is an important food provider and the site of many large scale construction projects with social and economic implications 2 Contents 1 Regional cooperation 2 Landscape and biodiversity 2 1 Conservation 3 Environmental threats 3 1 Deforestation 4 Organizations 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksRegional cooperation editFor more than two decades the six countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion have been working together under an economic cooperation program 3 to realize their vision of a prosperous integrated and harmonious subregion The GMS Program has adopted a three pronged strategy the three Cs Strengthening connectivity through physical infrastructure and the development of economic corridors Improving competitiveness through market integration and the facilitation of cross border trade and travel Building a sense of community by addressing shared social and environmental concerns The GMS Program with the support of development partners helps identify and implement high priority subregional projects in a wide range of sectors agriculture energy environment health and human resource development information and communication technology tourism transport transport and trade facilitation and urban development More than US 20 billion in investments have been directly channeled through the program 4 Since 1998 the GMS program has been using economic corridors to promote economic growth and development Economic corridors are investment areas usually running along major highways which connect centers of economic activity Three main economic corridors are being developed in the Greater Mekong Subregion the North South Economic Corridor the Southern Economic Corridor and the East West Economic Corridor 5 In September 2017 the 22nd Ministerial Conference in Hanoi Vietnam endorsed the medium term pipeline of priority projects from 2018 to 2022 The rolling pipeline includes more than 200 investment and technical assistance projects which will require more than US 80 billion in financing 6 On 31 March 2018 the Sixth GMS Summit of Leaders in Hanoi adopted the Hanoi Action Plan and the Regional Investment Framework 2022 7 Landscape and biodiversity edit nbsp The Mekong River Ubon Ratchathani Province Thailand more images The region has a diverse landscape including massifs plateaus and limestone karsts lowlands floodplains and deltas forests evergreen and semi evergreen deciduous dipterocarp mangroves and swamp and grasslands Water environments include fast flowing mountain streams and wetlands such as Tonle Sap in Cambodia 8 The region s geographic variety and consequent variety of climatic zones supports significant biodiversity with more than a thousand new species discovered in the first decade of the 2000s The geographic region encapsulates 16 of the World Wide Fund for Nature s WWF Global 200 ecoregions and habitats for an estimated 20 000 plant species 1 300 fish species 1 200 bird species 800 reptile and amphibian species and 430 mammalian species according to WWF 44 of these are primates 19 of which are endemic 9 Notable species include the Javan rhino Irrawaddy dolphins and Mekong giant catfish one of the largest extant freshwater fish 8 The WWF reported that in 2016 115 new species were discovered in the region including three mammals two fish 11 reptiles 11 amphibians and 88 plants This brings the total number of newly discovered species in the Greater Mekong Subregion from 1997 to 2016 to 2 524 10 The region s biodiversity is ranked as a top five most threatened hotspot by Conservation International The WWF cites accelerating economic development population growth and increased consumption patterns as primary causes including agricultural deforestation logging and illegal timber trade wildlife trade overfishing dam and road construction and mining The WWF also states that the region is particularly vulnerable to global climate change 8 Conservation edit With the rapid development in the region conservation efforts to protect natural resources habitats biodiversity and local cultures in the Greater Mekong have become urgent The most pressing current threats are hydropower development climate change illegal wildlife trade and habitat loss 2 Environmental threats editSee also Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin The harvesting and production of natural resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion is of significant economic importance with the retail value of Mekong river fisheries alone estimated at more than US 4 billion annually 11 The Greater Mekong Subregion has become the site of large scale construction projects and rapid economic development including hydropower dams mining forestry and industrial production 2 These factors have raised environmental concerns internationally since the mid 2000s For now it has resulted in formulation of environmental programs and strategy proposals and strategy developments of a sustainable green growth economy for this region It has been attained by influential organizations like the United Nations UNEP and FAO WWF PROFOR and others in high level collaboration with the governmental ministries of the countries comprising the Greater Mekong Subregion 11 12 13 14 Solar and wind energy offer solutions to the environmental and social challenges posed by coal power and hydropower projects 15 The Mekong countries have substantial potential for solar and wind power With the support of off river pumped hydro energy storage solar and wind power emerge as promising and sustainable alternatives for meeting the energy needs of the Mekong region Deforestation edit In the 1970s the Greater Mekong Subregion was one of the world s most densely forested areas However deforestation has reduced its forests by a third and is on a trajectory to lose another third by 2030 16 The highest rates of deforestation in the GMS are found in Cambodia Laos Thailand Vietnam and Myanmar 17 Deforestation in the GMS has many causes including the expansion of unsustainable rubber and palm oil plantations dam development infrastructure development illegal and unsustainable logging forest fires and natural resource exploitation 18 In effect deforestation has impacted the environment biodiversity and inhabitants of the region The increased pollution due to run off has made the water of the Mekong unhealthy for the fish and for human consumption while riverbanks have become more susceptible to the pressures of climate change and flash flooding because of missing protection tree roots provide 16 The loss of flooded forests 17 has also impacted the aquatic food chain putting further pressures on the fishing industry and the 40 million people who take part in fishing related activities in the GMS 19 The GMS is a hotspot for vector borne diseases along its watershed including malaria but environmental changes such as deforestation have begun to change this reality 20 A study that compared malaria rates in the northern and southern regions of Laos found that deforestation increases malaria rates in the short term 1 3 years but lessens them dramatically in the long term 21 Deforestation in the GMS has the potential to become irreversible unless actions are taken and policy is implemented Local community supported initiatives such as the many Community Protected Areas CPAs in Cambodia s Phnom Kulen National Park have been established to stop illegal logging and poaching 22 Organizations editOrganizations involved in the Greater Mekong Subregion include Mekong River Commission MRC Asian Development Bank ADB Greater Mekong Subregion Academic and Research Network GMSARN Sustainable Mekong Research Network SUMERNET United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO United Nations Environment Programme UNEP United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC World Wide Fund for Nature WWF Programme on Forests PROFOR Open Development Mekong founded by the EastWest InstituteSee also editAsian Development Bank GMS Environment Operations Center Indochina Mekong Delta Mekong Institute Mekong River Subregion Mekong Ganga CooperationReferences edit About the Greater Mekong Subregion Greater Mekong Subregion Retrieved 2018 10 08 a b c Greater Mekong World Wide Fund for Nature WWF Retrieved 2018 10 08 Bank Asian Development 2015 05 18 Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program Overview Asian Development Bank Overview of the Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program Greater Mekong Subregion GMS Secretariat Retrieved 4 July 2019 Economic Corridors in the Greater Mekong Subregion Greater Mekong Subregion Retrieved 2017 06 13 Greater Mekong Subregion Regional Investment Framework 2022 First Progress Report and Update Greater Mekong Subregion 2019 04 22 Retrieved 2019 07 04 Joint Summit Declaration 6th GMS Summit of Leaders Greater Mekong Subregion 2018 03 31 Retrieved 2018 04 18 a b c First Contact in the Greater Mekong new species discoveries WWF 2012 08 23 Retrieved 2018 10 08 WHAT YOU MAY NOT KNOW ABOUT THE PRIMATES OF THE GREATER MEKONG WWF 13 January 2022 Retrieved 26 January 2022 Stranger Species WWF Retrieved 2017 12 19 a b Green Economy in the Greater Mekong WWF Archived from the original on 2015 11 19 Retrieved 18 November 2015 UNEP Regional Office for Asia Pacific Mainstreaming Environment through Regional Forums UNEP Archived from the original on 2015 09 20 Retrieved 18 November 2015 Mekong River Commission MRC FAO Retrieved 18 November 2015 Forest Law Enforcement and Governance in the Mekong Region Program on Forests PROFOR 12 April 2011 Retrieved 19 November 2015 Do Thang Nam Burke Paul J Lu Bin 2023 Harnessing solar and wind for sustainable cross border electricity trade in the Greater Mekong Subregion Frontiers in Environmental Science 11 doi 10 3389 fenvs 2023 1188335 hdl 1885 293436 ISSN 2296 665X a b Caroll J 2018 Pulse of the Forest The State of The Greater Mekong s Forests and the Everyday People Working to Protect Them WWF a b Lohani Sapana Dilts Thomas E Weisberg Peter J Null Sarah E Hogan Zeb S 2020 Rapidly Accelerating Deforestation in Cambodia s Mekong River Basin A Comparative Analysis of Spatial Patterns and Drivers Water 12 8 2191 doi 10 3390 w12082191 ISSN 2073 4441 Gritten David Lewis Sophie Rose Breukink Gijs Mo Karen Thuy Dang Thi Thu Delattre Etienne 2019 Assessing Forest Governance in the Countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion Forests 10 1 47 doi 10 3390 f10010047 ISSN 1999 4907 Fitrian Ardiansyah and Desak Putu Adhityani Putri Risk Resilience and Human Security in Cross Border Areas The Greater Mekong Subregion the Heart of Borneo and the Coral Triangle Human Security and Climate Change in Southeast Asia Managing Risk and Resilience Managing Risk and Resilience eds Lorraine Elliott and Mely Caballero Anthony Routledge 2012 131 50 Cui Liwang Yan Guiyun Sattabongkot Jetsumon Cao Yaming Chen Bin Chen Xiaoguang Fan Qi Fang Qiang Jongwutiwes Somchai Parker Daniel Sirichaisinthop Jeeraphat 2012 Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion Heterogeneity and complexity Acta Tropica 121 3 227 239 doi 10 1016 j actatropica 2011 02 016 PMC 3132579 PMID 21382335 Rerolle Francois Dantzer Emily Lover Andrew A Marshall John M Hongvanthong Bouasy Sturrock Hugh JW Bennett Adam 2021 03 09 Spatio temporal associations between deforestation and malaria incidence in Lao PDR eLife 10 e56974 doi 10 7554 eLife 56974 ISSN 2050 084X PMC 8024023 PMID 33686939 Singh Minerva Evans Damian Chevance Jean Baptiste Tan Boun Suy Wiggins Nicholas Kong Leaksmy Sakhoeun Sakada 2018 Evaluating the ability of community protected forests in Cambodia to prevent deforestation and degradation using temporal remote sensing data Ecology and Evolution 8 20 10175 10191 Bibcode 2018EcoEv 810175S doi 10 1002 ece3 4492 PMC 6206189 PMID 30397457 External links editGreater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program official website Greater Mekong Subregion Core Environment Program GMS EOC United Nations map of the Mekong Subregion World Wildlife Federation s GMS website A brief history of ASEAN s role in the GMS GMS nations meet to fight human trafficking Archived 2012 02 17 at the Wayback Machine Greater Mekong Subregion Environment Operations Center Asian Development Bank ADB Greater Mekong Subregion Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program Countries of the Mekong River The Greater Mekong Subregion Greater Mekong Subregion Studies Center Nakhon Phanom University Thailand s Learning Across Boundaries in the GMS Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Greater Mekong Subregion amp oldid 1197857581, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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