Gorani people

This article is about the Slavic people. For the language spoken by Kurds, see Gorani language.

The Gorani ([ɡɔ̌rani], Cyrillic: Горани) or Goranci ([ɡɔrǎːntsi], Cyrillic: Горанци), are a Slavic Muslim ethnic group inhabiting the Gora region—the triangle between Kosovo, Albania, and North Macedonia. They number an estimated 60,000 people, and speak a transitional South Slavic dialect, called Goranski. The vast majority of the Gorani people adhere to Sunni Islam.^[12]

Gorani
Goranci
Горанци

Gorani inhabited area (green) in Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia
Total population
60,000 (estimate)^[1]
Regions with significant populations
Kosovo	10,265 (2011 census)^[2]
Serbia	7,700 (2022 census)^[3]
North Macedonia	148 (2021 census)^[4]
Albania	Unknown
Croatia	428 (2011 census)^[5]
Montenegro	197 (2011 census)^[6]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	24 (2013 census)^[7]
Languages
Goranski (Našinski) Albanian Macedonian Serbian
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bosniaks, Pomaks, Torbeši,^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] Bulgarians, Macedonians, Serbs

Name

The ethnonym Goranci, meaning "highlanders", is derived from the Slavic toponym gora, which means "hill, mountain".^[13][14] Another autonym of this people is Našinci,^[15] which literally means "our people, our ones".

In Macedonian sources, the Gorani are sometimes grouped together with Torbeši.^[14]

In the Albanian language, they are known as Goranët^[16] and sometimes by other exonyms, such as Bullgarët ("Bulgarians"),^[17] Torbesh^[13] ("bag carriers") and Poturë ("turkified", from po-tur, literally not Turk but, "turkified", used for Islamized Slavs).^[18]

Population

 

Former Gora municipality in AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, marked in blue.

Some of the local Gorani people have over time also self declared themselves as Serbs,^[19][20][21] Albanians, Macedonians, Bosniaks, Muslim Bulgarians, Turks, or just as Muslims, due to geopolitical circumstances and in censuses.^[22][14]

In Kosovo, the Gorani number 10,265 inhabitants,^[2] which is drastically lower than before the Kosovo War. In 1998, it was estimated that their total population number was at least 50,000.^[23]

Settlements

In Albania, there are nine ^[13] Gorani-inhabited villages: Zapod, Pakisht, Orçikël, Kosharisht, Cernalevë, Orgjost, Oreshkë, Borje and Shishtavec.^[24][25]

In Kosovo, there are 18^[13] Gorani-inhabited villages: Baćka, Brod, Vranište, Globočice, Gornja Rapča, Gornji Krstac, Dikance, Donja Rapča, Donji Krstac, Zli Potok, Kruševo, Kukaljane, Lještane, Ljubošta, Mlike, Orčuša, Radeša, and Restelica, plus the town of Dragash.^[26][27]

Following 1999, Dragash has a mixed population of Gorani, who live in the lower neighbourhood, and Albanians in the upper neighbourhood constituting the majority of inhabitants.^[27]

In North Macedonia, there are two Gorani-inhabited villages located in the Polog region: Jelovjane and Urvič.^{[28][29][30][31]}

History

Main article: History of Kosovo

Contemporary

The Gora municipality and Opoja region remained separated during the Milošević period.^[27] After the war, the Gorani-majority Gora municipality was merged with the Albanian inhabited Opoja region to form the municipality of Dragash by the United Nations Mission (UNMIK) and the new administrative unit has an Albanian majority.^[27][13][32]

In 2007 the Kosovar provisional institutions opened a school in Gora to teach the Bosnian language, which sparked minor consternation amongst the Gorani population. Many Gorani refuse to send their children to school due to societal prejudices, and threats of assimilation to Bosniaks or Albanians. Consequently, Gorani organized education per Serbia's curriculum.

Gorani activists in Serbia's proper stated they want Gora (a former municipality) to join the Association of Serb Municipalities, causing added pressure on the Gorani Community in Kosovo.^[33]

In 2018 Bulgarian activists among Gorani have filed a petition in the country's parliament demanding their official recognition as a separate minority.^[34]

Most Gorani state that the unstable situation and economic issues drive them to leave Kosovo. There is also some mention of threats and discrimination by ethnic Albanians.^[35]

Apart from the multiethnic town of Dragash, the Gorani of Kosovo continue to live in villages primarily inhabited by their community and relations with Albanians remain tense.^[27] Mixed marriage between both communities do not occur with the exception of a few Gorani families that have migrated to Prizren.^[27]

Culture

Religion

 

Mosque in Restelica

In the 18th century, a wave of Islamization began in Gora.^[12] The Ottoman abolition of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid and Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1766/1767 is thought to have prompted the Islamization of Gora as was the trend of many Balkan communities.^[36] The last Christian Gorani, Božana, died in the 19th century – she has received a cult, signifying the Gorani's Christian heritage, collected by Russian consuls Anastasiev and Yastrebov in the second half of the 19th century.^[12]

Traditions

The Gorani are known for being "the best confectioners and bakers" in former Yugoslavia.^[37]

The Slavs of Gora were Christianized after 864 when Bulgaria adopted Christianity. The Ottomans conquered the region in the 14th century, which started the process of Islamization of the Gorani and neighbouring Albanians. However, the Gorani still tangentially observe some Orthodox Christian traditions, such as Slavas and Đurđevdan, and like Serbs they know their Onomastik or saint's days.

Gorani are Sunni Muslims and Sufism and in particular the Halveti and Bektashi Sufi orders are widespread.

Traditional Gorani folk music includes a two-beat dance called "oro" ('circle'), which is a circle dance focused on the foot movements: it always starts on the right foot and moves in an anti-clockwise direction. The Oro is usually accompanied by instruments such as curlje, kaval, čiftelija or tapan, and singing is used less frequently in the dances than in those of the Albanians and Serbs.

The "national" sport of Pelivona is a form of oil wrestling popular among Gorani with regular tournaments being held in the outdoors to the accompaniment of curlje and tapan with associated ritualized hand gestures and dances, with origins in the Middle East through the Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Balkans.

Another popular drink is Turkish coffee which is drunk in small cups accompanied by a glass of water. Tasseography is popular among all Gorani using the residue of Turkish coffee.

•  
  Gorani boy in folk costume
•  
  Gorani girls in folk costume
•  
  Elderly Gorani woman in traditional clothing
•  
  Young Gorani dancing at village festival

Language

 

A geographical distribution of the Torlakian dialect with marked Gora area

The Gorani people speak South Slavic, a local dialect known as "Našinski"^[24] or "Goranski", which is part of a wider Torlakian dialect,^[38] spoken in Southern Serbia, Western Bulgaria and part of North Macedonia. The Slavic dialect of the Gorani community is known as Gorançe by Albanians.^[24] Within the Gorani community there is a recognition of their dialects being closer to the Macedonian language, than to Serbian.^[39] The Torlakian dialect is a transitional dialect of Serbian and Bulgarian whilst also sharing features with Macedonian. The Gorani speech is classified as an Old-Shtokavian dialect of Serbian, the Prizren-Timok dialect.

Bulgarian linguists classify the Gorani dialect as part of a Bulgarian dialectal area.^[40] Despite not bordering Bulgaria and being an Islamic nation, the Gorani are a target of Bulgarian irredentism on the belief that if the Gora dialect is Bulgarian, then all Macedonian dialects are Bulgarian.^[41] Illustrating the Bulgarian interest is the first Gorani–Albanian dictionary (with 43,000 words and phrases) in 2007 by Albanian-Gorani scholar Nazif Dokle, sponsored and printed by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.^[42] In this dictionary, Dokle defined the language as related to "the Bulgarian dialects spoken in the northwest" North Macedonia.^[42][43][44]

Within scholarship, the Goran dialects previously classified as belonging to Serbian have been reassigned to Macedonian in the 21st century.^[39]

Gorani speech has numerous loan words, being greatly influenced by Turkish and Arabic due to the influence of Islam, as well as Albanian areally. It is similar to the Bosnian language because of the numerous Turkish loanwords. Gorani speak Serbo-Croatian in school.^[14]

According to the last 1991 Yugoslav census, 54.8% of the inhabitants of the Gora municipality said that they spoke the Gorani language, while the remainder had called it Serbian.^[45] Some linguists, including Vidoeski, Brozovic and Ivic, identify the Slavic-dialect of the Gora region as Macedonian.^[46] There are assertions that Macedonian is spoken in 50 to 75 villages in the Gora region (Albania and Kosovo).^[47] According to some unverified sources in 2003 the Kosovo government acquired Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani school.^[48]

In 2008 the first issue of a Macedonian language newspaper, Гороцвет (Gorocvet) was published.^[49]

Example of a traditional Gorani song

Verno libe

Gledaj me gledaj libe, abe verno libe,

nagledaj mi se dur ti som ovde.

Utre ke odim abe verno libe dalek-dalek

na pusti Gurbet.

Racaj poracaj libe šo da ti kupim.

Ti da mi kupiš

abe gledaniku cerna šamija, ja da ga nosim

abe gledaniku i da ga želam.

Racaj poracaj abe verno

libe šo da ti pratim

Ti da mi pratiš abe

gledaniku šarena knjiga

Ja da ga pujem abe

gledaniku i da ga želam

Politics

• Unique Gorani Party
• Civic Initiative of Gora

Notable Gorani

• Fahrudin Jusufi, former Yugoslav footballer, born in Zli Potok.^[50]
• Sascha Jusufi, retired footballer, son of Fahrudin Jusufi.
• Miralem Sulejmani, Serbian footballer, of Gorani descent^[51]
• Almen Abdi, Swiss footballer, of Gorani descent
• Zeli Ismail, English footballer born in Shishtavec^[51]
• Zufer Avdija, former Israeli-Serbian basketball player, of Gorani descent
• Deni Avdija, Israeli NBA basketball player, of Gorani descent
• Danel Sinani, Luxembourg footballer, of Gorani descent.
• Dejvid Sinani, Luxembourg footballer, of Gorani descent, brother of Daniel Sinani.
• Veldin Hodža, Croatian footballer.

See also

• Torbeši
• Pomaks
• Gorals

References

1. "Program političke stranke GIG". Do Nato intervencije na Srbiju, 24.03.1999.godine, u Gori je živelo oko 18.000 Goranaca. U Srbiji i bivšim jugoslovenskim republikama nalazi se oko 40.000 Goranaca, a značajan broj Goranaca živi i radi u zemljama Evropske unije i u drugim zemljama. Po našim procenama ukupan broj Goranaca, u Gori i u rasejanju iznosi oko 60.000.
2. (PDF). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
3. ETHNICITY: Data by municipalities and cities (PDF). Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2023. ISBN 978-86-6161-228-2.
4. "1. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, 2021 - first dataset" (PDF). State Statistical Office of North Macedonia. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
5. "1. Population by ethnicity - detailed classification, 2011 census". Statistics of Croatia. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
6. "Table CG5. Population by ethnicity and religion". Montenegrin Office of Statistics. Montenegrin Office of Statistics. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
7. "1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti - detaljna klasifikacija". Retrieved 28 December 2017.
8. The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders. Palgrave. 29 April 2016. ISBN 9781137348395. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
9. "Goranis want to join community of Serb municipalities". B92. B92. 3 August 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
10. "Gorani decide against forming minority council". B92. B92. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
11. "Slow exodus threatens Kosovo's mountain Gorani". Reuters. Reuters. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
12. Бурсаћ 2000, pp. 71-73 (Орхан Драгаш)
13. Bardhoshi 2016, p. 83.
14. Duijzings 2000, p. 27.
15. Xhelal Ylli, Erlangen: "Sprache und Identität bei den Gorani in Albanien: 'Nie sme nasinci'."^{[page needed]}
16. Murati, Qemal (2016). "E tashmja dhe e shkuara e Kosovës përmes fjalorit: Shtresimet leksikore". Gjurmime Albanologjike (46): 179–196. "Goranët jetojnë në krahinën e Gorës, që sot ndahet mes shteteve të Shqipërisë, të Kosovës etë Maqedonisë, krahinë nga ku e marrin edhe emrin."
17. Miranda Vickers; James Pettifer (1997). Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-1-85065-279-3.
18. Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) -albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11
19. "Проф. др Дарко Танасковић - Гора на слици-Гора у срцу" (PDF). Retrieved 12 September 2012.
20. "Порекло Петра К. Костића књижевника и сенатора из Призрена" (PDF). Retrieved 15 September 2022.
21. "О Горанцима" (PDF). Retrieved 15 September 2022.
22. Bardhoshi, Nebi (2016). "Small Numbers, Big issues: The Border areas as Social Arena of Legal Systems". In Schüler, Sonja (ed.). Exchange, Dialogue, New Divisions?: Ethnic Groups and Political Cultures in Eastern Europe. LIT Verlag. p. 85. ISBN 9783643802095.
23. Eastern Europe: Newsletter. Vol. 12–13. Eastern Europe. 1998. p. 22.
24. Steinke, Klaus; Ylli, Xhelal (2010). Die slavischen Minderheiten in Albanien (SMA). 3. Gora. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-86688-112-9. "In den 17 Dörfern des Kosovo wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen, und sie gehören zu einer Gemeinde mit dem Verwaltungszentrum in Dragaš. Die 19 Dörfer in Albanien sind hingegen auf drei Gemeinden des Bezirks Kukës aufgeteilt, und zwar auf Shishtavec, Zapod und Topojan. Slavophone findet man freilich nur in den ersten beiden Gemeinden. Zur Gemeinde Shishtavec gehören sieben Dörfer und in den folgenden vier wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Shishtavec (Šištaec/Šišteec), Borja (Borje), Cërnaleva (Cărnolevo/Cărneleve) und Oreshka (Orešek). Zur Gemeinde Zapod gehören ebenfalls sieben Dörfer, und in den folgenden fünf wird Našinski/Goranče gesprochen: Orgjost (Orgosta), Kosharisht (Košarišta), Pakisht (Pakiša/Pakišča) Zapod (Zapod) und Orçikla (Orčikl’e/Očikl’e)’. In der Gemeinde Topojan gibt es inzwischen keine slavophone Bevölkerung mehr. Die Einwohner selbst bezeichnen sich gewöhnlich als Goranen ‘Einwohner von Gora oder Našinci Unsrige, und ihre Sprache wird von ihnen als Našinski und von den Albanern als Gorançe bezeichnet."
25. Schmidinger 2013, pp. 98–99 [1]
26. Schmidinger, Thomas (2018). "Forced return to empty villages: A case study of the Gorani in Kosovo". In Hornstein Tomić, Caroline; Scholl-Schneider, Sarah; Pichler, Robert (eds.). Remigration to Post-Socialist Europe. Hopes and Realities of Return. Lit Verlag. p. 265. ISBN 9783643910257.
27. Schmidinger, Thomas (2013). Gora: Slawischsprachige Muslime zwischen Kosovo, Albanien, Mazedonien und Diaspora. Wiener Verlag. p. 65. ISBN 9783944690049.
28. Гласник Српског географског друштва (1947). Volumes 27-30. Srpsko geografsko društvo. p. 107. "Данашњи становници Урвича и Јеловјана на супротној, полошкој страни Шар-Планине, пореклом су Горани. Много су више утицале на исељавање Горана политичке промене, настале после 1912 године. Тада се скоро четвртина становништва иселила у Турску, за коју су се преко вере и дуге управе били интимно везали. Још једна миграција јаче је захватила Горане, али не у нашој земљи, него оне који су остали у границама Арбаније."
29. Vidoeski, Božidar (1998). Dijalektite na makedonskiot jazik. Vol. 1. Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. pp. 309, 315. ISBN 9789989649509. Во западна Македонија исламизирано македонско население живее во неколку географски региони на македонско-албанската пограничје:... во Полог (Јеловјане, Урвич)." "Автентичниот горански говор добро го чуваат и жителите во муслиманските оази Урвич и Јеловјане во Тетовско иако тие подолго време живеат во друго дијалектно окружување.
30. Rexhepi, Besnik; Mustafa, Behxhet; Hajdari, Avni; Rushidi-Rexhepi, Jehona; Quave, Cassandra L.; Pieroni, Andrea (2014). "Cross-cultural ethnobotany of the Sharr Mountains (northwestern Macedonia)". In Pieroni, Andrea; Quave, Cassandra L. (eds.). Ethnobotany and Biocultural Diversities in the Balkans. Springer. p. 70. ISBN 9781493914920.
31. Koleva, Krasimira (2012). "Balkanisms today: The dialect of Župa (Kosovo)". In Kahl, Thede; Metzeltin, Michael; Schaller, Helmut (eds.). Balkanismen heute – Balkanisms today – Балканизмы сегодня. LIT Verlag. p. 351. ISBN 9783643503886.
32. Krasniqi, Elife (2016). "Social Change in Relation to Patriarchy after 1999 war in Opoja, Kosovo". In Roth, Klaus; Kartari, Asker (eds.). Culture of Crisis in Southeast Europe, Part I: Crises Related to Migration, Transformation, Politics, Religion, and Labour. LIT Verlag. p. 191. ISBN 9783643907639.
33. "Goranci: Ne želimo u Dragaš već u Zajednicu srpskih opština" (in Serbian). Blic. 8 November 2013.
34. Bulgarian National Radio, Ethnic Bulgarians in Kosovo demand recognition of their community. Published on 5/30/18.
35. Update on the Kosovo Roma, Ashkaelia, Egyptian, Serb, Bosniak, Gorani and Albanian communities in a minority situation, UNHCR Kosovo, June 2004
36. Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo^{[page needed]}
37. Siniša Ljepojević; Milica Radovanović (2006). Kosovo and Metohija: reality, economy and prejudices. TANJUG. p. 124. ISBN 9788680981161.
38. Browne, Wayles (2002): Serbo-Croat. In: Bernard Comrie, Greville G. Corbett (eds.), The Slavonic Languages. London: Taylor & Francis. [2]. p. 383
39. Friedman, Victor (2006). "Albania/Albanien". In Ammon, Ulrich (ed.). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, Volume 3. Walter de Gruyte. p. 1879. ISBN 9783110184181. "The Gorans, who are also Muslim, have a separate identity. The Goran dialects used to be classed with Serbian, but have more recently been assigned to Macedonian, and Gorans themselves recognize that their dialects are closer to Macedonian than to Serbian."
40. Младенов, Стефан. Пътешествие из Македония и Поморавия, в: Научна експедиция в Македония и Поморавието 1916, София 1993, с. 184. (Mladenov, Stefan. Journey through Macedonia and Pomoraviya, in: Scientific expeditions in Macedonia and Pomoraviya 1916, Sofia 1993, p. 184) Асенова, Петя. Архаизми и балканизми в един изолиран български говор (Кукъска Гора, Албания), Балканистични четения, посветени на десетата годишнина на специалност "Балканистика" в СУ "Св. Климент Охридски", ФСлФ, София, 17-19 май 2004 (Assenova, Petya. Archaisms and Balkanisms in an isolated Bulgarian dialect (Kukas Gora, Albania), Balkan studies readings on the tenth anniversary of the major Balkan studies in Sofia University, 17–19 May 2004)
41. Motoki Nomachi; Tomasz Kamusella; Catherine Gibson (29 April 2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 439. ISBN 9781137348395.
42. Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) - Albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11, 19 (Nazif Dokle. Goranian (Nashinski) - Albanian Dictionary, Sofia 2007, Published by Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 5, 11, 19)
43. Raymond Detrez, Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria; Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 1442241802, p. 225.
44. Vasil Belo, Nazif Dokle – a Devoted Local Erudite of Gora, Albania, Bulgariaca, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2020, Issue 41, pp. 71-74, Language: Bulgarian.
45. (PDF). rastko.org.rs (in Serbian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014.
46. "Macedonian by Victor Friedman, pg 4 (footnote)". seelrc.org.
47. "Macedonian by Victor Friedman, pg 6". seelrc.org.
48. Focus News (4 July 2003) Kosovo Government Acquires Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani Minority Schools
49. "Матица на иселениците од Македонија".
50. "Goranac sam. Ako to uopšte nekog i interesuje" (in Serbo-Croatian). No. 1338. Tempo (Serbia magazine). 16 October 1991. p. 14.
51. "Ličnost Danas: Miralem Sulejmani". 2009.

Sources

Books

• Ahmetović, B. (1999). Gora i Goranci. Beograd: Inter Ju pres.
• Duijzings, Ger (2000). Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85065-431-5.
• Lutovac, Milisav V. (1955). Gora i Opolje: antropogeografska proučavanja. Naučna knjiga.
• Gora, Opolje i Sredska. Geografski institut "Jovan Cvijić" SANU. 1997. ISBN 978-86-80029-04-7.

Journals

• Đorđević-Crnobrnja, Jadranka (2014). "Migrations from the Gora region at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century". Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU. 62 (2): 35–47. doi:10.2298/GEI1402035D.
• Friedman, Victor (2006). "Determination and Doubling in Balkan Borderlands" (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 1–4: 105–116.
• Milenović, Živorad (2010). "The formation of Goran's ethnic community in Kosovo and Metohia from 1918 until now" (PDF). Baština. 28: 223–230.
• Tomašević, Radovan (1989). "ŠARPLANINSKI NAŠINCI" (PDF). Etnološke Sveske. 10: 47–57.

Symposia

• Bursać, Milan, ed. (2000), ГОРАНЦИ, МУСЛИМАНИ И ТУРЦИ У ШАРПЛАНИНСКИМ ЖУПАМА СРБИЈЕ: ПРОБЛЕМИ САДАШЊИХ УСЛОВА ЖИВОТА И ОПСТАНКА: Зборник радова са "Округлог стола" одржаног 19. априла 2000. године у Српској академији наука и уметности, Belgrade: SANU
  • Antonijević, Dragoslav (2000), Етнички идентитет Горанаца (PDF), pp. 23–29
  • Dragaš, Orhan (2000), О Горанцима (PDF), pp. 71–73
• Antonijević, Dragoslav (1995), "Identitet Goranaca", Međunarodna konferencija Položaj manjina u Saveznoj Republici Jugoslaviji, zbornik radova, Belgrade: SANU

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gorani people.

• "Project Rastko - Gora: E-library of culture and tradition of Gora and Goranies". Project Rastko. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012.
• "The minorities within the minority". The Economist. 2 November 2006.
• Zejnel Zejneli (9 November 2010). (in Serbian). Srpska dijaspora. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010.
• "Svi hoće da "prekrste" Gorance" (in Serbian). Vesti Online. 7 May 2011.
• Biljana Jovičić (5 September 2009). "Gora čuva Gorance od zaborava" (in Serbian). RTS.
• Oberling, "Gurān", Encyclopædia Iranica, at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/guran