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Giant golden-crowned flying fox

October 23, 2023

The giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus), also known as the golden-capped fruit bat, is a species of megabat endemic to the Philippines. Since its description in 1831, three subspecies of the giant golden-crowned flying fox have been recognized, one of which is extinct. The extinct subspecies (A. jubatus lucifer) was formerly recognized as a full species, the Panay golden-crowned flying fox. Formerly, this species was placed in the genus Pteropus; while it is no longer within the genus, it has many physical similarities to Pteropus megabats. It is one of the largest bat species in the world, weighing up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb)—only the Indian and great flying fox can weigh more. It has the longest documented forearm length of any bat species at 21 cm (8.3 in).

Giant golden-crowned flying fox
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Pteropodidae
Genus: Acerodon
Species:
A. jubatus
Binomial name
Acerodon jubatus
(Eschscholtz, 1831)
Giant golden-crowned flying fox range:
  extant
  possibly extirpated
  extirpated
Synonyms
  • Pteropus jubatus Eschscholtz, 1831

It is primarily frugivorous, consuming several kinds of fig and some leaves. It forages at night and sleeps during the day in tree roosts. These roosts can consist of thousands of individuals, often including another species, the large flying fox. Not much is known about its reproduction; it gives birth annually from April through June, with females having one pup at a time. Predators of the giant golden-crowned flying fox include raptors such as eagles, the reticulated python, and humans.

Owing to deforestation and poaching for bushmeat, it is an endangered species. Though national and international law makes hunting and trade of this species illegal, these regulations are inadequately enforced, meaning that the species is frequently hunted nonetheless. Even in roosts that are more stringently protected from poaching, it is still affected by human disturbance via tourists who intentionally disturb them during the day.

An early description of this species may be found in William Dampier's account of his circumnavigation, A New Voyage Round the World.[3]

Taxonomy Edit

The giant golden-crowned flying fox was described as a new species in 1831 by German naturalist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz. Eschscholtz placed it in the genus Pteropus with a scientific name of Pteropus jubatus.[4] Its species name "jubatus" is from Latin, meaning "having a mane or crest, crested".[5] The holotype had been collected on the Philippine island of Luzon during an expedition led by Otto von Kotzebue.[4] The genus Acerodon was described six years later in 1837, with A. jubatus as the type species for the new genus.[6] As of 2005, three subspecies of the giant golden-crowned flying fox are recognized:[7]

  • A. jubatus jubatus (Eschscholtz, 1831)
  • A. jubatus mindanensis K. Andersen, 1909[8]
  • †A. jubatus lucifer (Elliot, 1896)

A. jubatus lucifer had been described as Pteropus lucifer in 1896 by Daniel Giraud Elliot.[9] A. jubatus lucifer, commonly the Panay golden-crowned flying fox, is still sometimes considered an extinct species of megabat. A 1998 publication noted that there were no morphological differences that distinguish A. jubatus lucifer from A. jubatus.[10] This publication was used by Mammal Species of the World[7] and the IUCN as justification as listing A. jubatus lucifer as a subspecies of A. jubatus rather than as a full species.[1]

Description Edit

Main article: Megabat § Description
 
Skull of the golden-crowned flying fox

Overall, the giant golden-crowned flying fox is similar in appearance to many Pteropus species. It is different in its smaller canine teeth and its larger and more complex molars and premolars. Its upper incisors are slightly longer than Pteropus species, as well as sharper. Its four lower incisors have a greater disparity in length between the inner and outer pair than do Pteropus.[6] Its dental formula is 2.1.3.22.1.3.3 for a total of 34 teeth.[11]

 
Illustration of giant golden-crowned flying fox skeleton

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is one of the largest bat species in the world.[12] It is among the heaviest of all bat species, with individuals weighing up to 1.40 kg (3.1 lb). The only bat species known to weigh more than the giant golden-crowned flying fox are the Indian flying fox (Pteropus medius) and great flying fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), with a maximum weight of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and 1.45 kg (3.2 lb) respectively.[12][13] It has the longest forearm length of any species, measuring up to 215 mm (8.5 in). The great flying fox has a slightly shorter forearm length, and its wingspan is thus presumed to be lesser as well.[13] The wingspan of the Indian flying fox is up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft),[14] while the giant golden-crowned flying fox has a wingspan of 1.5–1.7 m (4.9–5.6 ft).[12] This species is somewhat dimorphic, with males slightly larger than females in many cranial and external measurements.[15]

The giant golden-crowned flying fox gets its common name from its fur coloration. It has golden coloration that begins between its eyes and terminates to a narrow "V" shape at the nape of its neck, though sometimes extending to the upper shoulders.[16] The sides of its face, brows, and throat are black, while the sides of its neck and upper back are maroon; this maroon fur transitions into brownish black, which then grades into reddish brown down the back. On its ventral (belly) side, its fur is generally black, though the front of the neck may have a maroon tinge and its belly may be interspersed with yellow hairs. Its hindlimbs are covered with brownish black fur, and its flight membranes are pale brown.[11]

Biology and ecology Edit

Diet and foraging Edit

 
The fruits of Ficus variegata, a species of fig consumed by the giant golden-crowned flying fox

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is largely frugivorous, though it also consumes plant leaves (folivorous). One study found that it is particularly dependent on Ficus fruits (figs), with Ficus seeds found in 79% of all fecal pellets. Especially common Ficus seeds were from the Urostigma subgenus (which includes Ficus species commonly referred to as banyan), as well as Ficus variegata.[17]

The results support that the primary food group is composed of fig species, including Ficus subcordata and unidentified leaves. There is a lack of consensus on whether items found frequently in the fecal samples are actually prioritized or found as an alternative food for these bats.[17]

Multiple types of figs can also contribute to different nutrients for the species. Frugivorous bats usually do not consume foods rich in protein. The overconsumption of fruits, paired with leaves may contribute to an adequate amount of protein in their diet. Figs are superior sources of calcium, which may also aid in their growth to adults.[17]

Like nearly all megabats, giant golden-crowned flying foxes cannot echolocate, and thus rely on sight to navigate.[18] This species likely commutes long distances between its roost and foraging grounds. Individuals who roosted on the island of Maripipi, for example, were documented traveling more than 12 km (7.5 mi) to access sites on another island, Biliran.[19]

Roosting and behavior Edit

Giant golden-crowned flying foxes are nocturnal, sleeping for most of the day. They do engage in some social and maintenance behaviors during the day at times, with solitary behaviors such as self-grooming, excreting waste, and wing flapping more prevalent in the afternoon and social behaviors such as fighting and mating in the morning.[20] It forms harmonious mixed species colonies with another megabat, the large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus).[21] When time to leave the roosts for nightly foraging, the two species will head in the same direction.[21] In the 1920s, colonies of these two species would number as many as 120,000 individuals. As of 1992, the largest of these colonies was 5,000; many comprised only several hundred individuals.[19]

Reproduction Edit

Little is known about mating and reproduction of the giant golden-crowned flying fox.

The litter size is one individual, with females likely producing no more than one litter per year.[19] It has also been speculated that females may only give birth every other year.[22] Based on limited observation, it is thought that females may not reach sexual maturity until two years of age.[15] On Negros Island, females gave birth in April or May; based on other observations, females likely give birth during this time across its range.[19] On the island of Maripipi, young were born in late May and June.[15] This species show signs of a Type II survivorship curve. Parents take effort into the survivability of the offspring to ensure maturity and independent growth. This species may live up to 13–30 years in the wild.[23] Although they typically live a long life in the wild, they are also hunted by humans and other apex predators such as the Philippine eagle. They may also be susceptible to wildlife diseases.[24]

 
One of the avian predators of the giant golden-crowned flying fox, the Philippine eagle

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is impacted by ectoparasites (external parasites) including Cyclopodia horsfieldi, which is a species of fly in the family Nycteribiidae ("bat flies").[25] It is preyed on by several raptors including the Philippine eagle, white-bellied sea eagle, and possibly the Brahminy kite. Non-avian predators include the reticulated python[22] and humans.[1]

Like many bat species, the giant golden-crowned flying fox has been investigated as a source of emerging infectious disease. One study tested for the presence Reston virus, a kind of Ebolavirus that affects some primates (though not humans), in a population of giant golden-crowned flying foxes at Subic Bay. Of fifty-six individuals tested for Reston virus, three were seropositive, meaning that they tested positive for antibodies against the virus.[26]

Range and habitat Edit

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is endemic to the Philippines; it was the first endemic species of that country to be described, which it was in 1831.[17] Surveys reported in 2005 and 2011 documented this species on the islands of Bohol, Boracay, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros and Polillo. It was formerly found on the island of Panay, though this population has been extirpated.[1]

It is a forest specialist, occurring mostly at elevations from sea level to 1,100 m (3,600 ft).[1] It prefers areas uninhabited by humans. A 2005 study found none in inhabited areas.[27] The same study also revealed that these bats use river corridors called riparian zones more than originally thought, because the fig trees located near rivers are the bats' main source of food. They like to be close to agricultural fields, but only in undisturbed forest areas.[27]

Conservation Edit

 
Individual fitted with a GPS tracking device for research on habitat use and movement

As of 2016, the giant golden-crowned flying fox is listed as an endangered species by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this designation because its population likely declined by more than 50% from 1986–2016. One of the largest factors in its decline is hunting for bushmeat.[1] Its large body size means that it is an easier target than many other bats. The practice of shooting the giant golden-crowned flying fox at its roosts results in excessive mortality, as dead individuals may not fall from the tree, and wounded individuals may glide some distance before falling. Therefore, a poacher may kill as many as thirty bats to recover ten.[19]

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is threatened by deforestation and has completely disappeared from many islands in the Philippines, such as Panay and most of Cebu.[1] Since 1900 the total forest coverage of the Philippines has been reduced from 70% to 20%.[28] Less than 10% of the original lowland forest cover now remains.[27] Negros, an island part of its range, retains only 4% of its original forest coverage.[29]

 
Subic Bay, Philippines

Internationally, the giant golden-crowned flying fox is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In 1990,[1] two of the three subspecies (A. j. lucifer and A. j. mindanensis) were included on CITES Appendix II, meaning that trade of the taxa was strictly regulated.[30] In 1995,[1][31] the species was placed CITES Appendix I. Appendix I is stricter than Appendix II, meaning that commercial trade of the species is only legal in exceptional circumstances.[32] Nationally, the species is protected by the 2001 Philippine Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act, though this law is inadequately enforced.[1]

While the majority of its roosts are within protected areas, illegal hunting occurs at a wide scale even within such areas. Three are largely protected in practice. On the island of Boracay, local landowners protect the roost from hunting disturbance. The local governments of Subic Bay and Mambukal protect another two roosts. Even though hunting pressures are lessened at these three roosts, the giant golden-crowned flying fox contends with other sources of disturbance. Tourists and their guides deliberately disturb the bats by clapping their hands or rapping on tree trunks to make the bats fly. In addition to keeping the bats from sleeping, these behaviors result in the separation of offspring from their mothers.[1]

In 2013, Bat Conservation International (BCI) listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation.[33] Actions that BCI has taken to promote its conservation include partnering with local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to protect its roosts, as well as educate Filipinos about bats.[34] Some captive breeding programs exist for the species, though it is uncertain if they are sufficient to make up for population declines seen in the wild.[1]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mildenstein, T.; Paguntalan, L. (2016). "Acerodon jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T139A21988328. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T139A21988328.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Dampier, William. A New Voyage Round the World (1697). London: Penguin. p. 319-320. ISBN 978-0-241-41328-9.
  4. ^ a b Eschscholtz, Friedrich (1831). Zoologischer Atlas enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten während des Flottcapitains von Kotzebue zweiter Reise um die Welt auf der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Kriegesschlupp Predpriaetië in den Jahren 182 beobachtet von Friedr. Eschscholtz [Zoological Atlas containing illustrations and descriptions of new species of animals during the flotation capitain of Kotzebue's second voyage around the world on the Russian-Imperial Warslope Predpriaetië in the years 182, observed by Friedr. Eschscholtz] (in German). doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38058. ISBN 978-0665183713.
  5. ^ Lewis, C. T. & Short, C. (1879). "jubatus". A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary (Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  6. ^ a b Miller, G.S. (1907). "The families and genera of bats". Bulletin of the United States National Museum. U.S. Government Printing Office (57): 59.
  7. ^ a b Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  8. ^ Andersen, K. (1909). "Notes on the genus Acerodon, with a synopsis of its species and subspecies, and descriptions of four new forms". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 3.
  9. ^ Elliot, D. G. (1896). "On sundry collections of mammals received by the Field Columbian Museum from different localities, with descriptions of supposed new species and sub-species". Publication. Field Columbian Museum. Zoological Series. 1 (3).
  10. ^ Heaney, L.R.; Balete, D.S.; Dollar, M.L.; Alcala, A.C.; Dans, A.T.L.; Gonzales, P.C.; Ingle, N.R.; Lepiten, M.V.; Oliver, W.L.R.; Ong, P.S.; Rickart, E.A.; Tabaranza Jr., B.R.; Utzurrum, R.C.B. (1998). "A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands". Fieldiana: Zoology (88): 12–14.
  11. ^ a b Hollister, Ned (1911). A review of the Philippine land mammals in the United States National Museum. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 135–146.
  12. ^ a b c Nowak, R. M., ed. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 264–271. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  13. ^ a b Fleming, Theodore H.; Racey, Paul A., eds. (2010). Island Bats: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 17, 415. ISBN 9780226253312.
  14. ^ Sivaperuman, C.; Venkataraman, K. (2018). Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 66. ISBN 9789811066054.
  15. ^ a b c Rickart, E. A. (1993). "The distribution and ecology of mammals on Leyte, Biliran, and Maripipi Islands, Philippines". Fieldiana Zoology. 72: 23–24.
  16. ^ Heaney, Lawrence R.; Balete, Danilo S.; Rickart, Eric A. (2016). The Mammals of Luzon Island: Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna. JHU Press. p. 205. ISBN 9781421418377.
  17. ^ a b c d Stier, S.; Mildenstein, T. L. (2005). "Dietary habitat of the world's largest bats: the Philippine flying foxes, Acerodon jubatus and Pteropus vampyrus lanensis". Journal of Mammalogy. 86 (4): 719–728. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0719:DHOTWL]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4094377. S2CID 86065499.
  18. ^ Springer, M. S.; Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O.; Stanhope, M. J.; de Jong, W. W. (May 2001). "Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (11): 6241–6. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.6241S. doi:10.1073/pnas.111551998. PMC 33452. PMID 11353869.
  19. ^ a b c d e Mickleburgh, S. P.; Hutson, A. M.; Racey, P. A. (1992). Old World fruit bats: An action plan for their conservation (PDF) (Report). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 37–38.
  20. ^ Hengjan, Yupadee; Iida, Keisuke; Doysabas, Karla Cristine C.; Phichitrasilp, Thanmaporn; Ohmori, Yasushige; Hondo, Eiichi (2017). "Diurnal behavior and activity budget of the golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus) in the Subic bay forest reserve area, the Philippines". Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 79 (10): 1667–1674. doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0329. eISSN 1347-7439. ISSN 0916-7250. PMC 5658557. PMID 28804092.
  21. ^ a b Rabor, D. S. (1977). Philippine Birds & Mammals. UP Science Education Center. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9780824805357.
  22. ^ a b Heaney, Lawrence R.; Balete, Danilo S.; Rickart, Eric A. (2016). The Mammals of Luzon Island: Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna. JHU Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1421418377. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  23. ^ Stier, Sam C.; Mildenstein, Tammy L. (August 2005). "DIETARY HABITS OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST BATS: THE PHILIPPINE FLYING FOXES, ACERODON JUBATUS AND PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS LANENSIS". Journal of Mammalogy. 86 (4): 719–728. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0719:DHOTWL]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-2372.
  24. ^ Heinen, Virginia. "Acerodon jubatus (golden-capped fruit bat)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  25. ^ Alvarez, James D. V.; Lit, Ireneo L.; Alviola, Phillip A.; Cosico, Edison A.; Eres, Eduardo G. (December 2016). "A contribution to the ectoparasite fauna of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Mindoro Island, Philippines: I. Blood sucking Diptera (Nycteribiidae, Streblidae) and Siphonaptera (Ischnopsyllidae)". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 36 (4): 188–194. doi:10.1017/S1742758416000187. ISSN 1742-7592. PMC 7091725. PMID 32218804.
  26. ^ Jayme, Sarah I.; Field, Hume E.; de Jong, Carol; Olival, Kevin J.; Marsh, Glenn; Tagtag, Anson M.; Hughes, Tom; Bucad, Anthony C.; Barr, Jennifer (2015-07-17). "Molecular evidence of Ebola Reston virus infection in Philippine bats". Virology Journal. 12: 107. doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0331-3. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 4504098. PMID 26184657.
  27. ^ a b c Mildenstein, T.; Stier, S.; Nuevodiego, C.; Mills, L. (2005). "Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying-foxes in Subic Bay, Philippines". Biological Conservation. 126: 93–102. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.001.
  28. ^ Lasco, R. D.; R. D. (2001). "Secondary forests in the Philippines: formation and transformation in the 20th century" (PDF). Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 13 (4): 652–670.
  29. ^ O'malley, R.; King, T.; Turner, C. S.; Tyler, S.; Benares, J.; Cummings, M.; Raines, P. (2006). "The diversity and distribution of the fruit bat fauna (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Megachiroptera) of Danjugan Island, Cauayan, Negros Occidental, Philippines (with notes on the Microchiroptera)". Biodiversity and Conservation. 15 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-2931-x. S2CID 42455606.
  30. ^ "Protection and Conservation of Philippine Wild Birds, Mammals, and Reptiles". Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators. 13 September 1991. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  31. ^ Amendments to Appendices I and II of the Convention (PDF) (Report). CITES. 1994.
  32. ^ Aziz, S. A.; Olival, K. J.; Bumrungsri, S.; Richards, G. C.; Racey, P. A. (2016). "The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers: Species, Legislation and Mitigation". In Voigt, C.; Kingston, T. (eds.). Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-25220-9.
  33. ^ (PDF). batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  34. ^ "Golden-crowned Flying Fox: A megabat species that plays an important ecological role in the Philippines". Bat Conservation International. 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2019.

External links Edit

  •   Media related to Acerodon jubatus at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Acerodon jubatus at Wikispecies

October 23, 2023
giant, golden, crowned, flying, giant, golden, crowned, flying, acerodon, jubatus, also, known, golden, capped, fruit, species, megabat, endemic, philippines, since, description, 1831, three, subspecies, giant, golden, crowned, flying, have, been, recognized, . The giant golden crowned flying fox Acerodon jubatus also known as the golden capped fruit bat is a species of megabat endemic to the Philippines Since its description in 1831 three subspecies of the giant golden crowned flying fox have been recognized one of which is extinct The extinct subspecies A jubatus lucifer was formerly recognized as a full species the Panay golden crowned flying fox Formerly this species was placed in the genus Pteropus while it is no longer within the genus it has many physical similarities to Pteropus megabats It is one of the largest bat species in the world weighing up to 1 4 kg 3 1 lb only the Indian and great flying fox can weigh more It has the longest documented forearm length of any bat species at 21 cm 8 3 in Giant golden crowned flying foxConservation statusEndangered IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix I CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ChiropteraFamily PteropodidaeGenus AcerodonSpecies A jubatusBinomial nameAcerodon jubatus Eschscholtz 1831 Giant golden crowned flying fox range extant possibly extirpated extirpatedSynonymsPteropus jubatus Eschscholtz 1831It is primarily frugivorous consuming several kinds of fig and some leaves It forages at night and sleeps during the day in tree roosts These roosts can consist of thousands of individuals often including another species the large flying fox Not much is known about its reproduction it gives birth annually from April through June with females having one pup at a time Predators of the giant golden crowned flying fox include raptors such as eagles the reticulated python and humans Owing to deforestation and poaching for bushmeat it is an endangered species Though national and international law makes hunting and trade of this species illegal these regulations are inadequately enforced meaning that the species is frequently hunted nonetheless Even in roosts that are more stringently protected from poaching it is still affected by human disturbance via tourists who intentionally disturb them during the day An early description of this species may be found in William Dampier s account of his circumnavigation A New Voyage Round the World 3 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Biology and ecology 3 1 Diet and foraging 3 2 Roosting and behavior 3 3 Reproduction 4 Range and habitat 5 Conservation 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy EditThe giant golden crowned flying fox was described as a new species in 1831 by German naturalist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz Eschscholtz placed it in the genus Pteropus with a scientific name of Pteropus jubatus 4 Its species name jubatus is from Latin meaning having a mane or crest crested 5 The holotype had been collected on the Philippine island of Luzon during an expedition led by Otto von Kotzebue 4 The genus Acerodon was described six years later in 1837 with A jubatus as the type species for the new genus 6 As of 2005 three subspecies of the giant golden crowned flying fox are recognized 7 A jubatus jubatus Eschscholtz 1831 A jubatus mindanensis K Andersen 1909 8 A jubatus lucifer Elliot 1896 A jubatus lucifer had been described as Pteropus lucifer in 1896 by Daniel Giraud Elliot 9 A jubatus lucifer commonly the Panay golden crowned flying fox is still sometimes considered an extinct species of megabat A 1998 publication noted that there were no morphological differences that distinguish A jubatus lucifer from A jubatus 10 This publication was used by Mammal Species of the World 7 and the IUCN as justification as listing A jubatus lucifer as a subspecies of A jubatus rather than as a full species 1 Description EditMain article Megabat Description nbsp Skull of the golden crowned flying foxOverall the giant golden crowned flying fox is similar in appearance to many Pteropus species It is different in its smaller canine teeth and its larger and more complex molars and premolars Its upper incisors are slightly longer than Pteropus species as well as sharper Its four lower incisors have a greater disparity in length between the inner and outer pair than do Pteropus 6 Its dental formula is 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 3 for a total of 34 teeth 11 nbsp Illustration of giant golden crowned flying fox skeletonThe giant golden crowned flying fox is one of the largest bat species in the world 12 It is among the heaviest of all bat species with individuals weighing up to 1 40 kg 3 1 lb The only bat species known to weigh more than the giant golden crowned flying fox are the Indian flying fox Pteropus medius and great flying fox Pteropus neohibernicus with a maximum weight of 1 6 kg 3 5 lb and 1 45 kg 3 2 lb respectively 12 13 It has the longest forearm length of any species measuring up to 215 mm 8 5 in The great flying fox has a slightly shorter forearm length and its wingspan is thus presumed to be lesser as well 13 The wingspan of the Indian flying fox is up to 1 5 m 4 9 ft 14 while the giant golden crowned flying fox has a wingspan of 1 5 1 7 m 4 9 5 6 ft 12 This species is somewhat dimorphic with males slightly larger than females in many cranial and external measurements 15 The giant golden crowned flying fox gets its common name from its fur coloration It has golden coloration that begins between its eyes and terminates to a narrow V shape at the nape of its neck though sometimes extending to the upper shoulders 16 The sides of its face brows and throat are black while the sides of its neck and upper back are maroon this maroon fur transitions into brownish black which then grades into reddish brown down the back On its ventral belly side its fur is generally black though the front of the neck may have a maroon tinge and its belly may be interspersed with yellow hairs Its hindlimbs are covered with brownish black fur and its flight membranes are pale brown 11 Biology and ecology EditDiet and foraging Edit nbsp The fruits of Ficus variegata a species of fig consumed by the giant golden crowned flying foxThe giant golden crowned flying fox is largely frugivorous though it also consumes plant leaves folivorous One study found that it is particularly dependent on Ficus fruits figs with Ficus seeds found in 79 of all fecal pellets Especially common Ficus seeds were from the Urostigma subgenus which includes Ficus species commonly referred to as banyan as well as Ficus variegata 17 The results support that the primary food group is composed of fig species including Ficus subcordata and unidentified leaves There is a lack of consensus on whether items found frequently in the fecal samples are actually prioritized or found as an alternative food for these bats 17 Multiple types of figs can also contribute to different nutrients for the species Frugivorous bats usually do not consume foods rich in protein The overconsumption of fruits paired with leaves may contribute to an adequate amount of protein in their diet Figs are superior sources of calcium which may also aid in their growth to adults 17 Like nearly all megabats giant golden crowned flying foxes cannot echolocate and thus rely on sight to navigate 18 This species likely commutes long distances between its roost and foraging grounds Individuals who roosted on the island of Maripipi for example were documented traveling more than 12 km 7 5 mi to access sites on another island Biliran 19 Roosting and behavior Edit Giant golden crowned flying foxes are nocturnal sleeping for most of the day They do engage in some social and maintenance behaviors during the day at times with solitary behaviors such as self grooming excreting waste and wing flapping more prevalent in the afternoon and social behaviors such as fighting and mating in the morning 20 It forms harmonious mixed species colonies with another megabat the large flying fox Pteropus vampyrus 21 When time to leave the roosts for nightly foraging the two species will head in the same direction 21 In the 1920s colonies of these two species would number as many as 120 000 individuals As of 1992 the largest of these colonies was 5 000 many comprised only several hundred individuals 19 Reproduction Edit Little is known about mating and reproduction of the giant golden crowned flying fox The litter size is one individual with females likely producing no more than one litter per year 19 It has also been speculated that females may only give birth every other year 22 Based on limited observation it is thought that females may not reach sexual maturity until two years of age 15 On Negros Island females gave birth in April or May based on other observations females likely give birth during this time across its range 19 On the island of Maripipi young were born in late May and June 15 This species show signs of a Type II survivorship curve Parents take effort into the survivability of the offspring to ensure maturity and independent growth This species may live up to 13 30 years in the wild 23 Although they typically live a long life in the wild they are also hunted by humans and other apex predators such as the Philippine eagle They may also be susceptible to wildlife diseases 24 nbsp One of the avian predators of the giant golden crowned flying fox the Philippine eagleThe giant golden crowned flying fox is impacted by ectoparasites external parasites including Cyclopodia horsfieldi which is a species of fly in the family Nycteribiidae bat flies 25 It is preyed on by several raptors including the Philippine eagle white bellied sea eagle and possibly the Brahminy kite Non avian predators include the reticulated python 22 and humans 1 Like many bat species the giant golden crowned flying fox has been investigated as a source of emerging infectious disease One study tested for the presence Reston virus a kind of Ebolavirus that affects some primates though not humans in a population of giant golden crowned flying foxes at Subic Bay Of fifty six individuals tested for Reston virus three were seropositive meaning that they tested positive for antibodies against the virus 26 Range and habitat EditThe giant golden crowned flying fox is endemic to the Philippines it was the first endemic species of that country to be described which it was in 1831 17 Surveys reported in 2005 and 2011 documented this species on the islands of Bohol Boracay Cebu Leyte Luzon Mindanao Mindoro Negros and Polillo It was formerly found on the island of Panay though this population has been extirpated 1 It is a forest specialist occurring mostly at elevations from sea level to 1 100 m 3 600 ft 1 It prefers areas uninhabited by humans A 2005 study found none in inhabited areas 27 The same study also revealed that these bats use river corridors called riparian zones more than originally thought because the fig trees located near rivers are the bats main source of food They like to be close to agricultural fields but only in undisturbed forest areas 27 Conservation Edit nbsp Individual fitted with a GPS tracking device for research on habitat use and movementAs of 2016 the giant golden crowned flying fox is listed as an endangered species by the IUCN It meets the criteria for this designation because its population likely declined by more than 50 from 1986 2016 One of the largest factors in its decline is hunting for bushmeat 1 Its large body size means that it is an easier target than many other bats The practice of shooting the giant golden crowned flying fox at its roosts results in excessive mortality as dead individuals may not fall from the tree and wounded individuals may glide some distance before falling Therefore a poacher may kill as many as thirty bats to recover ten 19 The giant golden crowned flying fox is threatened by deforestation and has completely disappeared from many islands in the Philippines such as Panay and most of Cebu 1 Since 1900 the total forest coverage of the Philippines has been reduced from 70 to 20 28 Less than 10 of the original lowland forest cover now remains 27 Negros an island part of its range retains only 4 of its original forest coverage 29 nbsp Subic Bay PhilippinesInternationally the giant golden crowned flying fox is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES In 1990 1 two of the three subspecies A j lucifer and A j mindanensis were included on CITES Appendix II meaning that trade of the taxa was strictly regulated 30 In 1995 1 31 the species was placed CITES Appendix I Appendix I is stricter than Appendix II meaning that commercial trade of the species is only legal in exceptional circumstances 32 Nationally the species is protected by the 2001 Philippine Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act though this law is inadequately enforced 1 While the majority of its roosts are within protected areas illegal hunting occurs at a wide scale even within such areas Three are largely protected in practice On the island of Boracay local landowners protect the roost from hunting disturbance The local governments of Subic Bay and Mambukal protect another two roosts Even though hunting pressures are lessened at these three roosts the giant golden crowned flying fox contends with other sources of disturbance Tourists and their guides deliberately disturb the bats by clapping their hands or rapping on tree trunks to make the bats fly In addition to keeping the bats from sleeping these behaviors result in the separation of offspring from their mothers 1 In 2013 Bat Conservation International BCI listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation 33 Actions that BCI has taken to promote its conservation include partnering with local non governmental organizations NGOs to protect its roosts as well as educate Filipinos about bats 34 Some captive breeding programs exist for the species though it is uncertain if they are sufficient to make up for population declines seen in the wild 1 References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l Mildenstein T Paguntalan L 2016 Acerodon jubatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T139A21988328 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 2 RLTS T139A21988328 en Retrieved 20 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 Dampier William A New Voyage Round the World 1697 London Penguin p 319 320 ISBN 978 0 241 41328 9 a b Eschscholtz Friedrich 1831 Zoologischer Atlas enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten wahrend des Flottcapitains von Kotzebue zweiter Reise um die Welt auf der Russisch Kaiserlichen Kriegesschlupp Predpriaetie in den Jahren 182 beobachtet von Friedr Eschscholtz Zoological Atlas containing illustrations and descriptions of new species of animals during the flotation capitain of Kotzebue s second voyage around the world on the Russian Imperial Warslope Predpriaetie in the years 182 observed by Friedr Eschscholtz in German doi 10 5962 bhl title 38058 ISBN 978 0665183713 Lewis C T amp Short C 1879 jubatus A Latin Dictionary Founded on Andrews edition of Freund s Latin dictionary Revised enlarged and in great part rewritten ed Oxford Clarendon Press a b Miller G S 1907 The families and genera of bats Bulletin of the United States National Museum U S Government Printing Office 57 59 a b Wilson D E Reeder D M eds 2005 Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Andersen K 1909 Notes on the genus Acerodon with a synopsis of its species and subspecies and descriptions of four new forms The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Zoology Botany and Geology 8 3 Elliot D G 1896 On sundry collections of mammals received by the Field Columbian Museum from different localities with descriptions of supposed new species and sub species Publication Field Columbian Museum Zoological Series 1 3 Heaney L R Balete D S Dollar M L Alcala A C Dans A T L Gonzales P C Ingle N R Lepiten M V Oliver W L R Ong P S Rickart E A Tabaranza Jr B R Utzurrum R C B 1998 A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands Fieldiana Zoology 88 12 14 a b Hollister Ned 1911 A review of the Philippine land mammals in the United States National Museum U S Government Printing Office pp 135 146 a b c Nowak R M ed 1999 Walker s Mammals of the World Vol 1 6th ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 264 271 ISBN 978 0 8018 5789 8 a b Fleming Theodore H Racey Paul A eds 2010 Island Bats Evolution Ecology and Conservation University of Chicago Press pp 17 415 ISBN 9780226253312 Sivaperuman C Venkataraman K 2018 Indian Hotspots Vertebrate Faunal Diversity Conservation and Management Vol 1 Springer p 66 ISBN 9789811066054 a b c Rickart E A 1993 The distribution and ecology of mammals on Leyte Biliran and Maripipi Islands Philippines Fieldiana Zoology 72 23 24 Heaney Lawrence R Balete Danilo S Rickart Eric A 2016 The Mammals of Luzon Island Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna JHU Press p 205 ISBN 9781421418377 a b c d Stier S Mildenstein T L 2005 Dietary habitat of the world s largest bats the Philippine flying foxes Acerodon jubatus and Pteropus vampyrus lanensis Journal of Mammalogy 86 4 719 728 doi 10 1644 1545 1542 2005 086 0719 DHOTWL 2 0 CO 2 JSTOR 4094377 S2CID 86065499 Springer M S Teeling E C Madsen O Stanhope M J de Jong W W May 2001 Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 11 6241 6 Bibcode 2001PNAS 98 6241S doi 10 1073 pnas 111551998 PMC 33452 PMID 11353869 a b c d e Mickleburgh S P Hutson A M Racey P A 1992 Old World fruit bats An action plan for their conservation PDF Report Gland Switzerland IUCN pp 37 38 Hengjan Yupadee Iida Keisuke Doysabas Karla Cristine C Phichitrasilp Thanmaporn Ohmori Yasushige Hondo Eiichi 2017 Diurnal behavior and activity budget of the golden crowned flying fox Acerodon jubatus in the Subic bay forest reserve area the Philippines Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 79 10 1667 1674 doi 10 1292 jvms 17 0329 eISSN 1347 7439 ISSN 0916 7250 PMC 5658557 PMID 28804092 a b Rabor D S 1977 Philippine Birds amp Mammals UP Science Education Center pp 210 211 ISBN 9780824805357 a b Heaney Lawrence R Balete Danilo S Rickart Eric A 2016 The Mammals of Luzon Island Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna JHU Press p 188 ISBN 978 1421418377 Retrieved 22 February 2019 Stier Sam C Mildenstein Tammy L August 2005 DIETARY HABITS OF THE WORLD S LARGEST BATS THE PHILIPPINE FLYING FOXES ACERODON JUBATUS AND PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS LANENSIS Journal of Mammalogy 86 4 719 728 doi 10 1644 1545 1542 2005 086 0719 DHOTWL 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0022 2372 Heinen Virginia Acerodon jubatus golden capped fruit bat Animal Diversity Web Retrieved 2023 03 18 Alvarez James D V Lit Ireneo L Alviola Phillip A Cosico Edison A Eres Eduardo G December 2016 A contribution to the ectoparasite fauna of bats Mammalia Chiroptera in Mindoro Island Philippines I Blood sucking Diptera Nycteribiidae Streblidae and Siphonaptera Ischnopsyllidae International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 36 4 188 194 doi 10 1017 S1742758416000187 ISSN 1742 7592 PMC 7091725 PMID 32218804 Jayme Sarah I Field Hume E de Jong Carol Olival Kevin J Marsh Glenn Tagtag Anson M Hughes Tom Bucad Anthony C Barr Jennifer 2015 07 17 Molecular evidence of Ebola Reston virus infection in Philippine bats Virology Journal 12 107 doi 10 1186 s12985 015 0331 3 ISSN 1743 422X PMC 4504098 PMID 26184657 a b c Mildenstein T Stier S Nuevodiego C Mills L 2005 Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying foxes in Subic Bay Philippines Biological Conservation 126 93 102 doi 10 1016 j biocon 2005 05 001 Lasco R D R D 2001 Secondary forests in the Philippines formation and transformation in the 20th century PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 13 4 652 670 O malley R King T Turner C S Tyler S Benares J Cummings M Raines P 2006 The diversity and distribution of the fruit bat fauna Mammalia Chiroptera Megachiroptera of Danjugan Island Cauayan Negros Occidental Philippines with notes on the Microchiroptera Biodiversity and Conservation 15 1 43 56 doi 10 1007 s10531 004 2931 x S2CID 42455606 Protection and Conservation of Philippine Wild Birds Mammals and Reptiles Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators 13 September 1991 Retrieved 26 July 2019 Amendments to Appendices I and II of the Convention PDF Report CITES 1994 Aziz S A Olival K J Bumrungsri S Richards G C Racey P A 2016 The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers Species Legislation and Mitigation In Voigt C Kingston T eds Bats in the Anthropocene Conservation of Bats in a Changing World Springer ISBN 978 3 319 25220 9 Annual Report 2013 2014 PDF batcon org Bat Conservation International August 2014 Archived from the original PDF on July 7 2017 Retrieved May 1 2017 Golden crowned Flying Fox A megabat species that plays an important ecological role in the Philippines Bat Conservation International 2015 Retrieved 26 July 2019 External links Edit nbsp Media related to Acerodon jubatus at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Acerodon jubatus at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Giant golden crowned flying fox amp oldid 1159623675, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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