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Brahminy kite

January 01, 1970

The brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), also known as the red-backed sea-eagle in Australia, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. They are found in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands, where they feed on dead fish and other prey. Adults have a reddish-brown body plumage contrasting with their white head and breast which make them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey.

Brahminy kite
Kerala, India
Sri Lanka
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Haliastur
Species:
H. indus
Binomial name
Haliastur indus
(Boddaert, 1783)

Taxonomy edit

In 1760, French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson described and illustrated the Brahminy kite in the first volume of his Oiseaux based on a specimen collected in Pondicherry, India. He used the French name L'aigle de Pondichery.[2] The brahminy kite was included by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.[3] It was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[4] Neither Brisson nor Buffon included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Falco indus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[5] The brahminy kite is now placed with the whistling kite in the genus Haliastur that was erected by the English naturalist Prideaux John Selby in 1840.[6][7]

Four subspecies are recognized:[7]

Image Subspecies Distribution
  Haliastur indus indus (Boddaert, 1783) South Asia
  Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth, 1865 Malay Peninsula , Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi and the Philippines
  Haliastur indus girrenera (Vieillot, 1822) New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and north Australia
Haliastur indus flavirostris Condon & Amadon, 1954 Solomon Islands

Description edit

The brahminy kite is distinctive and contrastingly coloured, with chestnut plumage except for the white head and breast and black wing tips. The juveniles are browner, but can be distinguished from both the resident and migratory races of black kites in Asia by the paler appearance, shorter wings, and rounded tail. The pale patch on the underwing carpal region is of a squarish shape and separated from Buteo buzzards. The brahminy kite is about the same size as the black kite (Milvus migrans) and has a typical kite flight, with wings angled, but its tail is rounded unlike the Milvus species, red kite, and black kite, which have forked tails.[8] The two genera are, however, very close.[9]

The call is a mewing keeyew.[8]

Distribution and status edit

This kite is a familiar sight in the skies of Sri Lanka, Nepal, India, Iran, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and southeast Asia and as far south as New South Wales, Australia, through which region it is widespread and resident. They perform seasonal movements associated with rainfall in some parts of their range.[10]

They are mainly seen in the plains, but can sometimes occur above 5000 feet in the Himalayas.[11]

It is evaluated as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, the species is on the decline in some parts such as Java.[12]

Behaviour edit

 
Brahminy kite eating, Kabini Reservoir, India

The breeding season in South Asia is from December to April.[13] In southern and eastern Australia, it is August to October, and April to June in the north and west.[14] The nests are constructed of small branches and sticks with a bowl inside and lined with leaves, and are located in various trees, often mangroves.[14] They show considerable site fidelity nesting in the same area year after year. In some rare instances, they have been seen to nest on the ground under trees.[15][16] A clutch of two dull-white or bluish-white oval eggs measuring 52 x 41 mm is laid. Both parents take part in nest building and feeding, but likely only the female incubates. The incubation period is about 26 to 27 days.[17]

It is primarily a scavenger, feeding mainly on dead fish and crabs, especially in wetlands and marshland,[13] but occasionally hunts live prey such as hares and bats.[18][19] They may also indulge in kleptoparasitism and attempt to steal prey from other birds.[20] Brahminy kites have even been recorded taking advantage of Irrawaddy dolphins herding fish to the surface, in the Mekong River.[21] A rare instance of a bird feeding on honey at the hive of Apis florea has been recorded.[22] It also eats rice or cooked food left as an offering in India. [23]

Young birds may indulge in play behaviour, dropping leaves and attempting to catch them in the air.[24] When fishing over water, they may sometimes land in the water, but manage to swim and take off without much trouble.[25]

They roost communally on large and isolated trees and as many as 600 have been seen at one location.[26]

They may mob larger raptors such as the Aquila eagles. In some incidents where brahminy kites mobbed steppe eagles (Aquila rapax), they were attacked and injured or killed.[27]

A number of ectoparasitic bird lice in the genera Kurodaia, Colpocephalum, and Degeeriella have been reported.[28]

In culture edit

Further information: Garuda

Known as elang bondol in Indonesia, the brahminy kite is the official mascot of Jakarta. In Hinduism, it is considered as the contemporary representation of Garuda, the sacred bird of Vishnu.

In Malaysia, the island of Langkawi off the northeast coast of the peninsula is named after the bird (kawi denoting an ochre-like stone used to decorate pottery, and a reference to the bird's primary plumage colour). For the Ibans of the Upper Rajang, Sarawak, Malaysia, a brahminy kite is believed to be the manifestation of Singalang Burung when he comes down to earth. Singalang Burung is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities in every dimension. He is also known as the god of war.[29]

A fable from central Bougainville Island[30] relates how a mother left her baby under a banana tree while gardening, and the baby floated into the sky crying and transformed into Kaa'nang, the brahminy kite, its necklace becoming the bird's feathers.[31]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Brahminy kites in flight
  •  
    Haliastur indus intermedius in flight, Phang Nga, Thailand
  •  
    A subadult, Kerala, India
  •  
    Haliastur indus indus in flight at Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Haliastur indus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695094A93489054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695094A93489054.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 450–452, plate 35.
  3. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1770). "Oiseaux étrangers". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 190.
  4. ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Aigle des grandes Indes". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 5. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 416.
  5. ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 25, Number 416.
  6. ^ Selby, Prideaux John (1840). A Catalogue of the Generic and Sub-Generic Types of the Class Aves, Birds, Arranged According to the Natural System. Newcastle: T. and J. Hodgson. p. 3.
  7. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). . World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
  8. ^ a b Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 86.
  9. ^ Wink M, Sauer-Gürth H (2000). "Advances in the molecular systematics of African Raptors". In Chancellor RD, Meyburg B-U (eds.). Raptors at Risk (PDF). WWGBP/HancockHouse. pp. 135–147.
  10. ^ Hill, LA (1966). "Heralders of the monsoon". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 6 (8): 6–7.
  11. ^ Dodsworth, PTL (1912). "Extension of the habitat of the brahminy kite (Haliastur indus)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (2): 665–666.
  12. ^ van Balen, B. S.; I. S. Suwelo; D. S. Hadi; D. Soepomo; R. Marlon & Mutiarina (1993). "Decline of the Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus on Java". Forktail. 8: 83–88.
  13. ^ a b Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 370–371.
  14. ^ a b Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 200. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
  15. ^ Balachandran, S; Sakthivel, R (1994). "Site-fidelity to the unusual nesting site of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus (Boddaert)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 91 (1): 139.
  16. ^ Morrison, William; Rosalind, Lima; Balachandran, S (1992). "Unusual nesting site of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (1): 117–118.
  17. ^ Ali, S & S D Ripley (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 230–232.
  18. ^ Manakadan, Ranjit; Natarajan, V (1992). "Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus (Boddaert) preying on bats". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (3): 367.
  19. ^ Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". Mammal Review. 46 (3): 160–174. doi:10.1111/mam.12060.
  20. ^ Kalsi, R S & Rahul Kaul (1992). "Kleptoparasitism by Brahminy Kite on Purple Herons". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 32 (12): 8.
  21. ^ Ryan, Gerard Edward (2012). "Brahminy Kites Haliastur indus fishing with Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris in the Mekong River". Forktail. 28 (1): 161.
  22. ^ Nayak, Geetha (1999). "Brahminy Kite feeding on honey from an active bees hive". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 39 (3): 52.
  23. ^ V. Sitaram (2020) url=http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=635288
  24. ^ Neelakantan, KK (1953). "Juvenile Brahminy Kites (Haliastus indus) learning things the modern way". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51 (3): 739.
  25. ^ Prater, SH (1926). "Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus swimming". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 31 (2): 526.
  26. ^ Foulkes, R (1905). "A congregation of Brahminy Kites Haliastur indus". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 16 (4): 757.
  27. ^ Rajan, S Alagar; Balasubramanian, P; Natarajan, V (1992). "Eastern Steppe Eagle Aquila rapax nipalensis Hodgson killing mobbing Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus (Boddaert) at Pt. Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (2): 247–248.
  28. ^ Emerson KC, Ward RA (1958). "Notes on Philippine Mallophaga. I. Species from Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and Charadriiformes". Fieldiana Zoology. 42 (4).
  29. ^ Sutlive & Sutlive (eds.), 2001, The Encyclopaedia of Iban Studies, Tun Jugah Foundation, volume 2, p. 938
  30. ^ Hadden, Don (2004). Birds and Bird Lore of Bougainville and the North Solomons. Alderley, Qld: Dove Publications. ISBN 0-9590257-5-8.
  31. ^ Hadden, p. 244

Further reading edit

  • Jayabalan, JA (1995) Breeding ecology of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus in Cauvery Delta, south India. Ph.D. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University. Mannampandal, Tamil Nadu.
  • Raghunathan, K (1985) Miscellaneous notes: a peculiar feeding habit of Brahminy Kite. Blackbuck. 1(3), 26–28.
  • Jayakumar, S (1987) Feeding ecology of wintering Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) near Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. M.Sc. Thesis, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli.
  • Hicks, R. K. 1992. Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus fishing? Muruk 5:143-144.
  • van Balen, B. S., and W. M. Rombang. 2001. Nocturnal feeding by Brahminy Kites. Australian Bird Watcher 18:126.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Haliastur indus at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Haliastur indus at Wikispecies
  • Video of re-introduction of Brahminy Kites in their natural habitat in Indonesia from BBC Sci-Tech[permanent dead link]
  • BirdLife Species Factsheet 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine

Historical material edit

  • Pondicherry eagle, colour drawing by Thomas Watling, between 1792 and 1797.

January 01, 1970
brahminy, kite, brahminy, kite, haliastur, indus, also, known, backed, eagle, australia, medium, sized, bird, prey, family, accipitridae, which, also, includes, many, other, diurnal, raptors, such, eagles, buzzards, harriers, they, found, indian, subcontinent,. The brahminy kite Haliastur indus also known as the red backed sea eagle in Australia is a medium sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles buzzards and harriers They are found in the Indian subcontinent Southeast Asia and Australia They are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands where they feed on dead fish and other prey Adults have a reddish brown body plumage contrasting with their white head and breast which make them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey Brahminy kite Kerala India Sri Lanka Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae Genus Haliastur Species H indus Binomial name Haliastur indus Boddaert 1783 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and status 4 Behaviour 5 In culture 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 9 1 Historical materialTaxonomy editIn 1760 French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson described and illustrated the Brahminy kite in the first volume of his Oiseaux based on a specimen collected in Pondicherry India He used the French name L aigle de Pondichery 2 The brahminy kite was included by the French polymath Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux 3 It was also illustrated in a hand coloured plate engraved by Francois Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminees D Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon s text 4 Neither Brisson nor Buffon included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Falco indus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminees 5 The brahminy kite is now placed with the whistling kite in the genus Haliastur that was erected by the English naturalist Prideaux John Selby in 1840 6 7 Four subspecies are recognized 7 Image Subspecies Distribution nbsp Haliastur indus indus Boddaert 1783 South Asia nbsp Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth 1865 Malay Peninsula Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands Sulawesi and the Philippines nbsp Haliastur indus girrenera Vieillot 1822 New Guinea Bismarck Archipelago and north Australia Haliastur indus flavirostris Condon amp Amadon 1954 Solomon IslandsDescription editThe brahminy kite is distinctive and contrastingly coloured with chestnut plumage except for the white head and breast and black wing tips The juveniles are browner but can be distinguished from both the resident and migratory races of black kites in Asia by the paler appearance shorter wings and rounded tail The pale patch on the underwing carpal region is of a squarish shape and separated from Buteo buzzards The brahminy kite is about the same size as the black kite Milvus migrans and has a typical kite flight with wings angled but its tail is rounded unlike the Milvus species red kite and black kite which have forked tails 8 The two genera are however very close 9 The call is a mewing keeyew 8 Distribution and status editThis kite is a familiar sight in the skies of Sri Lanka Nepal India Iran Pakistan Bangladesh and southeast Asia and as far south as New South Wales Australia through which region it is widespread and resident They perform seasonal movements associated with rainfall in some parts of their range 10 They are mainly seen in the plains but can sometimes occur above 5000 feet in the Himalayas 11 It is evaluated as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species However the species is on the decline in some parts such as Java 12 Behaviour edit nbsp Brahminy kite eating Kabini Reservoir India The breeding season in South Asia is from December to April 13 In southern and eastern Australia it is August to October and April to June in the north and west 14 The nests are constructed of small branches and sticks with a bowl inside and lined with leaves and are located in various trees often mangroves 14 They show considerable site fidelity nesting in the same area year after year In some rare instances they have been seen to nest on the ground under trees 15 16 A clutch of two dull white or bluish white oval eggs measuring 52 x 41 mm is laid Both parents take part in nest building and feeding but likely only the female incubates The incubation period is about 26 to 27 days 17 It is primarily a scavenger feeding mainly on dead fish and crabs especially in wetlands and marshland 13 but occasionally hunts live prey such as hares and bats 18 19 They may also indulge in kleptoparasitism and attempt to steal prey from other birds 20 Brahminy kites have even been recorded taking advantage of Irrawaddy dolphins herding fish to the surface in the Mekong River 21 A rare instance of a bird feeding on honey at the hive of Apis florea has been recorded 22 It also eats rice or cooked food left as an offering in India 23 Young birds may indulge in play behaviour dropping leaves and attempting to catch them in the air 24 When fishing over water they may sometimes land in the water but manage to swim and take off without much trouble 25 They roost communally on large and isolated trees and as many as 600 have been seen at one location 26 They may mob larger raptors such as the Aquila eagles In some incidents where brahminy kites mobbed steppe eagles Aquila rapax they were attacked and injured or killed 27 A number of ectoparasitic bird lice in the genera Kurodaia Colpocephalum and Degeeriella have been reported 28 In culture editFurther information GarudaKnown as elang bondol in Indonesia the brahminy kite is the official mascot of Jakarta In Hinduism it is considered as the contemporary representation of Garuda the sacred bird of Vishnu In Malaysia the island of Langkawi off the northeast coast of the peninsula is named after the bird kawi denoting an ochre like stone used to decorate pottery and a reference to the bird s primary plumage colour For the Ibans of the Upper Rajang Sarawak Malaysia a brahminy kite is believed to be the manifestation of Singalang Burung when he comes down to earth Singalang Burung is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities in every dimension He is also known as the god of war 29 A fable from central Bougainville Island 30 relates how a mother left her baby under a banana tree while gardening and the baby floated into the sky crying and transformed into Kaa nang the brahminy kite its necklace becoming the bird s feathers 31 Gallery edit nbsp Brahminy kites in flight nbsp Haliastur indus intermedius in flight Phang Nga Thailand nbsp A subadult Kerala India nbsp Haliastur indus indus in flight at Kathmandu Valley Nepal References edit BirdLife International 2016 Haliastur indus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22695094A93489054 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22695094A93489054 en Retrieved 11 November 2021 Brisson Mathurin Jacques 1760 Ornithologie ou Methode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres Sections Genres Especes amp leurs Varietes in French and Latin Vol 1 Paris Jean Baptiste Bauche pp 450 452 plate 35 Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de 1770 Oiseaux etrangers Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in French Vol 1 Paris De L Imprimerie Royale p 190 Buffon Georges Louis Leclerc de Martinet Francois Nicolas Daubenton Edme Louis Daubenton Louis Jean Marie 1765 1783 Aigle des grandes Indes Planches Enluminees D Histoire Naturelle Vol 5 Paris De L Imprimerie Royale Plate 416 Boddaert Pieter 1783 Table des planches enlumineez d histoire naturelle de M D Aubenton avec les denominations de M M de Buffon Brisson Edwards Linnaeus et Latham precede d une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enlumines in French Utrecht p 25 Number 416 Selby Prideaux John 1840 A Catalogue of the Generic and Sub Generic Types of the Class Aves Birds Arranged According to the Natural System Newcastle T and J Hodgson p 3 a b Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2019 Hoatzin New World vultures Secretarybird raptors World Bird List Version 9 2 International Ornithologists Union Archived from the original on 24 April 2020 Retrieved 17 July 2019 a b Rasmussen PC amp JC Anderton 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Volume 2 Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions p 86 Wink M Sauer Gurth H 2000 Advances in the molecular systematics of African Raptors In Chancellor RD Meyburg B U eds Raptors at Risk PDF WWGBP HancockHouse pp 135 147 Hill LA 1966 Heralders of the monsoon Newsletter for Birdwatchers 6 8 6 7 Dodsworth PTL 1912 Extension of the habitat of the brahminy kite Haliastur indus J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 21 2 665 666 van Balen B S I S Suwelo D S Hadi D Soepomo R Marlon amp Mutiarina 1993 Decline of the Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus on Java Forktail 8 83 88 a b Whistler Hugh 1949 Popular Handbook of Indian Birds Gurney and Jackson pp 370 371 a b Beruldsen G 2003 Australian Birds Their Nests and Eggs Kenmore Hills Qld self p 200 ISBN 0 646 42798 9 Balachandran S Sakthivel R 1994 Site fidelity to the unusual nesting site of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Boddaert J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 91 1 139 Morrison William Rosalind Lima Balachandran S 1992 Unusual nesting site of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 89 1 117 118 Ali S amp S D Ripley 1978 Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan Vol 1 2nd ed Oxford University Press pp 230 232 Manakadan Ranjit Natarajan V 1992 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Boddaert preying on bats J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 89 3 367 Mikula P Morelli F Lucan R K Jones D N Tryjanowski P 2016 Bats as prey of diurnal birds a global perspective Mammal Review 46 3 160 174 doi 10 1111 mam 12060 Kalsi R S amp Rahul Kaul 1992 Kleptoparasitism by Brahminy Kite on Purple Herons Newsletter for Birdwatchers 32 12 8 Ryan Gerard Edward 2012 Brahminy Kites Haliastur indus fishing with Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris in the Mekong River Forktail 28 1 161 Nayak Geetha 1999 Brahminy Kite feeding on honey from an active bees hive Newsletter for Birdwatchers 39 3 52 V Sitaram 2020 url http www indianaturewatch net displayimage php id 635288 Neelakantan KK 1953 Juvenile Brahminy Kites Haliastus indus learning things the modern way J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 51 3 739 Prater SH 1926 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus swimming J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 31 2 526 Foulkes R 1905 A congregation of Brahminy Kites Haliastur indus J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 16 4 757 Rajan S Alagar Balasubramanian P Natarajan V 1992 Eastern Steppe Eagle Aquila rapax nipalensis Hodgson killing mobbing Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Boddaert at Pt Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary Tamil Nadu J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 89 2 247 248 Emerson KC Ward RA 1958 Notes on Philippine Mallophaga I Species from Ciconiiformes Anseriformes Falconiformes Galliformes Gruiformes and Charadriiformes Fieldiana Zoology 42 4 Sutlive amp Sutlive eds 2001 The Encyclopaedia of Iban Studies Tun Jugah Foundation volume 2 p 938 Hadden Don 2004 Birds and Bird Lore of Bougainville and the North Solomons Alderley Qld Dove Publications ISBN 0 9590257 5 8 Hadden p 244Further reading editJayabalan JA 1995 Breeding ecology of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus in Cauvery Delta south India Ph D Dissertation Bharathidasan University Mannampandal Tamil Nadu Raghunathan K 1985 Miscellaneous notes a peculiar feeding habit of Brahminy Kite Blackbuck 1 3 26 28 Jayakumar S 1987 Feeding ecology of wintering Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus near Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary M Sc Thesis Bharathidasan University Tiruchirapalli Hicks R K 1992 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus fishing Muruk 5 143 144 van Balen B S and W M Rombang 2001 Nocturnal feeding by Brahminy Kites Australian Bird Watcher 18 126 External links edit nbsp Media related to Haliastur indus at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Haliastur indus at Wikispecies Video of re introduction of Brahminy Kites in their natural habitat in Indonesia from BBC Sci Tech permanent dead link BirdLife Species Factsheet Archived 2007 09 29 at the Wayback Machine Historical material edit Pondicherry eagle colour drawing by Thomas Watling between 1792 and 1797 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brahminy kite amp oldid 1213303966, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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