Allocasuarina verticillata
Allocasuarina verticillata, commonly known as drooping sheoak,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a small dioecious tree that has drooping branchlets up to 400 mm (16 in) long, the leaves reduced to scales in whorls of nine to thirteen, the mature fruiting cones 20–50 mm (0.79–1.97 in) long containing winged seeds 7–12 mm (0.28–0.47 in) long.
| Allocasuarina verticillata | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Casuarinaceae |
| Genus: | Allocasuarina |
| Species: | A. verticillata |
| Binomial name | |
| Allocasuarina verticillata | |
| Occurrence data from AVH | |
| Synonyms | |
| List
| |
Description edit
Allocasuarina verticillata is a small dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of 4–10 m (13–33 ft) and has fissured bark, the penultimate branchlets woody. The branchlets are up to 400 mm (16 in) long, the leaves reduced to spreading teeth 0.7–1.2 mm (0.028–0.047 in) long, usually arranged in whorls of nine to thirteen around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls are 15–40 mm (0.59–1.57 in) long, 0.7–1.5 mm (0.028–0.059 in) in diameter but broader at the end near the teeth. Male flowers are arranged in spikes 30–120 mm (1.2–4.7 in) long, with about 2.5 to 4 whorls per centimetre (per 0.39 in.), the anthers 1.2–2.5 mm (0.047–0.098 in) long. Female cones are sessile or on a peduncle up to 10 mm (0.39 in) long, the mature cones cylindrical to barrel-shaped, 25–50 mm (0.98–1.97 in) long and 17–30 mm (0.67–1.18 in) in diameter, containing dark brown, winged seeds 7–12 mm (0.28–0.47 in) long. Flowering occurs in all months.[3][4][5][6]
Taxonomy and naming edit
Drooping sheoak was first formally described in 1788 by French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck who gave it the name Casuarina verticillata in Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique from a tree grown in the Jardin du Roi.[7][8] In 1982, Lawrie Johnson transferred the species to Allocasuarina as A. verticillata in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.[9][10] The specific epithet (verticillata) means "verticillate".[11]
The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records common names of the plant included "shingle oak," "coast she-oak," " river oak," " salt-water swamp oak" and was called "worgnal" by the indigenous people of the Richmond and Clarence River areas of New South Wales. It also records that, "In cases of severe thirst, great relief may be obtained from chewing the foliage of this and other species, which, being of an acid nature, produces a flow of saliva — a fact well-known to bushmen who have traversed waterless portions of the country. This acid is closely allied to citric acid, and may prove identical with it. Children chew the young cones, which they call 'oak apples'."[12]
Distribution and habitat edit
Allocasuarina verticillata usually grows in grassy woodland, sometimes forming pure stands and sometimes with eucalypts. It is also found on rocky sea coasts and on dry ridges inland. In New South Wales it occurs on rocky hills south from Cobar and on coastal shale south from Sydney. It is widespread in Victoria, extending westwards to the Flinders Ranges, Gawler Ranges, western Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island in South Australia. In Tasmania, the species is found near Launceston and on the east coast as far south Hobart and the Tasman Peninsula.[3][4][5][6][13]
Uses edit
Aboriginal Australians make use of the tree for a range of tasks.[14] The Ngunnawal people make tools including boomerangs from the tree's timber.[14] Mature cones are used as children's toys.[14]
Ecology edit
On Kangaroo Island, A. verticillata is the preferred food of the glossy black cockatoo, which holds the cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue.[15]
Biochemistry edit
Pedunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin and casuariin are ellagitannins have been found in this species.[16]
Gallery edit
-
Penultimate woody branchlets
-
Photosynthetic stems (phylloclades)
-
Female inflorescence
-
Female inflorescence and cones developing on inner branches
-
Mature cone
References edit
- ^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (2020). "Allocasuarina verticillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T177363628A177368921. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T177363628A177368921.en. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
- ^ a b "Allocasuarina verticillata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "Allocasuarina verticillata". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ a b Entwisle, Timothy J.; Stajsic, Val. "Allocasuarina verticillata". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ a b Wilson, Karen L.; Johnson, Lawrence A.S. "Allocasuarina verticillata". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Allocasuarina verticillata". State Herbarium of South Australia. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ "Casuarina verticillata". APNI. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1788). Poiret, Jean L.M. (ed.). Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique. Paris, Liège: Panckoucke. p. 501. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ "Allocasuarina verticillata". APNI. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ Johnson, Lawrence A.S. (1982). "Notes on Casuarinaceae II". Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 6 (1): 79. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
- ^ Sharr, Francis Aubi; George, Alex (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and Their Meanings (3rd ed.). Kardinya, WA: Four Gables Press. p. 335. ISBN 9780958034180.
- ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
- ^ Jordan, Greg. "Allocasuarina verticillata". University of Tasmania. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Ngunnawal Elders (2014). Ngunnawal Plant Use (2nd ed.). Canberra: ACT Government. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-921117-15-2.
- ^ Crowley, GM; Garnett S (2001). "Food value and tree selection by Glossy Black-Cockatoos Calyptorhynchus lathami". Austral Ecology. 26 (1): 116–26. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01093.x.
- ^ Okuda, T.; T. Yoshida; M. Ashida; K. Yazaki (1983). "Tannins of Casuarina and Stachyurus species. I: Structures of pendunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin, casuariin, and stachyurin". Journal of the Chemical Society (8): 1765–72. doi:10.1039/P19830001765.
External links edit
- Occurrence data for Allocasuarina verticillata from The Australasian Virtual Herbarium