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Eucalyptus cladocalyx

Eucalyptus cladocalyx, commonly known as sugar gum, is a species of eucalypt tree found in the Australian state of South Australia. It is found naturally in three distinct populations - in the Flinders Ranges, Eyre Peninsula and on Kangaroo Island.

Sugar gum
Eucalyptus cladocalyx habit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species:
E. cladocalyx
Binomial name
Eucalyptus cladocalyx
E. cladocalyx, field distribution
Synonyms[2]

Eucalyptus corynocalyx F.Muell. nom. illeg., nom. superfl.

Eucalyptus cladocalyx leaves and bark
Kino oozing from a small fissure on a Eucalyptus cladocalyx
Eucalyptus cladocalyx fruit
Two sugar gums growing next to the Wollundry Lagoon in Wagga Wagga

Description

The tree notable for its mottled colourful yellow to orange bark, strongly discolourous leaves and inflorescences grouped on leafless branchlets inside the tree crown. The old bark is smooth and grey, shedding in irregular patches to expose the fresh yellowy-brown bark. Flowers are creamy-white in summer. The capsules are barrel to urn shaped.

Sugar gums in the Flinders Ranges reach up to 35 metres (115 ft) in height[3] and have the classic "gum" habit, with a straight trunk having a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 1 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) and steep branches occurring about halfway up. Each main branch ends with its own little canopy. They are commonly cultivated as farm windbreaks and for timber. However, Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island trees are much shorter, typically between 8 and 15 m (26 and 49 ft) in height, and often have crooked trunks and a dbh of 0.4 m (1 ft 4 in).[3] The crown has an open spreading habit with a typical spread of 12 to 15 m (39 to 49 ft).[4]

The strongly discolorous, glossy adult leaves are arranged alternately supported on a petiole that is 0.9 to 2.7 cm (0.35 to 1.06 in) in length. The leaf blade is darker green on upper side and paler below with slightly falcate to lanceolate shape, a length of 8 to 17 cm (3.1 to 6.7 in) and a width of 1.2 to 3.2 cm (0.47 to 1.26 in), with a base usually tapering to the petiole. The side-veins in the leaf are at an acute or wider angle and densely reticulate. The intramarginal vein is parallel to but removed from margin, with small and obscure oil glands.[5]

It flowers in summer, producing white-cream-yellow flowers.[4] The axillary unbranched inflorescence occur in groups of buds 7, 9 or 11 buds per umbel. The oblong pale green, yellow to creamy mature buds have a length of 0.8 to 1.1 cm (0.31 to 0.43 in) and a width of 0.4 to 0.5 cm (0.16 to 0.20 in). The buds are often longitudinally striated and scarred, with a rounded operculum, inflexed stamens and cuboid to oblong anthers. The urceolate or barrel-shaped, longitudinally ribbed fruits that form after flowering are 0.7 to 1.5 cm (0.28 to 0.59 in) in length and 0.5 to 1 cm (0.20 to 0.39 in) wide, with a descending disc and three or four enclosed valves. The light grey to brown seeds within the fruit have a flattened-ovoid shape that can be pointed at one end and are 1.5 to 3 mm (0.059 to 0.118 in) long.[5]

Taxonomy

The species was first formally described in 1853 by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, in the journal Linnaea: Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde.[6][7]

In 1860, von Mueller referred to Eucalyptus corynocalyx in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae,[8] citing several earlier publications, including the Linnaea journal article, but all only have a description of E. cladocalyx. Eucalyptus corynocalyx is therefore a nomen illegitimum and a synonym of E. cladocalyx.[9]

The specific epithet is taken from the Ancient Greek words klados, meaning branch, "twig" or "stem"[10]: 162  and kalyx, meaning "cup", "cover" or "outer envelope of a flower",[10]: 181  in reference to the leafless branchlets that bear the flowers.[5]

In 2013, Dean Nicolle describe three subspecies of E. cladocalyx and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:[11]

  • Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. subsp. cladocalyx[12] is a lower-growing, more spreading tree than the other subspecies and has short, broad leaves and larger fruit;
  • Eucalyptus cladocalyx subsp. crassa D.Nicolle[13] is the tallest-growing subspecies and has long, narrow leaves and large fruit;
  • Eucalyptus cladocalyx subsp. petila D.Nicolle[14] is a tall subspecies with erect branches, narrow adult leaves and relatively small fruit.[11]

Distribution

Eucalyptus cladocalyx is endemic to a few limited areas in southern South Australia. There are three distinct populations: in the southern and central-eastern parts of the Eyre Peninsula, through much of the Flinders Ranges, and on Kangaroo Island. It is most likely part of relic forests of wetter climates from the past.[5][15]

E. cladocalx has now become naturalised in the South West region of Western Australia, in southern Victoria, and in some parts of south-eastern South Australia, beyond its native range. It is also naturalised overseas in northern and southern Africa, California, Hawaii,[16] Arizona, Israel, Chile, Greece, Portugal and Spain.[17]

Subspecies cladocalyx is restricted to the southern and eastern Eyre Peninsula, subspecies crassa to Kangaroo Island and subspecies petila to the southern Flinders Ranges.[11]

Uses

The tree has been widely planted across southern Australia, often as a windbreak or shelterbelt, but also for timber and firewood production. The wood is termite resistant, with moderate strength and durability, and can be used for furniture, flooring, posts, construction timber and railway sleepers.[3]

It is a fast-growing tree but is best planted in open sun in clay, loamy or sandy soils.[4] It is an efficient user of water[17] and drought and frost tolerant, with flowers that attract bees. It is also known to be a suitable breeding habitat for the Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo.[4]

E. cladocalyx is well adapted to regular bushfires and can resprout epicormically. It also produces a large number of seedlings through wind dispersal of seeds.[17]

The hard and heavy heartwood is a pale yellow-brown colour and has fine uniform texture with an interlocked grain. The density of air-dried wood is around 1,105 kg/m3 (1,863 lb/cu yd) and is moderately durable.[18][19]

The dwarf subspecies cladocalyx is sold in the nursery trade as E. cladocalyx 'Nana'.[11]

Weed potential

E. cladocalyx has invaded bushland in Western Australian, where it was introduced. It has the capacity to spread up to 70 metres away from locations where it has been planted, and seems to survive bush fires more effectively than several endemic eucalypt species. It has become an invasive species in South Africa, where it is now registered as a category 2 invader plant.[20]

References

  1. ^ Fensham, R., Laffineur, B. & Collingwood, T. 2019. Eucalyptus cladocalyx. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T133378591A133378593. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T133378591A133378593.en. Downloaded on 22 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Eucalyptus cladocalyx". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Eucalyptus cladocalyx". Florabank. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d "Eucalyptus cladocalyx". Factsheet. Botanic Gardens of South Australia. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d "Eucalyptus cladocalyx". Euclid. CSIRO. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  6. ^ "Eucalyptus cladocalyx". APNI. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  7. ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1853). "Diagnoses et descriptiones plantarum novarum, quas in Nova Hollandia". Linnaea: Ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange. 25: 388. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  8. ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1860). Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae (Volume 2). Vol. 2. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. p. 43. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  9. ^ "Eucalyptus corynocalyx". APNI. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  10. ^ a b Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  11. ^ a b c d Nicolle, Dean (2013). Native eucalypts of South Australia. Adelaide: Dean Nicolle. pp. 30–35. ISBN 9780646904108.
  12. ^ "Eucalyptus cladocalyx". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  13. ^ "Eucalyptus cladocalyx subsp. crassa". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  14. ^ "Eucalyptus cladocalyx subsp. petila". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  15. ^ Brooker, M. Ian H. (2006). Field guide to eucalypts (Volume 1) (3rd ed.). Bloomings Books Pty Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 9781876473525.
  16. ^ "Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell". Weeds of Australia. Queensland Government. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  17. ^ a b c "Eucalyptus cladocalyx (sugar gum)". Invasive Species Compendium. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  18. ^ "Sugar gum Eucalyptus cladocalyx". Forest Products Commission Western Australia. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  19. ^ "Gum, Sugar". Wood Solutions. Forest and Wood Products Australia Ltd. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  20. ^ "Eucalyptus cladocalyx (sugar gum)". Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  • Holliday, I. A field guide to Australian trees (3rd edition), Reed New Holland, 2002
  • Cronin, L. Key Guide to Australian Trees, Envirobook, 2000
  • Rawlings, M. Regional allozyme divergence in Sugar Gum, Eucalyptus cladocalyx, 2005, Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research

eucalyptus, cladocalyx, commonly, known, sugar, species, eucalypt, tree, found, australian, state, south, australia, found, naturally, three, distinct, populations, flinders, ranges, eyre, peninsula, kangaroo, island, sugar, habitconservation, statusvulnerable. Eucalyptus cladocalyx commonly known as sugar gum is a species of eucalypt tree found in the Australian state of South Australia It is found naturally in three distinct populations in the Flinders Ranges Eyre Peninsula and on Kangaroo Island Sugar gumEucalyptus cladocalyx habitConservation statusVulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder MyrtalesFamily MyrtaceaeGenus EucalyptusSpecies E cladocalyxBinomial nameEucalyptus cladocalyxF Muell 2 E cladocalyx field distributionSynonyms 2 Eucalyptus corynocalyx F Muell nom illeg nom superfl Eucalyptus cladocalyx leaves and bark Kino oozing from a small fissure on a Eucalyptus cladocalyx Eucalyptus cladocalyx fruit Two sugar gums growing next to the Wollundry Lagoon in Wagga Wagga Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Uses 5 Weed potential 6 ReferencesDescription EditThe tree notable for its mottled colourful yellow to orange bark strongly discolourous leaves and inflorescences grouped on leafless branchlets inside the tree crown The old bark is smooth and grey shedding in irregular patches to expose the fresh yellowy brown bark Flowers are creamy white in summer The capsules are barrel to urn shaped Sugar gums in the Flinders Ranges reach up to 35 metres 115 ft in height 3 and have the classic gum habit with a straight trunk having a diameter at breast height dbh of 1 to 1 5 m 3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in and steep branches occurring about halfway up Each main branch ends with its own little canopy They are commonly cultivated as farm windbreaks and for timber However Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island trees are much shorter typically between 8 and 15 m 26 and 49 ft in height and often have crooked trunks and a dbh of 0 4 m 1 ft 4 in 3 The crown has an open spreading habit with a typical spread of 12 to 15 m 39 to 49 ft 4 The strongly discolorous glossy adult leaves are arranged alternately supported on a petiole that is 0 9 to 2 7 cm 0 35 to 1 06 in in length The leaf blade is darker green on upper side and paler below with slightly falcate to lanceolate shape a length of 8 to 17 cm 3 1 to 6 7 in and a width of 1 2 to 3 2 cm 0 47 to 1 26 in with a base usually tapering to the petiole The side veins in the leaf are at an acute or wider angle and densely reticulate The intramarginal vein is parallel to but removed from margin with small and obscure oil glands 5 It flowers in summer producing white cream yellow flowers 4 The axillary unbranched inflorescence occur in groups of buds 7 9 or 11 buds per umbel The oblong pale green yellow to creamy mature buds have a length of 0 8 to 1 1 cm 0 31 to 0 43 in and a width of 0 4 to 0 5 cm 0 16 to 0 20 in The buds are often longitudinally striated and scarred with a rounded operculum inflexed stamens and cuboid to oblong anthers The urceolate or barrel shaped longitudinally ribbed fruits that form after flowering are 0 7 to 1 5 cm 0 28 to 0 59 in in length and 0 5 to 1 cm 0 20 to 0 39 in wide with a descending disc and three or four enclosed valves The light grey to brown seeds within the fruit have a flattened ovoid shape that can be pointed at one end and are 1 5 to 3 mm 0 059 to 0 118 in long 5 Taxonomy EditThe species was first formally described in 1853 by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in the journal Linnaea Ein Journal fur die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange oder Beitrage zur Pflanzenkunde 6 7 In 1860 von Mueller referred to Eucalyptus corynocalyx in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae 8 citing several earlier publications including the Linnaea journal article but all only have a description of E cladocalyx Eucalyptus corynocalyx is therefore a nomen illegitimum and a synonym of E cladocalyx 9 The specific epithet is taken from the Ancient Greek words klados meaning branch twig or stem 10 162 and kalyx meaning cup cover or outer envelope of a flower 10 181 in reference to the leafless branchlets that bear the flowers 5 In 2013 Dean Nicolle describe three subspecies of E cladocalyx and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census 11 Eucalyptus cladocalyx F Muell subsp cladocalyx 12 is a lower growing more spreading tree than the other subspecies and has short broad leaves and larger fruit Eucalyptus cladocalyx subsp crassa D Nicolle 13 is the tallest growing subspecies and has long narrow leaves and large fruit Eucalyptus cladocalyx subsp petila D Nicolle 14 is a tall subspecies with erect branches narrow adult leaves and relatively small fruit 11 Distribution EditEucalyptus cladocalyx is endemic to a few limited areas in southern South Australia There are three distinct populations in the southern and central eastern parts of the Eyre Peninsula through much of the Flinders Ranges and on Kangaroo Island It is most likely part of relic forests of wetter climates from the past 5 15 E cladocalx has now become naturalised in the South West region of Western Australia in southern Victoria and in some parts of south eastern South Australia beyond its native range It is also naturalised overseas in northern and southern Africa California Hawaii 16 Arizona Israel Chile Greece Portugal and Spain 17 Subspecies cladocalyx is restricted to the southern and eastern Eyre Peninsula subspecies crassa to Kangaroo Island and subspecies petila to the southern Flinders Ranges 11 Uses EditThe tree has been widely planted across southern Australia often as a windbreak or shelterbelt but also for timber and firewood production The wood is termite resistant with moderate strength and durability and can be used for furniture flooring posts construction timber and railway sleepers 3 It is a fast growing tree but is best planted in open sun in clay loamy or sandy soils 4 It is an efficient user of water 17 and drought and frost tolerant with flowers that attract bees It is also known to be a suitable breeding habitat for the Yellow tailed Black Cockatoo 4 E cladocalyx is well adapted to regular bushfires and can resprout epicormically It also produces a large number of seedlings through wind dispersal of seeds 17 The hard and heavy heartwood is a pale yellow brown colour and has fine uniform texture with an interlocked grain The density of air dried wood is around 1 105 kg m3 1 863 lb cu yd and is moderately durable 18 19 The dwarf subspecies cladocalyx is sold in the nursery trade as E cladocalyx Nana 11 Weed potential EditE cladocalyx has invaded bushland in Western Australian where it was introduced It has the capacity to spread up to 70 metres away from locations where it has been planted and seems to survive bush fires more effectively than several endemic eucalypt species It has become an invasive species in South Africa where it is now registered as a category 2 invader plant 20 References Edit Fensham R Laffineur B amp Collingwood T 2019 Eucalyptus cladocalyx The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T133378591A133378593 https dx doi org 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T133378591A133378593 en Downloaded on 22 September 2021 a b Eucalyptus cladocalyx Australian Plant Census Retrieved 30 April 2019 a b c Eucalyptus cladocalyx Florabank Retrieved 30 July 2017 a b c d Eucalyptus cladocalyx Factsheet Botanic Gardens of South Australia Retrieved 25 November 2018 a b c d Eucalyptus cladocalyx Euclid CSIRO Retrieved 4 June 2020 Eucalyptus cladocalyx APNI Retrieved 30 April 2019 von Mueller Ferdinand 1853 Diagnoses et descriptiones plantarum novarum quas in Nova Hollandia Linnaea Ein Journal fur die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange 25 388 Retrieved 30 April 2019 von Mueller Ferdinand 1860 Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae Volume 2 Vol 2 Melbourne Victorian Government Printer p 43 Retrieved 30 April 2019 Eucalyptus corynocalyx APNI Retrieved 30 April 2019 a b Brown Roland Wilbur 1956 The Composition of Scientific Words Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Press a b c d Nicolle Dean 2013 Native eucalypts of South Australia Adelaide Dean Nicolle pp 30 35 ISBN 9780646904108 Eucalyptus cladocalyx Australian Plant Census Retrieved 30 April 2019 Eucalyptus cladocalyx subsp crassa Australian Plant Census Retrieved 30 April 2019 Eucalyptus cladocalyx subsp petila Australian Plant Census Retrieved 30 April 2019 Brooker M Ian H 2006 Field guide to eucalypts Volume 1 3rd ed Bloomings Books Pty Ltd p 68 ISBN 9781876473525 Eucalyptus cladocalyx F Muell Weeds of Australia Queensland Government Retrieved 30 July 2017 a b c Eucalyptus cladocalyx sugar gum Invasive Species Compendium Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Retrieved 25 November 2018 Sugar gum Eucalyptus cladocalyx Forest Products Commission Western Australia Retrieved 25 November 2018 Gum Sugar Wood Solutions Forest and Wood Products Australia Ltd Retrieved 19 June 2019 Eucalyptus cladocalyx sugar gum Invasive Species Compendium CAB International Retrieved 2022 07 25 Holliday I A field guide to Australian trees 3rd edition Reed New Holland 2002 Cronin L Key Guide to Australian Trees Envirobook 2000 Rawlings M Regional allozyme divergence in Sugar Gum Eucalyptus cladocalyx 2005 Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eucalyptus cladocalyx amp oldid 1157273154, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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