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German Braille is one of the older braille alphabets. The French-based order of the letter assignments was largely settled on with the 1878 convention that decided the standard for international braille. However, the assignments for German letters beyond the 26 of the basic Latin alphabet are mostly unrelated to French values.
The generic accent sign, ⠈, is used with foreign names such as ⠍⠕⠇⠊⠈⠑⠗⠑Molière that have accented letters not found in German. There are numerous contractions and abbreviations.
Only the first asterisk is marked with dot 6, so print *** is in braille ⠠⠔⠔⠔.
§
Art.
&
@
°
′
″
⠴ is the Artikel sign, marking an article of a document.
... „ ... “
... ‘ ... ’
... ( ... )
... [ ... ]
For the brackets of phonetic transcription, German Braille uses a modified form, ⠰⠶...⠰⠶.
Additional punctuation and symbols, especially mathematical, are explained in the external reference below.
Numbersedit
Numbers are introduced with the sign ⠼. They are dropped to decade 5 for ordinals and for the denominator of fractions.
So, for example, ⠼⠙ is ⟨4⟩, while ⠼⠲ is ⟨4.⟩ (4th), and ⠼⠉⠲ is ⟨3⁄4⟩́.
(num.)
%
‰
The percent sign requires the number sign even after a number: ⠼⠃⠼⠴⟨2%⟩; otherwise it would look like the (undefined) fraction 2⁄0.
In a compound fraction, a repeat of the number sign separate the units from the fraction: ⠼⠁⠼⠁⠆⟨1+1⁄2⟩.
Formattingedit
(num.)
(Caps)
(CAPS)
(ALL CAPS)
(l.c.)
(emphasis)
(end)
The emphasis sign (for italics, underline, or bold) is marked with an extra point, ⠠⠸, when it occurs in the middle of a word. It is doubled, ⠸⠸, when more than one word is emphasized, in which case the ending sign ⠠⠄ will be required at the end of the last word.
The all-caps sign is used for initialisms and the like. Doubled, it is used for all-cap text, such as titles, and the same ending sign, ⠠⠄, is used. Names with initials, such as J.S. Bach, do not require the cap sign. The lower-case sign ⠠ is used to mark mixed case or exceptions to expected capitalization; as such, it replaces the apostrophe that sets off the plural -s in print:
⠘⠊⠉⠠⠎⟨IC's⟩, ⠘⠍⠨⠓⠵⟨MHz⟩, ⠨⠛⠍⠃⠘⠓⟨GmbH⟩.
(Note the initialism sign can be used for a single letter.)
Lower-case metric units are marked as lower-case: ⠠⠅⠘⠺⟨kW⟩. This is useful, as it ends the scope of the number sign ⠼:
⠼⠁⠉⠚⠠⠓⠨⠏⠁⟨130 hPa⟩, ⠼⠁⠉⠚⠠⠅⠘⠧⠁⟨130 kVA⟩.
See alsoedit
A sample of Moon type in various languages including German
Moon type is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing. An adaptation for German-reading blind people has been proposed.
german, braille, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, includes, list, references, related, reading, external, links, sources, remain, unclear,. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources German Braille news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message German Braille is one of the older braille alphabets The French based order of the letter assignments was largely settled on with the 1878 convention that decided the standard for international braille However the assignments for German letters beyond the 26 of the basic Latin alphabet are mostly unrelated to French values German BrailleScript typeAlphabet non linear Time periodca 1878Print basisGerman alphabetLanguagesGermanRelated scriptsParent systemsnight writingbrailleGerman BrailleChild systemsTibetan BrailleUnicodeUnicode rangeU 2800 to U 283F Contents 1 Letters 2 Punctuation 3 Numbers 4 Formatting 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7 1 SourcesLetters edit nbsp A German Braille index at the Nixdorfmuseum In numerical order by decade the letters are nbsp a nbsp b nbsp c en nbsp d nbsp e nbsp f nbsp g nbsp h nbsp i nbsp j nbsp k nbsp l nbsp m nbsp n nbsp o nbsp p nbsp q ll nbsp r nbsp s nbsp t nbsp u nbsp v nbsp x mm nbsp y el nbsp z nbsp amp ge nbsp es nbsp em nbsp ss ss nbsp st nbsp au nbsp eu nbsp ei nbsp ch nbsp sch nbsp ein nbsp er nbsp u nbsp o nbsp w nbsp nbsp be nbsp al nbsp un nbsp or nbsp an nbsp eh nbsp tt nbsp in nbsp ar nbsp ig nbsp au nbsp a nbsp ie nbsp ich nbsp ck nbsp lich nbsp ach The generic accent sign is used with foreign names such as Moliere that have accented letters not found in German There are numerous contractions and abbreviations Punctuation editPunctuation is as follows nbsp a nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Only the first asterisk is marked with dot 6 so print is in braille nbsp nbsp Art nbsp nbsp amp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp is the Artikel sign marking an article of a document nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp For the brackets of phonetic transcription German Braille uses a modified form Additional punctuation and symbols especially mathematical are explained in the external reference below Numbers editNumbers are introduced with the sign They are dropped to decade 5 for ordinals and for the denominator of fractions So for example is 4 while is 4 4th and is 3 4 nbsp num nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp The percent sign requires the number sign even after a number 2 otherwise it would look like the undefined fraction 2 0 In a compound fraction a repeat of the number sign separate the units from the fraction 1 1 2 Formatting edit nbsp num nbsp Caps nbsp CAPS nbsp nbsp ALL CAPS nbsp l c nbsp emphasis nbsp nbsp end The emphasis sign for italics underline or bold is marked with an extra point when it occurs in the middle of a word It is doubled when more than one word is emphasized in which case the ending sign will be required at the end of the last word The all caps sign is used for initialisms and the like Doubled it is used for all cap text such as titles and the same ending sign is used Names with initials such as J S Bach do not require the cap sign The lower case sign is used to mark mixed case or exceptions to expected capitalization as such it replaces the apostrophe that sets off the plural s in print IC s MHz GmbH Note the initialism sign can be used for a single letter Lower case metric units are marked as lower case kW This is useful as it ends the scope of the number sign 130 hPa 130 kVA See also edit nbsp A sample of Moon type in various languages including German Moon type is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing An adaptation for German reading blind people has been proposed Notes edit And thus the ellipsis References editSources edit Das System der deutschen Blindenschrift 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title German Braille amp oldid 1219207150, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
