GANEFO
The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) were the games set up by Indonesia as a counter to the Olympic Games. Established for the athletes of the so-called "emerging nations" (mainly newly independent socialist states[citation needed]), GANEFO was the name given both to the games held in Jakarta in 1963 and the 36-member sporting federation established the same year.[1] A second GANEFO scheduled for Cairo in 1967 was cancelled and GANEFO had only one subsequent event, an "Asian GANEFO" held in Phnom Penh in 1966.
GANEFO stamp | |
| Formation | 1962–1967 |
|---|---|
| Type | Sporting event organization |
| Purpose | To boycott the International Olympic Committee after the suspension of Indonesia from that organisation |
| Headquarters | Jakarta, Indonesia |
Membership | 51 active members |
Official language | English and host country's official language when necessary |
Federation cofounder | President Sukarno |
Sports and politics at GANEFO
Indonesia established GANEFO in the aftermath of IOC censure for the politically charged fourth edition of Asian Games in 1962 in Jakarta which Indonesia hosted and for which Taiwan and Israel were refused entry cards. This ran against the doctrine of the International Olympic Committee, which strove to separate politics from sport. The IOC's eventual reaction was to suspend Indonesia indefinitely from the IOC. Indonesia had “thrown down a challenge to all international amateur sports organizations, which cannot very well be ignored,” in the words of IOC president Avery Brundage. This was the first time the IOC suspended one of its members, although Indonesia was readmitted in time for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.[2]
Indonesian president Sukarno responded that the IOC was itself political because it did not have the People's Republic of China or North Vietnam as members; the IOC was simply "a tool of the imperialists and colonialists."[1] In his words: “The International Olympic Games have proved to be openly an imperialistic tool… Now let’s frankly say, sports have something to do with politics. Indonesia proposes now to mix sports with politics, and let us now establish the Games of the New Emerging Forces, the GANEFO… against the Old Established Order.” [3] GANEFO itself would make it clear in its constitution that politics and sport were intertwined.
Ten countries (Cambodia, China, Guinea, Indonesia, Iraq, Mali, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the USSR) announced plans to form GANEFO in April 1963, and another 36 signed on as members in November 1963.[1] Despite its doctrine of separating sports and politics, the IOC nevertheless decreed that the athletes attending GANEFO would be ineligible to participate in the Olympic Games.
Sukarno would later form, with Chinese support, a Conference of New Emerging Forces, or CONEFO (Conference of New Emerging Forces).[4]
1st GANEFO
| Host city | Jakarta, Indonesia |
|---|---|
| Nations | 51 |
| Athletes | 2,700 |
| Opening | 10 November |
| Closing | 22 November |
| Opened by | President Sukarno |
| Main venue | Gelora Bung Karno Main Stadium |
Participating states in 1st GANEFO
The first edition of GANEFO was held in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 10 to 22 November 1963. Athletes from 46 states dispatched about 2,700 athletes and seven nations sent staff and officials. In total, 51 states participated in the Games from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America such as Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Chile, Ceylon, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, DPR Korea, the Dominican Republic, Finland, France, the German Democratic Republic, Guinea, Hungary, Indonesia, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine (then divided to Jordanian West Bank and Egyptian Gaza Strip), People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Poland, Republic of Mali, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Thailand, Tunisia, Soviet Union, North Vietnam, the United Arab Republic, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, and one other state. Unlike the Olympics, there was also a team representing "Arab Palestine."[5]
No country, however, was represented officially by its national Olympics committee, for fear of IOC reprisals.[2] For instance, the Soviet Union, in a show of solidarity, sent athletes to the first GANEFO, but in order not to jeopardise their position in the IOC, the Soviet athletes were not of Olympic calibre. Japan let their athletes of non-Olympic calibre attend the first GANEFO to take account of the host nation's position of 1964 Summer Olympics. Nevertheless, in the lead-up to the first GANEFO, the Japanese NOC did receive a thinly-veiled threat from the American IOC President at the time, Avery Brundage, regarding Japanese participation in the first GANEFO.[6]
Commemorative stamps
A set of eight postage stamps were issued by Indonesia on November 10, 1963 to publicise the GANEFO.
Medal table at 1st GANEFO
In the first edition of GANEFO, China was the highest-ranking country with 65 gold medals, Soviet Union the second, followed by the United Arab Republic on the third, Indonesia the fourth, and North Korea the fifth.[7] In all, 48 countries reportedly won medals.[2]
This list of sports fixtures or results is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021) |
* Host nation (Indonesia)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China (CHN) | 68 | 58 | 45 | 171 |
| 2 | Soviet Union | 27 | 21 | 9 | 57 |
| 3 | United Arab Republic (UAR) | 22 | 18 | 12 | 52 |
| 4 | Indonesia (INA)* | 21 | 25 | 35 | 81 |
| 5 | North Korea | 13 | 15 | 24 | 52 |
| 6 | Argentina (ARG) | 5 | 0 | 4 | 9 |
| 7 | Japan | 4 | 10 | 14 | 28 |
| Totals (7 entries) | 160 | 147 | 143 | 450 | |
Front of Ganefo Bronze medal for Argentinian Water Polo Team
Back of Ganefo Bronze medal for Argentinian Water Polo Team
2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)
| Host city | Phnom Penh, Cambodia |
|---|---|
| Nations | 17 |
| Athletes | 2,000 |
| Opening | 25 November 1966 |
| Closing | 6 December 1966 |
| Opened by | Norodom Sihanouk |
| Main venue | Phnom Penh Olympic Stadium |
The second edition of GANEFO had been planned to be held in Cairo, United Arab Republic, in 1967, but this was cancelled for various political reasons.
The second GANEFO was held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 25 November – 6 December 1966.
Participating nations in 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)
About 2,000 athletes participated in the 2nd edition of GANEFO from 17 nations (Cambodia, Ceylon, China PR, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, North Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Palestine, Singapore, Syria, North Vietnam and Yemen). The games were opened by Prince Sihanouk, the prime minister of Cambodia.
The second GANEFO was restricted to Asia, except Guinea which participated in the qualifying tournament in Pyongyang, North Korea, on 1–11 August 1965. Consequently, only 17 Asian countries participated in the second tournament in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, on 25 November – 6 December 1966 which was named '1st Asian GANEFO'.
Medal table at 2nd GANEFO (1st Asian GANEFO)
This list of sports fixtures or results is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2021) |
In the second edition of GANEFO, China PR was the highest-ranking country with 108 gold medals, North Korea the second, and the host nation, Cambodia, the third.
* Host nation (Cambodia)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China (CHN) | 108 | 57 | 34 | 199 |
| 2 | North Korea (PRK) | 30 | 42 | 32 | 104 |
| 3 | Cambodia (CAM)* | 10 | 42 | 10 | 62 |
| 4 | Japan (JPN) | 10 | 12 | 8 | 30 |
| Totals (4 entries) | 158 | 153 | 84 | 395 | |
2nd Asian GANEFO
In September 1967 was announced a second Asian GANEFO to be held in Beijing, China, in 1970, but later Beijing dropped the plans to host the Games, which were then awarded to Pyongyang, North Korea. The Games never occurred, however, and the GANEFO organisation collapsed.
See also
- CONEFO
- Athletics at the 1963 GANEFO
- Athletics at the 1966 GANEFO
- 1976 Summer Olympics (also boycotted by China, and African countries)
- 1980 Summer Olympics (also boycotted by Indonesia and China, and Western Bloc countries)
- 1984 Summer Olympics (also boycotted by North Korea, and Eastern Bloc countries)
- Friendship Games (game made by Soviet Union to boycott the 1984 Olympics)
References
- ^ a b c Modelski, George (1963). The New Emerging Forces. Canberra: Australian National University, Research School of Pacific Studies.
- ^ a b c Field, Russell (2011). The Olympic Movement's Response to the Challenge of Emerging Nationalism in Sport: An Historical Reconsideration of GANEFO. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
- ^ Jules Boykoff (2016). A Political History of the Olympics. ISBN 9781784780722.
- ^ "Fakta Sejarah: CONEFO".
- ^ GANEFO opening ceremony footage on YouTube
- ^ Shuman, Amanda (2013-11-13). "Elite Competitive Sport in the People's Republic of China 1958–1966: The Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO)". Journal of Sport History. 40 (2): 258–283. ISSN 2155-8450.
- ^ "Pembagian medal". Harian Rakyat. 23 November 1963.
- ^ Ewa T. Parker, “Ganefo I: Sports and Politics in Djakarta,” Asian Survey, 5:4 (1965), 181.
External links
- Athletics Records at the 1st GANEFO
- YouTube Video of the 1st Asian GANEFO
- GANEFO I: Sports and Politics in Djakarta by Ewa T. Pauker
- YouTube Video of the GANEFO 1963 by ZalChannel