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Carbofuran

May 03, 2024

Carbofuran is a carbamate pesticide, widely used around the world to control insects on a wide variety of field crops, including potatoes, corn and soybeans. It is a systemic insecticide, which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots, and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained. Carbofuran also has contact activity against pests. It is one of the most toxic pesticides still in use.

Carbofuran
Carbofuran
Carbofuran
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate
Other names
Furadan, Curater, Furacarb
Identifiers
  • 1563-66-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:34611 Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL416081 Y
ChemSpider
  • 2468 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.014.867
KEGG
  • C14291 Y
  • 2566
UNII
  • SKF77S6Y67 Y
  • DTXSID9020249
  • InChI=1S/C12H15NO3/c1-12(2)7-8-5-4-6-9(10(8)16-12)15-11(14)13-3/h4-6H,7H2,1-3H3,(H,13,14) Y
    Key: DUEPRVBVGDRKAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
  • CNC(=O)Oc1cccc2c1OC(C)C2
Properties
C12H15NO3
Molar mass 221.256 g·mol−1
Appearance White, crystalline solid
Density 1.18 g/cm3
Melting point 151 °C (304 °F; 424 K)[4]
Boiling point 313.3 °C (595.9 °F; 586.5 K)
320 mg/L[1]
Solubility Highly soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, cyclohexanone, benzene, and xylene[2]
log P 2.32 (octanol/water)[3]
Hazards
Flash point 143.3 °C (289.9 °F; 416.4 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
8–14 mg/kg (oral, rat)
19 mg/kg (oral, dog)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 none[5]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 0.1 mg/m3[5]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 N.D.[5]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)

It is marketed under the trade names Furadan, by FMC Corporation and Curaterr 10 GR, by Bayer among several others.[6]

Carbofuran exhibits toxicity mediated by the same mechanism as that of the notorious V-series nerve agents and presents a risk to human health. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the United States Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.[7]

Usage edit

Carbofuran is used around the world for a wide variety of crops. It is widely used in Asia, Australia, and South America. It is commonly used in Malaysia for vegetables like eggplant (brinjal) where it is a legally registered pesticide.[8] Carbofuran acts through phloem sap against piercing-sucking pests such as green leafhoppers, brown plant hoppers, stem borers and whorl maggots.[9] Usage has increased in recent years because it is one of the few insecticides effective on soybean aphids, which have expanded their range since 2002 to include most soybean-growing regions of the United States.[citation needed]

Chemistry edit

The technical or chemical name of carbofuran is 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate, and its CAS Number is 1563-66-2.[10] It is manufactured by the reaction of methyl isocyanate with 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-hydroxybenzofuran.[11]

Toxicity edit

Carbofuran has one of the highest acute toxicities to humans of any insecticide widely used on field crops (only aldicarb and parathion are more toxic). 1 ml (1/4 teaspoon) can be fatal to humans.[citation needed] Most carbofuran is applied by commercial applicators using closed systems with engineered controls so there is no exposure to it in preparation. However, in developing countries, occupational exposure to carbofuran and resultant carbofuran-serum protein labeling has been reported to impact human health and well-being.[12] Since its toxic effects are due to its activity as a cholinesterase inhibitor it is considered a neurotoxic pesticide.[citation needed] A recent study reports that carbofuran is a structural mimic of the neurohormone melatonin and could directly bind to MT2 melatonin receptor (Ki = 1.7 uM).[13] Disruption of melatonin signaling could impact the circadian rhythm balance and is linked to elevated risk of developing diabetes.[14]

Carbofuran is highly toxic to vertebrates with an oral LD50 of 8–14 mg/kg in rats[15] and 19 mg/kg in dogs.

Carbofuran is known to be particularly toxic to birds. In its granular form, a single grain will kill a bird. Birds often eat numerous grains of the pesticide, mistaking them for seeds, and then die shortly thereafter. Before the granular form was banned by the EPA in 1991,[16] it was blamed for millions of bird deaths per year. The liquid version of the pesticide is less hazardous to birds since they are not as likely to ingest it directly, but it is still very hazardous.[weasel words]

Carbofuran has been illegally used to intentionally poison wildlife not only in the US, Canada and Great Britain; poisoned wildlife have included coyotes, kites, golden eagles and buzzards. Secondary fatal poisoning of domestic and wild animals has been documented,[17][18] specifically raptors (bald eagles and golden eagles), domestic dogs, raccoons, vultures and other scavengers. In Kenya, farmers are using carbofuran to kill lions and other predators.[19][20]

In a number of publicized incidents worldwide, carbofuran has also been used to poison domestic pets.[21][22][23]

Illegally smuggled carbofuran is used on 90% of marijuana grown illegally on public land in California.[24][25][26] These illegal, carbofuran-contaminated California marijuana grows appear to be the source for the majority of marijuana consumed in states where marijuana hasn't been legalized.[27]

Carbofuran is an endocrine disruptor and a probable reproduction/development intoxicant.[15] At low-level exposures, carbofuran may cause transient alterations in the concentration of hormones. These alterations may consequently lead to serious reproductive problems following repeated exposure.[28][29] When exposed in utero or during lactation, a decrease in sperm motility and sperm count along with an increase in percent abnormal sperm was observed in rats at 0.4 mg/kg dose level.[30] In one study, the exposure of rats to sublethal amounts of carbofuran decreased testosterone by 88%, while the levels of progesterone, cortisol, and estradiol were significantly increased (1279%, 202%, and 150%, respectively).[29]

Bans edit

Carbofuran is banned in Canada, Sri Lanka and the European Union.[31]

In 2008, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that it intended to ban carbofuran.[32] In December of that year, FMC Corp., the sole US manufacturer of carbofuran, announced that it had voluntarily requested that the EPA cancel all but six of the previously allowed uses of that chemical as a pesticide. With this change, carbofuran usage in the United States would be allowed only on corn, potatoes, pumpkins, sunflowers, pine seedlings and spinach grown for seed.[33] However, in May 2009, the EPA canceled all food tolerances, an action which amounts to a de facto ban on its use on all crops grown for human consumption.[34]

Kenya is considering banning carbofuran,[35] but it is legal to buy over-the-counter in Kenya.[19]

Health scare in Thailand edit

Due to nonregistration of 4 carcinogenic chemicals used on crops not listed in the Dangerous Substances Act of Thailand, vegetables with residues of methomyl, carbofuran, dicrotophos, and EPN were taken off supermarket shelves in July 2012.[36]

Death of lions in Kenya edit

In 2009, the CBS television news magazine 60 Minutes ran an exposé discussing the use of Furadan by Kenyan farmers as a poison to kill African lions. The piece suggested that Furadan was a serious threat to the future of the lion population in Africa.[20] FMC has commented on this issue through the media and their websites including furadanfacts.com.[37] They engaged with government officials, NGOs and others to try and resolve the illegal use of pesticides to kill wildlife. The company took action to stop the sale of this product and instituted a buyback program in East Africa when it was determined that the illegal and intentional misuse of chemicals against wildlife could not be controlled by education or stewardship programs alone.[38][39] Despite this, however, National Geographic stated in 2018 that carbofuran "is still very much available" in Kenya.[40]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Sharom MS, Miles JRW, Harris CR, McEwen FL (1980). "Behaviour of 12 Insecticides in soil and aqueous suspensions of soil and sediment". Water Res. 14 (8): 1095–1100. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90158-X.
  2. ^ US EPA/OPPTS; Reregistration Eligibility Decisions (REDs) Database on Carbofuran (1563-66-2). EPA-738-R-06-031 August 2006.
  3. ^ Hansch, C.; Leo, A.; D. Hoekman (1995). Exploring QSAR – Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. p. 101.
  4. ^ Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 3–94. ISBN 978-0-8493-0594-8.
  5. ^ a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0101". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
  6. ^ Ravichandra, N.G. (2018). Agrochemicals in Plant Disease Management. Scientific Publishers. p. 110. ISBN 978-93-87991-91-0. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
  7. ^ (PDF) (July 1, 2008 ed.). Government Printing Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Sim, Siong Fong; Chung, Ling Yan; Jonip, Jocephine; Chai, Lian Kuet (December 23, 2019). "Uptake and Dissipation of Carbofuran and Its Metabolite in Chinese Kale and Brinjal Cultivated Under Humid Tropic Climate". Advances in Agriculture. 2019: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2019/7937086.
  9. ^ "Carbofuran - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  10. ^ "Carbofuran". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  11. ^ Sittig, M. (1980). Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia. Chemical Technology Review Series, Environmental Health Review Series and Pollution Technology Review Series. Noyes Data Corporation. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8155-0814-4. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
  12. ^ Rehman, Tanzila; Khan, Mohd M.; Shad, Muhammad A.; Hussain, Mazhar; Oyler, Benjamin L.; Shad, Muhammad A.; Goo, Young Ah.; Goodlett, David R. (September 22, 2016). "Detection of Carbofuran-Protein Adducts in Serum of Occupationally Exposed Pesticide Factory Workers in Pakistan". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 29 (10): 1720–1728. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00222. ISSN 0893-228X. PMID 27657490.
  13. ^ Popovska-Gorevski, Marina; Dubocovich, Margarita L.; Rajnarayanan, Rajendram V. (February 20, 2017). "Carbamate Insecticides Target Human Melatonin Receptors". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 30 (2): 574–582. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00301. ISSN 0893-228X. PMC 5318275. PMID 28027439.
  14. ^ "Extramural Papers of the Month". National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  15. ^ a b "Page about Carbofuran in the IUPAC's database". IUPAC – International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC.
  16. ^ "Carbofuran". Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  17. ^ Wobeser et al. 2004. Secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in Western Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(2):163-172.
  18. ^ The Federal Wildlife Officer, Volume 10, No. 2, Summer 1996
  19. ^ a b Mynott, Adam (June 18, 2008). "Insecticide 'killing Kenya lions'". BBC News. from the original on June 12, 2018.
  20. ^ a b "Poison Takes Toll On Africa's Lions". 60 Minutes. CBS News. March 26, 2009. from the original on June 13, 2018.
  21. ^ Dewhurst, Patrick (May 26, 2011). . Cyprus Mail. Archived from the original on May 28, 2011.
  22. ^ Vušović, A. (February 25, 2011). "Psi u naselju Braće Jerković otrovani pesticidima". Blic (in Serbian). from the original on March 5, 2016.
  23. ^ Grobler, Riann (August 3, 2019). "As many as 1 000 dogs poisoned per week in SA". News24. from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  24. ^ Thompson, Don (August 28, 2018). "Toxic pesticides found at most illegal California pot farms". Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019.
  25. ^ McDaniel, Piper (August 29, 2019). "Illegal cannabis farms still scarring public lands, two years after Prop. 64". Los Angeles Times. from the original on November 6, 2019.
  26. ^ Westervelt, Eric (November 12, 2019). "Illegal Pot Operations in Public Forests Are Poisoning Wildlife And Water". Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved November 12, 2019 – via WNYC.
  27. ^ Chun, Rene (January–February 2019). "Ending Weed Prohibition Hasn't Stopped Drug Crimes". The Atlantic. from the original on May 30, 2019.
  28. ^ Lau, TK; Chu, W; Graham, N (June 2007). "Degradation of the endocrine disruptor carbofuran by UV, O3 and O3/UV". Water Science and Technology. 55 (12): 275–80. doi:10.2166/wst.2007.416. PMID 17674859.
  29. ^ a b Goad, Ryan T.; Goad, John T.; Atieh, Bassam H.; Gupta, Ramesh C. (2004). "Carbofuran-induced endocrine disruption in adult male rats". Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods. 14 (4): 233–9. doi:10.1080/15376520490434476. PMID 20021136. S2CID 46194233.
  30. ^ Pant, N; Shankar, R; Srivastava, SP (May 1997). "In utero and lactational exposure of carbofuran to rats: effect on testes and sperm". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 16 (5): 267–72. doi:10.1177/096032719701600506. PMID 9192206. S2CID 26042972.
  31. ^ UNEP/FAO/RC/CRC/11/6 section 2.2.3 of the European Union notification
  32. ^ US EPA (July 31, 2008). "Carbofuran Cancellation Process". US EPA. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
  33. ^ Erickson, Britt E. (January 5, 2009). "Manufacturer Drops Carbofuran Uses". Chemical & Engineering News. Vol. 87, no. 1. p. 18. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  34. ^ "EPA Bans Carbofuran Pesticide Residues on Food". Environmental News Service. May 11, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
  35. ^ "unknown". tradingmarkets.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  36. ^ "Cancer-causing chemical residues found in vegetables". Bangkok Post. July 12, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
  37. ^ . Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  38. ^ Todt, Ron (March 29, 2009). "Pa. pesticide maker vows steps to protect lions". USA Today. Associated Press. from the original on May 12, 2016.
  39. ^ . Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
  40. ^ Dobb, Edwin (August 2018). . National Geographic. Photographs by Charlie Hamilton James. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carbofuran.
  • The 'Carbo Wars' – the intentional poisoning of eagles and other wildlife in Maryland
  • Washington Post: Thirteen bald eagles were found dead this is what killed them
  • Website devoted to raising the awareness about the use of carbofuran to kill wild animals
  • CARBOFURAN – A NEW AND EFFECTIVE METHOD OF ILLEGAL KILLING OF OTTERS (Lutra lutra) IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
  • CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Carbofuran

May 03, 2024
carbofuran, carbamate, pesticide, widely, used, around, world, control, insects, wide, variety, field, crops, including, potatoes, corn, soybeans, systemic, insecticide, which, means, that, plant, absorbs, through, roots, from, there, plant, distributes, throu. Carbofuran is a carbamate pesticide widely used around the world to control insects on a wide variety of field crops including potatoes corn and soybeans It is a systemic insecticide which means that the plant absorbs it through the roots and from there the plant distributes it throughout its organs where insecticidal concentrations are attained Carbofuran also has contact activity against pests It is one of the most toxic pesticides still in use Carbofuran Carbofuran Carbofuran Names Preferred IUPAC name 2 2 Dimethyl 2 3 dihydro 1 benzofuran 7 yl methylcarbamate Other names Furadan Curater Furacarb Identifiers CAS Number 1563 66 2 Y 3D model JSmol Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI 34611 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL416081 Y ChemSpider 2468 Y ECHA InfoCard 100 014 867 KEGG C14291 Y PubChem CID 2566 UNII SKF77S6Y67 Y CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID9020249 InChI InChI 1S C12H15NO3 c1 12 2 7 8 5 4 6 9 10 8 16 12 15 11 14 13 3 h4 6H 7H2 1 3H3 H 13 14 YKey DUEPRVBVGDRKAG UHFFFAOYSA N Y SMILES CNC O Oc1cccc2c1OC C C2 Properties Chemical formula C 12H 15N O 3 Molar mass 221 256 g mol 1 Appearance White crystalline solid Density 1 18 g cm3 Melting point 151 C 304 F 424 K 4 Boiling point 313 3 C 595 9 F 586 5 K Solubility in water 320 mg L 1 Solubility Highly soluble in N methyl 2 pyrrolidone dimethylformamide dimethyl sulfoxide acetone acetonitrile methylene chloride cyclohexanone benzene and xylene 2 log P 2 32 octanol water 3 Hazards Flash point 143 3 C 289 9 F 416 4 K Lethal dose or concentration LD LC LD50 median dose 8 14 mg kg oral rat 19 mg kg oral dog NIOSH US health exposure limits PEL Permissible none 5 REL Recommended TWA 0 1 mg m3 5 IDLH Immediate danger N D 5 Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references It is marketed under the trade names Furadan by FMC Corporation and Curaterr 10 GR by Bayer among several others 6 Carbofuran exhibits toxicity mediated by the same mechanism as that of the notorious V series nerve agents and presents a risk to human health It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the United States Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act 42 U S C 11002 and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce store or use it in significant quantities 7 Contents 1 Usage 2 Chemistry 3 Toxicity 4 Bans 4 1 Health scare in Thailand 4 2 Death of lions in Kenya 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksUsage editCarbofuran is used around the world for a wide variety of crops It is widely used in Asia Australia and South America It is commonly used in Malaysia for vegetables like eggplant brinjal where it is a legally registered pesticide 8 Carbofuran acts through phloem sap against piercing sucking pests such as green leafhoppers brown plant hoppers stem borers and whorl maggots 9 Usage has increased in recent years because it is one of the few insecticides effective on soybean aphids which have expanded their range since 2002 to include most soybean growing regions of the United States citation needed Chemistry editThe technical or chemical name of carbofuran is 2 3 dihydro 2 2 dimethyl 7 benzofuranyl methylcarbamate and its CAS Number is 1563 66 2 10 It is manufactured by the reaction of methyl isocyanate with 2 3 dihydro 2 2 dimethyl 7 hydroxybenzofuran 11 Toxicity editCarbofuran has one of the highest acute toxicities to humans of any insecticide widely used on field crops only aldicarb and parathion are more toxic 1 ml 1 4 teaspoon can be fatal to humans citation needed Most carbofuran is applied by commercial applicators using closed systems with engineered controls so there is no exposure to it in preparation However in developing countries occupational exposure to carbofuran and resultant carbofuran serum protein labeling has been reported to impact human health and well being 12 Since its toxic effects are due to its activity as a cholinesterase inhibitor it is considered a neurotoxic pesticide citation needed A recent study reports that carbofuran is a structural mimic of the neurohormone melatonin and could directly bind to MT2 melatonin receptor Ki 1 7 uM 13 Disruption of melatonin signaling could impact the circadian rhythm balance and is linked to elevated risk of developing diabetes 14 Carbofuran is highly toxic to vertebrates with an oral LD50 of 8 14 mg kg in rats 15 and 19 mg kg in dogs Carbofuran is known to be particularly toxic to birds In its granular form a single grain will kill a bird Birds often eat numerous grains of the pesticide mistaking them for seeds and then die shortly thereafter Before the granular form was banned by the EPA in 1991 16 it was blamed for millions of bird deaths per year The liquid version of the pesticide is less hazardous to birds since they are not as likely to ingest it directly but it is still very hazardous weasel words Carbofuran has been illegally used to intentionally poison wildlife not only in the US Canada and Great Britain poisoned wildlife have included coyotes kites golden eagles and buzzards Secondary fatal poisoning of domestic and wild animals has been documented 17 18 specifically raptors bald eagles and golden eagles domestic dogs raccoons vultures and other scavengers In Kenya farmers are using carbofuran to kill lions and other predators 19 20 In a number of publicized incidents worldwide carbofuran has also been used to poison domestic pets 21 22 23 Illegally smuggled carbofuran is used on 90 of marijuana grown illegally on public land in California 24 25 26 These illegal carbofuran contaminated California marijuana grows appear to be the source for the majority of marijuana consumed in states where marijuana hasn t been legalized 27 Carbofuran is an endocrine disruptor and a probable reproduction development intoxicant 15 At low level exposures carbofuran may cause transient alterations in the concentration of hormones These alterations may consequently lead to serious reproductive problems following repeated exposure 28 29 When exposed in utero or during lactation a decrease in sperm motility and sperm count along with an increase in percent abnormal sperm was observed in rats at 0 4 mg kg dose level 30 In one study the exposure of rats to sublethal amounts of carbofuran decreased testosterone by 88 while the levels of progesterone cortisol and estradiol were significantly increased 1279 202 and 150 respectively 29 Bans editCarbofuran is banned in Canada Sri Lanka and the European Union 31 In 2008 the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA announced that it intended to ban carbofuran 32 In December of that year FMC Corp the sole US manufacturer of carbofuran announced that it had voluntarily requested that the EPA cancel all but six of the previously allowed uses of that chemical as a pesticide With this change carbofuran usage in the United States would be allowed only on corn potatoes pumpkins sunflowers pine seedlings and spinach grown for seed 33 However in May 2009 the EPA canceled all food tolerances an action which amounts to a de facto ban on its use on all crops grown for human consumption 34 Kenya is considering banning carbofuran 35 but it is legal to buy over the counter in Kenya 19 Health scare in Thailand edit Due to nonregistration of 4 carcinogenic chemicals used on crops not listed in the Dangerous Substances Act of Thailand vegetables with residues of methomyl carbofuran dicrotophos and EPN were taken off supermarket shelves in July 2012 36 Death of lions in Kenya edit In 2009 the CBS television news magazine 60 Minutes ran an expose discussing the use of Furadan by Kenyan farmers as a poison to kill African lions The piece suggested that Furadan was a serious threat to the future of the lion population in Africa 20 FMC has commented on this issue through the media and their websites including furadanfacts com 37 They engaged with government officials NGOs and others to try and resolve the illegal use of pesticides to kill wildlife The company took action to stop the sale of this product and instituted a buyback program in East Africa when it was determined that the illegal and intentional misuse of chemicals against wildlife could not be controlled by education or stewardship programs alone 38 39 Despite this however National Geographic stated in 2018 that carbofuran is still very much available in Kenya 40 See also editDutch standardsReferences edit Sharom MS Miles JRW Harris CR McEwen FL 1980 Behaviour of 12 Insecticides in soil and aqueous suspensions of soil and sediment Water Res 14 8 1095 1100 doi 10 1016 0043 1354 80 90158 X US EPA OPPTS Reregistration Eligibility Decisions REDs Database on Carbofuran 1563 66 2 EPA 738 R 06 031 August 2006 Hansch C Leo A D Hoekman 1995 Exploring QSAR Hydrophobic Electronic and Steric Constants Washington DC American Chemical Society p 101 Lide David R 1998 Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87 ed Boca Raton Florida CRC Press pp 3 94 ISBN 978 0 8493 0594 8 a b c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0101 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Ravichandra N G 2018 Agrochemicals in Plant Disease Management Scientific Publishers p 110 ISBN 978 93 87991 91 0 Retrieved September 22 2020 40 C F R Appendix A to Part 355 The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities PDF July 1 2008 ed Government Printing Office Archived from the original PDF on February 25 2012 Retrieved October 29 2011 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Sim Siong Fong Chung Ling Yan Jonip Jocephine Chai Lian Kuet December 23 2019 Uptake and Dissipation of Carbofuran and Its Metabolite in Chinese Kale and Brinjal Cultivated Under Humid Tropic Climate Advances in Agriculture 2019 1 7 doi 10 1155 2019 7937086 Carbofuran an overview ScienceDirect Topics www sciencedirect com Retrieved June 10 2021 Carbofuran National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Archived from the original on June 18 2019 Retrieved November 13 2019 Sittig M 1980 Pesticide Manufacturing and Toxic Materials Control Encyclopedia Chemical Technology Review Series Environmental Health Review Series and Pollution Technology Review Series Noyes Data Corporation p 145 ISBN 978 0 8155 0814 4 Retrieved September 22 2020 Rehman Tanzila Khan Mohd M Shad Muhammad A Hussain Mazhar Oyler Benjamin L Shad Muhammad A Goo Young Ah Goodlett David R September 22 2016 Detection of Carbofuran Protein Adducts in Serum of Occupationally Exposed Pesticide Factory Workers in Pakistan Chemical Research in Toxicology 29 10 1720 1728 doi 10 1021 acs chemrestox 6b00222 ISSN 0893 228X PMID 27657490 Popovska Gorevski Marina Dubocovich Margarita L Rajnarayanan Rajendram V February 20 2017 Carbamate Insecticides Target Human Melatonin Receptors Chemical Research in Toxicology 30 2 574 582 doi 10 1021 acs chemrestox 6b00301 ISSN 0893 228X PMC 5318275 PMID 28027439 Extramural Papers of the Month National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Retrieved April 26 2017 a b Page about Carbofuran in the IUPAC s database IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry IUPAC Carbofuran Retrieved September 7 2012 Wobeser et al 2004 Secondary poisoning of eagles following intentional poisoning of coyotes with anticholinesterase pesticides in Western Canada Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 2 163 172 The Federal Wildlife Officer Volume 10 No 2 Summer 1996 a b Mynott Adam June 18 2008 Insecticide killing Kenya lions BBC News Archived from the original on June 12 2018 a b Poison Takes Toll On Africa s Lions 60 Minutes CBS News March 26 2009 Archived from the original on June 13 2018 Dewhurst Patrick May 26 2011 Alarm over new pet poison Cyprus Mail Archived from the original on May 28 2011 Vusovic A February 25 2011 Psi u naselju Brace Jerkovic otrovani pesticidima Blic in Serbian Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Grobler Riann August 3 2019 As many as 1 000 dogs poisoned per week in SA News24 Archived from the original on August 4 2019 Retrieved November 12 2019 Thompson Don August 28 2018 Toxic pesticides found at most illegal California pot farms Associated Press Archived from the original on November 12 2019 McDaniel Piper August 29 2019 Illegal cannabis farms still scarring public lands two years after Prop 64 Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on November 6 2019 Westervelt Eric November 12 2019 Illegal Pot Operations in Public Forests Are Poisoning Wildlife And Water Morning Edition NPR Retrieved November 12 2019 via WNYC Chun Rene January February 2019 Ending Weed Prohibition Hasn t Stopped Drug Crimes The Atlantic Archived from the original on May 30 2019 Lau TK Chu W Graham N June 2007 Degradation of the endocrine disruptor carbofuran by UV O3 and O3 UV Water Science and Technology 55 12 275 80 doi 10 2166 wst 2007 416 PMID 17674859 a b Goad Ryan T Goad John T Atieh Bassam H Gupta Ramesh C 2004 Carbofuran induced endocrine disruption in adult male rats Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 14 4 233 9 doi 10 1080 15376520490434476 PMID 20021136 S2CID 46194233 Pant N Shankar R Srivastava SP May 1997 In utero and lactational exposure of carbofuran to rats effect on testes and sperm Human amp Experimental Toxicology 16 5 267 72 doi 10 1177 096032719701600506 PMID 9192206 S2CID 26042972 UNEP FAO RC CRC 11 6 section 2 2 3 of the European Union notification US EPA July 31 2008 Carbofuran Cancellation Process US EPA Retrieved August 11 2008 Erickson Britt E January 5 2009 Manufacturer Drops Carbofuran Uses Chemical amp Engineering News Vol 87 no 1 p 18 Archived from the original on November 12 2019 Retrieved November 12 2019 EPA Bans Carbofuran Pesticide Residues on Food Environmental News Service May 11 2009 Retrieved June 5 2009 unknown tradingmarkets com Archived from the original on June 29 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Cite uses generic title help Cancer causing chemical residues found in vegetables Bangkok Post July 12 2012 Archived from the original on November 12 2019 Retrieved September 7 2012 Furadan Facts gt Home Archived from the original on May 3 2016 Retrieved May 8 2016 Todt Ron March 29 2009 Pa pesticide maker vows steps to protect lions USA Today Associated Press Archived from the original on May 12 2016 Furadan Facts gt Home Archived from the original on March 17 2014 Retrieved March 30 2009 Dobb Edwin August 2018 Why Poison Is a Growing Threat to Africa s Wildlife National Geographic Photographs by Charlie Hamilton James Archived from the original on August 4 2018 Retrieved November 12 2018 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carbofuran The Carbo Wars the intentional poisoning of eagles and other wildlife in Maryland Washington Post Thirteen bald eagles were found dead this is what killed them Website devoted to raising the awareness about the use of carbofuran to kill wild animals CARBOFURAN A NEW AND EFFECTIVE METHOD OF ILLEGAL KILLING OF OTTERS Lutra lutra IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC FuradanFacts com CDC NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Carbofuran Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carbofuran amp oldid 1187555679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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