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Kite (bird)

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Kite.

Kite is the common name for certain birds of prey in the family Accipitridae, particularly in subfamilies Milvinae, Elaninae, and Perninae.[1] The term is derived from Old English cȳta (“kite; bittern”),[2] possibly from the onomatopoeic Proto-Indo-European root *gū- , "screech."[3][4]

Kite (bird)
Black kite
(Milvus migrans)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Groups included
Black kite soaring

Some authors use the terms "hovering kite" and "soaring kite" to distinguish between Elanus and the milvine kites, respectively.[according to whom?] The group may also be differentiated by size, referring to milvine kites as "large kites", and elanine kites as "small kites". [citation needed]

Species edit

A few of the traditional Perninae are also called kites.

Taxonomy and systematics edit

19th century edit

In 1824, Vigors[5] proposed five divisions or stirpes of the family Falconidae: Aquilina (eagles), Accipitrina (hawks), Falconina (falcons), Buteonina (buzzards) and Milvina (kites, containing two genera Elanus and Milvus). He characterized the kites as having weaker bill and feebler talons than the buzzards, tail more or less forked, and wings longer than the tail.[5]: 314 

In Elanus, he grouped the black-winged kite (now several Elanus spp.), scissor-tailed kite (now Chelictinia), and swallow-tailed kite (now Elanoides). These species all have pointed wings with the second primary the longest. The pattern of scales on the legs (acrotarsi) is reticulated, and the toes are separated. But Vigors noted that only the black-winged kite had rounded undersides on the nails of its talons, a trait found in the osprey but not in any other raptors, and thus suggested a separation of Elanus into two sections.[5]: 333  A year later, he established a separate genus Nauclerus for the scissor- and swallow-tailed kites.[6]

Milvus contained the familiar red and black kites. The fourth primary feather is the longest, leg scales are scutellated, and the exterior toe is united to the middle toe by a membrane.[5]: 334 

Vigors placed Ictinia – "the Milan Cresserelle of M. Vieillot" and "the Mississippi Kite of Mr. Wilson" – into Buteonina. Though noting that "the wings are of considerable length, extending far beyond the tail, a character which has induced M. Vieillot and others to place this bird near the Kites", he wrote that the strong affinity in characteristics and manners warranted it to be placed closer to the falcons.[5]: 331 

20th century edit

Swann's 1922 synopsis grouped all the kites together with the "cuckoo-falcons" and honey buzzards into a large Milvinæ subfamily.[7] His order was: Elanoides, Chelictinia, Milvus, Lophoictinia, Rostrhamus, Helicolestes, Chondrohierax, Odontriorchis, Gypoictinia (=Hamirostra), Elanus, Gampsonyx, Ictinia, Harpagus, Baza, Aviceda, Henicopernis, Machærhamphus, Pernis.

In contrast, Peters[8] grouped the large kites into subfamily Milvinae and most small kites into Elaninae, with a few small kites joining the honey-buzzards and bazas in Perninae. His arrangement of kite genera was as follows:

  • Elaninae: Elanus, Chelictinia, Machaerhamphus.
  • Perninae: Elanoïdes, (Aviceda, Henicopernis, Pernis, Odontotriorchis), Chondrohierax.
  • Milvinae: Harpagus, Ictinia, Rostrhamus, Helicolestes, Milvus, Lophoictinia, Hamirostra, Haliastur.
  • Polyhieracinae: Gampsonyx

The pearl kite Gampsonyx had variously been placed with the accipiters, forest-falcons, or elanine kites. It was not until the 1960s that a similar molt schedule established its affinity to Elanus.

21st century edit

By 2015, genetic research showed that many of the kite genera are related to honey-buzzards, and that the tiny bat hawk (Machaerhamphus or Macheirhamphus) is actually related to the huge harpy eagles. Several of the large kites are related more closely to the Buteo hawks (buzzards) than to the group of "true" kites and sea-eagles.[citation needed]

Boyd[9] places the "true" milvine kites (Milvus and Haliastur) with the sea-eagles in tribe Milvini within Buteoninae. This results in the following arrangement (genera in parentheses are not generally called kites):

  • Elaninae: Gampsonyx, Chelictinia, Elanus.
  • Perninae: Chondrohierax, Leptodon, Elanoides, (Pernis), Hamirostra, Lophoictinia, (Henicopernis).
  • Buteoninae
    • Harpagini: Harpagus.
    • Milvini: Haliastur, Milvus, (Haliaeetus, Icthyophaga).
    • Buteonini: many genera, including the kites Ictinia, Rostrhamus, and Helicolestes.
      Ictinia is near-basal, after the Old-World genus Butastur. Rostrhamus and Helicolestes form a clade with the black-collared hawk (Busarellus) and the crane hawk (Geranospiza).

As early as 1882, Anton Reichenow had also placed Section Milvinæ alongside Section Buteoninæ in Subfamily Buteoninæ.[10]: 18 

In mythology edit

Isis is said in ancient Egyptian mythology to have taken the form of a kite in various situations in order to resurrect the dead.[11]

It also figures in several fables by Aesop which underline its character as a predator: The Sick Kite, The Kite and the Doves and a variant of The Crow and the Snake.[12][13]

In pre-colonial Philippine mythology, the Tagalog creation myth begins with a kite, the sea, and the sky. The kite causes the sea and sky to go to war, and after the war, land is formed, allowing the kite to finally land and build a nest.

In Bushongo mythology, Chedi Bumba (third son of the god M'Bombo: the original creator of everything) in his quest to improve upon his father's design; was only able to create the Kite.

References edit

  1. ^ "kite". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014 <https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/319664/kite>.
  2. ^ A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary%20(%E2%80%9Ckite%3B%20bittern&f=false
  3. ^ "Proto-Indo-European dictionary-translator". indo-european.info.
  4. ^ Flaksman, Maria. (2016). "Iconic Words in Proto-Germanic." Anglistics of the XXI century, vol. 2. Phonosemantics : in commemoration of Professor Dr. Stanislav Voronin's 80th anniversary. volume 2. 39-51.
  5. ^ a b c d e Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (June 1824). "On the groups of the Falconidæ". Sketches in Ornithology. The Zoological Journal. 1 (2): 308–346. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  6. ^ Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (October 1825). "On a new genus of Falconidæ". Sketches in Ornithology. The Zoological Journal. 2 (7): 385–386.
  7. ^ Swann, H. Kirke (1922). "Sub-Fam. VI Milvinæ". A synopsis of the Accipitres (diurnal birds of prey) comprising species and subspecies described up to 1920, with their characters and distribution (2 ed.). London. pp. 150–178.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Peters, 1931. Check-list of Birds of the World, volume 1, pages 192 to 205.
  9. ^ Taxonomy in Flux checklist: Accipitriformes "One thing that genetic results have made clear is that the kites are not a natural group. ... Kites also occur in three clades in Perninae and four clades in Buteoninae." "Three groups of kites are part of Perninae. The Neotropical Chondrohierax and Leptodon kites, the Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides, sister to the Pernis honey-buzzards), and the Square-tailed Kite (Lophoictinia, sister to the Henicopernis honey-buzzards). Note that the honey-buzzards are not a natural group either."
  10. ^ Sharpe, Richard Bowdler (1891). A review of recent attempts to classify birds; an address delivered before the Second international ornithological congress on the 18th of May, 1891, by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Budapest: Office of the Second International Ornithological Congress. In 1882 appeared Dr. Reichenow's 'Die Vogel der Zoologischen Gärten', with a scheme of arrangement of birds"
  11. ^ "Isis the Goddess." Egyptian Gods. Siteseen Ltd., June 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. <http://www.landofpyramids.org/isis.htm>.
  12. ^ "Walet". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  13. ^ "143. THE KITE AND THE SNAKE (Laura Gibbs, translator)". mythfolklore.net.

External links edit

  • Kite videos on the Internet Bird Collection

January 01, 1970
kite, bird, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, kite, bird, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, nov. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Kite bird news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Not to be confused with Kite Kite is the common name for certain birds of prey in the family Accipitridae particularly in subfamilies Milvinae Elaninae and Perninae 1 The term is derived from Old English cȳta kite bittern 2 possibly from the onomatopoeic Proto Indo European root gu screech 3 4 Kite bird Black kite Milvus migrans Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Accipitriformes Family Accipitridae Groups included Elaninae Milvinae Perninae Black kite soaring Some authors use the terms hovering kite and soaring kite to distinguish between Elanus and the milvine kites respectively according to whom The group may also be differentiated by size referring to milvine kites as large kites and elanine kites as small kites citation needed Contents 1 Species 2 Taxonomy and systematics 2 1 19th century 2 2 20th century 2 3 21st century 3 In mythology 4 References 5 External linksSpecies editSubfamily Elaninae Genus Elanus Black winged kite Elanus caeruleus Black shouldered kite Elanus axillaris White tailed kite Elanus leucurus Letter winged kite Elanus scriptus Genus Chelictinia Scissor tailed kite Chelictinia riocourii Genus Gampsonyx Pearl kite Gampsonyx swainsonii Subfamily Harpiinae Genus Machaerhamphus Bat hawk Machaerhamphus alcinus traditionally Elaninae or Falconinae Subfamily Elaninae or Perninae Genus Elanoides often classified in Perninae Swallow tailed kite Elanoides forficatus Subfamily Milvinae Genus Haliastur Whistling kite Haliastur sphenurus Brahminy kite Haliastur indus Genus Milvus Red kite Milvus milvus Cape Verde kite Milvus milvus fasciicauda extinct 2000 Black kite Milvus migrans Black eared kite Milvus migrans lineatus Yellow billed kite Milvus migrans aegyptius Subfamily Milvinae or Buteoninae or tribe Harpagini Genus Harpagus Double toothed kite Harpagus bidentatus Rufous thighed kite Harpagus diodon Subfamily Milvinae or Buteoninae Genus Ictinia Mississippi kite Ictinia mississippiensis Plumbeous kite Ictinia plumbea Genus Rostrhamus Snail kite Rostrhamus sociabilis Genus Helicolestes Slender billed kite Helicolestes hamatus formerly in Rostrhamus Subfamily Milvinae or Perninae Genus Lophoictinia Square tailed kite Lophoictinia isura Genus Hamirostra Black breasted buzzard Hamirostra melanosternon A few of the traditional Perninaeare also called kites Genus Leptodon Grey headed kite Leptodon cayanensis White collared kite Leptodon forbesi Genus Chondrohierax Hook billed kite Chondrohierax uncinatus Cuban kite Chondrohierax wilsoniiTaxonomy and systematics edit19th century edit In 1824 Vigors 5 proposed five divisions or stirpes of the family Falconidae Aquilina eagles Accipitrina hawks Falconina falcons Buteonina buzzards and Milvina kites containing two genera Elanus and Milvus He characterized the kites as having weaker bill and feebler talons than the buzzards tail more or less forked and wings longer than the tail 5 314 In Elanus he grouped the black winged kite now several Elanus spp scissor tailed kite now Chelictinia and swallow tailed kite now Elanoides These species all have pointed wings with the second primary the longest The pattern of scales on the legs acrotarsi is reticulated and the toes are separated But Vigors noted that only the black winged kite had rounded undersides on the nails of its talons a trait found in the osprey but not in any other raptors and thus suggested a separation of Elanus into two sections 5 333 A year later he established a separate genus Nauclerus for the scissor and swallow tailed kites 6 Milvus contained the familiar red and black kites The fourth primary feather is the longest leg scales are scutellated and the exterior toe is united to the middle toe by a membrane 5 334 Vigors placed Ictinia the Milan Cresserelle of M Vieillot and the Mississippi Kite of Mr Wilson into Buteonina Though noting that the wings are of considerable length extending far beyond the tail a character which has induced M Vieillot and others to place this bird near the Kites he wrote that the strong affinity in characteristics and manners warranted it to be placed closer to the falcons 5 331 20th century edit Swann s 1922 synopsis grouped all the kites together with the cuckoo falcons and honey buzzards into a large Milvinae subfamily 7 His order was Elanoides Chelictinia Milvus Lophoictinia Rostrhamus Helicolestes Chondrohierax Odontriorchis Gypoictinia Hamirostra Elanus Gampsonyx Ictinia Harpagus Baza Aviceda Henicopernis Machaerhamphus Pernis In contrast Peters 8 grouped the large kites into subfamily Milvinae and most small kites into Elaninae with a few small kites joining the honey buzzards and bazas in Perninae His arrangement of kite genera was as follows Elaninae Elanus Chelictinia Machaerhamphus Perninae Elanoides Aviceda Henicopernis Pernis Odontotriorchis Chondrohierax Milvinae Harpagus Ictinia Rostrhamus Helicolestes Milvus Lophoictinia Hamirostra Haliastur Polyhieracinae Gampsonyx The pearl kite Gampsonyx had variously been placed with the accipiters forest falcons or elanine kites It was not until the 1960s that a similar molt schedule established its affinity to Elanus 21st century edit By 2015 genetic research showed that many of the kite genera are related to honey buzzards and that the tiny bat hawk Machaerhamphus or Macheirhamphus is actually related to the huge harpy eagles Several of the large kites are related more closely to the Buteo hawks buzzards than to the group of true kites and sea eagles citation needed Boyd 9 places the true milvine kites Milvus and Haliastur with the sea eagles in tribe Milvini within Buteoninae This results in the following arrangement genera in parentheses are not generally called kites Elaninae Gampsonyx Chelictinia Elanus Perninae Chondrohierax Leptodon Elanoides Pernis Hamirostra Lophoictinia Henicopernis Buteoninae Harpagini Harpagus Milvini Haliastur Milvus Haliaeetus Icthyophaga Buteonini many genera including the kites Ictinia Rostrhamus and Helicolestes Ictinia is near basal after the Old World genus Butastur Rostrhamus and Helicolestes form a clade with the black collared hawk Busarellus and the crane hawk Geranospiza As early as 1882 Anton Reichenow had also placed Section Milvinae alongside Section Buteoninae in Subfamily Buteoninae 10 18 In mythology editIsis is said in ancient Egyptian mythology to have taken the form of a kite in various situations in order to resurrect the dead 11 It also figures in several fables by Aesop which underline its character as a predator The Sick Kite The Kite and the Doves and a variant of The Crow and the Snake 12 13 In pre colonial Philippine mythology the Tagalog creation myth begins with a kite the sea and the sky The kite causes the sea and sky to go to war and after the war land is formed allowing the kite to finally land and build a nest In Bushongo mythology Chedi Bumba third son of the god M Bombo the original creator of everything in his quest to improve upon his father s design was only able to create the Kite References edit kite Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 2014 Web 24 Nov 2014 lt https www britannica com EBchecked topic 319664 kite gt A Concise Anglo Saxon Dictionary 20 E2 80 9Ckite 3B 20bittern amp f false Proto Indo European dictionary translator indo european info Flaksman Maria 2016 Iconic Words in Proto Germanic Anglistics of the XXI century vol 2 Phonosemantics in commemoration of Professor Dr Stanislav Voronin s 80th anniversary volume 2 39 51 a b c d e Vigors Nicholas Aylward June 1824 On the groups of the Falconidae Sketches in Ornithology The Zoological Journal 1 2 308 346 Retrieved 13 March 2016 Vigors Nicholas Aylward October 1825 On a new genus of Falconidae Sketches in Ornithology The Zoological Journal 2 7 385 386 Swann H Kirke 1922 Sub Fam VI Milvinae A synopsis of the Accipitres diurnal birds of prey comprising species and subspecies described up to 1920 with their characters and distribution 2 ed London pp 150 178 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Peters 1931 Check list of Birds of the World volume 1 pages 192 to 205 Taxonomy in Flux checklist Accipitriformes One thing that genetic results have made clear is that the kites are not a natural group Kites also occur in three clades in Perninae and four clades in Buteoninae Three groups of kites are part of Perninae The Neotropical Chondrohierax and Leptodon kites the Swallow tailed Kite Elanoides sister to the Pernis honey buzzards and the Square tailed Kite Lophoictinia sister to the Henicopernis honey buzzards Note that the honey buzzards are not a natural group either Sharpe Richard Bowdler 1891 A review of recent attempts to classify birds an address delivered before the Second international ornithological congress on the 18th of May 1891 by R Bowdler Sharpe Budapest Office of the Second International Ornithological Congress In 1882 appeared Dr Reichenow s Die Vogel der Zoologischen Garten with a scheme of arrangement of birds Isis the Goddess Egyptian Gods Siteseen Ltd June 2014 Web 24 Nov 2014 lt http www landofpyramids org isis htm gt Walet Retrieved 29 June 2015 143 THE KITE AND THE SNAKE Laura Gibbs translator mythfolklore net External links editWeekly Radio Segments from With the Wild Things Kites Kite videos on the Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kite bird amp oldid 1218313683, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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