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Fuel cell bus

February 15, 2024

A fuel cell bus is a bus that uses a hydrogen fuel cell as its power source for electrically driven wheels, sometimes augmented in a hybrid fashion with batteries or a supercapacitor. The only emission from the bus is water. Several cities around the world have trialled and tested fuel cell buses, with over 5,600 buses in use worldwide, the majority of which are in China.[1]

Foton Motor Hydrogen fuel cell bus in Beijing, China in 2018

Background edit

Owing to the greenhouse gas emissions and particulate pollution produced by diesel buses, transport operators have been moving towards greener and cleaner buses (such as hybrid electric buses and battery electric buses) since the early 2000s.[2] However, battery electric buses lack range compared to diesel buses, take time to charge and have reduced energy storage in cold weather.[3]

Transport operators have therefore evaluated alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cell buses.[2] Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity by reacting hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, the by-product of which is water. This electricity is used as a power source for an electric motor, which drives the wheels of the bus.[4] Some companies have proposed using the fuel cell as a range extender, combining it with a larger battery or a supercapacitor.[5] Hydrogen has a higher energy density than lithium batteries, making it suitable for heavy vehicles such as buses and trucks.[6]

The provenance of hydrogen fuel varies - with green hydrogen (produced using renewable electricity) being significantly more environmentally friendly than brown hydrogen (produced by burning coal or lignite) or grey hydrogen (produced by steam heating natural gas).

History edit

Initial tests and trials edit

From the late 1980s, concern regarding diesel emissions from buses led to experimentation regarding the use of fuel cells to power vehicles. Initial proof of concept work involved demonstrating that fuel cells could be packaged into a bus, and successfully power one.[7] Between 1994 and 1995, the Georgetown Fuel Cell Bus Program (led by Georgetown University and the United States Department of Energy) demonstrated three 30 feet (9.1 m) buses powered by a phosphoric acid fuel cell from Fuji Electric.[8][9]

 
Toyota FCHV-BUS at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan in 2005

From the late 1990s, hydrogen-powered fuel-cell buses were trialled and experimented in a variety of cities.[7] In 1998, Chicago and Vancouver began trials, using New Flyer Industries bus bodies and Ballard Power Systems hydrogen fuel cells.[10] The three-year trial carried more than 200,000 passengers and travelled over 118,000 kilometers (73,000 mi).

From 2000, Hino and Toyota collaborated on the development of FCHV-BUS, a hydrogen fuel cell bus.[11] After initial trials by Toei Bus in 2003, a fleet of 8 FCHV-BUS buses were then used at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan.[12] During the Expo, they carried one million visitors and travelled about 130,000 kilometres. The buses were subsequently used as airport shuttle buses.

In the United States, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NERL) in the United States has been undertaking research work on hydrogen fuel cell buses since 2000, in collaboration with the Federal Transit Administration.[7][13] AC Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area began trials of a hydrogen fuel cell bus in 2002.[14]

 
Hydrogen fuel cell Mercedes-Benz Citaro at Stratford, London in 2004

Clean Urban Transport for Europe edit

From 2001, the European Union supported research project Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) began running hydrogen fuel cell powered buses in nine European cities, including London, Madrid and Hamburg.[15] The project was supported by a consortium of transportation operators, hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell developers, universities and city authorities.[16] Three other cities - Reykjavík, Beijing and Perth - took part in similar demonstration projects, supported by the same consortium.[17] The Fuel Cell Bus Club became a forum to share experiences and information between cities and researchers.[18]

All three projects used Mercedes-Benz Citaro buses, with hydrogen fuel cells from Ballard Power Systems. At the time they claimed to be the largest fleet of fuel cell buses in the world. The buses were estimated to cost US$1.2 million each and had a range of 300 kilometres (200 mi) and carried around 70 passengers.[19]

Completed in 2007, the projects were deemed a success by researchers.[20][21] However, the buses were criticised by some operators for their high cost of operation, with Madrid reporting that they were around ten times as costly to fuel.[22] Dedicated Hydrogen filling stations were also required to be built.[22] The buses in Beijing - the first fuel cell buses in China - were withdrawn after one year, as air pollution reduced the efficiency and operating life of the fuel cells.[23]

Further development edit

In 2006, the Federal Transit Administration announced the National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Program.[24] $49m in federal grants would be provided to transit agencies to help develop and test hydrogen fuel cell buses, to improve the potential commercialisation of them.[24][25] In 2003, AC Transit introduced a Thor “ThunderPower” bus into trial service, with tests complete by October 2004.[26] In 2006, five Van Hool buses powered by UTC Power fuel cells entered service. These were replaced in 2010 by other Van Hool hydrogen fuel cell buses.[26]

 
Hydrogen fuel cell bus in São Paulo, Brazil in 2009

In 2009, BC Transit began operating fuel-cell buses in the town of Whistler in British Columbia, prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics. The fleet of 20 hydrogen fuel cell buses was the largest in the world at the time, with the project costing around $94m.[27][28] Unlike previous projects, the hydrogen used was blue hydrogen, produced by Air Liquide in Quebec using hydroelectricity.[29] Due to high operating costs, the program halted in 2015.[30][28]

In 2010, eight hydrogen buses were introduced into service in London, with a substantially larger range than the fuel cell buses used in the mid-2000s.[31][32] At the time, this was the largest hydrogen bus fleet in Europe.[33] Transport for London acknowledged the high cost of the buses and the high cost in fuelling them, but noted that they "[expected] the costs to drop dramatically" as they become commercially viable.[31]

In China, hydrogen fuel cell buses were used at Beijing 2008, Expo 2010 in Shanghai and the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou.[25] These buses were developed by Higer Bus, with 3 deployed at Beijing 2008 and 196 at Expo 2010 in Shanghai.[34][35]

The first Brazilian hydrogen fuel cell bus prototype began operation in São Paulo in 2009. The hydrogen bus was manufactured in Caxias do Sul. The programme, called "Ônibus Brasileiro a Hidrogênio" (Brazilian Hydrogen Autobus), includes three additional buses.[36]

In March 2015, Europe's largest fleet of hydrogen fuel cell buses entered service in Aberdeen, Scotland. 10 Van Hool buses were used on a five-year trial.[37]

Large scale commercial introduction edit

 
Toei Bus Toyota Sora in 2019

As of 2020, 5,648 hydrogen fuel cell buses are in use around the world, with 93.7% of them in China. Some early adopters of fuel cell buses have opted to focus on battery electric buses, with London having 950 battery electric buses, and 20 hydrogen fuel cell buses in their fleet as of 2023.[38]

In 2015, Toyota began testing their updated hydrogen fuel cell bus in Tokyo, the Toyota FC Bus. Developed in conjunction with Hino Motors, it utilised technology from the Toyota Mirai hydrogen fuel cell car, as well as from Hino's hybrid buses. In 2017, Toyota unveiled the Toyota Sora bus,[39] with production beginning in March 2018.[40][41] By 2020, over 100 Toyota Sora buses had been delivered, operating on the Tokyo BRT, JR Bus Kanto and Toei Bus.[42]

In 2018, Toyota announced that they would be supplying their hydrogen fuel cell technology to Portuguese bus manufacturer Caetano, for buses to be sold in Europe.[43] The Caetano H2.City Gold has achieved numerous sales, such in Bielefeld,[44] Cottbus,[45] and Barcelona.[46] Caetano has subsequently begun to brand the bus as a "Toyota", after Toyota became a majority shareholder.[47]

In China, the Feichi (Allenbus) company began manufacturing hydrogen fuel cell buses in Yunfu after licensing the fuel cell technology from Ballard. The hydrogen fuel cell is combined with a 36kWh Lithium-ion battery, which powers the electric motors. Over 300 Feichi buses are now in service in the city of Foshan in Guangdong province in China.[48] Other manufacturers in China also began to produce hydrogen fuel cell buses. Zhongtong Bus began a research and development programme in 2014, and began producing buses in 2016.[49]

In 2018, Zhangjiakou ordered 74 hydrogen fuel cell buses in preparation for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics.[50] During the Games, over 800 hydrogen fuel cell buses and coaches were used from manufacturers Foton, Yutong, Geely and Zhongtong Bus.[51][52][53] Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles were chosen over battery electric vehicles due to the cold weather prevalent in Hebei Province.[51] The substantial use of hydrogen was criticised, given that much of China's hydrogen is "black hydrogen", produced by burning coal.[54] This meant that each kilo of hydrogen produced around 15–20 kg of CO2.[54]

 
Hyundai ElecCity in Seoul, South Korea in 2019

Launched in 2017, the Hyundai ElecCity [ko] entered commercial service in South Korea in December 2019. By June 2021, 108 buses were in service across South Korea.[55] Trial operations of the ElecCity with Wiener Linien in Vienna, Austria were planned from November 2021,[56] with further tests in Germany also announced.[57] The ElecCity has a range of over 500 kilometres (310 mi), and a maximum output of 180 kW.[55] The cities of Busan and Ulsan announced in 2022 that they planned to introduce over 620 buses by 2025.[58]

In 2019, Polish bus manufacturer Solaris Bus & Coach announced a hydrogen fuel cell bus on their popular Urbino 12 platform. This was subsequently tested by a range of major operators including RATP in Paris,[59] and ordered by European bus operators including Connexxion,[60] ÖBB Postbus,[61] and MPK Poznań.[62] In 2022, Solaris announced a hydrogen fuel cell version of their Urbino 18 articulated bus at InnoTrans 2022.[63]

In 2020, the city of Nanning in China announced they planned to replace their entire 7,000 battery electric bus fleet with better performing hydrogen fuel cell/battery hybrid buses.[64]

As of 2020, the NERL was continuing work to evaluate fuel cell bus projects in the U.S., with 64 buses in service in California, Hawaii and Ohio.[65] AC Transit has the largest fleet of hydrogen fuel cell buses in the United States, with 22 buses in service from Van Hool and New Flyer.[65] This will allow a direct comparison between battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell buses, to guide future purchasing decisions in light of a desire for a zero emission bus fleet.[66] AC Transit noted that they had the "most comprehensive zero-emission bus (ZEB) program in the United States", and had run 3,200,000 miles (5,100,000 km) of service with zero emission buses since 2000.[66]

 
Wright StreetDeck Hydroliner FCEV bus in London, England in 2022

In June 2021, the world's first hydrogen fuel cell double-decker bus (Wright StreetDeck Hydroliner) entered service with Metroline in London on route 7.[67][4] These buses also entered service in Aberdeen, Scotland.[68] The Hydroliner FCEV was developed as part of the European Union 'Joint Initiative for Hydrogen Vehicles across Europe' (JIVE).[69]

Other bus manufacturers continued to enter the hydrogen fuel cell market, with Iveco announcing a memorandum of understanding with Air Liquide to develop 'hydrogen mobility',[70] and Alexander Dennis announcing a 'next generation' double decker bus.[71] New manufacturers also planned to enter the market, such as Hyzon Motors.[72] Other countries continued to investigate the potential of hydrogen fuel cell buses, with Moscow announcing a pilot of Kamaz buses in 2022.[73]

In May 2022, Regionalverkehr Köln [de], the public transport operator for Cologne, Germany ordered up to 100 hydrogen fuel cell buses from Solaris and WrightBus.[74] This followed the announcement of the 'National Hydrogen Strategy' in Germany, which made clear that hydrogen fuel cell buses were a feasible alternative for long-distance routes.[75] Mercedes-Benz announced that their popular eCitaro bus would be made available with a range extender using a Toyota hydrogen fuel cell. This would increase the range of the bus to 400 kilometres (250 mi).[76][77]

In July 2022, Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM) ordered 47 fuel cell buses for the Grand Paris region in France at a cost of €48m. Green hydrogen will be used, with the hydrogen produced at an incinerator in Creteil.[78] The managing director of IDFM stated that they wished to send a signal with their first order that bus manufacturers should "improve the technology, bring it to maturity, produce it [commercially] and we will be there".[79]

In July 2022, over five hundred Foton AUV buses joined the Beijing Public Transport Group. Media reported that the buses have a range of around 600 km, and can be refilled in around 10 to 15 minutes.[80] These buses had previously been used at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics.[80]

In August 2022, India's first domestically developed hydrogen fuel bus was unveiled in Pune. The bus was developed by KPIT Technologies and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.[81][82]

In 2023, issues regarding the cost of hydrogen compared to electricity led to several transit agencies cancelling their orders.[83][84] However other agencies continued to order fuel cell buses - with TPER in Bologna ordering 130 buses from Solaris,[85] Seoul ordering 1,300 buses from Hyundai[86] and SamTrans ordering 108 buses from New Flyer.[87]

A 2023 research paper estimated that just 4% of zero emission vehicles will be hydrogen fuel cell powered by 2044, with a "low penetration of fuel cell city buses" located only in countries with hydrogen infrastructure and on bus routes where it is unfeasible for battery electric buses to operate. The paper also noted potential for intercity coaches and buses to be powered by hydrogen fuel cells.[88][89]

Comparison with battery electric buses edit

 
Mercedes-Benz eCitaro, a battery electric bus with a hydrogen fuel cell range extender

Buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells have some similarities with battery electric buses, as well as key differences.

Both types are zero-emission at the tailpipe, with hydrogen fuel cell buses producing water. However many sources of hydrogen, including those most commonly used, are not zero-emission.[90] Both are propelled by electric motors, and both have been produced by a range of bus manufacturers.[91] Both have upfront costs - such as electric chargers, or a hydrogen fuelling station.[91]

Unlike battery electric buses, hydrogen fuel cell buses can be refuelled in around 10 minutes, compared to an overnight charge for electric buses (or an energy intensive, high current fast charge of a battery).[84][3] Hydrogen fuel cell buses have a greater range and longer run time than battery electric buses, with a range of around 450 kilometres (280 mi) before refuelling[3][92] - compared to around 250 kilometres (160 mi) between charges for a battery electric bus.[93][92] Hydrogen also has a higher energy storage density than batteries.[91] Furthermore, as batteries are made larger to increase range - they become heavier, decreasing energy efficiency.[91]

Hydrogen fuel cell buses are less affected by temperature, with consistent power and range at extreme hot or cold temperatures.[3][91] Operators of battery electric buses have reported shorter range in low temperatures,[93] with Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) reporting a 30% shorter range in cold weather (around −10 °C (14 °F)).[94]

The cost of fuelling Hydrogen buses is higher than battery buses.[84][95] Costs of both battery electric buses and hydrogen fuel cell buses has fallen over time.[65]

Range extender edit

Some manufacturers have used hydrogen fuel cells as a range extender for battery electric buses, allowing them to have greater range.[5] For example, the Mercedes-Benz eCitaro has a range of 280 kilometres (170 mi) as a battery electric model, with the eCitaro fuel cell bus having a range of 400 kilometres (250 mi) thanks to a 60 kW Toyota fuel cell that recharges the battery.[96]

Costs edit

Hydrogen fuel edit

The cost of fuelling buses has varied substantially, due to the cost and availability of hydrogen. Some transit operators have been able to use hydrogen by-product from industrial processes (such as the production of Polyvinyl chloride) to lower the cost.[97] Other transit operators have built small scale plants to produce hydrogen from natural gas,[98] or have purchased it directly from industrial producers.[31]

In 2006, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory stated that the cost of hydrogen fuel was around $9 a kilogram, roughly comparing it to $2 a gallon for diesel. It further noted that the total cost per mile (including maintenance) was around $1 per mile for diesel and around $6.50 per mile for hydrogen.[99] In Europe, the Clean Urban Transport for Europe (CUTE) project in the early 2000s reported fuelling costs around 10 times more than diesel.[22]

In 2021, Tokyu Bus [ja] reported that the cost of fuelling a hydrogen fuel cell bus is around 2.6 times higher than an equivalent diesel bus, with brown hydrogen predominately used in Japan.[6]

In January 2022, the city of Montpellier, France, cancelled a contract to procure 51 buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells, when it found that the cost of operation was 6 times more expensive than electric buses.[100][101][102] The city ordered battery electric buses instead.[101]

In 2021, Wuppertaler Stadtwerke [de] reported that their hydrogen fuel cell buses cost around the same as their diesel buses to operate.[103] London reported that the cost of hydrogen was around £6 per kilogram in 2023, roughly comparable with the cost of diesel fuel.[104] Projections from the Hydrogen Council are that hydrogen produced from renewable energy at scale could cost around $1.4 to $2.3 per kilogram.[1]

Vehicles edit

Costs of fuel cell buses has gradually fallen as technology has become more widespread and commercially viable.[65]

In 2007, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory stated that the purchase price of a hydrogen fuel cell bus was around $2–3m, a standard diesel bus was around $330,000 and a hybrid bus was around $480,000.[105][106] Regionalverkehr Köln [de] in Cologne, Germany reported that the Phileas bus cost them €1.86m to purchase in 2011, a Van Hool A330 cost around €850,000 to purchase in 2014 and €590,000 to purchase in 2020, and that prices had fallen further - with new hydrogen fuel cell buses costing around €500,000 in 2023.[97]

In 2022, the Financial Times reported that the Japanese Toyota FC Sora cost ¥100m (€710,000) for a six-year lease, whereas a diesel bus costs around ¥24m (€170,000).[6] Local authorities have subsidised the cost of the buses to get them into service.[6]

In the United States, it was reported in 2022 that a hydrogen bus cost around $1.2m to purchase, compared to $750,000 for a battery electric bus.[93] The Globe and Mail noted that European produced fuel cell buses are cheaper as they are produced in larger quantities.[28]

Research groups such as H2Bus Consortium are working to lower the cost of hydrogen fuel cell buses to the level of diesel buses, with volume orders and mass production allowing manufacturers to take advantage of economies of scale.[107]

Other costs edit

When compared to diesel buses, transit operators face additional upfront costs when moving to hydrogen fuel cell buses. This includes constructing hydrogen fuelling stations, as well as purchasing spare parts for new buses.[6] Battery electric buses have similar upfront costs, requiring the installation of electric chargers and upgrades to the electrical grid to handle large numbers of electric buses being charged (often overnight).[91]

Vehicles edit

 
Yutong F12 in Zhengzhou, China in 2022

As of 2020, 5,648 hydrogen fuel cell buses are in use around the world, with 93.7% of them in China.[1]

A wide variety of companies are currently producing hydrogen fuel cell buses. Bus manufacturers usually work with a provider of hydrogen fuel cells to power the bus, such as Ballard Power Systems or Toyota.[3][108]

Vehicles include, but are not limited to:

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuel cell-powered buses.
  • H2mobility.org Hydrogen buses worldwide [Dead Link]
  • Toyota FCHV-BUS data sheet
  • International Fuel Cell Bus Collaborative [Dead Link]

February 15, 2024
fuel, cell, fuel, cell, that, uses, hydrogen, fuel, cell, power, source, electrically, driven, wheels, sometimes, augmented, hybrid, fashion, with, batteries, supercapacitor, only, emission, from, water, several, cities, around, world, have, trialled, tested, . A fuel cell bus is a bus that uses a hydrogen fuel cell as its power source for electrically driven wheels sometimes augmented in a hybrid fashion with batteries or a supercapacitor The only emission from the bus is water Several cities around the world have trialled and tested fuel cell buses with over 5 600 buses in use worldwide the majority of which are in China 1 Foton Motor Hydrogen fuel cell bus in Beijing China in 2018 Contents 1 Background 2 History 2 1 Initial tests and trials 2 2 Clean Urban Transport for Europe 2 3 Further development 2 4 Large scale commercial introduction 3 Comparison with battery electric buses 3 1 Range extender 4 Costs 4 1 Hydrogen fuel 4 2 Vehicles 4 3 Other costs 5 Vehicles 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksBackground editOwing to the greenhouse gas emissions and particulate pollution produced by diesel buses transport operators have been moving towards greener and cleaner buses such as hybrid electric buses and battery electric buses since the early 2000s 2 However battery electric buses lack range compared to diesel buses take time to charge and have reduced energy storage in cold weather 3 Transport operators have therefore evaluated alternatives such as hydrogen fuel cell buses 2 Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity by reacting hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst the by product of which is water This electricity is used as a power source for an electric motor which drives the wheels of the bus 4 Some companies have proposed using the fuel cell as a range extender combining it with a larger battery or a supercapacitor 5 Hydrogen has a higher energy density than lithium batteries making it suitable for heavy vehicles such as buses and trucks 6 The provenance of hydrogen fuel varies with green hydrogen produced using renewable electricity being significantly more environmentally friendly than brown hydrogen produced by burning coal or lignite or grey hydrogen produced by steam heating natural gas History editInitial tests and trials editFrom the late 1980s concern regarding diesel emissions from buses led to experimentation regarding the use of fuel cells to power vehicles Initial proof of concept work involved demonstrating that fuel cells could be packaged into a bus and successfully power one 7 Between 1994 and 1995 the Georgetown Fuel Cell Bus Program led by Georgetown University and the United States Department of Energy demonstrated three 30 feet 9 1 m buses powered by a phosphoric acid fuel cell from Fuji Electric 8 9 nbsp Toyota FCHV BUS at Expo 2005 in Aichi Japan in 2005From the late 1990s hydrogen powered fuel cell buses were trialled and experimented in a variety of cities 7 In 1998 Chicago and Vancouver began trials using New Flyer Industries bus bodies and Ballard Power Systems hydrogen fuel cells 10 The three year trial carried more than 200 000 passengers and travelled over 118 000 kilometers 73 000 mi From 2000 Hino and Toyota collaborated on the development of FCHV BUS a hydrogen fuel cell bus 11 After initial trials by Toei Bus in 2003 a fleet of 8 FCHV BUS buses were then used at Expo 2005 in Aichi Japan 12 During the Expo they carried one million visitors and travelled about 130 000 kilometres The buses were subsequently used as airport shuttle buses In the United States the National Renewable Energy Laboratory NERL in the United States has been undertaking research work on hydrogen fuel cell buses since 2000 in collaboration with the Federal Transit Administration 7 13 AC Transit in the San Francisco Bay Area began trials of a hydrogen fuel cell bus in 2002 14 nbsp Hydrogen fuel cell Mercedes Benz Citaro at Stratford London in 2004Clean Urban Transport for Europe edit From 2001 the European Union supported research project Clean Urban Transport for Europe CUTE began running hydrogen fuel cell powered buses in nine European cities including London Madrid and Hamburg 15 The project was supported by a consortium of transportation operators hydrogen infrastructure and fuel cell developers universities and city authorities 16 Three other cities Reykjavik Beijing and Perth took part in similar demonstration projects supported by the same consortium 17 The Fuel Cell Bus Club became a forum to share experiences and information between cities and researchers 18 All three projects used Mercedes Benz Citaro buses with hydrogen fuel cells from Ballard Power Systems At the time they claimed to be the largest fleet of fuel cell buses in the world The buses were estimated to cost US 1 2 million each and had a range of 300 kilometres 200 mi and carried around 70 passengers 19 Completed in 2007 the projects were deemed a success by researchers 20 21 However the buses were criticised by some operators for their high cost of operation with Madrid reporting that they were around ten times as costly to fuel 22 Dedicated Hydrogen filling stations were also required to be built 22 The buses in Beijing the first fuel cell buses in China were withdrawn after one year as air pollution reduced the efficiency and operating life of the fuel cells 23 Further development edit In 2006 the Federal Transit Administration announced the National Fuel Cell Bus Technology Development Program 24 49m in federal grants would be provided to transit agencies to help develop and test hydrogen fuel cell buses to improve the potential commercialisation of them 24 25 In 2003 AC Transit introduced a Thor ThunderPower bus into trial service with tests complete by October 2004 26 In 2006 five Van Hool buses powered by UTC Power fuel cells entered service These were replaced in 2010 by other Van Hool hydrogen fuel cell buses 26 nbsp Hydrogen fuel cell bus in Sao Paulo Brazil in 2009In 2009 BC Transit began operating fuel cell buses in the town of Whistler in British Columbia prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics The fleet of 20 hydrogen fuel cell buses was the largest in the world at the time with the project costing around 94m 27 28 Unlike previous projects the hydrogen used was blue hydrogen produced by Air Liquide in Quebec using hydroelectricity 29 Due to high operating costs the program halted in 2015 30 28 In 2010 eight hydrogen buses were introduced into service in London with a substantially larger range than the fuel cell buses used in the mid 2000s 31 32 At the time this was the largest hydrogen bus fleet in Europe 33 Transport for London acknowledged the high cost of the buses and the high cost in fuelling them but noted that they expected the costs to drop dramatically as they become commercially viable 31 In China hydrogen fuel cell buses were used at Beijing 2008 Expo 2010 in Shanghai and the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou 25 These buses were developed by Higer Bus with 3 deployed at Beijing 2008 and 196 at Expo 2010 in Shanghai 34 35 The first Brazilian hydrogen fuel cell bus prototype began operation in Sao Paulo in 2009 The hydrogen bus was manufactured in Caxias do Sul The programme called Onibus Brasileiro a Hidrogenio Brazilian Hydrogen Autobus includes three additional buses 36 In March 2015 Europe s largest fleet of hydrogen fuel cell buses entered service in Aberdeen Scotland 10 Van Hool buses were used on a five year trial 37 Large scale commercial introduction edit nbsp Toei Bus Toyota Sora in 2019As of 2020 5 648 hydrogen fuel cell buses are in use around the world with 93 7 of them in China Some early adopters of fuel cell buses have opted to focus on battery electric buses with London having 950 battery electric buses and 20 hydrogen fuel cell buses in their fleet as of 2023 38 In 2015 Toyota began testing their updated hydrogen fuel cell bus in Tokyo the Toyota FC Bus Developed in conjunction with Hino Motors it utilised technology from the Toyota Mirai hydrogen fuel cell car as well as from Hino s hybrid buses In 2017 Toyota unveiled the Toyota Sora bus 39 with production beginning in March 2018 40 41 By 2020 over 100 Toyota Sora buses had been delivered operating on the Tokyo BRT JR Bus Kanto and Toei Bus 42 In 2018 Toyota announced that they would be supplying their hydrogen fuel cell technology to Portuguese bus manufacturer Caetano for buses to be sold in Europe 43 The Caetano H2 City Gold has achieved numerous sales such in Bielefeld 44 Cottbus 45 and Barcelona 46 Caetano has subsequently begun to brand the bus as a Toyota after Toyota became a majority shareholder 47 In China the Feichi Allenbus company began manufacturing hydrogen fuel cell buses in Yunfu after licensing the fuel cell technology from Ballard The hydrogen fuel cell is combined with a 36kWh Lithium ion battery which powers the electric motors Over 300 Feichi buses are now in service in the city of Foshan in Guangdong province in China 48 Other manufacturers in China also began to produce hydrogen fuel cell buses Zhongtong Bus began a research and development programme in 2014 and began producing buses in 2016 49 In 2018 Zhangjiakou ordered 74 hydrogen fuel cell buses in preparation for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics 50 During the Games over 800 hydrogen fuel cell buses and coaches were used from manufacturers Foton Yutong Geely and Zhongtong Bus 51 52 53 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles were chosen over battery electric vehicles due to the cold weather prevalent in Hebei Province 51 The substantial use of hydrogen was criticised given that much of China s hydrogen is black hydrogen produced by burning coal 54 This meant that each kilo of hydrogen produced around 15 20 kg of CO2 54 nbsp Hyundai ElecCity in Seoul South Korea in 2019Launched in 2017 the Hyundai ElecCity ko entered commercial service in South Korea in December 2019 By June 2021 108 buses were in service across South Korea 55 Trial operations of the ElecCity with Wiener Linien in Vienna Austria were planned from November 2021 56 with further tests in Germany also announced 57 The ElecCity has a range of over 500 kilometres 310 mi and a maximum output of 180 kW 55 The cities of Busan and Ulsan announced in 2022 that they planned to introduce over 620 buses by 2025 58 In 2019 Polish bus manufacturer Solaris Bus amp Coach announced a hydrogen fuel cell bus on their popular Urbino 12 platform This was subsequently tested by a range of major operators including RATP in Paris 59 and ordered by European bus operators including Connexxion 60 OBB Postbus 61 and MPK Poznan 62 In 2022 Solaris announced a hydrogen fuel cell version of their Urbino 18 articulated bus at InnoTrans 2022 63 In 2020 the city of Nanning in China announced they planned to replace their entire 7 000 battery electric bus fleet with better performing hydrogen fuel cell battery hybrid buses 64 As of 2020 update the NERL was continuing work to evaluate fuel cell bus projects in the U S with 64 buses in service in California Hawaii and Ohio 65 AC Transit has the largest fleet of hydrogen fuel cell buses in the United States with 22 buses in service from Van Hool and New Flyer 65 This will allow a direct comparison between battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell buses to guide future purchasing decisions in light of a desire for a zero emission bus fleet 66 AC Transit noted that they had the most comprehensive zero emission bus ZEB program in the United States and had run 3 200 000 miles 5 100 000 km of service with zero emission buses since 2000 66 nbsp Wright StreetDeck Hydroliner FCEV bus in London England in 2022In June 2021 the world s first hydrogen fuel cell double decker bus Wright StreetDeck Hydroliner entered service with Metroline in London on route 7 67 4 These buses also entered service in Aberdeen Scotland 68 The Hydroliner FCEV was developed as part of the European Union Joint Initiative for Hydrogen Vehicles across Europe JIVE 69 Other bus manufacturers continued to enter the hydrogen fuel cell market with Iveco announcing a memorandum of understanding with Air Liquide to develop hydrogen mobility 70 and Alexander Dennis announcing a next generation double decker bus 71 New manufacturers also planned to enter the market such as Hyzon Motors 72 Other countries continued to investigate the potential of hydrogen fuel cell buses with Moscow announcing a pilot of Kamaz buses in 2022 73 In May 2022 Regionalverkehr Koln de the public transport operator for Cologne Germany ordered up to 100 hydrogen fuel cell buses from Solaris and WrightBus 74 This followed the announcement of the National Hydrogen Strategy in Germany which made clear that hydrogen fuel cell buses were a feasible alternative for long distance routes 75 Mercedes Benz announced that their popular eCitaro bus would be made available with a range extender using a Toyota hydrogen fuel cell This would increase the range of the bus to 400 kilometres 250 mi 76 77 In July 2022 Ile de France Mobilites IDFM ordered 47 fuel cell buses for the Grand Paris region in France at a cost of 48m Green hydrogen will be used with the hydrogen produced at an incinerator in Creteil 78 The managing director of IDFM stated that they wished to send a signal with their first order that bus manufacturers should improve the technology bring it to maturity produce it commercially and we will be there 79 In July 2022 over five hundred Foton AUV buses joined the Beijing Public Transport Group Media reported that the buses have a range of around 600 km and can be refilled in around 10 to 15 minutes 80 These buses had previously been used at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics 80 In August 2022 India s first domestically developed hydrogen fuel bus was unveiled in Pune The bus was developed by KPIT Technologies and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 81 82 In 2023 issues regarding the cost of hydrogen compared to electricity led to several transit agencies cancelling their orders 83 84 However other agencies continued to order fuel cell buses with TPER in Bologna ordering 130 buses from Solaris 85 Seoul ordering 1 300 buses from Hyundai 86 and SamTrans ordering 108 buses from New Flyer 87 A 2023 research paper estimated that just 4 of zero emission vehicles will be hydrogen fuel cell powered by 2044 with a low penetration of fuel cell city buses located only in countries with hydrogen infrastructure and on bus routes where it is unfeasible for battery electric buses to operate The paper also noted potential for intercity coaches and buses to be powered by hydrogen fuel cells 88 89 Comparison with battery electric buses edit nbsp Mercedes Benz eCitaro a battery electric bus with a hydrogen fuel cell range extenderBuses powered by hydrogen fuel cells have some similarities with battery electric buses as well as key differences Both types are zero emission at the tailpipe with hydrogen fuel cell buses producing water However many sources of hydrogen including those most commonly used are not zero emission 90 Both are propelled by electric motors and both have been produced by a range of bus manufacturers 91 Both have upfront costs such as electric chargers or a hydrogen fuelling station 91 Unlike battery electric buses hydrogen fuel cell buses can be refuelled in around 10 minutes compared to an overnight charge for electric buses or an energy intensive high current fast charge of a battery 84 3 Hydrogen fuel cell buses have a greater range and longer run time than battery electric buses with a range of around 450 kilometres 280 mi before refuelling 3 92 compared to around 250 kilometres 160 mi between charges for a battery electric bus 93 92 Hydrogen also has a higher energy storage density than batteries 91 Furthermore as batteries are made larger to increase range they become heavier decreasing energy efficiency 91 Hydrogen fuel cell buses are less affected by temperature with consistent power and range at extreme hot or cold temperatures 3 91 Operators of battery electric buses have reported shorter range in low temperatures 93 with Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe BVG reporting a 30 shorter range in cold weather around 10 C 14 F 94 The cost of fuelling Hydrogen buses is higher than battery buses 84 95 Costs of both battery electric buses and hydrogen fuel cell buses has fallen over time 65 Range extender edit Some manufacturers have used hydrogen fuel cells as a range extender for battery electric buses allowing them to have greater range 5 For example the Mercedes Benz eCitaro has a range of 280 kilometres 170 mi as a battery electric model with the eCitaro fuel cell bus having a range of 400 kilometres 250 mi thanks to a 60 kW Toyota fuel cell that recharges the battery 96 Costs editHydrogen fuel edit The cost of fuelling buses has varied substantially due to the cost and availability of hydrogen Some transit operators have been able to use hydrogen by product from industrial processes such as the production of Polyvinyl chloride to lower the cost 97 Other transit operators have built small scale plants to produce hydrogen from natural gas 98 or have purchased it directly from industrial producers 31 In 2006 the National Renewable Energy Laboratory stated that the cost of hydrogen fuel was around 9 a kilogram roughly comparing it to 2 a gallon for diesel It further noted that the total cost per mile including maintenance was around 1 per mile for diesel and around 6 50 per mile for hydrogen 99 In Europe the Clean Urban Transport for Europe CUTE project in the early 2000s reported fuelling costs around 10 times more than diesel 22 In 2021 Tokyu Bus ja reported that the cost of fuelling a hydrogen fuel cell bus is around 2 6 times higher than an equivalent diesel bus with brown hydrogen predominately used in Japan 6 In January 2022 the city of Montpellier France cancelled a contract to procure 51 buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells when it found that the cost of operation was 6 times more expensive than electric buses 100 101 102 The city ordered battery electric buses instead 101 In 2021 Wuppertaler Stadtwerke de reported that their hydrogen fuel cell buses cost around the same as their diesel buses to operate 103 London reported that the cost of hydrogen was around 6 per kilogram in 2023 roughly comparable with the cost of diesel fuel 104 Projections from the Hydrogen Council are that hydrogen produced from renewable energy at scale could cost around 1 4 to 2 3 per kilogram 1 Vehicles edit Costs of fuel cell buses has gradually fallen as technology has become more widespread and commercially viable 65 In 2007 the National Renewable Energy Laboratory stated that the purchase price of a hydrogen fuel cell bus was around 2 3m a standard diesel bus was around 330 000 and a hybrid bus was around 480 000 105 106 Regionalverkehr Koln de in Cologne Germany reported that the Phileas bus cost them 1 86m to purchase in 2011 a Van Hool A330 cost around 850 000 to purchase in 2014 and 590 000 to purchase in 2020 and that prices had fallen further with new hydrogen fuel cell buses costing around 500 000 in 2023 97 In 2022 the Financial Times reported that the Japanese Toyota FC Sora cost 100m 710 000 for a six year lease whereas a diesel bus costs around 24m 170 000 6 Local authorities have subsidised the cost of the buses to get them into service 6 In the United States it was reported in 2022 that a hydrogen bus cost around 1 2m to purchase compared to 750 000 for a battery electric bus 93 The Globe and Mail noted that European produced fuel cell buses are cheaper as they are produced in larger quantities 28 Research groups such as H2Bus Consortium are working to lower the cost of hydrogen fuel cell buses to the level of diesel buses with volume orders and mass production allowing manufacturers to take advantage of economies of scale 107 Other costs edit When compared to diesel buses transit operators face additional upfront costs when moving to hydrogen fuel cell buses This includes constructing hydrogen fuelling stations as well as purchasing spare parts for new buses 6 Battery electric buses have similar upfront costs requiring the installation of electric chargers and upgrades to the electrical grid to handle large numbers of electric buses being charged often overnight 91 Vehicles edit nbsp Yutong F12 in Zhengzhou China in 2022As of 2020 update 5 648 hydrogen fuel cell buses are in use around the world with 93 7 of them in China 1 A wide variety of companies are currently producing hydrogen fuel cell buses Bus manufacturers usually work with a provider of hydrogen fuel cells to power the bus such as Ballard Power Systems or Toyota 3 108 Vehicles include but are not limited to New Flyer Xcelsior CHARGE FC 109 Toyota Sora FC 40 Wright StreetDeck Hydroliner FCEV 110 Solaris Urbino 61 Hyundai ElecCity ko 55 Caetano H2 City Gold 47 Foton AUV 80 Yutong F12 51 Van Hool A330 FC 111 Mercedes Benz eCitaro REX 76 Zhongtong LCK6126FCEVG 112 Skywell NJ6106FCEV 113 ElDorado Axess FC 114 Sunwin iFCV10See also edit nbsp Buses portalFuel cell vehicle List of fuel cell vehicles List of busesReferences edit a b c Can Samsun Remzi Antoni Laurent Rex Michael Stolten Detlef 2021 Deployment Status of Fuel Cells in Road Transport 2021 Update PDF International Energy Agency IEA Advanced Fuel Cells Technology Collaboration Programme AFC TCP Forschungszentrum Julich a b Mike Long Branch 2021 01 26 The Second Coming of Hydrogen London s hydrogen buses London Reconnections Retrieved 2022 10 26 a b c d e Bus Transit Fuel Cell Electric Buses Ballard Power Retrieved 2023 01 19 a b England s first double decker hydrogen buses to launch in London BBC News 2021 06 23 Retrieved 2021 08 14 a b Hamburg to test the eCitaro with fuel cell range extender in 2021 Sustainable Bus 2019 09 05 Retrieved 2022 10 27 a b c d e High costs dog Tokyo s hydrogen buses Financial Times 2021 07 23 Retrieved 2023 01 07 a b c Eudy L Chandler K Gikakis C September 2007 Fuel Cell Buses in U S Transit Fleets Summary of Experiences and Current Status PDF National Renewable Energy Laboratory pp 1 2 Retrieved 1 November 2022 Larkins James T 1998 10 01 Fuel cell powered transit bus development activities at Georgetown University Fuel Cells Bulletin 1 1 6 8 doi 10 1016 S1464 2859 00 87551 3 ISSN 1464 2859 Wald Matthew L 1994 05 29 Technology An Electric Bus Bypasses a Battery Barrier The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 11 01 Nichols Mark 25 December 1995 The magic bus Maclean s Retrieved 2022 10 26 Toyota Jointly Develops Fuel Cell Hybrid Bus the FCHV BUS Toyota Motor Corporation 18 June 2001 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Fuel cell hybrid bus EXPO 2005 AICHI JAPAN Expo 2005 2005 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Fuel Cell Electric Bus Evaluations National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved 2022 10 26 Zero Emission Buses Alameda Contra Costa Transit District Retrieved 2022 10 26 Our first hydrogen fueling facility was opened in November of 2002 at our Richmond Division to operate a single 30 foot fuel cell electric bus Vidueira J M Contreras A Veziroglu T N PV autonomous installation to produce hydrogen via electrolysis and its use in FC buses International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Sep2003 Vol 28 Issue 9 p927 11p DOI 10 1016 S0360 3199 02 00191 X Clean Urban Transport for Europe CUTE Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Buses Policies IEA Retrieved 2022 10 26 First clean fuel buses running on Beijing roads Gov cn 21 June 2006 Archived from the original on 2011 05 04 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Adamson Kerry Ann November 2004 Fuel Cell Market Survey Buses PDF Fuel Cell Today Retrieved 26 October 2022 European Fuel Cell Bus Project Extended by One Year DaimlerChrysler Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 31 March 2007 Kris Christen Europe s CUTE project for hydrogen fuel cell buses deemed a success Environmental Science amp Technology 8 1 2006 Vol 40 Issue 15 p4541 4541 Conference wraps up CUTE next programs Fuel Cells Bulletin Jul2006 Vol 2006 Issue 7 p10 10 1p DOI 10 1016 S1464 2859 06 71128 2 a b c Dodson Sean 2003 10 30 All aboard the hydrogen bus the Guardian Retrieved 2022 10 26 杨裕生 20 March 2013 杨裕生院士 氢燃料电池拯救不了蓝天 Academician Yang Yusheng Hydrogen fuel cells cannot save the blue sky Sciencenet cn in Chinese Retrieved 26 October 2022 a b FTA funds commercially viable fuel cell buses Fuel Cells Bulletin 2006 12 2 2006 12 01 doi 10 1016 S1464 2859 06 71253 6 ISSN 1464 2859 a b Hua Thanh June 2014 Status of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Buses Worldwide Journal of Power Sources 269 975 Bibcode 2014JPS 269 975H doi 10 1016 j jpowsour 2014 06 055 a b AC Transit Bus Roster Alameda Contra Costa Transit District www actransit org Retrieved 2022 10 26 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Demonstration Project BC Transit Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 Retrieved 2022 10 26 a b c Tchir Jason 2021 03 10 Boondoggle or boon Looking back at Whistler s hydrogen bus pilot and why it failed The Globe and Mail Retrieved 2022 12 08 Ludy L Post M September 2014 BC Transit Fuel Cell Bus Project Evaluation Results Second Report PDF National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved 26 October 2022 FuelCellsWorks Legacies Of The 2010 Olympic Games In Whistler Are Powering More Than Nostalgia FuelCellsWorks Retrieved 2022 10 26 a b c Hydrogen bus launched on London tourist route the Guardian 2010 12 10 Retrieved 2021 08 13 RV1 bus route to be converted to hydrogen power London SE1 4 November 2010 Retrieved 2021 08 13 Mayor announces Europe s largest fleet of hydrogen buses for London Transport for London 13 November 2007 Retrieved 2021 08 13 2nd Generation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell City Bus Debuts in Higer Bus www chinabuses org 20 January 2009 Retrieved 2022 10 27 800 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses Serve Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games www chinabuses org 10 February 2022 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Back in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games only 3 units hydrogen fuel cell buses were put into operation The figure jumped to 196 units in 2010 World Expo held in Shanghai Onibus brasileiro movido a hidrogenio comeca a rodar em Sao Paulo Brazilian hydrogen powered bus starts running in Sao Paulo in Portuguese Inovacao Tecnologica 2009 04 08 Retrieved 2009 05 03 Holder Michael 2015 11 20 Aberdeen hydrogen bus station reaches milestone AirQualityNews Retrieved 2022 10 26 Bus fleet audit 31 March 2023 PDF Transport for London 31 March 2023 Retrieved 15 June 2023 Toyota Unveils FC Bus Concept Sora Toyota Newsroom Europe 18 October 2017 Retrieved 2022 10 26 a b Toyota Launches Production Model Sora FC Bus Toyota Motor Corporation 28 March 2018 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Buckland Kevin 2019 09 24 Toyota banking on Olympic halo to keep hydrogen dream alive The Japan Times Online ISSN 0447 5763 Retrieved 2020 02 14 How Toyota s Beyond Zero fleet drove Tokyo 2020 Toyota UK Magazine 2021 08 26 Retrieved 2022 10 26 トヨタ ポルトガルのバス製造会社カエタノ バス社に燃料電池システムを供給 Toyota Motor Corporation in Japanese 26 September 2022 Retrieved 26 October 2022 Germany Bielefeld transport company moBiel starts testing of CaetanoBus hydrogen bus Sustainable Bus 13 May 2022 Retrieved 13 June 2022 Hennigfeld Stefan 9 March 2022 Cottbusverkehr testet Brennstoffzelle Eisenbahnjournal Zughalt in German Retrieved 13 June 2022 Hampel Carrie 30 May 2022 Barcelona puts another 7 hydrogen buses into service Electrive Retrieved 13 June 2022 a b veintiunoaguila 2021 07 12 Toyota co brands zero emission hydrogen buses with CaetanoBus Hydrogen Central Retrieved 2022 10 26 Liu Zhixiang Kendall Kevin Yan Xieqiang 2018 12 25 China Progress on Renewable Energy Vehicles Fuel Cells Hydrogen and Battery Hybrid Vehicles Energies 12 1 54 doi 10 3390 en12010054 ISSN 1996 1073 Zhongtong Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses Set to Helping Cities Cut Carbon Emissions www chinabuses org 18 March 2022 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Largest Chinese Fuel Cell Bus Order Issued for 2022 Winter Olympics FuelCellsWorks 2018 02 05 Archived from the original on 2018 02 05 Retrieved 2022 10 26 a b c Hydrogen Cars and Buses Seize the Spotlight at Beijing s Winter Olympic Games Bloomberg News 14 February 2022 Retrieved 2022 10 26 China s Zhangjiakou to deploy 655 hydrogen buses for 2022 Winter Games Reuters 2021 12 06 Retrieved 2022 10 26 800 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses Serve Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games www chinabuses org 10 February 2022 Retrieved 2022 10 27 a b The problem with the Beijing Olympics hydrogen bus fleet Quartz 2022 02 11 Retrieved 2022 10 26 a b c Hyundai s Elec City Fuel Cell Bus Begins Trial Service in Munich www hyundai news 25 June 2021 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Hyundai Motor to hand over ELEC CITY Fuel Cell Bus to city bus operator in Austria www hyundai news 3 September 2021 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Hyundai Elec City DB Regio is testing a Korean hydrogen bus Urban Transport Magazine 2021 11 28 Retrieved 2023 01 07 South Korea ready to adopt 624 hydrogen powered buses by 2025 Sustainable Bus 2022 01 28 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Solaris Urbino hydrogen on a test in Paris for RATP Sustainable Bus 2020 10 23 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Connexxion orders 20 Solaris hydrogen buses for South Holland Green Car Congress Retrieved 2022 10 26 a b Austrian bus company signs framework agreement for up to 106 Solaris battery electric and hydrogen buses Green Car Congress Retrieved 2022 10 26 Poznan s huge investment in hydrogen buses Solaris Bus 26 October 2022 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Unveiling of the Urbino 18 hydrogen bus along with SolarisTalks 2022 Solaris Bus 14 September 2022 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Nanjing to introduce hydrogen buses Chinese manufacturer places an order with Loop Energy Sustainable Bus 2020 04 08 Retrieved 2022 10 27 a b c d Eudy Leslie Post Matthew March 2021 Fuel Cell Buses in U S Transit Fleets Current Status 2020 PDF National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved 26 October 2022 a b Zero Emissions Bus Rollout Plan PDF Alameda Contra Costa Transit District 10 June 2020 Retrieved 26 October 2022 Mayor launches England s first hydrogen double decker buses London City Hall 2021 06 23 Retrieved 2021 08 07 World s first double decker hydrogen buses launch in Aberdeen Intelligent Transport Retrieved 2022 10 26 JIVE Fuel Cell Electric Buses 2018 02 13 Retrieved 2022 10 26 Iveco and Air Liquide together for hydrogen mobility in Europe Sustainable Bus 2021 12 14 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Alexander Dennis H2 0 hydrogen bus on the launching pad Sustainable Bus 2021 02 26 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Hyzon Motors a new player in the hydrogen bus field A MOU for 1 000 vehicles announced Sustainable Bus 2020 04 05 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Kamaz hydrogen bus on a pilot in Moscow in 2022 Sustainable Bus 2021 09 13 Retrieved 2022 10 27 RVK orders up to 100 more hydrogen buses for Cologne Green Car Congress Retrieved 2022 10 26 VDV praises at German hydrogen strategy Fuel cell technology for long bus routes Sustainable Bus 2020 06 10 Retrieved 2022 10 27 a b Fuel cell range extender on the e bus Mercedes secures a first deal for the eCitaro REX Sustainable Bus 2020 03 31 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Daimler Buses gets major eCitaro G order from Germany electrive com 2022 10 17 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Descalles Julien 11 July 2022 Les bus a hydrogene arrivent en Ile de France Le Journal du Dimanche in French Retrieved 2022 10 27 Fuel cell buses in Paris region soon expected a tender for 47 vehicles Sustainable Bus 2022 07 11 Retrieved 2022 10 27 a b c 515 Units Foton AUV Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses Usher in An Era of Hydrogen Powered Public Transport in Beijing www chinabuses org 26 October 2022 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Mani Sudarsanan 2022 08 22 Hydrogen fuel cell bus developed by KPIT CSIR unveiled Here is all you need to know cnbctv18 com Retrieved 2022 10 26 Sentient Labs launches the first hydrogen fuel cell and zero emissions bus made in India Sustainable Bus 2021 12 16 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Hydrogen pioneer Pau France now consider BEV technology amidst soaring H2 costs Sustainable Bus 2023 11 14 Retrieved 2023 12 22 a b c Where are funding for European fuel cell buses coming from Sustainable Bus 2023 03 15 Retrieved 2023 12 22 Solaris has won the largest European H2 bus tender so far 130 Urbino hydrogen for TPER Sustainable Bus 2023 09 11 Retrieved 2023 12 22 Hyundai is set to supply 1 300 fuel cell buses to Seoul Sustainable Bus 2023 06 12 Retrieved 2023 12 22 California SamTrans approves purchase of 108 fuel cell buses from New Flyer Sustainable Bus 2023 12 13 Retrieved 2023 12 22 Only 4 percent of all zero emission vehicles are expected to be fuel cell powered in 2024 IDTechEx states Sustainable Bus 2024 01 08 Retrieved 2024 01 23 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 2024 2044 Markets Technologies and Forecasts IDTechEx 2023 12 07 ISBN 978 1 83570 005 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Rapier Robert 26 May 2020 Life Cycles of Hydrogen 4thgeneration energy Retrieved 2023 06 15 hydrogen s dirty secret is that it comes primarily from fossil fuels a b c d e f When It Comes to Buses Will Hydrogen or Electric Win Wired UK ISSN 1357 0978 Retrieved 2023 01 07 a b Hydrogen Or Batteries That Is The Question Hyundai Elec City Bus Hyundai Motor Group TECH tech hyundaimotorgroup com Retrieved 2023 01 19 Range Seoul mode simultation a b c Higgs Larry Rodas Steven 2022 11 29 Why some say hydrogen buses could be N J s eco friendly transit solution nj Retrieved 2023 01 07 E buses fail in the cold www green zones eu 11 February 2021 Retrieved 2023 01 19 Harding Robin 2021 07 23 High costs dog Tokyo s hydrogen buses Financial Times Retrieved 2023 06 15 Drum roll for Mercedes eCitaro with FC range extender electrive com 23 May 2023 Retrieved 2023 08 10 a b RVK Cologne and its history of its hydrogen buses Urban Transport Magazine 2023 01 04 Retrieved 2023 01 07 Eudy L Chandler K Gikakis C September 2007 Fuel Cell Buses in U S Transit Fleets Summary of Experiences and Current Status PDF National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved 1 November 2022 Eudy Leslie Chandler Kevin November 2006 Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority and San Mateo County Transit District Fuel Cell Transit Buses Evaluation Results PDF National Renewable Energy Laboratory Archived from the original PDF on 14 October 2008 Retrieved 7 January 2023 Chaigneau Cecile 2022 01 06 Pourquoi la Metropole de Montpellier renonce aux bus a hydrogene Why the Montpellier Metropole is giving up hydrogen buses La Tribune in French Retrieved 2022 10 26 La technologie hydrogene est prometteuse confirmait Michael Delafosse le 4 janvier Mais nous etions aides sur l investissement mais pas sur le fonctionnement Or il reviendrait six fois plus cher qu avec des bus electriques Hydrogen technology is promising confirmed Michael Delafosse on January 4 But we were helped on the investment but not on the operation However it would be six times more expensive than with electric buses a b Hanley Steve 2022 01 11 French City Cancels Hydrogen Bus Contract Opts For Electric Buses CleanTechnica Retrieved 2022 10 26 Montpellier scratches the hydrogen bus plan and turns to battery electric technology for now Reason operating costs Sustainable Bus 2022 01 13 Retrieved 2023 12 22 Wuppertaler Stadtwerke Cost parity between hydrogen and diesel buses Urban Transport Magazine 2021 07 05 Retrieved 2023 01 07 Marius Callum 2021 06 23 The new hydrogen buses more expensive than Ferraris taking to London s streets MyLondon Retrieved 2023 01 07 Spiegel Jan Ellen 2007 04 15 For Hartford a Fuel Cell Bus Milestone The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 11 02 Eudy L Chandler K Gikakis C September 2007 Fuel Cell Buses in U S Transit Fleets Summary of Experiences and Current Status PDF National Renewable Energy Laboratory p 22 Retrieved 1 November 2022 H2Bus Europe Fuel Cell Electric Buses 2019 09 11 Retrieved 2023 01 07 Toyota Fuel Cell Business Toyota Europe Retrieved 2023 01 19 New Flyer launches new fuel cell bus model Xcelsior Charge FC with Ballard technology and Siemens ELFA 3 drivetrain Sustainable Bus 2022 09 08 Retrieved 2022 10 27 StreetDeck Hydroliner FCEV Wrightbus Retrieved 2022 10 27 10 million hydrogen powered km travelled so far Van Hool reaches the milestone Sustainable Bus 2020 12 02 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Bus Zhongtong zhongtongbuses com Retrieved 2022 10 27 Skywell hydrogen bus got index approval in China Next step large scale deployment in Nanjing Sustainable Bus 2020 10 06 Retrieved 2022 10 27 Axess FC I Hydrogen bus I ENC ENC Retrieved 2022 10 27 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fuel cell powered buses H2mobility org Hydrogen buses worldwide Dead Link Toyota FCHV BUS data sheet International Fuel Cell Bus Collaborative Dead Link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fuel cell bus amp oldid 1198196688, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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