fbpx
Wikipedia

Islamic Defenders Front

January 01, 1970

The Islamic Defenders Front (Indonesian: Front Pembela Islam; abbr. FPI)[4][5] was an Indonesian hardline Islamist organization founded in 1998 by Muhammad Rizieq Shihab with backing from military and political figures.[6][7] Since 2015, Ahmad Shabri Lubis has been the organization's leader,[8] while Rizieq Shihab holds the title of Grand Imam (Indonesian: Imam Besar) of the FPI for life.[9] The FPI originally positioned itself as an Islamic religious police, mostly by conducting illegal and unauthorized vigilante operations.[10] It also acted as an Islamist pressure group with prominent social media activism and mass mobilizations against pro-government activists, ethnic Chinese, Christian minority, as well as liberal and reformist politicians.[11][12]

Islamic Defenders Front
الجبهة الدفاعية الإسلامية
Front Pembela Islam
Logo of the Islamic Defenders Front
AbbreviationFPI
SuccessorIslamic Brotherhood Front (unrecognized) [1]
Formation17 August 1998; 25 years ago (1998-08-17)
FounderMuhammad Rizieq Shihab
Founded atCiputat, South Tangerang, Banten
Dissolved21 June 2019; 4 years ago (2019-06-21),[2] (De jure)
30 December 2020; 3 years ago (2020-12-30)[3] (De facto)
TypeMass organization
Legal statusBanned
PurposePolitic, social, economic and culture
HeadquartersPetamburan, Tanah Abang, Jakarta
Coordinates6°11′38″S 106°48′21″E / 6.193923°S 106.805825°E / -6.193923; 106.805825
Region served
Indonesia (especially in Jakarta, West Java, Banten, Lampung and Central Java)
Official language
Arabic, Indonesian
Grand Imam
Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
Chairman
Ahmad Shabri Lubis
Secretary-general
Munarman

The organization staged a number of religious and political mass protests, including the November 2016 Jakarta protests and other rallies against the then-Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. The FPI also rallied outside the American Embassy in Jakarta in 2003 in order to condemn the Iraq War. The protesters were accused of committing hate crimes in the name of Islam[13][10] and religious-related violence.[14]

On 30 December 2020, the Indonesian government issued a joint ministerial decree in which it banned the FPI.[15] The government said that the FPI had threatened Indonesia's national ideology, committed illegal raids and atrocities including terrorism, and its organizational permit had expired.[16] The government also showed footage of Rizieq Shihab pledging the FPI's allegiance to the Islamic State (ISIL/ISIS) and advocating the establishment of a caliphate.[17] The disbandment came a few weeks after six FPI members were shot dead by police.[18]

History edit

FPI emerged on 17 August 1998 as an outcome of the meeting by religious leaders to commemorate the 53rd anniversary of Indonesian independence. The gathering took place at the pesantren (Islamic boarding school) of al-Umm in Ciputat, South Tangerang.[19] It was hosted by Misbahul Anam, an activist of the Indonesian Islam Boyscouts (PII),[20] and attended by religious leaders affiliated with haba'ib (scholars from the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), notably Muhammad Rizieq Shihab.[21][22]

The meeting discussed urgent issues faced by the Muslim community, namely the proliferation of maksiat (immorality), killings of Muslims in places such as Tanjung Priok and Aceh, and the lack of Muslim organizations that can impose the Islamic doctrine of amr ma'ruf nahy munkar (enjoining good and forbidding wrong).[23]

The first major FPI campaign that garnered media attention was an incident in Ketapang, Central Jakarta in November 1998. The incident was triggered by the killing of a local Betawi Muslim teenager by Ambonese Christian, and rapidly escalated into a Muslim-Christian riot which claimed dozens of lives.[24][25][26][27] The Betawi community called the support of FPI, which made an effort to prevent further escalation.[24]

The organization aims to implement sharia law in Indonesia.[28] Later, it transformed itself into an Islamist pressure group which furthers its political motives by promoting what is considered as religious or racial propaganda through the Internet and occasional anti-government campaigns.[11] However, in January 2017, several FPI official Twitter accounts were suspended due to violations of Twitter rules, including spamming, incivility and making threats.[29]

Government support edit

The emergence of FPI attracted strong interest among the high-rank members of the Indonesian military. The Indonesian military, which previously suppressed political Islam during the New Order era, had been approaching conservative Islamic groups since Feisal Tanjung was inaugurated as the commander in 1993, to disguise the military's continued role controlling the people in the face of criticism from the more moderate to left-wing segments of Indonesian society, including the some 3000 non-governmental organizations working there.[30]

The military provided monetary aid as well as military training to the paramilitary wing of FPI known as Laskar Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Paramilitary, LPI).[7][30] In turn, FPI occasionally mobilized action in support of the former commander Wiranto and several army generals.[31] FPI also received patronage from the chief of Jakarta police Nugroho Djayusman.[32] B.J. Habibie, who eventually succeeded the presidency after Suharto, also provided funding toward several Islamic groups including FPI in anticipation of his election.[30][33] Even after the transition to democracy, a number of military generals, loathe to relinquish their power after so many decades of dictatorship, continued their support of FPI, who provided a believable curtain of grassroots support for paramilitary muscle in the still-turbulent social order.[34]

Loss of government support edit

FPI lost major support from the state apparatus after the inauguration of Sofyan Yacob as the chief of Jakarta police, who criticized FPI's vigilantism. FPI's headquarters in Petamburan, Tanah Abang was raided by police in 2002 and 13 members were arrested following FPI's attack on nightclubs and billiard halls.[34][35] Rizieq was also arrested in 2003 and jailed for seven months.[36] Misbahul Anam, the former secretary-general of FPI, considered the relations with the state apparatus to be opportunistic.[23] However, Sutanto, the chief of the national police (2005–2008) and state intelligent agency (2009–2011), maintained the importance of utilizing FPI in certain cases.[31] Even after 2002, FPI acted in cooperation with military and police on several occasions, including in 2010 and 2011 to shut down public debates held by LGBT and Ahmadiyya activists.[37]

In November 2020, the Home Affairs Ministry said FPI had lost its legal status as a civil organization because its registration certificate had expired on 20 June 2019. The ministry said FPI therefore should not have conducted activities as a civil organization. FPI spokesman Munarman countered that organizations do not require a registration certificate for legal status, as freedom to assembly is enshrined in the Indonesian Constitution.[38]

Political support edit

FPI also found political support among the politicians who belong to the Islamist, conservative, and right-wing nationalist political parties. Hamzah Haz of the United Development Party and the 9th vice president of Indonesia (2001–2004) occasionally visited FPI meetings during his terms.[34] FPI provided grassroots support for Wiranto during the 2004 and 2009 presidential election, as well as former army general Prabowo Subianto during the 2014 and 2019 presidential election.[31] FPI's notable political allies include the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and the National Mandate Party (PAN), both being conservative Islamic parties, as well as the recently disbanded Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI). It also allegedly maintained close relations to the family of former president Suharto, most notably Tommy Suharto as evidenced by their meeting in 2017 during the commemoration of Supersemar.[39]

December 2020 shootings edit

Early on 7 December 2020, police shot dead six members of FPI in two different circumstances. Two were killed in a shootout on Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road and four were later shot while in police custody.[40] Police said the six were among 10 FPI members who had crashed into a police car and attacked officers at the kilometre 50 point of the toll road. FPI said the six were Rizieq's personal bodyguards and had been abducted by thugs.[41] Amnesty International Indonesia said "police must be open and transparent about the incident and what led to the use of firearms against the supporters of FPI leader Muhammad Rizieq Shihab. The incident should be independently investigated and if the police officers violated international standards regarding the use of force and firearms, they should be brought to justices."[42]

The six victims of the shooting were identified as:

  • Andi Oktiawan (33 years old)
  • Ahmad Sofiyana (26)
  • Lutfi Hakim (25)
  • Faiz Ahmad Syukur (22)
  • Muhammad Suci Khadavi (21)
  • Muhammad Reza (20)[43][44][45]

Responding to the killings, President Joko Widodo said the police "are protected by law" in doing their work and warned that citizens should not break the law or harm the country.[46][47] FPI Secretary General Munarman criticized the president's response as justification of deadly human rights abuse.[48]

On 8 January 2021, the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) announced the preliminary results of its investigation into the killings.[49] Komnas HAM said two of the FPI members were killed in a shootout with police, and the four others were later killed in police custody. It described the killings as a human rights violation and called for the prosecution of the perpetrators.[50]

On 3 March 2021, police said the six slain FPI members would be charged posthumously with assault of police officers.[51] Police later said three personnel from Jakarta Police were being investigated over allegations they had acted unlawfully during the incident.[52][53] On 25 March 2021, police said one of three officers incriminated in the killings had since died in an accident.[54] On 18 March 2022, South Jakarta District Court found the two surviving police officers guilty of the unlawful killing of four FPI members, but ruled they could not be punished because the shootings were "justified" as the officers had acted in self-defense.[55][56]

Disbandment edit

See also: Decree on Islamic Defenders Front

The Indonesian government on 30 December 2020 disbanded FPI for engaging in terrorist and criminal acts and disturbing public order.[57][58] The disbandment was announced by Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs Mahfud MD. He said the ban was signed by six ministerial-level state officials: the Home Affairs Minister, Communications and Information Minister, Justice and Human Rights Minister, National Counterterrorism Agency chief, National Police chief, and the Attorney General.[59] The announcement was also attended by the National Armed Forces Commander, the Presidential Chief of Staff, and other senior government officials.[60] The Indonesian National Police said 199 FPI members were involved in 94 criminal cases, and 35 members of FPI have alleged links to terrorist groups.[61]

The ban categorized FPI as a "forbidden organization",[62] giving law enforcement officials the right to disperse its organizational activities or gatherings. The ban came after police earlier in December 2020 shot dead six FPI members. FPI initially said it would appeal the disbandment[63] but later decided to not appeal, saying "the decree is the refuse of the civilization, and the refuse is better put on the septic tank."[64]

Reincarnations edit

Subsequently after FPI dissolved by the Indonesian government, several reincarnations were declared, all of them are under the abbreviation "FPI", same as their predecessors.

After the disbandment, former FPI secretary general Munarman and other senior FPI figures announced that FPI would be replaced by Front Persatuan Islam (English: Islamic Unity Front). They vowed to continue to fight against the government, which they described as a "tyrannical regime" and said "its decisions carry little to no merit". Munarman said the "Front Persatuan Islam" name must be adopted by all FPI members, administrators and sympathizers, rather than using the name Front Pembela Islam.[65]

The Islamic Unity Front declared it would never register with the government.[66] Demak branch of FPI and the East Kalimantan branch of FPI declared their willingness to be part of the renamed organization.[67][68] The Indonesian National Police threatened to dissolve the new FPI.[69] The Islamic Unity Front then changed its name to the Islamic Brotherhood Front (Front Persaudaraan Islam).[70]

Islamic Brotherhood Front edit

 
Current logo of Islamic Brotherhood Front, launched on 17 August 2021.[71]

On 17 August 2021, in conjunction with Indonesian Independence Day, the Islamic Brotherhood Front launched its new logo.[71] On 5 September, a group of unmasked people[72] declared the foundation of the West Java branch of Islamic Brotherhood Front, at Daarul Khoirot Mosque, West Bandung Regency.[73][74] Head of the West Bandung branch of Nation and Political Unity Body (Kesbangpol), Suryaman stated that they minimally detected the foundation of the new FPI.[75] The head of Centre of Youth and Population Research (CYPR), Dedek Prayudi reacted to the declaration of Islamic Brotherhood Front: "One should see first the AD/ART[76] of Islamic Brotherhood Front. If it is still similar to FPI, (this organization) should be dissolved".[77] As a response, the regent of West Bandung, Hengky Kurniawan, declared that he together with the Municipal Police would rebuke the declaration as it outlaws health protocols.[78]

On 7 September, the former Banten province branch leader (imam) of the "old" FPI, Ahmad Qurthubi Jaelani was chosen as the new chairman of the Islamic Brotherhood Front through consensus by branch leaders and advisors.[79] Officially according to the vice chairman of Islamic Brotherhood Front, Syahid Joban said that the new FPI was different from the old FPI; with the new FPI more focused on human rights and education.[80] As of September 2021, Rizieq Shihab and Munarman currently do not appear in positions of the new FPI, but the advocate team of FPI, Aziz Yanuar said that both will be placed in honorable position.[81]

Instead of becoming hostile as its predecessors, the Islamic Brotherhood Front tends to be peaceful with other organizations, especially with the Nahdlatul Ulama's militia body Banser working together to help victims of 2021 Semeru eruption.[82] The son-in-law of Muhammad Rizieq Shihab, Habib Muhammad bin Husein Alatas was elected as the chairman of the Islamic Brotherhood Front, via the first national conference held by the new FPI at Lebak Regency, Banten from 16 to 17 March 2022.[83]

Others edit

The Ciamis branch of FPI declared via Twitter it renamed the group as Front Pejuang Islam (Islamic Fighters Front).[84][85] The Ciamis branch also declared it was adopting the new name of Front Perjuangan Islam (Islamic Struggle Front).[86] Wawan Malik Marwan, founder of both the Islamic Fighters Front and Islamic Struggle Front said if the organizations were banned, he would form an organization named Front Pencinta Islam (Islam Lovers Front).[86]

Alleged involvement in 2021 Makassar cathedral bombing edit

Ex-members of the organizations are allegedly involved in the bombing of a cathedral in Makassar. Some attributes of Islamic Defenders Front were found in house of suspected terrorist.[87][88] Nearly one month after the bombing, on 27 April 2021, former Islamic Defenders Front General Secretary and Muhammad Rizieq Shihab's close confidante, Munarman, was arrested.[89] He was arrested because he possessed the knowledge about the terrorist network, but chose to hide it. Not only that he also involved in inciting people to commit terrorism and conspiring with terrorists against the state.[90] He also charged by police to be involved with "bay'ah" of terrorists' group and their pledge of allegiance to ISIL in Makassar, Jakarta, and Medan terror networks.[91]

Views and activities edit

Actions against pluralism edit

The FPI has been vocal against liberalism and multiculturalism, and to the extension of the Pancasila doctrine which upholds religious pluralism. On 1 June 2008, the FPI staged an attack against members of the National Alliance for the Freedom of Faith and Religion (AKKBB), who were holding a rally coinciding with the commemoration day of Pancasila near the National Monument in the city center. The attack was claimed as a response to the perceived threat by the AKKBB against the FPI. The incident was referred to by the media as the Monas incident. It caused media outrage and led to the arrest of Rizieq Shihab among 56 other FPI members.[92] Rizieq was later imprisoned for one year and six months, after being convicted over attacks against the AKKBB.[10] In January 2017, the police declared FPI leader Rizieq Shihab a suspect for alleged defamation of Pancasila .[93]

The FPI also often holds protests against what it sees as the spread of Christianity of Indonesia. Notable targets include GKI Yasmin of Bogor, and HKBP Church of Bekasi, where the group used violence to force the closure of the churches.[94][95] The FPI also endorsed the Singkil administration for closing around 20 churches in Singkil, Aceh. This stirred up controversy over the use of the local administrative law in accordance with Sharia, running counter to the Indonesian constitution, which guarantees freedom of religious practice.[96] In early 2017, the FPI and related Islamist groups staged a mass protest against a newly built church in Bekasi, West Java. The protest developed into a riot and scuffles with the police, resulting in property damage and five police officers being injured.[97]

Like many other Islamist groups in Indonesia, the FPI holds a negative sentiment toward ethnic Chinese people, often to the point of spreading hate speech, racist remarks and threats of lynching against them. FPI members and sympathizers regularly accused the ethnic Chinese of being "illegal immigrants", often with false narratives claiming that the Chinese are communists and "enemies of Islam", despite a significant number of Chinese Indonesian Muslims.

Actions against Ahmadiyyah edit

The FPI was suspected of acting behind the scenes in the 6 February 2011 assault against the Ahmadiyyah community, in which three people were killed. The assault was led by a group of over thousand people, wielding rocks, machetes, swords, and spears. They attacked the house of an Ahmadi leader in Cikeusik, Banten.[98] Similarly, a group attacked the Ahmadiyyah headquarters near Bogor and harassed its members in areas such as in East Lombok, Manislor, Tasikmalaya, Parung, and Garut.[99]

Actions against the perceived communist threat edit

The FPI, like many conservative politicians in Indonesia, often employs anti-communist rhetoric as a political motivation. In June 2010, along with other organizations, the FPI attacked a meeting about free healthcare in East Java, mistaking it for a "meeting" of the banned Communist Party of Indonesia.[100] In January 2017, the FPI called for the withdrawal of Rupiah banknotes, and accused it of allegedly displaying the image of the banned hammer and sickle logo.[101] The FPI's allegations, however, were rejected by Bank Indonesia (BI), referring to it as a recto-verso security feature of the Bank Indonesia logo for the new Rupiah banknotes. FPI was accused of stirring public unrest by slandering Bank Indonesia and the government.[102] FPI frequently denounced liberal and centrist political parties (such as PDI-P or Golkar), accusing them as being "pro-communist" and "Islamophobic".

It is widely believed that the Islamist anti-communist rhetoric is the reason behind the showing of docudrama film Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI on some Indonesian national televisions beginning in 2017, 20 years after it was once a mandatory viewing material by the New Order government.[103]

Anti-government campaigns edit

The FPI was known for its outspoken views against the Indonesian government since the presidency of Abdurrahman Wahid, and alongside other related Islamist groups, had repeatedly threatened to topple the government. This campaign notably intensified under Joko Widodo's presidency, especially following former Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama's alleged blasphemy incident in 2016.

Actions against perceived defamation of Islamic sensitivity edit

The FPI is notably sensitive toward the perceived defamation and violation of Islamic norms in various aspects of society. In its early days, FPI targeted shops and vendors that are open or sells alcohol during the month of Ramadhan, most of which were reportedly forced to close down or ransacked.[104] Various nightclubs, bars, and cafes were targeted by the FPI for perceived non-conformity with Islamic norms.[105] In 2006, the FPI and other Islamic organizations including the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council protested against the publication of Playboy Indonesia. The protest led to the eviction of the Playboy office from Jakarta to Bali.[106] In 2013, the FPI accused LGBT activists, such as Lady Gaga[107] and Irshad Manji,[108] of being "devils", and threatened their safety. This erupted in controversy in 2013 during Lady Gaga's Born This Way tour,[107] which resulted in the eventual cancellation of concerts in Indonesia. The action was criticized for being a violation of Indonesian law sanctioning violent threats, as prescribed in Article 336 of the Criminal Code.[109]

In 2015, the FPI attacked politician and Purwakarta regent Dedi Mulyadi, accusing him of being a musyrik (polytheist) after he put up statues of Sundanese puppets in a number of city parks throughout Purwakarta in West Java. the FPI accused Dedi of debasing Islamic tenets by violating the aniconist principle of Islam, as well as using the Sundanese greeting Sampurasun, instead of the Muslim-approved Assalamualaikum. In December 2015, around a hundred FPI members conducted a 'sweeping' operation against Mulyadi himself. Its members inspected cars passing through the front gate of Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) in Central Jakarta where the Indonesia Theater Federation Awards ceremony was being held, attempting to stop Mulyadi from attending the event.[110]

Opposition against Basuki Tjahaja Purnama edit

The FPI gained renewed notoriety for its efforts to topple the administration of former Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, popularly known as Ahok. The FPI criticized Basuki's background as a Christian and Chinese Indonesian, both being minorities, citing that the position of the governor of Jakarta should be reserved only for Muslims.[11] In 2014, the FPI held a demonstration in front of the Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council building in Jakarta. The organization refused to accept Basuki as Jakarta's governor after former governor Joko Widodo was elected President the same year.[10]

In late 2016, during the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election season, the FPI led the national outcry against Basuki for his alleged blasphemy against the Qur'an. As a response to the perceived blasphemy, the FPI organized seven protests titled 'Aksi Bela Islam', ('Action to Defend Islam') in order to create pressure against Basuki and to demand his imprisonment. The protests culminated in the November 2016 Jakarta protests, December 2016 Jakarta protests and February 2017 Jakarta protests. These were held once a month until Basuki's final conviction in May 2017, when he was sentenced to two years imprisonment after losing the election to Anies Baswedan.[111]

Mass gatherings after return of Rizieq Shihab edit

 
Undated photograph of Habib Muhammad Rizieq Shihab, founder of the Islamic Defenders Front

FPI was involved in controversial actions after Rizieq Shihab returned to Indonesia from Saudi Arabia on 10 November 2020. FPI members were among thousands of Rizieq's supporters who greeted him on arrival at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport.[112][113] Ignoring government regulations on COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, FPI members attended a mass gathering at Rizieq's home in Jakarta's Petamburan neighborhood.[114] On 13 November, FPI members gathered in large numbers with Rizieq in Megamendung, Bogor.[115] West Java Governor Ridwan Kamil blamed Security Minister Mahfud MD for allowing the mass gatherings.[116]

Reception edit

General public edit

There have been demands by Indonesians, mainly mainstream Muslims, other religious organizations, political communities and ethnic groups, for the FPI to be disbanded or banned.[117][118] Ansor Youth Movement, the youth branch of Nahdlatul Ulama, the biggest Muslim organization in Indonesia, demanded the government to shut down FPI in 2008, but the government never agreed to such calls.[37] Various critics and media outlets have described the FPI as inciting extremism, racism and bigotry, particularly noting its occasional hate crimes, discrimination against minorities and religious intolerance.[14][119] An International Crisis Group report called it "an urban thug organization", emphasizing its violent vigilantism.[6][28] The group has also been criticized for the use of violence; the police have recorded that the FPI engaged in 29 cases of violence and destructive behavior in 2010 and 5 cases in 2011 in West Java, Banten, Central Java, North Sumatra and South Sumatra.[120] A survey conducted by SMRC in November 2020 shown that 43% of Indonesians view FPI favorably, while 57% view them unfavorably. Similar survey conducted in 2019 shown that FPI is viewed favorably by only 33% of Indonesians.[121]

The FPI is considered as a terrorist organization by the Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium. (TRAC)

Rejection in Kalimantan edit

On 11 February 2012, hundreds of protesters from Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan; mainly from the Dayak tribe; staged a protest at Tjilik Riwut Airport to block the arrival of four senior leaders of the group, who wanted to inaugurate the provincial branch of the organization. Due to security concerns, the management of the airport ordered the FPI members to remain on board the aircraft while other passengers disembarked. The FPI members were then flown to Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan. The deputy chairman of the Central Kalimantan Dayak Tribe Council (DAD) later said that the organization had asked the Central Kalimantan Police to ban the group's provincial chapter as the FPI's presence would create tension, particularly as Central Kalimantan is known as a place conducive to religious harmony.[122] A formal letter from the Central Kalimantan administration stated that they firmly rejected the FPI and would not let them establish a chapter in the province because it "contradicts the local wisdom of the Dayak tribe that upholds peace". The letter was sent to the Minister of Coordination of Political, Legal and Security Affairs with copies being sent to the president of Indonesia, the People's Consultative Assembly speaker, the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, the Home Minister and the National Police Chief. The FPI is now banned all over Kalimantan for its disruptive and divisive actions against local communities.[123]

Organization edit

FPI broadly consists of two parts, the Consultative Assembly which aims to provide decision-making, and the Executive Board which carries out the decision provided by the Consultative Assembly. FPI's paramilitary division known as Laskar Pembela Islam (LPI), which conducts all the vigilantism, is attached to the Department of Jihad and State Defense of the Executive Board. LPI is structured in a very similar manner with an actual military; led by Imam Besar (Grand Imam), there are multiple ranks based on the number of military personnel commanded by them, from Imam (25,000 personnel), Wali (5,000 personnel), Qaid (1,000 personnel), Amir (200 personnel), to Rais (20 personnel). Each one of the LPI personnel is referred to as Jundi.[124]

FPI is an organization open for the public, and anybody can be a member. This allowed FPI to expand quickly since its foundation in 1998, and it can rapidly mobilize personnel during the demonstrations. FPI has its branch on a provincial level with similar organizational structures consist of advisory and executive boards. Although the networks penetrate into district and sub-district levels, they are loosely coordinated, and often there are cases of fragmentation such as FPI Surakarta branch which claims to be independent of the headquarters in Jakarta.[124]

Organizational structure edit

  • Majelis Tanfidzi (Executive Board)
    • Chief Leader: Ahmad Shabri Lubis
      • Department of Foreign Affairs
      • Department of Home Affairs
      • Department of Religious Affairs
      • Department of Jihad and State Defense
        • Laskar Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Paramilitary, LPI)
      • Department of Social, Political, and Legal Affairs
      • Department of Education and Culture
      • Department of Economy and Industry
      • Department of Research and Technology
      • Department of Logistics
      • Department of Social Welfare
      • Department of Information
      • Department of Women's Affairs
    • Secretary-General: Munarman
      • Commission of Front Experts
      • Commission of Front Recruitment
      • Commission of Front Investigation
      • Commission of Front Legal Assistance
      • Anti-Maksiat Commission
      • Anti-Violence Commission
  • Majelis Syuro (Consultative Assembly)
    • Chief Leader: Muhsin bin Ahmad Al-Attas
      • Commission of Sharia
      • Commission of Honor
      • Commission of Coordination
      • Commission of Consultancy
      • Commission of Supervision

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ "Islamic Defender Front's General Secretary proclaimed the creation of the United Islamic Front". 31 December 2020. from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  2. ^ "Pemerintah Tunjukkan Video Anggota FPI Berbaiat ke ISIS, Jadi Pertimbangan". nasional.kompas.com. 30 December 2020. from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  3. ^ . 30 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020.
  4. ^ Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Front -- FPI 5 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium.
  5. ^ Kassam, Nisan. Indonesia: The Islamic Defenders Front 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Without Frontiers.
  6. ^ a b "Indonesia: Implications of the Ahmadiyah Decree" (PDF). International Crisis Group Update Briefing (78). Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group. 7 July 2008. (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  7. ^ a b "WikiLeaks: National Police funded FPI hard-liners". 5 September 2011. from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  8. ^ Ini Ketua Umu FPI Yang Baru Ust. Ahmad. 29 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Muslimedia News. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  9. ^ "Gelar Imam Besar hingga Capres 2014 untuk Habib Rizieq". Merdeka. 24 August 2013. from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  10. ^ a b c d M Andika Putra; Raja Eben Lumbanrau (17 January 2017). "Jejak FPI dan Status 'Napi' Rizieq Shihab". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  11. ^ a b c Sita W. Dewi (25 September 2014). "FPI threatens Chinese Indonesians". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  12. ^ "FPI: Rising Radical Movement in Indonesia". Future Directions International Directions International. Future Directions International. 20 June 2012. from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  13. ^ Frost, Frank; Rann, Ann; Chin, Andrew. . Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  14. ^ a b Arya Dipa (18 January 2017). "Petition calls for disbandment of FPI". The Jakarta Post. from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  15. ^ "Indonesia bans hardline Islamic Defender's Front group". from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  16. ^ Berutu, Sachril Agustin. "Ini 7 Poin Keputusan Pemerintah Terkait Pelarangan FPI". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  17. ^ dtv, detikTV. "Ini Video Dukungan FPI ke ISIS". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  18. ^ "Use of force in deadly FPI shooting must be independently investigated • Amnesty Indonesia". Amnesty Indonesia (in Indonesian). 7 December 2020. from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  19. ^ Jahroni, 2004: 213
  20. ^ Jahroni, 2004: 243
  21. ^ . Arrohim.com – Aneka Informasi Islami. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  22. ^ . MudhiatulFata. Archived from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  23. ^ a b Jahroni, 2004: 215
  24. ^ a b Jahroni, 2004: 220
  25. ^ Putu Agung Nara Indra (4 November 2016). "FPI dalam Lintasan Sejarah". Tirto.id. from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  26. ^ Sihbudi & Nursalim, 2001
  27. ^ Hutagalung, 2016: 456
  28. ^ a b Budi Setiyarso; et al. (30 November 2010), "Street Warriors", Tempo magazine, English edition, p. 41
  29. ^ "Pembekuan akun Twitter FPI 'bukan permintaan' Kominfo" (in Indonesian). BBC Indonesia. 16 January 2017. from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  30. ^ a b c Jahroni, 2004: 213-5
  31. ^ a b c Facal, 2019: 8
  32. ^ Facal, 2019: 9
  33. ^ Facal, 2019: 7
  34. ^ a b c Jahroni, 2004: 216-7
  35. ^ "NGOs demand dissolution of FPI". 10 September 2002. from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  36. ^ Jahroni, 2004: 218
  37. ^ a b Ricklefs, 2012: 421
  38. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (21 November 2020). "FPI Tak Punya SKT, Kemendagri: Idealnya Tak Boleh Ada Kegiatan Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  39. ^ "Suara.com: FPI reveals its role in Supersemar commemoration organized by Suharto's family". 15 March 2017. from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  40. ^ "Police chief orders speedy handling of FPI shooting case". Antara. 16 February 2021. from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  41. ^ "6 Rizieq Shihab supporters killed in violent clash with police on Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road". Coconuts Jakarta. 7 December 2020. from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  42. ^ "Use of force in deadly FPI shooting must be independently investigated • Amnesty Indonesia". Amnesty Indonesia (in Indonesian). 7 December 2020. from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  43. ^ "Diungkap FPI, Begini Kondisi 6 Jenazah Laskar yang Tewas Ditembak Polisi". Merdeka (in Indonesian). 10 December 2020. from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  44. ^ "6 Laskar FPI Tewas Didor, Pakar Hukum Pidana: Eksekutor Bisa Diancam Hukuman Mati" (in Indonesian). from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  45. ^ "Santri Indonesia Minta Identitas Polisi Penembak 6 Laskar FPI Dibuka". OkeZone (in Indonesian). 17 December 2020. from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  46. ^ "Jokowi Buka Suara soal Tewasnya Laskar FPI: Hukum Harus Ditegakkan". Tirto (in Indonesian). from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  47. ^ "Soal Tewasnya 6 Laskar FPI, Ini Tanggapan Jokowi". Republika (in Indonesian). 13 December 2020. from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  48. ^ "FPI Kecam Pernyataan Jokowi Soal Tewasnya 6 Pengawal Habib Rizieq". Suara Merdeka (in Indonesian). from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  49. ^ Rahayu, Lisye Sri. "Komnas HAM Umumkan Hasil Investigasi Tewasnya 6 Laskar FPI Sore Ini". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  50. ^ "Komnas HAM recommends transparent trial for FPI members' shooting case". Antara. 9 January 2021. from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  51. ^ "6 FPI guards posthumously charged over deadly December shootout with police". Coconuts Jakarta. 4 March 2021. from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  52. ^ Dirgantara, Adhyasta. "Polri Gunakan Pasal Pembunuhan-Penganiayaan di Kasus Unlawful Killing Km 50". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  53. ^ Amali, Zakki (11 March 2021). "Mengapa Polisi Pembunuh Laskar FPI Belum Jadi Tersangka". Tirto.id. from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  54. ^ "Police Officer Incriminated in FPI Unlawful Killing Case Dies". Tempo.co. 26 March 2021. from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  55. ^ Nufus, Wilda Hayatun (18 March 2022). "2 Polisi Penembak Laskar FPI Divonis Bebas!". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  56. ^ Rohman, Baitur (18 March 2022). "Alasan Hakim Bebaskan Dua Anggota Polisi Penembak 4 Laskar FPI". KOMPAS.tv (in Indonesian). from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  57. ^ Paddock, Richard C. (30 December 2020). "Indonesia Disbands Radical Islamic Group Over Charges of Violence". The New York Times. from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  58. ^ Lamb, Agustinus Beo Da Costa, Kate (30 December 2020). "Indonesia bans hardline Islamic Defender's Front group". Reuters. from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ "Mahfud Md: Govt Officially Bans FPI". Tempo.co. 30 December 2020. from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  60. ^ "Indonesia bans Islamic Defenders' Front, citing terrorist links". www.aljazeera.com. from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  61. ^ Persada, Syailendra (1 January 2021). "Kabaharkam Polri: Kalau FPI Punya Amunisi, Bahan Peledak, Terus Kami Diam Saja?". Tempo. from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  62. ^ "Pemerintah Tetapkan FPI Organisasi Terlarang". from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  63. ^ Indonesia, C. N. N. "FPI Siap PTUN-kan SKB 3 Menteri Usai Dilarang Pemerintah". nasional (in Indonesian). from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  64. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (January 2021). "Kuasa Hukum Batal Gugat SKB Pembubaran FPI ke PTUN". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  65. ^ Berutu, Sachril Agustin. "FPI Dilarang, Munarman dkk Deklarasikan Front Persatuan Islam". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  66. ^ "Pemerintah Larang FPI, Front Persatuan Islam Tak Akan Daftar ke Pemerintah". news.detik.com. 31 December 2020. from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  67. ^ "Resmi Bubar, FPI Demak Pikir-Pikir Gabung Front Persatuan Islam". news.detik.com. 31 December 2020. from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  68. ^ "Viral Video Deklarasi FPI Cabang Kalimantan Timur". nasional.sindonews.com. 2 January 2021. from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  69. ^ "Polisi Ancam Bubarkan FPI Baru Front Persatuan Islam, Ini Alasannya". Kompas TV. 5 January 2021. from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  70. ^ "FPI Ganti Nama Lagi, Front Persatuan Islam jadi Front Persaudaraan Islam". Detik.com. 5 January 2021. from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  71. ^ a b "FPI Versi Baru Siap Deklarasi, Mahfud MD Diklaim Telah Beri Lampu Hijau". Fajar.co.id. 25 August 2021. from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  72. ^ "Viral Video Deklarasi FPI di Bandung Berkerumun dan Tak Pakai Masker". Suara Jabar.id. 8 September 2021. from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  73. ^ "Ini Isi Deklarasi FPI Reborn". tvOne. 8 September 2021. from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  74. ^ "Ini Masjid yang Digunakan Sebagai Lokasi Deklarasi FPI 'Reborn'". tvOne. 9 September 2021. from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  75. ^ "Pemerintah Sudah Endus Keberadaan FPI di Bandung Barat". Suara Jabar.id. 8 September 2021. from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  76. ^ Acronym: Main Budget and Household Budget (Indonesian: Anggaran Utama dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga)
  77. ^ "Bendera FPI Baru Berkibar, Respons Direktur CYPR Telak". Genpi.co. 10 September 2021. from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  78. ^ "Kerumunan Deklarasi FPI "REBORN" Akan Ditegur". tvOne. 10 September 2021. from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  79. ^ "Eks Imam FPI Banten Jadi Ketum Front Persaudaraan Islam". CNN Indonesia. 7 September 2021. from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  80. ^ "Ini Perbedaan FPI Reborn dan FPI Lama". tvOne. 13 September 2021. from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  81. ^ "Viral Massa Deklarasi FPI Tak Pakai Masker, Nama HRS Tak Ada di Struktur Pengurus". Suara Jabar.id. 14 September 2021. from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  82. ^ "Viral Banser dan FPI Rukun dan Saling Bantu dalam Musibah Semeru". MalangTimes.com. 8 December 2021. from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  83. ^ "Sosok Menantu Habib Rizieq yang Kini Jadi Ketum FPI Baru". Detik.com. 27 March 2022. from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  84. ^ "FPI Bubar, Muncul Front Pejuang Islam". viva.co.id. 30 December 2020. from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  85. ^ "Dibubarkan Pemerintah, FPI Ciamis Bentuk Front Pejuang Islam". news.detik.com. 30 December 2020. from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  86. ^ a b "Beberapa Jam FPI Dibubarkan, FPI Format Lain Muncul di Ciamis". tribunnews.com. 31 December 2020. from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  87. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (29 March 2021). "Dari Bom Aktif hingga Atribut FPI, Ini Temuan Polisi di 3 Lokasi Penggerebekan Terduga Teroris". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  88. ^ detikcom, Tim. "Deretan Pernak-pernik FPI Ditemukan di Rumah Terduga Teroris". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  89. ^ detikcom, Tim. "Munarman Ditangkap Polisi!". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  90. ^ Dirgantara, Adhyasta. "Ditangkap Densus, Munarman Diduga Gerakkan Orang Lain untuk Terorisme". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  91. ^ Dirgantara, Adhyasta. "Munarman Ditangkap Terkait Baiat Teroris di 3 Kota". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  92. ^ "Hard-liners ambush Monas rally". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 2 June 2008. from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  93. ^ Arya Dipa (30 January 2017). "Police declare FPI leader Rizieq Shihab suspect for alleged Pancasila defamation". The Jakarta Post. from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  94. ^ "Masalah GKI Yasmin Jadi Catatan Dunia". 24 January 2012. from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  95. ^ . Archived from the original on 20 September 2010.
  96. ^ "Catatan Kronologis Penyegelan Gereja-gereja di Aceh Singkil". from the original on 24 February 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  97. ^ Liputan6.com (24 March 2017). "Demo Tolak Pembangunan Gereja di Bekasi Ricuh, 5 Polisi Terluka". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  98. ^ "Indonesia: Ahmadiyya killings verdicts will not stem discrimination". from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  99. ^ . Archived from the original on 10 September 2012.
  100. ^ . The Jakarta Globe. Jakarta. 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  101. ^ Safrin La Batu (23 January 2017). "FPI leader calls for withdrawal of banknotes with 'communist symbol'". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  102. ^ Safrin La Batu (23 January 2017). "FPI leader questioned for allegedly insulting rupiah". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  103. ^ "Film G30S/PKI: Sinema buatan Orde Baru Ditayangkan Kembali - BBC Indonesia (in Indonesian)". BBC Indonesia. 29 September 2020.
  104. ^ "Garut Police Take a Stance Against FPI". The Jakarta Globe. 30 May 2012. from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  105. ^ Bamualim, Chaider S. (2011). "Islamic Militancy and Resentment against Hadhramis in Post-Suharto Indonesia: A Case Study of Habib Rizieq Syihab and His Islam Defenders Front". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 31 (2): 267–281. doi:10.1215/1089201X-1264226. S2CID 145526880. from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  106. ^ Jane Perlez (24 July 2006). "Playboy Indonesia: Modest Flesh Meets Muslim Faith". The New York Times. Denpasar. from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  107. ^ a b "Lady Gaga 'devastated' as Indonesia concert cancelled". BBC News. 28 May 2012. from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  108. ^ "Irshad Manji book tour in Indonesia runs into trouble with Islamic 'thugs'". from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
  109. ^ "KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA". Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  110. ^ "Police under fire for allowing sweeping FPI raids". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 31 December 2015. from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  111. ^ Callistasia Anggun Wijaya (9 May 2017). "Ahok guilty of blasphemy, sentenced to two years". The Jakarta Post. from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  112. ^ Arunanta, Luqman Nurhadi. "FPI Siapkan Pengamanan Sambut Kedatangan Habib Rizieq". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  113. ^ Arunanta, Luqman Nurhadi. "Petinggi FPI ke Pintu Kedatangan Sambut Habib Rizieq, Massa Bentuk Barikade". detiknews (in Indonesian). from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  114. ^ Okezone (10 November 2020). "Pendukung Siap Sambut Kedatangan Habib Rizieq di Markas FPI : Okezone Megapolitan". okezone.com (in Indonesian). from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  115. ^ Indonesia, C. N. N. "Rizieq di Markas FPI Bogor, Selawat Menggema di Megamendung". nasional (in Indonesian). from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  116. ^ "Kekesalan Ridwan Kamil Sampai Seret Mahfud MD". Merdeka (in Indonesian). 16 December 2020. from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  117. ^ Iqbal T Lazuardi S (19 January 2017). "Protesters Deliver Petition, Demand FPI to be Disbanded". Tempo.co. from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  118. ^ Caroline Damanik (20 January 2017). "Demo, Ratusan Warga Dayak Minta FPI Dibubarkan". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  119. ^ "University Students in Manado Take to Streets to Demand FPI Disbandment". Jakarta Globe. from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  120. ^ . 19 February 2012. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013.
  121. ^ "Survei SMRC: 43 Persen Orang Suka FPI". VOA Indonesia (in Indonesian). 26 November 2020. from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  122. ^ . 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.
  123. ^ "Central Kalimantan officially rejects FPI". 23 February 2012. from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  124. ^ a b Jahroni, 2004: 237-241

References edit

  • Facal, G. (2019). Islamic Defenders Front Militia (Front Pembela Islam) and its Impact on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia. TRaNS: Trans –Regional and –National Studies of Southeast Asia page, 1-22.
  • Hutagalung, S.A. (2016). Muslim–Christian Relations in Kupang: Negotiating Space and Maintaining Peace. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 17(5), 439–459.
  • Jahroni, J. (2004). Defending the Majesty of Islam: Indonesia's Front Pembela Islam (FPI) 1998–2003. Studia Islamika, 11(2), 197–256.
  • Ricklefs, M.C. (2012). Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java: A Political, Social, Cultural and Religious History, c. 1930 to Present. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic Defenders Front.
  • (in Indonesian)
  • (in Indonesian) FPI Online
  • (in Indonesian) FPI & LPI's History
  • (in Indonesian) Sunday, 1 June 2008 Monas provocation chronology
  • (in Indonesian) Ruanghati

January 01, 1970
islamic, defenders, front, indonesian, front, pembela, islam, abbr, indonesian, hardline, islamist, organization, founded, 1998, muhammad, rizieq, shihab, with, backing, from, military, political, figures, since, 2015, ahmad, shabri, lubis, been, organization,. The Islamic Defenders Front Indonesian Front Pembela Islam abbr FPI 4 5 was an Indonesian hardline Islamist organization founded in 1998 by Muhammad Rizieq Shihab with backing from military and political figures 6 7 Since 2015 Ahmad Shabri Lubis has been the organization s leader 8 while Rizieq Shihab holds the title of Grand Imam Indonesian Imam Besar of the FPI for life 9 The FPI originally positioned itself as an Islamic religious police mostly by conducting illegal and unauthorized vigilante operations 10 It also acted as an Islamist pressure group with prominent social media activism and mass mobilizations against pro government activists ethnic Chinese Christian minority as well as liberal and reformist politicians 11 12 Islamic Defenders Frontالجبهة الدفاعية الإسلاميةFront Pembela IslamLogo of the Islamic Defenders FrontAbbreviationFPISuccessorIslamic Brotherhood Front unrecognized 1 Formation17 August 1998 25 years ago 1998 08 17 FounderMuhammad Rizieq ShihabFounded atCiputat South Tangerang BantenDissolved21 June 2019 4 years ago 2019 06 21 2 De jure 30 December 2020 3 years ago 2020 12 30 3 De facto TypeMass organizationLegal statusBannedPurposePolitic social economic and cultureHeadquartersPetamburan Tanah Abang JakartaCoordinates6 11 38 S 106 48 21 E 6 193923 S 106 805825 E 6 193923 106 805825Region servedIndonesia especially in Jakarta West Java Banten Lampung and Central Java Official languageArabic IndonesianGrand ImamMuhammad Rizieq ShihabChairmanAhmad Shabri LubisSecretary generalMunarman The organization staged a number of religious and political mass protests including the November 2016 Jakarta protests and other rallies against the then Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama The FPI also rallied outside the American Embassy in Jakarta in 2003 in order to condemn the Iraq War The protesters were accused of committing hate crimes in the name of Islam 13 10 and religious related violence 14 On 30 December 2020 the Indonesian government issued a joint ministerial decree in which it banned the FPI 15 The government said that the FPI had threatened Indonesia s national ideology committed illegal raids and atrocities including terrorism and its organizational permit had expired 16 The government also showed footage of Rizieq Shihab pledging the FPI s allegiance to the Islamic State ISIL ISIS and advocating the establishment of a caliphate 17 The disbandment came a few weeks after six FPI members were shot dead by police 18 Contents 1 History 1 1 Government support 1 2 Loss of government support 1 3 Political support 1 4 December 2020 shootings 1 5 Disbandment 1 6 Reincarnations 1 6 1 Islamic Brotherhood Front 1 6 2 Others 1 6 3 Alleged involvement in 2021 Makassar cathedral bombing 2 Views and activities 2 1 Actions against pluralism 2 2 Actions against Ahmadiyyah 2 3 Actions against the perceived communist threat 2 4 Anti government campaigns 2 5 Actions against perceived defamation of Islamic sensitivity 2 6 Opposition against Basuki Tjahaja Purnama 2 7 Mass gatherings after return of Rizieq Shihab 3 Reception 3 1 General public 3 2 Rejection in Kalimantan 4 Organization 4 1 Organizational structure 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External linksHistory editFPI emerged on 17 August 1998 as an outcome of the meeting by religious leaders to commemorate the 53rd anniversary of Indonesian independence The gathering took place at the pesantren Islamic boarding school of al Umm in Ciputat South Tangerang 19 It was hosted by Misbahul Anam an activist of the Indonesian Islam Boyscouts PII 20 and attended by religious leaders affiliated with haba ib scholars from the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad notably Muhammad Rizieq Shihab 21 22 The meeting discussed urgent issues faced by the Muslim community namely the proliferation of maksiat immorality killings of Muslims in places such as Tanjung Priok and Aceh and the lack of Muslim organizations that can impose the Islamic doctrine of amr ma ruf nahy munkar enjoining good and forbidding wrong 23 The first major FPI campaign that garnered media attention was an incident in Ketapang Central Jakarta in November 1998 The incident was triggered by the killing of a local Betawi Muslim teenager by Ambonese Christian and rapidly escalated into a Muslim Christian riot which claimed dozens of lives 24 25 26 27 The Betawi community called the support of FPI which made an effort to prevent further escalation 24 The organization aims to implement sharia law in Indonesia 28 Later it transformed itself into an Islamist pressure group which furthers its political motives by promoting what is considered as religious or racial propaganda through the Internet and occasional anti government campaigns 11 However in January 2017 several FPI official Twitter accounts were suspended due to violations of Twitter rules including spamming incivility and making threats 29 Government support edit The emergence of FPI attracted strong interest among the high rank members of the Indonesian military The Indonesian military which previously suppressed political Islam during the New Order era had been approaching conservative Islamic groups since Feisal Tanjung was inaugurated as the commander in 1993 to disguise the military s continued role controlling the people in the face of criticism from the more moderate to left wing segments of Indonesian society including the some 3000 non governmental organizations working there 30 The military provided monetary aid as well as military training to the paramilitary wing of FPI known as Laskar Pembela Islam Islamic Defenders Paramilitary LPI 7 30 In turn FPI occasionally mobilized action in support of the former commander Wiranto and several army generals 31 FPI also received patronage from the chief of Jakarta police Nugroho Djayusman 32 B J Habibie who eventually succeeded the presidency after Suharto also provided funding toward several Islamic groups including FPI in anticipation of his election 30 33 Even after the transition to democracy a number of military generals loathe to relinquish their power after so many decades of dictatorship continued their support of FPI who provided a believable curtain of grassroots support for paramilitary muscle in the still turbulent social order 34 Loss of government support edit FPI lost major support from the state apparatus after the inauguration of Sofyan Yacob as the chief of Jakarta police who criticized FPI s vigilantism FPI s headquarters in Petamburan Tanah Abang was raided by police in 2002 and 13 members were arrested following FPI s attack on nightclubs and billiard halls 34 35 Rizieq was also arrested in 2003 and jailed for seven months 36 Misbahul Anam the former secretary general of FPI considered the relations with the state apparatus to be opportunistic 23 However Sutanto the chief of the national police 2005 2008 and state intelligent agency 2009 2011 maintained the importance of utilizing FPI in certain cases 31 Even after 2002 FPI acted in cooperation with military and police on several occasions including in 2010 and 2011 to shut down public debates held by LGBT and Ahmadiyya activists 37 In November 2020 the Home Affairs Ministry said FPI had lost its legal status as a civil organization because its registration certificate had expired on 20 June 2019 The ministry said FPI therefore should not have conducted activities as a civil organization FPI spokesman Munarman countered that organizations do not require a registration certificate for legal status as freedom to assembly is enshrined in the Indonesian Constitution 38 Political support edit FPI also found political support among the politicians who belong to the Islamist conservative and right wing nationalist political parties Hamzah Haz of the United Development Party and the 9th vice president of Indonesia 2001 2004 occasionally visited FPI meetings during his terms 34 FPI provided grassroots support for Wiranto during the 2004 and 2009 presidential election as well as former army general Prabowo Subianto during the 2014 and 2019 presidential election 31 FPI s notable political allies include the Prosperous Justice Party PKS and the National Mandate Party PAN both being conservative Islamic parties as well as the recently disbanded Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia HTI It also allegedly maintained close relations to the family of former president Suharto most notably Tommy Suharto as evidenced by their meeting in 2017 during the commemoration of Supersemar 39 December 2020 shootings edit Early on 7 December 2020 police shot dead six members of FPI in two different circumstances Two were killed in a shootout on Jakarta Cikampek Toll Road and four were later shot while in police custody 40 Police said the six were among 10 FPI members who had crashed into a police car and attacked officers at the kilometre 50 point of the toll road FPI said the six were Rizieq s personal bodyguards and had been abducted by thugs 41 Amnesty International Indonesia said police must be open and transparent about the incident and what led to the use of firearms against the supporters of FPI leader Muhammad Rizieq Shihab The incident should be independently investigated and if the police officers violated international standards regarding the use of force and firearms they should be brought to justices 42 The six victims of the shooting were identified as Andi Oktiawan 33 years old Ahmad Sofiyana 26 Lutfi Hakim 25 Faiz Ahmad Syukur 22 Muhammad Suci Khadavi 21 Muhammad Reza 20 43 44 45 Responding to the killings President Joko Widodo said the police are protected by law in doing their work and warned that citizens should not break the law or harm the country 46 47 FPI Secretary General Munarman criticized the president s response as justification of deadly human rights abuse 48 On 8 January 2021 the National Commission on Human Rights Komnas HAM announced the preliminary results of its investigation into the killings 49 Komnas HAM said two of the FPI members were killed in a shootout with police and the four others were later killed in police custody It described the killings as a human rights violation and called for the prosecution of the perpetrators 50 On 3 March 2021 police said the six slain FPI members would be charged posthumously with assault of police officers 51 Police later said three personnel from Jakarta Police were being investigated over allegations they had acted unlawfully during the incident 52 53 On 25 March 2021 police said one of three officers incriminated in the killings had since died in an accident 54 On 18 March 2022 South Jakarta District Court found the two surviving police officers guilty of the unlawful killing of four FPI members but ruled they could not be punished because the shootings were justified as the officers had acted in self defense 55 56 Disbandment edit See also Decree on Islamic Defenders Front The Indonesian government on 30 December 2020 disbanded FPI for engaging in terrorist and criminal acts and disturbing public order 57 58 The disbandment was announced by Coordinating Minister for Political Legal and Security Affairs Mahfud MD He said the ban was signed by six ministerial level state officials the Home Affairs Minister Communications and Information Minister Justice and Human Rights Minister National Counterterrorism Agency chief National Police chief and the Attorney General 59 The announcement was also attended by the National Armed Forces Commander the Presidential Chief of Staff and other senior government officials 60 The Indonesian National Police said 199 FPI members were involved in 94 criminal cases and 35 members of FPI have alleged links to terrorist groups 61 The ban categorized FPI as a forbidden organization 62 giving law enforcement officials the right to disperse its organizational activities or gatherings The ban came after police earlier in December 2020 shot dead six FPI members FPI initially said it would appeal the disbandment 63 but later decided to not appeal saying the decree is the refuse of the civilization and the refuse is better put on the septic tank 64 Reincarnations edit Subsequently after FPI dissolved by the Indonesian government several reincarnations were declared all of them are under the abbreviation FPI same as their predecessors After the disbandment former FPI secretary general Munarman and other senior FPI figures announced that FPI would be replaced by Front Persatuan Islam English Islamic Unity Front They vowed to continue to fight against the government which they described as a tyrannical regime and said its decisions carry little to no merit Munarman said the Front Persatuan Islam name must be adopted by all FPI members administrators and sympathizers rather than using the name Front Pembela Islam 65 The Islamic Unity Front declared it would never register with the government 66 Demak branch of FPI and the East Kalimantan branch of FPI declared their willingness to be part of the renamed organization 67 68 The Indonesian National Police threatened to dissolve the new FPI 69 The Islamic Unity Front then changed its name to the Islamic Brotherhood Front Front Persaudaraan Islam 70 Islamic Brotherhood Front edit nbsp Current logo of Islamic Brotherhood Front launched on 17 August 2021 71 On 17 August 2021 in conjunction with Indonesian Independence Day the Islamic Brotherhood Front launched its new logo 71 On 5 September a group of unmasked people 72 declared the foundation of the West Java branch of Islamic Brotherhood Front at Daarul Khoirot Mosque West Bandung Regency 73 74 Head of the West Bandung branch of Nation and Political Unity Body Kesbangpol Suryaman stated that they minimally detected the foundation of the new FPI 75 The head of Centre of Youth and Population Research CYPR Dedek Prayudi reacted to the declaration of Islamic Brotherhood Front One should see first the AD ART 76 of Islamic Brotherhood Front If it is still similar to FPI this organization should be dissolved 77 As a response the regent of West Bandung Hengky Kurniawan declared that he together with the Municipal Police would rebuke the declaration as it outlaws health protocols 78 On 7 September the former Banten province branch leader imam of the old FPI Ahmad Qurthubi Jaelani was chosen as the new chairman of the Islamic Brotherhood Front through consensus by branch leaders and advisors 79 Officially according to the vice chairman of Islamic Brotherhood Front Syahid Joban said that the new FPI was different from the old FPI with the new FPI more focused on human rights and education 80 As of September 2021 Rizieq Shihab and Munarman currently do not appear in positions of the new FPI but the advocate team of FPI Aziz Yanuar said that both will be placed in honorable position 81 Instead of becoming hostile as its predecessors the Islamic Brotherhood Front tends to be peaceful with other organizations especially with the Nahdlatul Ulama s militia body Banser working together to help victims of 2021 Semeru eruption 82 The son in law of Muhammad Rizieq Shihab Habib Muhammad bin Husein Alatas was elected as the chairman of the Islamic Brotherhood Front via the first national conference held by the new FPI at Lebak Regency Banten from 16 to 17 March 2022 83 Others edit The Ciamis branch of FPI declared via Twitter it renamed the group as Front Pejuang Islam Islamic Fighters Front 84 85 The Ciamis branch also declared it was adopting the new name of Front Perjuangan Islam Islamic Struggle Front 86 Wawan Malik Marwan founder of both the Islamic Fighters Front and Islamic Struggle Front said if the organizations were banned he would form an organization named Front Pencinta Islam Islam Lovers Front 86 Alleged involvement in 2021 Makassar cathedral bombing edit Ex members of the organizations are allegedly involved in the bombing of a cathedral in Makassar Some attributes of Islamic Defenders Front were found in house of suspected terrorist 87 88 Nearly one month after the bombing on 27 April 2021 former Islamic Defenders Front General Secretary and Muhammad Rizieq Shihab s close confidante Munarman was arrested 89 He was arrested because he possessed the knowledge about the terrorist network but chose to hide it Not only that he also involved in inciting people to commit terrorism and conspiring with terrorists against the state 90 He also charged by police to be involved with bay ah of terrorists group and their pledge of allegiance to ISIL in Makassar Jakarta and Medan terror networks 91 Views and activities editActions against pluralism edit The FPI has been vocal against liberalism and multiculturalism and to the extension of the Pancasila doctrine which upholds religious pluralism On 1 June 2008 the FPI staged an attack against members of the National Alliance for the Freedom of Faith and Religion AKKBB who were holding a rally coinciding with the commemoration day of Pancasila near the National Monument in the city center The attack was claimed as a response to the perceived threat by the AKKBB against the FPI The incident was referred to by the media as the Monas incident It caused media outrage and led to the arrest of Rizieq Shihab among 56 other FPI members 92 Rizieq was later imprisoned for one year and six months after being convicted over attacks against the AKKBB 10 In January 2017 the police declared FPI leader Rizieq Shihab a suspect for alleged defamation of Pancasila 93 The FPI also often holds protests against what it sees as the spread of Christianity of Indonesia Notable targets include GKI Yasmin of Bogor and HKBP Church of Bekasi where the group used violence to force the closure of the churches 94 95 The FPI also endorsed the Singkil administration for closing around 20 churches in Singkil Aceh This stirred up controversy over the use of the local administrative law in accordance with Sharia running counter to the Indonesian constitution which guarantees freedom of religious practice 96 In early 2017 the FPI and related Islamist groups staged a mass protest against a newly built church in Bekasi West Java The protest developed into a riot and scuffles with the police resulting in property damage and five police officers being injured 97 Like many other Islamist groups in Indonesia the FPI holds a negative sentiment toward ethnic Chinese people often to the point of spreading hate speech racist remarks and threats of lynching against them FPI members and sympathizers regularly accused the ethnic Chinese of being illegal immigrants often with false narratives claiming that the Chinese are communists and enemies of Islam despite a significant number of Chinese Indonesian Muslims Actions against Ahmadiyyah edit The FPI was suspected of acting behind the scenes in the 6 February 2011 assault against the Ahmadiyyah community in which three people were killed The assault was led by a group of over thousand people wielding rocks machetes swords and spears They attacked the house of an Ahmadi leader in Cikeusik Banten 98 Similarly a group attacked the Ahmadiyyah headquarters near Bogor and harassed its members in areas such as in East Lombok Manislor Tasikmalaya Parung and Garut 99 Actions against the perceived communist threat edit The FPI like many conservative politicians in Indonesia often employs anti communist rhetoric as a political motivation In June 2010 along with other organizations the FPI attacked a meeting about free healthcare in East Java mistaking it for a meeting of the banned Communist Party of Indonesia 100 In January 2017 the FPI called for the withdrawal of Rupiah banknotes and accused it of allegedly displaying the image of the banned hammer and sickle logo 101 The FPI s allegations however were rejected by Bank Indonesia BI referring to it as a recto verso security feature of the Bank Indonesia logo for the new Rupiah banknotes FPI was accused of stirring public unrest by slandering Bank Indonesia and the government 102 FPI frequently denounced liberal and centrist political parties such as PDI P or Golkar accusing them as being pro communist and Islamophobic It is widely believed that the Islamist anti communist rhetoric is the reason behind the showing of docudrama film Pengkhianatan G30S PKI on some Indonesian national televisions beginning in 2017 20 years after it was once a mandatory viewing material by the New Order government 103 Anti government campaigns edit The FPI was known for its outspoken views against the Indonesian government since the presidency of Abdurrahman Wahid and alongside other related Islamist groups had repeatedly threatened to topple the government This campaign notably intensified under Joko Widodo s presidency especially following former Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama s alleged blasphemy incident in 2016 Actions against perceived defamation of Islamic sensitivity edit The FPI is notably sensitive toward the perceived defamation and violation of Islamic norms in various aspects of society In its early days FPI targeted shops and vendors that are open or sells alcohol during the month of Ramadhan most of which were reportedly forced to close down or ransacked 104 Various nightclubs bars and cafes were targeted by the FPI for perceived non conformity with Islamic norms 105 In 2006 the FPI and other Islamic organizations including the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council protested against the publication of Playboy Indonesia The protest led to the eviction of the Playboy office from Jakarta to Bali 106 In 2013 the FPI accused LGBT activists such as Lady Gaga 107 and Irshad Manji 108 of being devils and threatened their safety This erupted in controversy in 2013 during Lady Gaga s Born This Way tour 107 which resulted in the eventual cancellation of concerts in Indonesia The action was criticized for being a violation of Indonesian law sanctioning violent threats as prescribed in Article 336 of the Criminal Code 109 In 2015 the FPI attacked politician and Purwakarta regent Dedi Mulyadi accusing him of being a musyrik polytheist after he put up statues of Sundanese puppets in a number of city parks throughout Purwakarta in West Java the FPI accused Dedi of debasing Islamic tenets by violating the aniconist principle of Islam as well as using the Sundanese greeting Sampurasun instead of the Muslim approved Assalamualaikum In December 2015 around a hundred FPI members conducted a sweeping operation against Mulyadi himself Its members inspected cars passing through the front gate of Taman Ismail Marzuki TIM in Central Jakarta where the Indonesia Theater Federation Awards ceremony was being held attempting to stop Mulyadi from attending the event 110 Opposition against Basuki Tjahaja Purnama edit The FPI gained renewed notoriety for its efforts to topple the administration of former Jakarta governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama popularly known as Ahok The FPI criticized Basuki s background as a Christian and Chinese Indonesian both being minorities citing that the position of the governor of Jakarta should be reserved only for Muslims 11 In 2014 the FPI held a demonstration in front of the Jakarta Regional People s Representative Council building in Jakarta The organization refused to accept Basuki as Jakarta s governor after former governor Joko Widodo was elected President the same year 10 In late 2016 during the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election season the FPI led the national outcry against Basuki for his alleged blasphemy against the Qur an As a response to the perceived blasphemy the FPI organized seven protests titled Aksi Bela Islam Action to Defend Islam in order to create pressure against Basuki and to demand his imprisonment The protests culminated in the November 2016 Jakarta protests December 2016 Jakarta protests and February 2017 Jakarta protests These were held once a month until Basuki s final conviction in May 2017 when he was sentenced to two years imprisonment after losing the election to Anies Baswedan 111 Mass gatherings after return of Rizieq Shihab edit nbsp Undated photograph of Habib Muhammad Rizieq Shihab founder of the Islamic Defenders Front FPI was involved in controversial actions after Rizieq Shihab returned to Indonesia from Saudi Arabia on 10 November 2020 FPI members were among thousands of Rizieq s supporters who greeted him on arrival at Soekarno Hatta International Airport 112 113 Ignoring government regulations on COVID 19 pandemic restrictions FPI members attended a mass gathering at Rizieq s home in Jakarta s Petamburan neighborhood 114 On 13 November FPI members gathered in large numbers with Rizieq in Megamendung Bogor 115 West Java Governor Ridwan Kamil blamed Security Minister Mahfud MD for allowing the mass gatherings 116 Reception editGeneral public edit There have been demands by Indonesians mainly mainstream Muslims other religious organizations political communities and ethnic groups for the FPI to be disbanded or banned 117 118 Ansor Youth Movement the youth branch of Nahdlatul Ulama the biggest Muslim organization in Indonesia demanded the government to shut down FPI in 2008 but the government never agreed to such calls 37 Various critics and media outlets have described the FPI as inciting extremism racism and bigotry particularly noting its occasional hate crimes discrimination against minorities and religious intolerance 14 119 An International Crisis Group report called it an urban thug organization emphasizing its violent vigilantism 6 28 The group has also been criticized for the use of violence the police have recorded that the FPI engaged in 29 cases of violence and destructive behavior in 2010 and 5 cases in 2011 in West Java Banten Central Java North Sumatra and South Sumatra 120 A survey conducted by SMRC in November 2020 shown that 43 of Indonesians view FPI favorably while 57 view them unfavorably Similar survey conducted in 2019 shown that FPI is viewed favorably by only 33 of Indonesians 121 The FPI is considered as a terrorist organization by the Terrorism Research amp Analysis Consortium TRAC Rejection in Kalimantan edit On 11 February 2012 hundreds of protesters from Palangkaraya Central Kalimantan mainly from the Dayak tribe staged a protest at Tjilik Riwut Airport to block the arrival of four senior leaders of the group who wanted to inaugurate the provincial branch of the organization Due to security concerns the management of the airport ordered the FPI members to remain on board the aircraft while other passengers disembarked The FPI members were then flown to Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan The deputy chairman of the Central Kalimantan Dayak Tribe Council DAD later said that the organization had asked the Central Kalimantan Police to ban the group s provincial chapter as the FPI s presence would create tension particularly as Central Kalimantan is known as a place conducive to religious harmony 122 A formal letter from the Central Kalimantan administration stated that they firmly rejected the FPI and would not let them establish a chapter in the province because it contradicts the local wisdom of the Dayak tribe that upholds peace The letter was sent to the Minister of Coordination of Political Legal and Security Affairs with copies being sent to the president of Indonesia the People s Consultative Assembly speaker the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court the Home Minister and the National Police Chief The FPI is now banned all over Kalimantan for its disruptive and divisive actions against local communities 123 Organization editFPI broadly consists of two parts the Consultative Assembly which aims to provide decision making and the Executive Board which carries out the decision provided by the Consultative Assembly FPI s paramilitary division known as Laskar Pembela Islam LPI which conducts all the vigilantism is attached to the Department of Jihad and State Defense of the Executive Board LPI is structured in a very similar manner with an actual military led by Imam Besar Grand Imam there are multiple ranks based on the number of military personnel commanded by them from Imam 25 000 personnel Wali 5 000 personnel Qaid 1 000 personnel Amir 200 personnel to Rais 20 personnel Each one of the LPI personnel is referred to as Jundi 124 FPI is an organization open for the public and anybody can be a member This allowed FPI to expand quickly since its foundation in 1998 and it can rapidly mobilize personnel during the demonstrations FPI has its branch on a provincial level with similar organizational structures consist of advisory and executive boards Although the networks penetrate into district and sub district levels they are loosely coordinated and often there are cases of fragmentation such as FPI Surakarta branch which claims to be independent of the headquarters in Jakarta 124 Organizational structure edit Majelis Tanfidzi Executive Board Chief Leader Ahmad Shabri Lubis Department of Foreign Affairs Department of Home Affairs Department of Religious Affairs Department of Jihad and State Defense Laskar Pembela Islam Islamic Defenders Paramilitary LPI Department of Social Political and Legal Affairs Department of Education and Culture Department of Economy and Industry Department of Research and Technology Department of Logistics Department of Social Welfare Department of Information Department of Women s Affairs Secretary General Munarman Commission of Front Experts Commission of Front Recruitment Commission of Front Investigation Commission of Front Legal Assistance Anti Maksiat Commission Anti Violence Commission Majelis Syuro Consultative Assembly Chief Leader Muhsin bin Ahmad Al Attas Commission of Sharia Commission of Honor Commission of Coordination Commission of Consultancy Commission of SupervisionFootnotes edit Islamic Defender Front s General Secretary proclaimed the creation of the United Islamic Front 31 December 2020 Archived from the original on 7 January 2021 Retrieved 31 December 2020 Pemerintah Tunjukkan Video Anggota FPI Berbaiat ke ISIS Jadi Pertimbangan nasional kompas com 30 December 2020 Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 30 December 2020 Mahfud Md Govt Officially Bans FPI 30 December 2020 Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Front Pembela Islam Islamic Defenders Front FPI Archived 5 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine Terrorism Research amp Analysis Consortium Kassam Nisan Indonesia The Islamic Defenders Front Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Without Frontiers a b Indonesia Implications of the Ahmadiyah Decree PDF International Crisis Group Update Briefing 78 Jakarta Brussels International Crisis Group 7 July 2008 Archived PDF from the original on 15 December 2017 Retrieved 30 November 2010 a b WikiLeaks National Police funded FPI hard liners 5 September 2011 Archived from the original on 13 December 2020 Retrieved 5 September 2011 Ini Ketua Umu FPI Yang Baru Ust Ahmad Archived 29 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Muslimedia News Retrieved 1 December 2017 Gelar Imam Besar hingga Capres 2014 untuk Habib Rizieq Merdeka 24 August 2013 Archived from the original on 5 October 2019 Retrieved 21 August 2014 a b c d M Andika Putra Raja Eben Lumbanrau 17 January 2017 Jejak FPI dan Status Napi Rizieq Shihab CNN Indonesia in Indonesian Archived from the original on 5 October 2019 Retrieved 13 February 2017 a b c Sita W Dewi 25 September 2014 FPI threatens Chinese Indonesians The Jakarta Post Jakarta Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 Retrieved 13 February 2017 FPI Rising Radical Movement in Indonesia Future Directions International Directions International Future Directions International 20 June 2012 Archived from the original on 25 July 2021 Retrieved 11 March 2021 Frost Frank Rann Ann Chin Andrew Terrorism in Southeast Asia Parliament of Australia Parliamentary Library Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 Retrieved 30 November 2010 a b Arya Dipa 18 January 2017 Petition calls for disbandment of FPI The Jakarta Post Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 Retrieved 27 February 2017 Indonesia bans hardline Islamic Defender s Front group Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 30 December 2020 Berutu Sachril Agustin Ini 7 Poin Keputusan Pemerintah Terkait Pelarangan FPI detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 30 December 2020 dtv detikTV Ini Video Dukungan FPI ke ISIS detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 23 July 2021 Retrieved 30 December 2020 Use of force in deadly FPI shooting must be independently investigated Amnesty Indonesia Amnesty Indonesia in Indonesian 7 December 2020 Archived from the original on 7 December 2020 Retrieved 30 December 2020 Jahroni 2004 213 Jahroni 2004 243 Biografi Ringkas Al Habib M Rizieq bin Husein Syihab Arrohim com Aneka Informasi Islami Archived from the original on 5 October 2019 Retrieved 6 June 2017 Habib Salim Asy Syatiri Memuji Keberanian amp Ketegasan Habib Rizieq Syihab MudhiatulFata Archived from the original on 5 October 2019 Retrieved 6 June 2017 a b Jahroni 2004 215 a b Jahroni 2004 220 Putu Agung Nara Indra 4 November 2016 FPI dalam Lintasan Sejarah Tirto id Archived from the original on 24 February 2020 Retrieved 24 February 2020 Sihbudi amp Nursalim 2001 Hutagalung 2016 456 a b Budi Setiyarso et al 30 November 2010 Street Warriors Tempo magazine English edition p 41 Pembekuan akun Twitter FPI bukan permintaan Kominfo in Indonesian BBC Indonesia 16 January 2017 Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 13 February 2017 a b c Jahroni 2004 213 5 a b c Facal 2019 8 Facal 2019 9 Facal 2019 7 a b c Jahroni 2004 216 7 NGOs demand dissolution of FPI 10 September 2002 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 24 February 2020 Jahroni 2004 218 a b Ricklefs 2012 421 Media Kompas Cyber 21 November 2020 FPI Tak Punya SKT Kemendagri Idealnya Tak Boleh Ada Kegiatan Halaman all KOMPAS com in Indonesian Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 29 November 2020 Suara com FPI reveals its role in Supersemar commemoration organized by Suharto s family 15 March 2017 Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 19 November 2020 Police chief orders speedy handling of FPI shooting case Antara 16 February 2021 Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 Retrieved 4 March 2021 6 Rizieq Shihab supporters killed in violent clash with police on Jakarta Cikampek Toll Road Coconuts Jakarta 7 December 2020 Archived from the original on 7 December 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Use of force in deadly FPI shooting must be independently investigated Amnesty Indonesia Amnesty Indonesia in Indonesian 7 December 2020 Archived from the original on 7 December 2020 Retrieved 29 December 2020 Diungkap FPI Begini Kondisi 6 Jenazah Laskar yang Tewas Ditembak Polisi Merdeka in Indonesian 10 December 2020 Archived from the original on 18 December 2020 Retrieved 24 December 2020 6 Laskar FPI Tewas Didor Pakar Hukum Pidana Eksekutor Bisa Diancam Hukuman Mati in Indonesian Archived from the original on 19 December 2020 Retrieved 24 December 2020 Santri Indonesia Minta Identitas Polisi Penembak 6 Laskar FPI Dibuka OkeZone in Indonesian 17 December 2020 Archived from the original on 17 December 2020 Retrieved 24 December 2020 Jokowi Buka Suara soal Tewasnya Laskar FPI Hukum Harus Ditegakkan Tirto in Indonesian Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 Retrieved 24 December 2020 Soal Tewasnya 6 Laskar FPI Ini Tanggapan Jokowi Republika in Indonesian 13 December 2020 Archived from the original on 15 December 2020 Retrieved 24 December 2020 FPI Kecam Pernyataan Jokowi Soal Tewasnya 6 Pengawal Habib Rizieq Suara Merdeka in Indonesian Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 Retrieved 24 December 2020 Rahayu Lisye Sri Komnas HAM Umumkan Hasil Investigasi Tewasnya 6 Laskar FPI Sore Ini detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 8 January 2021 Retrieved 8 January 2021 Komnas HAM recommends transparent trial for FPI members shooting case Antara 9 January 2021 Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 Retrieved 25 January 2021 6 FPI guards posthumously charged over deadly December shootout with police Coconuts Jakarta 4 March 2021 Archived from the original on 4 March 2021 Retrieved 11 March 2021 Dirgantara Adhyasta Polri Gunakan Pasal Pembunuhan Penganiayaan di Kasus Unlawful Killing Km 50 detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 4 March 2021 Retrieved 8 March 2021 Amali Zakki 11 March 2021 Mengapa Polisi Pembunuh Laskar FPI Belum Jadi Tersangka Tirto id Archived from the original on 11 March 2021 Retrieved 11 March 2021 Police Officer Incriminated in FPI Unlawful Killing Case Dies Tempo co 26 March 2021 Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 Retrieved 27 March 2021 Nufus Wilda Hayatun 18 March 2022 2 Polisi Penembak Laskar FPI Divonis Bebas detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 18 March 2022 Retrieved 18 March 2022 Rohman Baitur 18 March 2022 Alasan Hakim Bebaskan Dua Anggota Polisi Penembak 4 Laskar FPI KOMPAS tv in Indonesian Archived from the original on 18 March 2022 Retrieved 18 March 2022 Paddock Richard C 30 December 2020 Indonesia Disbands Radical Islamic Group Over Charges of Violence The New York Times Archived from the original on 6 March 2021 Retrieved 4 March 2021 Lamb Agustinus Beo Da Costa Kate 30 December 2020 Indonesia bans hardline Islamic Defender s Front group Reuters Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 31 December 2020 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Mahfud Md Govt Officially Bans FPI Tempo co 30 December 2020 Archived from the original on 31 December 2020 Retrieved 4 March 2021 Indonesia bans Islamic Defenders Front citing terrorist links www aljazeera com Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 31 December 2020 Persada Syailendra 1 January 2021 Kabaharkam Polri Kalau FPI Punya Amunisi Bahan Peledak Terus Kami Diam Saja Tempo Archived from the original on 1 January 2021 Retrieved 1 January 2021 Pemerintah Tetapkan FPI Organisasi Terlarang Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 30 December 2020 Indonesia C N N FPI Siap PTUN kan SKB 3 Menteri Usai Dilarang Pemerintah nasional in Indonesian Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 1 January 2021 Media Kompas Cyber January 2021 Kuasa Hukum Batal Gugat SKB Pembubaran FPI ke PTUN KOMPAS com in Indonesian Archived from the original on 1 January 2021 Retrieved 1 January 2021 Berutu Sachril Agustin FPI Dilarang Munarman dkk Deklarasikan Front Persatuan Islam detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 30 December 2020 Pemerintah Larang FPI Front Persatuan Islam Tak Akan Daftar ke Pemerintah news detik com 31 December 2020 Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 31 December 2020 Resmi Bubar FPI Demak Pikir Pikir Gabung Front Persatuan Islam news detik com 31 December 2020 Archived from the original on 31 December 2020 Retrieved 31 December 2020 Viral Video Deklarasi FPI Cabang Kalimantan Timur nasional sindonews com 2 January 2021 Archived from the original on 2 January 2021 Retrieved 2 January 2021 Polisi Ancam Bubarkan FPI Baru Front Persatuan Islam Ini Alasannya Kompas TV 5 January 2021 Archived from the original on 5 January 2021 Retrieved 6 January 2021 FPI Ganti Nama Lagi Front Persatuan Islam jadi Front Persaudaraan Islam Detik com 5 January 2021 Archived from the original on 6 January 2021 Retrieved 19 January 2021 a b FPI Versi Baru Siap Deklarasi Mahfud MD Diklaim Telah Beri Lampu Hijau Fajar co id 25 August 2021 Archived from the original on 7 September 2021 Retrieved 7 September 2021 Viral Video Deklarasi FPI di Bandung Berkerumun dan Tak Pakai Masker Suara Jabar id 8 September 2021 Archived from the original on 8 September 2021 Retrieved 8 September 2021 Ini Isi Deklarasi FPI Reborn tvOne 8 September 2021 Archived from the original on 8 September 2021 Retrieved 8 September 2021 Ini Masjid yang Digunakan Sebagai Lokasi Deklarasi FPI Reborn tvOne 9 September 2021 Archived from the original on 9 September 2021 Retrieved 9 September 2021 Pemerintah Sudah Endus Keberadaan FPI di Bandung Barat Suara Jabar id 8 September 2021 Archived from the original on 8 September 2021 Retrieved 8 September 2021 Acronym Main Budget and Household Budget Indonesian Anggaran Utama dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga Bendera FPI Baru Berkibar Respons Direktur CYPR Telak Genpi co 10 September 2021 Archived from the original on 10 September 2021 Retrieved 10 September 2021 Kerumunan Deklarasi FPI REBORN Akan Ditegur tvOne 10 September 2021 Archived from the original on 10 September 2021 Retrieved 10 September 2021 Eks Imam FPI Banten Jadi Ketum Front Persaudaraan Islam CNN Indonesia 7 September 2021 Archived from the original on 7 September 2021 Retrieved 7 September 2021 Ini Perbedaan FPI Reborn dan FPI Lama tvOne 13 September 2021 Archived from the original on 14 September 2021 Retrieved 14 September 2021 Viral Massa Deklarasi FPI Tak Pakai Masker Nama HRS Tak Ada di Struktur Pengurus Suara Jabar id 14 September 2021 Archived from the original on 14 September 2021 Retrieved 14 September 2021 Viral Banser dan FPI Rukun dan Saling Bantu dalam Musibah Semeru MalangTimes com 8 December 2021 Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 Retrieved 11 December 2021 Sosok Menantu Habib Rizieq yang Kini Jadi Ketum FPI Baru Detik com 27 March 2022 Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 Retrieved 27 March 2022 FPI Bubar Muncul Front Pejuang Islam viva co id 30 December 2020 Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 30 December 2020 Dibubarkan Pemerintah FPI Ciamis Bentuk Front Pejuang Islam news detik com 30 December 2020 Archived from the original on 30 December 2020 Retrieved 31 December 2020 a b Beberapa Jam FPI Dibubarkan FPI Format Lain Muncul di Ciamis tribunnews com 31 December 2020 Archived from the original on 31 December 2020 Retrieved 31 December 2020 Media Kompas Cyber 29 March 2021 Dari Bom Aktif hingga Atribut FPI Ini Temuan Polisi di 3 Lokasi Penggerebekan Terduga Teroris KOMPAS com in Indonesian Archived from the original on 30 March 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 detikcom Tim Deretan Pernak pernik FPI Ditemukan di Rumah Terduga Teroris detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 30 March 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2021 detikcom Tim Munarman Ditangkap Polisi detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 27 April 2021 Retrieved 27 April 2021 Dirgantara Adhyasta Ditangkap Densus Munarman Diduga Gerakkan Orang Lain untuk Terorisme detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 27 April 2021 Retrieved 27 April 2021 Dirgantara Adhyasta Munarman Ditangkap Terkait Baiat Teroris di 3 Kota detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 27 April 2021 Retrieved 27 April 2021 Hard liners ambush Monas rally The Jakarta Post Jakarta 2 June 2008 Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 Retrieved 30 November 2010 Arya Dipa 30 January 2017 Police declare FPI leader Rizieq Shihab suspect for alleged Pancasila defamation The Jakarta Post Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 Retrieved 13 February 2017 Masalah GKI Yasmin Jadi Catatan Dunia 24 January 2012 Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 Retrieved 30 May 2012 Bekasi FPI Leader Murhali Implicated in Stabbing of HKBP Church Elder Archived from the original on 20 September 2010 Catatan Kronologis Penyegelan Gereja gereja di Aceh Singkil Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 Retrieved 12 June 2012 Liputan6 com 24 March 2017 Demo Tolak Pembangunan Gereja di Bekasi Ricuh 5 Polisi Terluka liputan6 com in Indonesian Archived from the original on 21 November 2020 Retrieved 4 December 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Indonesia Ahmadiyya killings verdicts will not stem discrimination Archived from the original on 31 July 2014 Retrieved 4 December 2016 Indonesia s Ahmadis Look for a Home in Novel Archived from the original on 10 September 2012 Deplorable FPI Strikes Again The Jakarta Globe Jakarta 25 June 2010 Archived from the original on 28 June 2010 Retrieved 30 November 2010 Safrin La Batu 23 January 2017 FPI leader calls for withdrawal of banknotes with communist symbol The Jakarta Post Jakarta Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 Retrieved 13 February 2017 Safrin La Batu 23 January 2017 FPI leader questioned for allegedly insulting rupiah The Jakarta Post Jakarta Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 Retrieved 13 February 2017 Film G30S PKI Sinema buatan Orde Baru Ditayangkan Kembali BBC Indonesia in Indonesian BBC Indonesia 29 September 2020 Garut Police Take a Stance Against FPI The Jakarta Globe 30 May 2012 Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 Retrieved 22 November 2016 Bamualim Chaider S 2011 Islamic Militancy and Resentment against Hadhramis in Post Suharto Indonesia A Case Study of Habib Rizieq Syihab and His Islam Defenders Front Comparative Studies of South Asia Africa and the Middle East 31 2 267 281 doi 10 1215 1089201X 1264226 S2CID 145526880 Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 Retrieved 6 June 2017 Jane Perlez 24 July 2006 Playboy Indonesia Modest Flesh Meets Muslim Faith The New York Times Denpasar Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 Retrieved 11 July 2015 a b Lady Gaga devastated as Indonesia concert cancelled BBC News 28 May 2012 Archived from the original on 18 March 2018 Retrieved 21 July 2018 Irshad Manji book tour in Indonesia runs into trouble with Islamic thugs Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 Retrieved 30 May 2012 KITAB UNDANG UNDANG HUKUM PIDANA Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 Retrieved 4 June 2012 Police under fire for allowing sweeping FPI raids The Jakarta Post Jakarta 31 December 2015 Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 Retrieved 17 March 2016 Callistasia Anggun Wijaya 9 May 2017 Ahok guilty of blasphemy sentenced to two years The Jakarta Post Archived from the original on 8 July 2019 Retrieved 8 July 2019 Arunanta Luqman Nurhadi FPI Siapkan Pengamanan Sambut Kedatangan Habib Rizieq detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 9 November 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Arunanta Luqman Nurhadi Petinggi FPI ke Pintu Kedatangan Sambut Habib Rizieq Massa Bentuk Barikade detiknews in Indonesian Archived from the original on 10 November 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Okezone 10 November 2020 Pendukung Siap Sambut Kedatangan Habib Rizieq di Markas FPI Okezone Megapolitan okezone com in Indonesian Archived from the original on 22 November 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Indonesia C N N Rizieq di Markas FPI Bogor Selawat Menggema di Megamendung nasional in Indonesian Archived from the original on 25 November 2020 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Kekesalan Ridwan Kamil Sampai Seret Mahfud MD Merdeka in Indonesian 16 December 2020 Archived from the original on 16 December 2020 Retrieved 24 December 2020 Iqbal T Lazuardi S 19 January 2017 Protesters Deliver Petition Demand FPI to be Disbanded Tempo co Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 Retrieved 27 February 2017 Caroline Damanik 20 January 2017 Demo Ratusan Warga Dayak Minta FPI Dibubarkan Kompas com in Indonesian Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 Retrieved 27 February 2017 University Students in Manado Take to Streets to Demand FPI Disbandment Jakarta Globe Archived from the original on 27 February 2017 Retrieved 27 February 2017 FPI Involved in 34 Violence Cases in 2010 2011 19 February 2012 Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 Survei SMRC 43 Persen Orang Suka FPI VOA Indonesia in Indonesian 26 November 2020 Archived from the original on 10 December 2020 Retrieved 8 December 2020 Senior FPI officials booted out of Palangkaraya 11 February 2012 Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 Central Kalimantan officially rejects FPI 23 February 2012 Archived from the original on 20 September 2020 Retrieved 23 February 2012 a b Jahroni 2004 237 241References editFacal G 2019 Islamic Defenders Front Militia Front Pembela Islam and its Impact on Growing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia TRaNS Trans Regional and National Studies of Southeast Asia page 1 22 Hutagalung S A 2016 Muslim Christian Relations in Kupang Negotiating Space and Maintaining Peace The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 17 5 439 459 Jahroni J 2004 Defending the Majesty of Islam Indonesia s Front Pembela Islam FPI 1998 2003 Studia Islamika 11 2 197 256 Ricklefs M C 2012 Islamisation and Its Opponents in Java A Political Social Cultural and Religious History c 1930 to Present Honolulu University of Hawaii Press External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic Defenders Front nbsp Indonesia portal in Indonesian Front Pembela Islam s Official Website in Indonesian FPI Online in Indonesian FPI amp LPI s History in Indonesian Sunday 1 June 2008 Monas provocation chronology in Indonesian Ruanghati Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Islamic Defenders Front amp oldid 1219090378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.