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Martial arts manual

August 27, 2023

Martial arts manuals are instructions, with or without illustrations, specifically designed to be learnt from a book. Many books detailing specific techniques of martial arts are often erroneously called manuals but were written as treatises.

Prose descriptions of martial arts techniques appear late within the history of literature, due to the inherent difficulties of describing a technique rather than just demonstrating it.

The earliest extant manuscript on armed combat (as opposed to unarmed wrestling) is Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 ("I.33"), written in Franconia around 1300.

Not within the scope of this article are books on military strategy such as Sun Tzu's The Art of War (before 100 BC) or Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus' De Re Militari (4th century), or military technology, such as De rebus bellicis (4th to 5th century).

Predecessors Edit

 
Detail of the wrestling scenes at Beni Hasan.

Some early testimonies of historical martial arts consist of series of images only. The earliest example is a fresco in tomb 15 at Beni Hasan, showing illustrations of wrestling techniques dating to the 20th century BCE. Similar depictions of wrestling techniques are found on Attic vases dating to Classical Greece.

The only known instance of a book from classical antiquity is Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 466 from the 2nd century CE, detailing Greek wrestling techniques. There are some examples in the Chinese classics that may predate the turn of the Common Era: the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian (c. 100 BCE) documents wrestling, referring to earlier how-to manuals" of the Western Han (2nd century BCE), which have however not survived. An extant Chinese text on wrestling is "Six Chapters of Hand Fighting" included in the 1st-century CE Book of Han.[1]

All other extant manuals date to the Middle Ages or later. The "combat stele" at Shaolin Monastery dates to 728 CE. The earliest text detailing Indian martial arts is the Agni Purana (c. 8th century), which contains several chapters giving descriptions and instructions on fighting techniques.[2][3] It described how to improve a warrior's individual prowess and kill enemies using various methods in warfare whether they went to war in chariots, horses, elephants or on foot. Foot methods were subdivided into armed combat and unarmed combat.[4] The former included the bow and arrow, the sword, spear, noose, armour, iron dart, club, battle axe, chakram and trident.[5] The latter included wrestling, knee strikes, punching and kicking methods.[4]

The oldest extant European martial arts manual is Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 (c. 1300).

"Illustrations only" manuals do not become extinct with the appearance of prose instructions, but rather exist alongside these, e.g. in the form of the Late Medieval German illuminated manuscripts.

Historical European martial arts Edit

German Fechtbücher Edit

Further information: German school of fencing
 
Example of an illustration of half-sword, c. 1418: Islan the monk executes a half-sword thrust against Volker the minstrel (CPG 359, fol. 46v).
 
fol. 2r of the Cod. 44 A 8, depicting two fencers in the vom tag and alber wards.
 
Illustration of a half-sword thrust against a mordhau in armoured longsword combat. (Plate 214)Codex Wallerstein.

Fechtbuch (plural Fechtbücher) is Early New High German for 'combat manual',[6] one of the manuscripts or printed books of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance containing descriptions of a martial art. Usually, the term is taken to include 15th- and 16th-century German manuals, but the nature of the subject matter does not allow a clear separation of these from treatises from other parts of Europe on one hand (particularly from the Italian and French schools), and from manuals of later centuries on the other hand.

A list of Fechtbücher include:

Italian treatises Edit

The Italian school is attested in an early manual of 1410, at which time it is not yet clearly separable from the German school. Indeed, the author Fiore dei Liberi states that he has learned much of his art from one "Master Johannes of Swabia". The heyday of the Italian school comes in the 16th century, with the Dardi school.

French manuals Edit

Similar to the situation in Italy, there is one early manual (c. 1400, dealing with the pollaxe exclusively), and later treatises set in only after a gap of more than a century.

  • Le jeu de la hache (c. 1400)
  • Andre Pauernfeindt, La noble science des joueurs d'espee (1528)—This is a French translation of Pauernfeindt's 1516 work. One notable difference between it and the original is that the "noble science" print has colored images, unlike the German.
  • Henry de Sainct-Didier, Traité contenant les secrets du premier livre de l'épée seule, mère de toutes les armes, qui sont épée, dague, cappe, targue, bouclier, rondelle, l'espée deux mains, et les deux espées, avec ses pourtraictures, ... (1573)
  • Gérard Thibault d'Anvers, Académie de l'epee, ou se démontrent par reigles mathématique, sur le fondement d'un cercle mysterieux, la theorie et pratique des vrais et jusqu'a present incognus secrets du maniement des armes, à pied et a cheval (1623)
  • Monsieur L'Abbat, The Art of Fencing, or, the Use of the Small Sword (1734)

British manuals Edit

England

Apart from three rather opaque texts of the later 15th century,[12] the native English tradition of fencing manuals begins with George Silver's Paradoxes of Defense (1599).

Scotland
Main article: Historical fencing in Scotland

Scottish manuals detailing the use of the basket-hilted Scottish broadsword, besides other disciplines such as the smallsword and spadroon, were published throughout the 18th century, with early and late examples dating to the late 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively:

  • Sir William Hope, The Scots Fencing Master (the Complete Smallswordsman) (1687)[16]
  • Sir William Hope, Advice to his Scholar from the Fencing Master (1692)
  • Sir William Hope, Complete Fencing Master (1691–1692)
  • Sir William Hope, The Swordsman's Vade-Mecum (1692)[17]
  • Sir William Hope, New Short and Easy Method of Fencing (1st edition, 1707)[18][19]
  • Sir William Hope, New Short and Easy Method of Fencing (2nd edition, 1714)
  • Sir William Hope, A Few Observations upon the Fighting for Prizes in the Bear Gardens (1715)[20]
  • Sir William Hope, A Vindication of the True Art of Self-Defence (1724)[21]
  • Donald McBane, Expert Swords-man's Companion (1728)[18]
  • Captain James Miller, A treatise on backsword, sword, buckler, sword and dagger, sword and great gauntlet, falchon, quarterstaff (1737)[22]
  • Thomas Page, The Use of the Broad Sword (1746)[23]
  • Captain G. Sinclair, Anti-Pugilism – Anonymous (1790)[24][25]
  • Captain G. Sinclair, Cudgel Playing Modernized and Improved; or, The Science of Defence, Exemplified in a Few Short and Easy Lessons, for the Practice of the Broad Sword or Single Stick, on Foot[26]
  • Archibald MacGregor, Lecture on the Art of Defence (1791)[24]
  • Thomas Rowlandson, The Guards of the Highland Broadsword (1799)[27]
  • Henry Angelo and son, Hungarian & Highland Broadsword (1799)[24][28]
  • John Taylor, The Art of Defence on Foot with Broadsword and Saber (1804)[24][29]
  • Thomas Mathewson, Fencing Familiarized; or, a New Treatise on the Art of the Scotch Broad Sword (1805)[24]

Iberian manuals Edit

There are some manuals containing training advice for the medieval tournament and jousting, such as the early Portuguese work A ensinança de bem cavalgar em toda a sela by Edward of Portugal (1391–1438), a riding instruction manual that also included martial information.

In 1599, the swordmaster Domingo Luis Godinho wrote the Arte de Esgrima, the only fencing manual that preserved the older "Common" or "Vulgar" system of Spanish fencing, which has its traditions in the Middle Ages.

17th-century Spanish destreza is steeped in the Spanish Baroque noblemen mindset, so it does not contain graphical explanations of the fencing techniques so much as hard-to-understand explanations[editorializing] based on mathematics and philosophical sciences in general. The subsequent difficulty on interpreting the theory and practice of destreza correctly has frequently led to this school of fencing being misunderstood.[citation needed]

  • Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza, De la filosophia de las armas y de su destreza... (1582)
  • Luis Pacheco de Narváez, Libro de las grandezas de la espada (1600)
  • Gerard Thibault, Academie de l'espée (1628)
  • Luis Pacheco de Narváez, Nueva ciencia (1632)
  • Luis Méndez de Carmona Tamariz, Compendio en defensa de la doctrina y destreza del comendador Gerónimo de Carranza (1632)
  • Luis Diáz de Viedma, Método de Enseñanza de Maestros (1639) and Epitome de la Enseñanza (1639)
  • Cristóbal de Cala, Desengaño de la espada y norte de diestros (1642)
  • Diogo Gomes de Figueyredo, Memorial da Prattica do Montante Que inclue dezaseis regras simplez (1651)
  • Miguel Pérez de Mendoza y Quijada, Resumen de la verdadera destreza de las armas en treinta y ocho asserciones (1675)
  • Francisco Antonio de Ettenhard y Abarca, Compendio de los fundamentos de la verdadera destreza y filosofia de las armas (1675)
  • Álvaro Guerra de la Vega, Compreension de la destreza (1681)
  • Thomas Luis, Tratado das liçoens da espada preta, & destreza que hao de usar os jugadores della (1685)
  • Nicolás Tamariz, Cartilla y luz en la verdadera destreza (1696)
  • Manuel Cruzado y Peralta, Las tretas de la vulgar y comun esgrima de espada sola y con armas dobles (1702)
  • Francisco Lórenz de Rada, Nobleza de la espada (1705)
  • Nicolás Rodrigo Noveli, Crisol especulativo, demostrativo, práctico, Matemático de la destreza (1731)
  • Manuel Antonio de Brea, Principios universales y reglas generales de la verdadera destreza del espadín (1805)
  • Jaime Mereló y Casademunt, Tratado completo de la esgrima del sable español (1862)

Historical Asian martial arts Edit

 
Unarmed fighting from the Jixiao Xinshu (1560s)
Further information: History of martial arts § Asia

Some texts on unarmed combat survive from Han China (c. 1st century). A list of wrestling techniques is contained in the Malla Purana of 13th-century Gujarat, India. The Chinese Jixiao Xinshu dates to the 1560s. The Korean Muyejebo dates to 1598, the Muyedobotongji dates to 1790. The Japanese The Book of Five Rings dates to 1645.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Henning, Stanley E. (1999). "Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts" (PDF). China Review International. 6 (2): 319–332. doi:10.1353/cri.1999.0020. Retrieved 2015-11-06.[dead link]
  2. ^ Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1992). "To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 1 (1).
  3. ^ P. C. Chakravarti (1972). The art of warfare in ancient India. Delhi.
  4. ^ a b J. R. Svinth (2002). A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports. Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences.
  5. ^ "Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu". Spa.ex.ac.uk. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  6. ^ fechten is cognate to English fight and still meant "fight, combat" in general in Early Modern times; in contemporary Standard German, fechten translates to "fencing", while the noun Gefecht retains the generic meaning of "fight, battle".
  7. ^ "Transkription der Fechthandschrift cgm582, Johann Lecküchner, Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek". Pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  8. ^ "The Fight-Lore of Mertin Siber, 1491 AD". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  9. ^ "Goliath". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  10. ^ "Codex Guelf". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  11. ^ [1] June 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ . Mymartialheritage.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  13. ^ "Harleian". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  14. ^ "Additional Manuscript 39564 - 15th century English sword text". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  15. ^ "Joseph Swetnam -- Part One". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  16. ^ "Scots Fencing Master: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  17. ^ "Vade Mecum: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  18. ^ a b Highland Swordsmanship: Techniques of the Scottish Sword Masters, by Mark Rector (editor) and Paul Wagner (editor), Published by The Chivalry Bookshelf (Nov 15, 2001)
  19. ^ Jonathan Miller, The Linacre School of Defence. "Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". sirwilliamhope.org.
  20. ^ "Observations: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  21. ^ "Vindication: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  22. ^ "Miller: On-line manuals: Library: LSD". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  23. ^ "Page: On-line manuals: Library: LSD". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  24. ^ a b c d e Highland Broadsword:Five Manuals of Scottish Regimental Swordsmanship, by Paul Wagner (editor) and Mark Rector (editor), Published by The Chivalry Bookshelf (July 2004)
  25. ^ Anti-Pugilism, or The Science of Defense Exemplified In Short and Easy Lessons for the Practice of the Broad Sword and Single Stick Illustrated with Copper Plates, By a Highland Officer, London, Printed for J Aitkin, NO 14, Castle-street, corner of Bear Street, Leicester Fields 1790, www.hroarr.com/manuals/boxing-pugilism/Anti-pugilism.doc
  26. ^ "Cudgel Playing: Sinclair: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  27. ^ "Thomas Rowlandson / The Guards of the Highland Broadsword / 1799". Davidrumsey.com. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  28. ^ Peter Valentine. "Digital Historical Documents" (PDF). Thearma.org. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  29. ^ John Taylor (1938-06-22). "Art of Defence on Foot, with the Broad Sword and Sabre: Adapted Also for the ..." Retrieved 2015-11-06.

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martial arts manuals.
  • Wiktenauer: A Wiki database dedicated to the masters, manuals, and techniques of Historical European Martial Arts hosted by the HEMA Alliance
  • THE ARMARIUM: Online Historical Fencing Manuals & Texts of the Doctrina Armorum by The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts (ARMA)
  • hosted by the Academy of European Medieval Martial Arts (AEMMA)
  • Genealogy of the German "Fechtbücher" hosted by the Academy of European Medieval Martial Arts (AEMMA)

August 27, 2023
martial, arts, manual, instructions, with, without, illustrations, specifically, designed, learnt, from, book, many, books, detailing, specific, techniques, martial, arts, often, erroneously, called, manuals, were, written, treatises, prose, descriptions, mart. Martial arts manuals are instructions with or without illustrations specifically designed to be learnt from a book Many books detailing specific techniques of martial arts are often erroneously called manuals but were written as treatises Prose descriptions of martial arts techniques appear late within the history of literature due to the inherent difficulties of describing a technique rather than just demonstrating it The earliest extant manuscript on armed combat as opposed to unarmed wrestling is Royal Armouries Ms I 33 I 33 written in Franconia around 1300 Not within the scope of this article are books on military strategy such as Sun Tzu s The Art of War before 100 BC or Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus De Re Militari 4th century or military technology such as De rebus bellicis 4th to 5th century Contents 1 Predecessors 2 Historical European martial arts 2 1 German Fechtbucher 2 2 Italian treatises 2 3 French manuals 2 4 British manuals 2 5 Iberian manuals 3 Historical Asian martial arts 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksPredecessors Edit Detail of the wrestling scenes at Beni Hasan Some early testimonies of historical martial arts consist of series of images only The earliest example is a fresco in tomb 15 at Beni Hasan showing illustrations of wrestling techniques dating to the 20th century BCE Similar depictions of wrestling techniques are found on Attic vases dating to Classical Greece The only known instance of a book from classical antiquity is Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 466 from the 2nd century CE detailing Greek wrestling techniques There are some examples in the Chinese classics that may predate the turn of the Common Era the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian c 100 BCE documents wrestling referring to earlier how to manuals of the Western Han 2nd century BCE which have however not survived An extant Chinese text on wrestling is Six Chapters of Hand Fighting included in the 1st century CE Book of Han 1 All other extant manuals date to the Middle Ages or later The combat stele at Shaolin Monastery dates to 728 CE The earliest text detailing Indian martial arts is the Agni Purana c 8th century which contains several chapters giving descriptions and instructions on fighting techniques 2 3 It described how to improve a warrior s individual prowess and kill enemies using various methods in warfare whether they went to war in chariots horses elephants or on foot Foot methods were subdivided into armed combat and unarmed combat 4 The former included the bow and arrow the sword spear noose armour iron dart club battle axe chakram and trident 5 The latter included wrestling knee strikes punching and kicking methods 4 The oldest extant European martial arts manual is Royal Armouries Ms I 33 c 1300 Illustrations only manuals do not become extinct with the appearance of prose instructions but rather exist alongside these e g in the form of the Late Medieval German illuminated manuscripts Historical European martial arts EditGerman Fechtbucher Edit Further information German school of fencing Example of an illustration of half sword c 1418 Islan the monk executes a half sword thrust against Volker the minstrel CPG 359 fol 46v fol 2r of the Cod 44 A 8 depicting two fencers in the vom tag and alber wards Illustration of a half sword thrust against a mordhau in armoured longsword combat Plate 214 Codex Wallerstein Fechtbuch plural Fechtbucher is Early New High German for combat manual 6 one of the manuscripts or printed books of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance containing descriptions of a martial art Usually the term is taken to include 15th and 16th century German manuals but the nature of the subject matter does not allow a clear separation of these from treatises from other parts of Europe on one hand particularly from the Italian and French schools and from manuals of later centuries on the other hand A list of Fechtbucher include Royal Armouries Ms I 33 Walpurgis Manuscript c 1300 predating Johannes Liechtenauer Nurnberger Handschrift GNM 3227a c 1389 Fechtbuch of Sigmund Ringeck 1440s Codex Vindobonensis B 11093 kept in Vienna and Gladiatoria discovered in Poland both dating to the mid 15th century and largely uninfluenced by Liechtenauer Fechtbucher of Hans Talhoffer several surviving manuscripts dating from 1443 1467 Fechtbuch of Peter von Danzig Cod 44 A 8 1452 Jud Lew Cod I 6 4 3 1450s Augsburg Fechtbuch of Paulus Kal 1460s Cgm 558 a Swiss treatise of the later 15th century only loosely related to the German school Codex Wallerstein Vom Baumans Fechtbuch 1470s Augsburg Solothurner Fechtbuch no text dependent on Paulus Kal 1470s Solothurn Johannes Leckuchner Cod Pal Germ 430 Heidelberg 1478 Cgm 582 Munich 1482 7 Cod Guelf 78 2 Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbuttel late 15th century Peter Falkner P 5012 Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna Hans Folz Q566 c 1480 Weimar Hans von Speyer MS M I 29 1491 8 MS 862 c 1500 influenced by Kal and Falkner drawn upon by Wilhalm Glasgow Fechtbuch 1505 Hans Wurm grappling c 1505 Goliath manuscript 1510s 9 Albrecht Durer s fechtbuch HS 26 232 1512 Michigan State University Andre Pauernfeindt Ergrundung der ritterlichen kunst des fechtens durch freyfechter czu Vienn Vienna 1516 Cologne Fechtbuch anonymous early 16th century Fechtbucher by Jorg Wilhalm 1520s Egenolph Der Altenn Fechter anfaengliche Kunst anonymous printed by Christian Egenolff 1529 Frankfurt This is largely derived from Pauernfeindt s 1516 manual Hans Czynner MS 963 1538 Graz the compendia of Paulus Hector Mair 1540s Johannes Leckuchner 1558 this is a reprint from the Altenn Fechter anfaengliche Kunst printed by Egenolph Joachim Meyer Grundtliche Beschreibung der freyen Ritterlichen vnnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren mit vil schonen vnd nutzlichen Figuren gezieret vnnd furgestellet 1570 Gunterrodt De veris principiis artis dimicatoriae 1579 Wittenberg Codex Guelf 83 4 c 1591 10 Jakob Sutor von Baden 1612 Hanko Dobringer Cod ms 3227a 1389 Italian treatises Edit The Italian school is attested in an early manual of 1410 at which time it is not yet clearly separable from the German school Indeed the author Fiore dei Liberi states that he has learned much of his art from one Master Johannes of Swabia The heyday of the Italian school comes in the 16th century with the Dardi school Fiore dei Liberi s Flos Duellatorum 1410 Filippo Vadi s De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi 1485 Pietro Monte 1509 Anonimo Bolognese M 345 6 c 1510s 11 Antonio Manciolino 1531 Achille Marozzo 1536 Camillo Agrippa Trattato di Scienza d Arme 1568 Giacomo di Grassi His True Art of Defense 1594 Vincentio Saviolo His Practice 1595 Salvator Fabris 1606 Ridolfo Capo Ferro 1610 Francesco Alfieri La Scherma 1640 Giuseppe Colombani 1711 French manuals Edit Similar to the situation in Italy there is one early manual c 1400 dealing with the pollaxe exclusively and later treatises set in only after a gap of more than a century Le jeu de la hache c 1400 Andre Pauernfeindt La noble science des joueurs d espee 1528 This is a French translation of Pauernfeindt s 1516 work One notable difference between it and the original is that the noble science print has colored images unlike the German Henry de Sainct Didier Traite contenant les secrets du premier livre de l epee seule mere de toutes les armes qui sont epee dague cappe targue bouclier rondelle l espee deux mains et les deux espees avec ses pourtraictures 1573 Gerard Thibault d Anvers Academie de l epee ou se demontrent par reigles mathematique sur le fondement d un cercle mysterieux la theorie et pratique des vrais et jusqu a present incognus secrets du maniement des armes a pied et a cheval 1623 Monsieur L Abbat The Art of Fencing or the Use of the Small Sword 1734 British manuals Edit EnglandApart from three rather opaque texts of the later 15th century 12 the native English tradition of fencing manuals begins with George Silver s Paradoxes of Defense 1599 Harley MS 3542 The Man Who Wol late 14th early 15th century 13 Cotton Titus 15th century English greatsword and staff Additional Manuscript 39564 15th century 14 George Silver Paradoxes of Defense 1599 Joseph Swetnam Schoole of the Noble and Worthy Science of Defence 1612 15 Sir William Johnstone Hope several books 1690s Captain John Godfrey A Treatise Upon the Useful Science of Defence Connecting the Small and Back Sword 1747 John Musgrave Waite Lessons in sabre singlestick sabre amp bayonet and sword feats 1880 Alfred Hutton Cold Steel A Practical Treatise on the Sabre 1889 Old Sword Play 1892 ScotlandMain article Historical fencing in Scotland Scottish manuals detailing the use of the basket hilted Scottish broadsword besides other disciplines such as the smallsword and spadroon were published throughout the 18th century with early and late examples dating to the late 17th and early 19th centuries respectively Sir William Hope The Scots Fencing Master the Complete Smallswordsman 1687 16 Sir William Hope Advice to his Scholar from the Fencing Master 1692 Sir William Hope Complete Fencing Master 1691 1692 Sir William Hope The Swordsman s Vade Mecum 1692 17 Sir William Hope New Short and Easy Method of Fencing 1st edition 1707 18 19 Sir William Hope New Short and Easy Method of Fencing 2nd edition 1714 Sir William Hope A Few Observations upon the Fighting for Prizes in the Bear Gardens 1715 20 Sir William Hope A Vindication of the True Art of Self Defence 1724 21 Donald McBane Expert Swords man s Companion 1728 18 Captain James Miller A treatise on backsword sword buckler sword and dagger sword and great gauntlet falchon quarterstaff 1737 22 Thomas Page The Use of the Broad Sword 1746 23 Captain G Sinclair Anti Pugilism Anonymous 1790 24 25 Captain G Sinclair Cudgel Playing Modernized and Improved or The Science of Defence Exemplified in a Few Short and Easy Lessons for the Practice of the Broad Sword or Single Stick on Foot 26 Archibald MacGregor Lecture on the Art of Defence 1791 24 Thomas Rowlandson The Guards of the Highland Broadsword 1799 27 Henry Angelo and son Hungarian amp Highland Broadsword 1799 24 28 John Taylor The Art of Defence on Foot with Broadsword and Saber 1804 24 29 Thomas Mathewson Fencing Familiarized or a New Treatise on the Art of the Scotch Broad Sword 1805 24 Iberian manuals Edit There are some manuals containing training advice for the medieval tournament and jousting such as the early Portuguese work A ensinanca de bem cavalgar em toda a sela by Edward of Portugal 1391 1438 a riding instruction manual that also included martial information In 1599 the swordmaster Domingo Luis Godinho wrote the Arte de Esgrima the only fencing manual that preserved the older Common or Vulgar system of Spanish fencing which has its traditions in the Middle Ages 17th century Spanish destreza is steeped in the Spanish Baroque noblemen mindset so it does not contain graphical explanations of the fencing techniques so much as hard to understand explanations editorializing based on mathematics and philosophical sciences in general The subsequent difficulty on interpreting the theory and practice of destreza correctly has frequently led to this school of fencing being misunderstood citation needed Jeronimo Sanchez de Carranza De la filosophia de las armas y de su destreza 1582 Luis Pacheco de Narvaez Libro de las grandezas de la espada 1600 Gerard Thibault Academie de l espee 1628 Luis Pacheco de Narvaez Nueva ciencia 1632 Luis Mendez de Carmona Tamariz Compendio en defensa de la doctrina y destreza del comendador Geronimo de Carranza 1632 Luis Diaz de Viedma Metodo de Ensenanza de Maestros 1639 and Epitome de la Ensenanza 1639 Cristobal de Cala Desengano de la espada y norte de diestros 1642 Diogo Gomes de Figueyredo Memorial da Prattica do Montante Que inclue dezaseis regras simplez 1651 Miguel Perez de Mendoza y Quijada Resumen de la verdadera destreza de las armas en treinta y ocho asserciones 1675 Francisco Antonio de Ettenhard y Abarca Compendio de los fundamentos de la verdadera destreza y filosofia de las armas 1675 Alvaro Guerra de la Vega Compreension de la destreza 1681 Thomas Luis Tratado das licoens da espada preta amp destreza que hao de usar os jugadores della 1685 Nicolas Tamariz Cartilla y luz en la verdadera destreza 1696 Manuel Cruzado y Peralta Las tretas de la vulgar y comun esgrima de espada sola y con armas dobles 1702 Francisco Lorenz de Rada Nobleza de la espada 1705 Nicolas Rodrigo Noveli Crisol especulativo demostrativo practico Matematico de la destreza 1731 Manuel Antonio de Brea Principios universales y reglas generales de la verdadera destreza del espadin 1805 Jaime Merelo y Casademunt Tratado completo de la esgrima del sable espanol 1862 Historical Asian martial arts Edit Unarmed fighting from the Jixiao Xinshu 1560s Further information History of martial arts Asia Some texts on unarmed combat survive from Han China c 1st century A list of wrestling techniques is contained in the Malla Purana of 13th century Gujarat India The Chinese Jixiao Xinshu dates to the 1560s The Korean Muyejebo dates to 1598 the Muyedobotongji dates to 1790 The Japanese The Book of Five Rings dates to 1645 See also Edit Martial arts portalGerman school of fencing Martial arts timelineReferences Edit Henning Stanley E 1999 Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts PDF China Review International 6 2 319 332 doi 10 1353 cri 1999 0020 Retrieved 2015 11 06 dead link Zarrilli Phillip B 1992 To Heal and or To Harm The Vital Spots Marmmam Varmam in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I Focus on Kerala s Kalarippayattu Journal of Asian Martial Arts 1 1 P C Chakravarti 1972 The art of warfare in ancient India Delhi a b J R Svinth 2002 A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu Spa ex ac uk Retrieved 2015 11 06 fechten is cognate to English fight and still meant fight combat in general in Early Modern times in contemporary Standard German fechten translates to fencing while the noun Gefecht retains the generic meaning of fight battle Transkription der Fechthandschrift cgm582 Johann Leckuchner Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek Pragmatische schriftlichkeit de Retrieved 2015 11 06 The Fight Lore of Mertin Siber 1491 AD Thearma org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Goliath Thearma org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Codex Guelf Thearma org Retrieved 2015 11 06 1 Archived June 21 2006 at the Wayback Machine Discover your martial heritage with the English Martial Arts Academy Mymartialheritage org Archived from the original on 2011 07 27 Retrieved 2015 11 06 Harleian Thearma org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Additional Manuscript 39564 15th century English sword text Thearma org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Joseph Swetnam Part One Thearma org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Scots Fencing Master Hope Library The Linacre School of Defence Sirwilliamhope org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Vade Mecum Hope Library The Linacre School of Defence Sirwilliamhope org Retrieved 2015 11 06 a b Highland Swordsmanship Techniques of the Scottish Sword Masters by Mark Rector editor and Paul Wagner editor Published by The Chivalry Bookshelf Nov 15 2001 Jonathan Miller The Linacre School of Defence Hope Library The Linacre School of Defence sirwilliamhope org Observations Hope Library The Linacre School of Defence Sirwilliamhope org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Vindication Hope Library The Linacre School of Defence Sirwilliamhope org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Miller On line manuals Library LSD Sirwilliamhope org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Page On line manuals Library LSD Sirwilliamhope org Retrieved 2015 11 06 a b c d e Highland Broadsword Five Manuals of Scottish Regimental Swordsmanship by Paul Wagner editor and Mark Rector editor Published by The Chivalry Bookshelf July 2004 Anti Pugilism or The Science of Defense Exemplified In Short and Easy Lessons for the Practice of the Broad Sword and Single Stick Illustrated with Copper Plates By a Highland Officer London Printed for J Aitkin NO 14 Castle street corner of Bear Street Leicester Fields 1790 www hroarr com manuals boxing pugilism Anti pugilism doc Cudgel Playing Sinclair Library The Linacre School of Defence Sirwilliamhope org Retrieved 2015 11 06 Thomas Rowlandson The Guards of the Highland Broadsword 1799 Davidrumsey com Retrieved 2015 11 06 Peter Valentine Digital Historical Documents PDF Thearma org Retrieved 2011 11 06 John Taylor 1938 06 22 Art of Defence on Foot with the Broad Sword and Sabre Adapted Also for the Retrieved 2015 11 06 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martial arts manuals Wiktenauer A Wiki database dedicated to the masters manuals and techniques of Historical European Martial Arts hosted by the HEMA Alliance THE ARMARIUM Online Historical Fencing Manuals amp Texts of the Doctrina Armorum by The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts ARMA Online Library of Historical Fencing Treatises hosted by the Academy of European Medieval Martial Arts AEMMA Genealogy of the German Fechtbucher hosted by the Academy of European Medieval Martial Arts AEMMA Destreza Translation amp Research Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Martial arts manual amp oldid 1149326857 German Fechtbucher, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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