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Evolutionary physiology

February 16, 2024

Evolutionary physiology is the study of the biological evolution of physiological structures and processes; that is, the manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a population of organisms have responded to natural selection across multiple generations during the history of the population.[1] It is a sub-discipline of both physiology and evolutionary biology. Practitioners in the field come from a variety of backgrounds, including physiology, evolutionary biology, ecology, and genetics.

Natural and sexual selection are often presumed to act most directly on behavior (e.g., what an animal chooses to do when confronted by a predator), which is expressed within limits set by whole-organism performance abilities (e.g., how fast it can run) that are determined by subordinate traits (e.g., muscle fiber-type composition). A weakness of this conceptual and operational model is the absence of an explicit recognition of the place of life history traits.

Accordingly, the range of phenotypes studied by evolutionary physiologists is broad, including life history, behavior, whole-organism performance,[2][3] functional morphology, biomechanics, anatomy, classical physiology, endocrinology, biochemistry, and molecular evolution. The field is closely related to comparative physiology and environmental physiology, and its findings are a major concern of evolutionary medicine. One definition that has been offered is "the study of the physiological basis of fitness, namely, correlated evolution (including constraints and trade-offs) of physiological form and function associated with the environment, diet, homeostasis, energy management, longevity, and mortality and life history characteristics".[4]

History edit

As the name implies, evolutionary physiology is the product of what were at one time two distinct scientific disciplines. According to Garland and Carter,[1] evolutionary physiology arose in the late 1970s, following debates concerning the metabolic and thermoregulatory status of dinosaurs (see physiology of dinosaurs) and mammal-like reptiles.

This period was followed by attempts in the early 1980s to integrate quantitative genetics into evolutionary biology, which had spillover effects on other fields, such as behavioral ecology and ecophysiology. In the mid- to late 1980s, phylogenetic comparative methods started to become popular in many fields, including physiological ecology and comparative physiology. A 1987 volume titled New Directions in Ecological Physiology[5] had little ecology[6] but a considerable emphasis on evolutionary topics. It generated vigorous debate, and within a few years the National Science Foundation had developed a panel titled .

Shortly thereafter, selection experiments and experimental evolution became increasingly common in evolutionary physiology. Macrophysiology has emerged as a sub-discipline, in which practitioners attempt to identify large-scale patterns in physiological traits (e.g. patterns of co-variation with latitude) and their ecological implications.[7][8][9]

More recently, the importance of a merger of evolutionary biology and physiology has been argued from the perspective of functional analyses, epigenetics, and an extended evolutionary synthesis.[10] The growth of evolutionary physiology is also reflected in the emergence of sub-disciplines, such as evolutionary endocrinology,[11][12] which addresses such hybrid questions as "What are the most common endocrine mechanisms that respond to selection on behavior or life-history traits?"[13]

Emergent properties edit

As a hybrid scientific discipline, evolutionary physiology provides some unique perspectives. For example, an understanding of physiological mechanisms can help in determining whether a particular pattern of phenotypic variation or co-variation (such as an allometric relationship) represents what could possibly exist or just what selection has allowed.[1] Similarly, a thorough knowledge of physiological mechanisms can greatly enhance understanding of possible reasons for evolutionary correlations and constraints than is possible for many of the traits typically studied by evolutionary biologists (such as morphology).

Areas of research edit

Important areas of current research include:

Techniques edit

Funding and societies edit

In the United States, research in evolutionary physiology is funded mainly by the National Science Foundation. A number of scientific societies feature sections that encompass evolutionary physiology, including:

  • American Physiological Society "integrating the life sciences from molecule to organism"
  • Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
  • Society for Experimental Biology

Journals that frequently publish articles about evolutionary physiology edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Garland, T. Jr.; P. A. Carter (1994). "Evolutionary physiology" (PDF). Annual Review of Physiology. 56: 579–621. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.56.030194.003051. PMID 8010752.
  2. ^ Arnold, S. J. (1983). "Morphology, performance and fitness" (PDF). American Zoologist. 23 (2): 347–361. doi:10.1093/icb/23.2.347.
  3. ^ Careau, V. C.; T. Garland, Jr. (2012). "Performance, personality, and energetics: correlation, causation, and mechanism" (PDF). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 85 (6): 543–571. doi:10.1086/666970. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30056093. PMID 23099454. S2CID 16499109.
  4. ^ Lovegrove, B. G. (2006). "The power of fitness in mammals: perceptions from the African slipstream". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 79 (2): 224–236. doi:10.1086/499994. PMID 16555182. S2CID 24536395.
  5. ^ Feder, M. E.; A. F. Bennett; W. W. Burggren; R. B. Huey, eds. (1987). New directions in ecological physiology. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34938-3.
  6. ^ Kingsolver, J. G (1988). "Evolutionary physiology: Where's the ecology? A review of New Directions in Ecological physiology, Feder et al. 1987". Ecology. 69 (5): 1645–1646. doi:10.2307/1941674. JSTOR 1941674.
  7. ^ Chown, S. L.; K. J. Gaston; D. Robinson (2004). "Macrophysiology: large-scale patterns in physiological traits and their ecological implications". Functional Ecology. 18 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00825.x.
  8. ^ Gaston, K. J.; Chown, S. L.; Calosi, P.; Bernardo, J.; Bilton, D. T.; Clarke, A.; Clusella-Trullas, S.; Ghalambor, C. K.; Konarzewski, M.; Peck, L. S.; Porter, W. P.; Pörtner, H. O.; Rezende, E. L.; Schulte, P. M.; Spicer, J. I.; Stillman, J. H.; Terblanche, J. S.; van Kleunen, M. (2009). "Macrophysiology: a conceptual reunification" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 174 (5): 595–612. doi:10.1086/605982. hdl:10019.1/119921. PMID 19788354. S2CID 6239591.
  9. ^ Chown, S. L.; Gaston, K. J. (2015). "Macrophysiology - progress and prospects". Functional Ecology. 30 (3): 330–344. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12510.
  10. ^ Noble, D.; Jablonka, E.; Joyner, M. J.; Müller, G. B.; Omholt, S. W. (2014). "Evolution evolves: physiology returns to centre stage". The Journal of Physiology. 592 (11): 2237–2244. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273151. PMC 4048083. PMID 24882808.
  11. ^ Zera, A. J.; Harshman, L. G.; Williams, T. D. (2007). "Evolutionary endocrinology: the developing synthesis between endocrinology and evolutionary genetics". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 38: 793–817. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095615. S2CID 33272127.
  12. ^ Cox, R. M.; McGlothlin, J. W.; Bonier, F. (2016). "Hormones as mediators of phenotypic and genetic integration: an evolutionary genetics approach". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 56 (2): 126–137. doi:10.1093/icb/icw033. PMID 27252188.
  13. ^ Garland, T. Jr.; Zhao, M.; Saltzman, W. (2016). "Hormones and the evolution of complex traits: insights from artificial selection on behavior". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 56 (2): 207–224. doi:10.1093/icb/icw040. PMC 5964798. PMID 27252193.
  14. ^ Garland, T. Jr.; S. C. Adolph (1991). "Physiological differentiation of vertebrate populations" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 22: 193–228. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.22.1.193.
  15. ^ Kelly, S. A.; T. Panhuis; A. Stoehr (2012). Phenotypic plasticity: molecular mechanisms and adaptive significance. Vol. 2. pp. 1417–1439. doi:10.1002/cphy.c110008. ISBN 9780470650714. PMID 23798305. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Bennett, A. F.; R. E. Lenski (1999). "Experimental evolution and its role in evolutionary physiology" (PDF). American Zoologist. 39 (2): 346–362. doi:10.1093/icb/39.2.346.
  17. ^ Irschick, D. J.; J. J. Meyers; J. F. Husak; J.-F. Le Galliard (2008). (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology Research. 10: 177–196. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.371.8464. ISSN 0003-1569. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  18. ^ Garland, T. Jr.; A. F. Bennett; E. L. Rezende (2005). "Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (Pt 16): 3015–3035. doi:10.1242/jeb.01745. PMID 16081601. S2CID 14871059.

External links edit

  • People, Labs, and Programs in Evolutionary Physiology
  • Evolutionary Systems Biology - Some Important Papers
  • Physiological and Biochemical Zoology Focused Collection: Trade-Offs in Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology

February 16, 2024
evolutionary, physiology, study, biological, evolution, physiological, structures, processes, that, manner, which, functional, characteristics, individuals, population, organisms, have, responded, natural, selection, across, multiple, generations, during, hist. Evolutionary physiology is the study of the biological evolution of physiological structures and processes that is the manner in which the functional characteristics of individuals in a population of organisms have responded to natural selection across multiple generations during the history of the population 1 It is a sub discipline of both physiology and evolutionary biology Practitioners in the field come from a variety of backgrounds including physiology evolutionary biology ecology and genetics Natural and sexual selection are often presumed to act most directly on behavior e g what an animal chooses to do when confronted by a predator which is expressed within limits set by whole organism performance abilities e g how fast it can run that are determined by subordinate traits e g muscle fiber type composition A weakness of this conceptual and operational model is the absence of an explicit recognition of the place of life history traits Accordingly the range of phenotypes studied by evolutionary physiologists is broad including life history behavior whole organism performance 2 3 functional morphology biomechanics anatomy classical physiology endocrinology biochemistry and molecular evolution The field is closely related to comparative physiology and environmental physiology and its findings are a major concern of evolutionary medicine One definition that has been offered is the study of the physiological basis of fitness namely correlated evolution including constraints and trade offs of physiological form and function associated with the environment diet homeostasis energy management longevity and mortality and life history characteristics 4 Contents 1 History 2 Emergent properties 3 Areas of research 4 Techniques 5 Funding and societies 6 Journals that frequently publish articles about evolutionary physiology 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistory editAs the name implies evolutionary physiology is the product of what were at one time two distinct scientific disciplines According to Garland and Carter 1 evolutionary physiology arose in the late 1970s following debates concerning the metabolic and thermoregulatory status of dinosaurs see physiology of dinosaurs and mammal like reptiles This period was followed by attempts in the early 1980s to integrate quantitative genetics into evolutionary biology which had spillover effects on other fields such as behavioral ecology and ecophysiology In the mid to late 1980s phylogenetic comparative methods started to become popular in many fields including physiological ecology and comparative physiology A 1987 volume titled New Directions in Ecological Physiology 5 had little ecology 6 but a considerable emphasis on evolutionary topics It generated vigorous debate and within a few years the National Science Foundation had developed a panel titled Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology Shortly thereafter selection experiments and experimental evolution became increasingly common in evolutionary physiology Macrophysiology has emerged as a sub discipline in which practitioners attempt to identify large scale patterns in physiological traits e g patterns of co variation with latitude and their ecological implications 7 8 9 More recently the importance of a merger of evolutionary biology and physiology has been argued from the perspective of functional analyses epigenetics and an extended evolutionary synthesis 10 The growth of evolutionary physiology is also reflected in the emergence of sub disciplines such as evolutionary endocrinology 11 12 which addresses such hybrid questions as What are the most common endocrine mechanisms that respond to selection on behavior or life history traits 13 Emergent properties editAs a hybrid scientific discipline evolutionary physiology provides some unique perspectives For example an understanding of physiological mechanisms can help in determining whether a particular pattern of phenotypic variation or co variation such as an allometric relationship represents what could possibly exist or just what selection has allowed 1 Similarly a thorough knowledge of physiological mechanisms can greatly enhance understanding of possible reasons for evolutionary correlations and constraints than is possible for many of the traits typically studied by evolutionary biologists such as morphology Areas of research editImportant areas of current research include Organismal performance as a central phenotype e g measures of speed or stamina in animal locomotion Role of behavior in physiological evolution Physiological and endocrinological basis of variation in life history traits e g clutch size Functional significance of molecular evolution Extent to which species differences are adaptive Physiological underpinnings of limits to geographic ranges Geographic variation in physiology 14 Role of sexual selection in shaping physiological evolution Magnitude of phylogenetic signal in physiological traits Role of pathogens and parasites in physiological evolution and immunity Application of optimality modeling to elucidate the degree of adaptation Role of phenotypic plasticity in accounting for individual population and species differences 15 Mechanistic basis of trade offs and constraints on evolution e g putative Carrier s constraint on running and breathing Limits on sustained metabolic rate Origin of allometric scaling relations or allometric laws and the so called metabolic theory of ecology Individual variation see also Individual differences psychology Functional significance of biochemical polymorphisms Analysis of physiological variation via quantitative genetics Paleophysiology and the evolution of endothermy Human adaptational physiology Darwinian medicine Evolution of dietary antioxidantsTechniques editArtificial selection and experimental evolution 16 mouse wheel running video Genetic analyses and manipulations 1 Measurement of selection in the wild 17 Phenotypic plasticity and manipulation 1 Phylogenetically based comparisons 18 Doubly labeled water measurements of free living energy demands of animalsFunding and societies editIn the United States research in evolutionary physiology is funded mainly by the National Science Foundation A number of scientific societies feature sections that encompass evolutionary physiology including American Physiological Society integrating the life sciences from molecule to organism Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Society for Experimental BiologyJournals that frequently publish articles about evolutionary physiology editAmerican Naturalist Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Comprehensive Physiology Ecology Evolution Functional Ecology Integrative and Comparative Biology Journal of Comparative Physiology Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology Journal of Evolutionary Biology Journal of Experimental Biology Physiological and Biochemical ZoologySee also editAllometry Allometric law Beneficial acclimation hypothesis Comparative physiology Darwinian medicine Field metabolic rate Ecophysiology Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary psychiatry Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Human physiology I M Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry Kleiber s law Krogh Principle John Speakman Leon Orbeli Life history theory List of physiologists Metabolic theory of ecology Peter Hochachka Phenotypic plasticity Phylogenetic comparative methods Physiology Physiology of dinosaurs Raymond B Huey Theodore Garland Jr Thrifty phenotypeReferences edit a b c d e Garland T Jr P A Carter 1994 Evolutionary physiology PDF Annual Review of Physiology 56 579 621 doi 10 1146 annurev ph 56 030194 003051 PMID 8010752 Arnold S J 1983 Morphology performance and fitness PDF American Zoologist 23 2 347 361 doi 10 1093 icb 23 2 347 Careau V C T Garland Jr 2012 Performance personality and energetics correlation causation and mechanism PDF Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 85 6 543 571 doi 10 1086 666970 hdl 10536 DRO DU 30056093 PMID 23099454 S2CID 16499109 Lovegrove B G 2006 The power of fitness in mammals perceptions from the African slipstream Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79 2 224 236 doi 10 1086 499994 PMID 16555182 S2CID 24536395 Feder M E A F Bennett W W Burggren R B Huey eds 1987 New directions in ecological physiology New York Cambridge Univ Press ISBN 978 0 521 34938 3 Kingsolver J G 1988 Evolutionary physiology Where s the ecology A review of New Directions in Ecological physiology Feder et al 1987 Ecology 69 5 1645 1646 doi 10 2307 1941674 JSTOR 1941674 Chown S L K J Gaston D Robinson 2004 Macrophysiology large scale patterns in physiological traits and their ecological implications Functional Ecology 18 2 159 167 doi 10 1111 j 0269 8463 2004 00825 x Gaston K J Chown S L Calosi P Bernardo J Bilton D T Clarke A Clusella Trullas S Ghalambor C K Konarzewski M Peck L S Porter W P Portner H O Rezende E L Schulte P M Spicer J I Stillman J H Terblanche J S van Kleunen M 2009 Macrophysiology a conceptual reunification PDF The American Naturalist 174 5 595 612 doi 10 1086 605982 hdl 10019 1 119921 PMID 19788354 S2CID 6239591 Chown S L Gaston K J 2015 Macrophysiology progress and prospects Functional Ecology 30 3 330 344 doi 10 1111 1365 2435 12510 Noble D Jablonka E Joyner M J Muller G B Omholt S W 2014 Evolution evolves physiology returns to centre stage The Journal of Physiology 592 11 2237 2244 doi 10 1113 jphysiol 2014 273151 PMC 4048083 PMID 24882808 Zera A J Harshman L G Williams T D 2007 Evolutionary endocrinology the developing synthesis between endocrinology and evolutionary genetics Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 38 793 817 doi 10 1146 annurev ecolsys 38 091206 095615 S2CID 33272127 Cox R M McGlothlin J W Bonier F 2016 Hormones as mediators of phenotypic and genetic integration an evolutionary genetics approach Integrative and Comparative Biology 56 2 126 137 doi 10 1093 icb icw033 PMID 27252188 Garland T Jr Zhao M Saltzman W 2016 Hormones and the evolution of complex traits insights from artificial selection on behavior Integrative and Comparative Biology 56 2 207 224 doi 10 1093 icb icw040 PMC 5964798 PMID 27252193 Garland T Jr S C Adolph 1991 Physiological differentiation of vertebrate populations PDF Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22 193 228 doi 10 1146 annurev ecolsys 22 1 193 Kelly S A T Panhuis A Stoehr 2012 Phenotypic plasticity molecular mechanisms and adaptive significance Vol 2 pp 1417 1439 doi 10 1002 cphy c110008 ISBN 9780470650714 PMID 23798305 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a journal ignored help Bennett A F R E Lenski 1999 Experimental evolution and its role in evolutionary physiology PDF American Zoologist 39 2 346 362 doi 10 1093 icb 39 2 346 Irschick D J J J Meyers J F Husak J F Le Galliard 2008 How does selection operate on whole organism functional performance capacities A review and synthesis PDF Evolutionary Ecology Research 10 177 196 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 371 8464 ISSN 0003 1569 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 06 09 Retrieved 2009 01 22 Garland T Jr A F Bennett E L Rezende 2005 Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology PDF Journal of Experimental Biology 208 Pt 16 3015 3035 doi 10 1242 jeb 01745 PMID 16081601 S2CID 14871059 External links editPeople Labs and Programs in Evolutionary Physiology Evolutionary Systems Biology Some Important Papers Physiological and Biochemical Zoology Focused Collection Trade Offs in Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Evolutionary physiology amp oldid 1194431185, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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