fbpx
Wikipedia

Operation Entebbe

December 31, 2022

For the 1979 conflict between Tanzanian and combined Libyan and Ugandan forces, see Battle of Entebbe.
For other uses, see Operation Thunderbolt.

Operation Entebbe, also known as the Entebbe Raid or Operation Thunderbolt, was a counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission carried out by commandos of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) at Entebbe Airport in Uganda on 4 July 1976.[7]

Operation Entebbe
Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict

Israeli commandos from the Sayeret Matkal after the operation.
Date4 July 1976
Location
Entebbe Airport, Uganda
0°02′43″N 32°27′13″E / 0.04528°N 32.45361°E / 0.04528; 32.45361Coordinates: 0°02′43″N 32°27′13″E / 0.04528°N 32.45361°E / 0.04528; 32.45361
Result

Israeli victory

  • 102 of 106 hostages rescued[1]
  • A quarter of Uganda's air force destroyed[2]
Belligerents
 Israel
Supported by:
 Kenya		 PFLP-EO
Revolutionary Cells
 Uganda
Commanders and leaders
Dan Shomron
Yekutiel Adam
Benny Peled
Yonatan Netanyahu †		 Wadie Haddad
Wilfried Böse †
Idi Amin
Strength
c. 100 commandos plus air crew and support personnel 7 hijackers
100+ Ugandan soldiers
Casualties and losses
1 killed
5 wounded		 Hijackers:
7 killed
Uganda:
45 killed[3]
11–30 aircraft destroyed[4]
3 hostages killed[5][6]
10 hostages wounded
class=notpageimage|
Sites associated with Operation Entebbe

A week earlier, on 27 June, an Air France Airbus A300 jet airliner with 248 passengers had been hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO) under orders of Wadie Haddad (who had earlier broken away from the PFLP of George Habash),[8] and two members of the German Revolutionary Cells. The hijackers had the stated objective to free 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel and 13 prisoners in four other countries in exchange for the hostages.[9] The flight, which had originated in Tel Aviv with the destination of Paris, was diverted after a stopover in Athens via Benghazi to Entebbe, the main airport of Uganda. The Ugandan government supported the hijackers, and dictator Idi Amin, who had been informed of the hijacking from the beginning,[10] personally welcomed them.[11] After moving all hostages from the aircraft to a disused airport building, the hijackers separated all Israelis and several non-Israeli Jews from the larger group and forced them into a separate room.[12][13][14] Over the following two days, 148 non-Israeli hostages were released and flown out to Paris.[13][14][15] Ninety-four, mainly Israeli, passengers along with the 12-member Air France crew, remained as hostages and were threatened with death.[16][17]

The IDF acted on information provided by the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad. The hijackers threatened to kill the hostages if their prisoner release demands were not met. This threat led to the planning of the rescue operation.[18] These plans included preparation for armed resistance from the Uganda Army.[19]

The operation took place at night. Israeli transport planes carried 100 commandos over 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) to Uganda for the rescue operation. The operation, which took a week of planning, lasted 90 minutes. Of the 106 remaining hostages, 102 were rescued and three were killed. The other hostage was in a hospital and was later killed. Five Israeli commandos were wounded, and one, unit commander Lt. Col. Yonatan Netanyahu, was killed. Netanyahu was the older brother of Benjamin Netanyahu, who would later become Prime Minister of Israel.[20] All the hijackers and forty-five Ugandan soldiers were killed, and eleven[5][6] Soviet-built MiG-17s and MiG-21s of Uganda's air force were destroyed.[4] Kenyan sources supported Israel, and in the aftermath of the operation, Idi Amin issued orders to retaliate and kill Kenyans present in Uganda.[21] As a result, 245 Kenyans in Uganda were killed and 3,000 fled the country.[22]

Operation Entebbe, which had the military codename Operation Thunderbolt, is sometimes referred to retroactively as Operation Jonathan in memory of the unit's leader, Yonatan Netanyahu.

Hijacking

Air France Flight 139
 
Hijacking
Date27 June 1976
SummaryHijacking
SiteGreek airspace
Aircraft
Aircraft typeAirbus A300B4-203
OperatorAir France
RegistrationF-BVGG
Flight originBen Gurion Int'l Airport, Israel
StopoverAthens (Ellinikon) Int'l Airport, Greece
DestinationCharles De Gaulle Int'l Airport, France
Occupants260
Passengers248
Crew12
Fatalities4
Injuries10
Survivors256

On 27 June 1976, Air France Flight 139, an Airbus A300B4-203, registration F-BVGG (c/n 019), departed from Tel Aviv, Israel, carrying 246 mainly Jewish and Israeli passengers and a crew of 12.[23][24] The plane flew to Athens, Greece, where it picked up an additional 58 passengers, including four hijackers.[25][nb 1] It departed for Paris at 12:30 pm. Just after takeoff, the flight was hijacked by two Palestinians from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations (PFLP-EO), and by two Germans, Wilfried Böse and Brigitte Kuhlmann, from the German Revolutionary Cells. The hijackers diverted the flight to Benghazi, Libya.[26] There it was held on the ground for seven hours for refuelling. During that time the hijackers released British-born Israeli citizen Patricia Martell, who pretended to have a miscarriage.[18][27] The plane left Benghazi and at 3:15 pm on the 28th, more than 24 hours after the flight's original departure, it arrived at Entebbe Airport in Uganda.[26]

Hostage situation at Entebbe airport

At Entebbe, the four hijackers were joined by at least four others, supported by the forces of Uganda's president, Idi Amin.[28] The hijackers transferred the passengers to the transit hall of the disused former airport terminal where they kept them under guard for the following days. Amin came to visit the hostages almost on a daily basis, updating them on developments and promising to use his efforts to have them freed through negotiations.[23]

On 28 June, a PFLP-EO hijacker issued a declaration and formulated their demands: In addition to a ransom of US$5 million for the release of the airplane, they demanded the release of 53 Palestinian and pro-Palestinian militants, 40 of whom were prisoners in Israel.[29] They threatened that if these demands were not met, they would begin to kill hostages on 1 July 1976.[30]

Separation of the hostages into two groups

On 29 June, after Ugandan soldiers had opened an entrance to a room next to the crowded waiting hall by destroying a separating wall, the hijackers separated the Israelis (including those holding dual citizenship) from the other hostages[nb 2] and told them to move to the adjoining room.[32] As they did so, a Holocaust survivor showed hijacker Wilfried Böse a camp registration number tattooed on his arm. Böse protested "I'm no Nazi! ... I am an idealist".[37] In addition, five non-Israeli hostages – two ultra-orthodox Jewish couples[23] from the US and Belgium[8] and a French resident of Israel – were forced to join the Israeli group.[34] According to Monique Epstein Khalepski, the French hostage among the five, the captors had singled them out for questioning and suspected them of hiding their Israeli identities.[34] On the other hand, according to French hostage Michel Cojot-Goldberg, the captors failed to identify at least one Israeli among the passengers who was a military officer with dual citizenship then using his non-Israeli passport and he was later freed as part of the second release of non-Israeli hostages.[36] US citizen Janet Almog, Frenchwoman Jocelyne Monier (whose husband or boyfriend was Israeli),[38][39] and French-Israeli dual citizen Jean-Jacques Mimouni, whose name had not been called up during the reading of the original passport-based list, reportedly joined the Israeli hostage group by their own choice.[40]

Release of most non-Israeli hostages

On 30 June, the hijackers released 48 hostages. The released were picked from among the non-Israeli group – mainly elderly and sick passengers and mothers with children. Forty-seven of them were flown by a chartered Air France Boeing 747 out of Entebbe to Paris, and one passenger was treated in hospital for a day.[41] On 1 July, after the Israeli government had conveyed its agreement to negotiations, the hostage-takers extended their deadline to noon on 4 July and released another group of 100 non-Israeli captives who again were flown to Paris a few hours later. Among the 106 hostages staying behind with their captors at Entebbe airport were the 12 members of the Air France crew who refused to leave,[42] about ten young French passengers, and the Israeli group of some 84 people.[1][7][26][43]

Operational planning

In the week before the raid, Israel tried using political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages. Many sources indicate that the Israeli cabinet was prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed. A retired IDF officer, Baruch "Burka" Bar-Lev, had known Idi Amin for many years and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him. At the request of the cabinet, he spoke with Amin on the phone many times, trying to gain the release of the hostages, without success.[44][45] The Israeli government also approached the United States government to deliver a message to Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, asking him to request that Amin release the hostages.[46] Prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and defence minister Shimon Peres spent one week disagreeing on whether to give in to the hijackers' demands (Rabin's position) or not, to prevent more terrorism (Peres' position).[47]

At the 1 July deadline,[48] the Israeli cabinet offered to negotiate with the hijackers to extend the deadline to 4 July. Amin also asked them to extend the deadline until that date. This meant he could take a diplomatic trip to Port Louis, Mauritius, to officially hand over chairmanship of the Organisation of African Unity to Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.[49] This extension of the hostage deadline proved crucial to providing Israeli forces enough time to get to Entebbe.[25]

On 3 July, at 18:30, the Israeli cabinet approved a rescue mission,[50] presented by Major General Yekutiel Adam and Brigadier General Dan Shomron. Shomron was appointed as the operation commander.[51]

Attempts at a diplomatic solution

As the crisis unfolded, attempts were made to negotiate the release of the hostages. According to declassified diplomatic documents, the Egyptian government under Sadat tried to negotiate with both the PLO and the Ugandan government.[52][53] PLO chairman Yasser Arafat sent his political aide Hani al-Hassan to Uganda as a special envoy to negotiate with the hostage takers and with Amin.[8] However, the PFLP-EO hijackers refused to see him.[54]

Raid preparation

When Israeli authorities failed to negotiate a political solution, they decided that their only option was an attack to rescue the hostages. Lt. Col. Joshua Shani, lead pilot of the operation, later said that the Israelis had initially conceived of a rescue plan that involved dropping naval commandos into Lake Victoria. The commandos would have ridden rubber boats to the airport on the edge of the lake. They planned to kill the hijackers and after freeing the hostages, they would ask Amin for passage home. The Israelis abandoned this plan because they lacked the necessary time and also because they had received word that Lake Victoria was inhabited by the Nile crocodile.[55]

Amnon Biran, the mission's intelligence officer, later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown, as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives.[47]

Aircraft refuelling

While planning the raid, the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel the Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe. The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity to aerially refuel four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace. While several East African nations, including the logistically preferred choice Kenya, were sympathetic, none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders.[citation needed]

The raid could not proceed without assistance from at least one East African government. The Israeli government secured permission from Kenya for the IDF task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at what is today Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. Kenyan Minister of Agriculture Bruce MacKenzie persuaded Kenyan President Kenyatta to permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation, and to allow the Israeli Air Force access to the Nairobi airport.[56] MacKenzie's support for the operation came after Sir Maurice Oldfield, the then head of Britain's MI6 intelligence agency, put his contacts in Mossad in touch with MacKenzie, who had been an MI6 contact for some time.[57] The Jewish owner of the Block hotels chain in Kenya, along with other members of the Jewish and Israeli community in Nairobi, may also have used their political and economic influence to help persuade Kenya's President Jomo Kenyatta to help Israel.[58]

Uganda's Ambassador to Lesotho, Isaac Lumago,[59] overheard some of the details of the operation from Kenya Air Force officers who were discussing the possibility of Israeli compensation for the assistance, and forwarded the information to Ugandan commander Isaac Maliyamungu. Maliyamungu did not alert Amin or take any action on the intelligence,[60] allegedly dismissing the report as "gasiya" (rubbish).[61] According to Amin's son, Jaffar Remo, the Ugandan president still managed to receive Lumago's warning via telephone and, after completing his responsibilities at the OAU meeting, boarded a plane and flew back to Uganda.[59] An ex-agent of Uganda's intelligence service, the State Research Bureau, also claimed that Amin was informed by Lumago of the imminent raid. The agent stated that Amin was terrified of possible reprisals in case his troops actually fought the Israeli military, allegedly resulting in his ordering that the Uganda Army should not open fire on Israeli aircraft during a possible raid.[62]

Hostage intelligence

The Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages, the number of hijackers, and the involvement of Ugandan troops, based on information from the released hostages in Paris.[63] Further, Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s: while preparing the raid, the Israeli army consulted with Solel Boneh, a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held.[64] While planning the military operation, the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original.[citation needed]

IDF major Muki Betser later remarked in an interview that Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released. He said that a French-Jewish passenger who had a military background and "a phenomenal memory" had provided detailed information about the number of weapons carried by the hostage-takers.[65] After Betser had collected intelligence and planned for several days, four Israeli Air Force C-130 Hercules transport aircraft secretly flew to Entebbe Airport at midnight without being detected by Entebbe air traffic control.[citation needed]

Task force

The Israeli ground task force numbered approximately 100 personnel, and comprised the following elements:[51]

Ground command and control
This small group comprised the operation and overall ground commander, Brigadier General Dan Shomron, the air force representative Colonel Ami Ayalon and the communications and support personnel.
Assault
A 29-man assault unit led by Lt. Col. Yonatan Netanyahu – this force was composed entirely of commandos from Sayeret Matkal, and was given the primary task of assaulting the old terminal and rescuing the hostages. Major Betser led one of the element's assault teams, and took command after Lt. Col. Netanyahu was killed.
Securers
  1. The Paratroopers force led by Col. Matan Vilnai – tasked with securing the civilian airport field, clearing and securing the runways, and protection and fuelling of the Israeli aircraft in Entebbe.
  2. The Golani force led by Col. Uri Sagi – tasked with securing the C-130 Hercules aircraft for the hostages' evacuation, getting it as close as possible to the terminal and boarding the hostages; also with acting as general reserves.
  3. The Sayeret Matkal force led by Major Shaul Mofaz – tasked with clearing the military airstrip, and destroying the squadron of MiG fighter jets on the ground, to prevent any possible interceptions by the Uganda Army Air Force; also with holding off hostile ground forces from the city of Entebbe.

Raid

 
Aerial photo of the city of Entebbe and the Entebbe International Airport at sunset

Attack route

Taking off from Sharm el-Sheikh,[66] the task force flew along the international flight path over the Red Sea, mostly flying at a height of no more than 30 m (100 ft) to avoid radar detection by Egyptian, Sudanese, and Saudi Arabian forces. Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C-130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory, passing west of Djibouti. From there, they went to a point northeast of Nairobi, Kenya. They turned west, passing through the African Rift Valley and over Lake Victoria.[67][68]

Two Boeing 707 jets followed the cargo planes. The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya. The commander of the operation, General Yekutiel Adam, was on board the second Boeing, which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid.[51]

The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23:00 IST, with their cargo bay doors already open. Because the proper layout of the airport was not known, the first plane almost taxied into a ditch.[47] A black Mercedes car that looked like President Idi Amin's vehicle and Land Rovers that usually accompanied Amin's Mercedes were brought along. The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints. When the C-130s landed, Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin.[19][69] As they approached the terminal, two Ugandan sentries, aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes, ordered the vehicles to stop.[70] The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols.[19] This was against the plan and against the orders – the Ugandans were to be ignored, as they were believed not to open fire at this stage.[47] An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle.[19] Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely, the assault team quickly approached the terminal.[69]

Hostage rescue

 
A 1994 photograph of the old terminal with a U.S. Air Force C-130 Hercules parked in front. Bullet holes from the 1976 raid are still visible.

The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal. The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building, directly adjacent to the runway. Entering the terminal, the commandos shouted through a megaphone, "Stay down! Stay down! We are Israeli soldiers," in both Hebrew and English. Jean-Jacques Maimoni, a 19-year-old French immigrant to Israel, stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him.[26] Another hostage, Pasco Cohen, 52, was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos.[71] In addition, a third hostage, 56-year-old Ida Borochovitch, a Russian Jew who had emigrated to Israel, was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire.[72]

According to hostage Ilan Hartuv, Wilfried Böse was the only hijacker who, after the operation began, entered the hall housing the hostages. At first he pointed his Kalashnikov rifle at hostages, but "immediately came to his senses" and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom, before being killed by the commandos. According to Hartuv, Böse fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages.[8]

At one point, an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew, "Where are the rest of them?" referring to the hijackers.[73] The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport's main hall, into which the commandos threw several hand grenades. They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers, ending the assault.[25] Meanwhile, the other three C-130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloaded armoured personnel carriers to provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling. The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing, and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence.[25]

Departure

 
Rescued passengers welcomed at Ben Gurion Airport

After the raid, the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages. Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process. The Israeli commandos returned fire, inflicting casualties on the Ugandans. During this brief but intense firefight, Ugandan soldiers fired from the airport control tower. At least five commandos were wounded, and the Israeli unit commander Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and a rocket-propelled grenade back at the control tower, suppressing the Ugandans' fire. According to one of Idi Amin's sons, the soldier who shot Netanyahu, a cousin of the Amin family, was killed in the return fire.[59] The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages, loaded Netanyahu's body into one of the planes, and left the airport.[74] The entire operation lasted 53 minutes – of which the assault lasted only 30 minutes. All seven hijackers present, and between 33 and 45 Ugandan soldiers, were killed.[25][need quotation to verify] Eleven[6] Soviet-built MiG-17 and MiG-21 fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport.[4][28] Out of the 106 hostages, three were killed, one was left in Uganda (74-year-old Dora Bloch), and approximately 10 were wounded. The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi, Kenya, shortly after the raid.[20]

Ugandan reaction

Main article: Murder of Dora Bloch
 
Members of family pay last respects to Dora Bloch, 75, after she was murdered by officers of the Ugandan army.

Amin was furious upon learning of the raid, and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike.[62] Following the raid, Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis. Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks, he shot 12 of them with his pistol.[75] Uganda Army Chief of Staff Mustafa Adrisi reportedly wanted to incarcerate or execute Godwin Sule, the Entebbe Air Base commander, who was absent from his post during the raid. Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July. Despite Adrisi's demands, Sule's closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety.[76]

Dora Bloch, a 74-year-old Israeli who also held British citizenship, was taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala after choking on a chicken bone.[77] After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army, as were some of her doctors and nurses, apparently for trying to intervene.[26][nb 3][79] In April 1987, Henry Kyemba, Uganda's Attorney general and Minister of Justice at the time, told the Uganda Human Rights Commission that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amin's orders.[80] Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates. Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20 miles (32 km) east of Kampala in 1979,[81] after the Uganda–Tanzania War ended Amin's rule.[78] Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenya's assistance to Israel in the raid. Uganda killed 245 Kenyans, including airport staff at Entebbe. To avoid massacre, approximately 3,000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees.[22][82][83]

On May 24, 1978, Kenya's agriculture minister, Bruce MacKenzie, was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin. Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenya's involvement and MacKenzie's actions prior to the raid.[56][84][85][86] Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing, including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target.[87][88] Later, Mossad Chief Director Meir Amit had a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzie's name.[56]

Aftermath

The United Nations Security Council convened on 9 July 1976, to consider a complaint from the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity charging Israel with an "act of aggression".[89] The Council allowed Israel's ambassador to the United Nations, Chaim Herzog, and Uganda's foreign minister, Juma Oris Abdalla, to participate without voting rights.[89] UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim told the Security Council that the raid was "a serious violation of the sovereignty of a Member State of the United Nations" though he was "fully aware that this is not the only element involved ... when the world community is now required to deal with unprecedented problems arising from international terrorism."[89] Abdalla, the representative of Uganda, alleged that the affair was close to a peaceful resolution when Israel intervened while Herzog, the representative of Israel, accused Uganda of direct complicity in the hijacking.[89] The US and UK sponsored a resolution which condemned hijacking and similar acts, deplored the loss of life arising from the hijacking (without condemning either Israel or Uganda), reaffirmed the need to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States, and called on the international community to enhance the safety of civil aviation.[90] However, the resolution failed to receive the required number of affirmative votes because two voting members abstained and seven were absent.[91] A second resolution sponsored by Benin, Libya and Tanzania, that condemned Israel, was not put to a vote.[91][92]

Western nations spoke in support of the raid. West Germany called the raid "an act of self-defence". Switzerland and France praised the operation. Representatives of the United Kingdom and United States offered significant praise, calling the Entebbe raid "an impossible operation". Some in the United States noted that the hostages were freed on 4 July 1976, 200 years after the signing of the US declaration of independence.[93][94][95] In private conversation with Israeli Ambassador Dinitz, Henry Kissinger sounded criticism for Israeli use of US equipment during the operation, but that criticism was not made public at the time.[96] In mid-July 1976, the supercarrier USS Ranger and her escorts entered the Indian Ocean and operated off the Kenyan coast in response to a threat of military action by forces from Uganda.[97]

The hijacked aircraft's pilot, Captain Michel Bacos, was awarded the Legion of Honour, and the other crew members were awarded the French Order of Merit.[98][99][100][101]

The Norfolk hotel in Nairobi, owned by a prominent member of the local Jewish community, was bombed on 31 December 1980. The bomb flattened the hotel, killing 20 people, of several nationalities, and injuring 87 more. It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro-Palestinian militants for Kenya's supporting role in Operation Entebbe.[102][103][104]

In the ensuing years, Betser and the Netanyahu brothers – Iddo and Benjamin, all Sayeret Matkal veterans – argued in increasingly public forums about who was to blame for the unexpected early firefight that caused Yonatan's death and partial loss of tactical surprise.[105][106]

As a result of the operation, the United States military developed rescue teams modelled on the unit employed in the Entebbe rescue.[107] One notable attempt was Operation Eagle Claw, a failed 1980 rescue of 53 American embassy personnel held hostage in Tehran during the Iran hostage crisis.[108][109]

In a letter dated 13 July 1976, the Supreme Commander's Staff of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces praised the Israeli commandos for the mission and extended condolences for "the loss and martyrdom" of Netanyahu.[110]

F-BVGG, the aircraft in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139, was repaired and returned to service with Air France.[111] In April 1996, the aircraft was leased to Vietnam Airlines for three months. In December the same year, the aircraft was converted into a freighter and was delivered to S-C Aviation, having been re-registered as N742SC. In 1998 the aircraft was delivered to MNG Airlines and re-registered as TC-MNA. In 2009, the aircraft was placed into storage at Istanbul Atatürk Airport and was scrapped in 2020.[112][113]

Commemorations

In August 2012, Uganda and Israel commemorated the raid at a sombre ceremony at the base of a tower at the Old Entebbe Airport, where Yonatan Netanyahu was killed. Uganda and Israel renewed their commitment to "fight terrorism and to work towards humanity".[114] In addition, wreaths were laid, a moment of silence was held, speeches were given, and a poem was recited. The flags of Uganda and Israel were flown side by side, symbolising the two countries' strong bilateral relations, next to a plaque bearing a history of the raid. The ceremony was attended by Ugandan State Minister for Animal Industry Bright Rwamirama and the deputy Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Daniel Ayalon, who laid wreaths at the site.[114] Forty years to the day after the rescue operation, Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, brother of slain Israeli commando Yonatan Netanyahu, visited Entebbe with an Israeli delegation, and laid the groundwork for further Israeli–sub-Saharan African bilateral relations.[115]

Dramatisations and documentaries

Documentaries

  • Operation Thunderbolt: Entebbe, a documentary about the hijacking and the subsequent rescue mission.[116]
  • Rise and Fall of Idi Amin (1980), a biopic of the Ugandan dictator briefly features the raid, with an unusual depiction of Amin displaying cowardice when he learns of it.[117]
  • Rescue at Entebbe, Episode 12 of 2005 documentary series Against All Odds: Israel Survives by Michael Greenspan.[118]
  • Cohen on the Bridge (2010), a documentary by director Andrew Wainrib, who gained access to the surviving commandos and hostages.[119]
  • Live or Die in Entebbe (2012) by director Eyal Boers follows Yonatan Khayat's journey to uncover the circumstances of his uncle Jean-Jacques Maimoni's death in the raid.[120]
  • "Assault on Entebbe", an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary Critical Situation.[121]
  • Operation Thunderbolt, the fifth episode in the 2012 Military Channel documentary series Black Ops.[122]

Dramatisations

Films inspired by Operation Entebbe

Other media

Gallery

  •  

    The old control tower as seen from the front

  •  

    Close up of the control tower

  •  

    The old terminal building as it appeared in 2009

  •  

    Wall plaque on display at the old terminal building

  •  

    The old terminal building of the Entebbe International Airport as seen from the air

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sources state varying numbers of passengers, between 228 and 246; the higher figure is taken from The New York Times.
  2. ^ Claims by various authors that the separation was made between Jews and non-Jews[31] are in conflict with eyewitness accounts[12][32][33][34][35] and later they were expressly disclaimed by several former hostages as a "myth" or a manipulation by "sensation-hungry journalists and film-makers."[8][23][36]
  3. ^ Now confidential cabinet papers released under the Freedom of Information Act show that the British High Commission in Kampala received a report from a Ugandan civilian that Mrs Bloch had been shot and her body dumped in the boot of a car which had Ugandan intelligence services number plates.[78]

References

  1. ^ a b McRaven, Bill. . MHS US Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  2. ^ 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages, BBC
  3. ^ Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2011, by Simon Dunstan, p. 58[ISBN missing]
  4. ^ a b c Brzoska, Michael; Pearson, Frederic S. Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-escalation, and Negotiation, Univ. of S. Carolina Press (1994) p. 203[ISBN missing]
  5. ^ a b "Entebbe raid". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  6. ^ a b c "BBC on This Day – 4 – 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages". BBC News.
  7. ^ a b Smith, Terence (4 July 1976). "Hostages Freed as Israelis Raid Uganda Airport; Commandos in 3 Planes Rescue 105-Casualties Unknown Israelis Raid Uganda Airport And Free Hijackers' Hostages". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  8. ^ a b c d e Yossi Melman (8 July 2011). "Setting the record straight: Entebbe was not Auschwitz". Haaretz. from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  9. ^ "Hijacking of Air France Airbus by Followers of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – Israeli Action to liberate Hostages held at Entebbe Airport ..." (PDF). Keesing's Record of World Events. 22: 27888. August 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  10. ^ Furst, Alan (2016). "'Operation Thunderbolt,' by Saul David". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  11. ^ "Idi Amin's Son: My Dream Is to Apologize Personally to Family of Entebbe Victims". Ha'aretz. 14 June 2016.
  12. ^ a b "Freed Hostages Tell Their Story". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2 July 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  13. ^ a b Simon Dunstan (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 20–24. ISBN 978-1-4488-1868-6. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  14. ^ a b Mark Ensalaco (2008). Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-0-8122-4046-7. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  15. ^ "Entebbe; Thirty Years On; miracle on the runway". Jewish Telegraph. 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  16. ^ Sol Scharfstein (1994). Understanding Israel. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-0-88125-428-0. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  17. ^ Dunstan, Simon (2009). Israel's Lighting Strike, The raid on Entebbe 1976. Osprey Publishing; Osprey Raid Series No. 2. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84603-397-1.
  18. ^ a b "Mossad took photos, Entebbe Operation was on its way". Ynetnews. 2006. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  19. ^ a b c d Feldinger, Lauren Gelfond (29 June 2006). "Back to Entebbe". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  20. ^ a b "Operation Entebbe". The Knesset at Sixty. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  21. ^ Ulrich Beyerlin: Abhandlungen: Die israelische Befreiungsaktion von Entebbe in völkerrechtlicher Sicht. auf: zaoerv.de Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 1977.
  22. ^ a b Keesing's Record of World Events Volume 22, August, 1976 Uganda, Kenya, Page 27891
  23. ^ a b c d Aviv Lavie (31 July 2003). "Surviving the myth". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  24. ^ "How the Rescue Took Place". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 5 July 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  25. ^ a b c d e Hamilton, Fiona (27 February 2008). "General Dan Shomron". The Times. London. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  26. ^ a b c d e Ben, Eyal (3 July 2006). "Special: Entebbe's unsung hero". Ynetnews. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  27. ^ "Entebbe Thirty Years On: Mancunian On Board". Jewish Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  28. ^ a b "1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages". BBC News. 4 July 1976. from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  29. ^ Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. New York: Rosen. pp. 17–18.
  30. ^ "Detailed Story Of Dramatic Israeli Raid". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 13 July 1976. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  31. ^ "1976 Operation Entebbe". IDF blog. Israeli Defense Forces. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  32. ^ a b Yehuda Ofer (1976). Operation Thunder: The Entebbe Raid. The Israeli's Own Story. Penguin. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-14-052321-9.
  33. ^ Moufflet, Claude (1976). Otages à Kampala (in French). Presses de la Cité. p. 82.
  34. ^ a b c "La aventura del secuestro de Entebbe, contada por una protagonista". El País (in Spanish). 11 July 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  35. ^ Jerozolimski, Ana (13 July 2006). "Ada Lazarovitz (46), que hace 30 años fuera una de las rehenes en el avión de Air France secuestrado por terroristas en Entebbe, recuerda su liberación". Espacio Latino (in Spanish). Semanario Hebreo. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  36. ^ a b Goldberg, Michel (1984). Namesake. Corgi. p. 122.
  37. ^ Tinnin, David (8 August 1977). . Time. p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. – A review of Hitler's children by Julian Becker; Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The 70s the Decade That Brought You Modern Life – For Better or Worse. Basic Books. p. 342. ISBN 0465041965.
  38. ^ Ross, Philip (2 August 1976). "The Illustrated Story of the Great Israeli Rescue". New York Magazine. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  39. ^ "Almogs Retell Hijack Tale". Heritage Florida Jewish News. 10 September 1976. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  40. ^ Eetta Prince-Gibson, Eetta (7 March 2013). "Entebbe's Forgotten Dead". Tablet. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  41. ^ Saul, David (2017). Operation Thunderbolt: Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport, the Most Audacious Hostage Rescue Mission in History. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0316245395.
  42. ^ David Kaplan, "A Historic Hostage-Taking Revisited," The Jerusalem Post, 3 August 2006, Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  43. ^ "The Entebbe Rescue Mission". Israel Defense Forces. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  44. ^ . Time. 26 July 1976.
  45. ^ . Time. 26 July 1976.
  46. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  47. ^ a b c d Saul David (27 June 2015). "Israel's raid on Entebbe was almost a disaster". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  48. ^ Grimes, Paul. "Rescuing the Entebbe Hostages". The New York Times. Friday, 30 July 1976. (The Weekend, p. 51).
  49. ^ Lipkin-Shakhak, Tali. "The Forgotten Hero of Entebbe". Historama. 16 June 2006.
  50. ^ Terence, Smith (4 July 1976). "Hostages Freed as Israelis Raid Uganda Airport". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  51. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008.
  52. ^ "Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 6 July 1976". Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  53. ^ "Herman Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Secretary of State, 9 July 1976". Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  54. ^ Chabalier, Hervé (12 July 1976). "Israël: le prix d'un exploit" (PDF). Le Nouvel Observateur (in French). p. 25.
  55. ^ Williams, Louis (2000). The Israel Defense Forces: A People's Army. iUniverse. p. 131. ISBN 9780595143535. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  56. ^ a b c Melman, Yossi. "A history of cooperation between Israel and Kenya". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  57. ^ Pearce, Martin (2016). Spymaster: the Life of Britain's Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (1 ed.). London: Bantam Press. p. 285.
  58. ^ Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 53. ISBN 9781448818686. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  59. ^ a b c Eichner, Itamar (4 July 2016). "Idi Amin's son: 'My dream is to meet with Entebbe victims' families to apologize'". Ynetnews. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  60. ^ Alexander, Ben (4 July 2016). "Operation Thunderbolt: Daring and Luck". Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  61. ^ Ocen, Felix (11 August 2019). "Rise of Maliyamungu from gatekeeper to Amin's right-hand man". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  62. ^ a b Seftel 2010, p. 216.
  63. ^ . Time. 12 July 1976. Archived from the original on 14 January 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  64. ^ "Wars and Operations: Operation Thunderball ("Entebbe")" (in Hebrew). Israel Air Force(official website).
  65. ^ "Israel marks 30th anniversary of Entebbe". Associated Press in USA Today. 5 July 2006.
  66. ^ "Operation Entebbe".
  67. ^ "Rescue at Entebbe". HistoryNet. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  68. ^ Stevenson, William (1976). Ninety Minutes at Entebbe. New York: Bantam Books. p. 100. ISBN 0-553-10482-9.
  69. ^ a b . The Jewish Press. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  70. ^ David E. Kaplan (27 December 2012). "A historic hostage-taking revisited". The Jerusalem Post. from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  71. ^ "Remembering Entebbe". Jerusalem Diaries. 3 July 2001. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  72. ^ Berg, Raffi (3 July 2016). "Entebbe pilot Michel Bacos 'saw hostage murdered'". BBC News. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  73. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel (2011). Warrior Elite: 31 Heroic Special-Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden. Ulysses Press. p. 57. ISBN 9781569759301. Retrieved 27 December 2012. Where are the rest of them? entebbe.
  74. ^ Dunstan, Simon (2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces. Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 51–53. ISBN 9781448818686. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  75. ^ "History: When Kazini tried to arrest Kashillingi". New Vision. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  76. ^ Rwehururu 2002, p. 76.
  77. ^ 40 years after Entebbe, Israeli hostages reflect back on a saga of survival Haaretz
  78. ^ a b Verkaik, Robert (13 February 2007). "Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim". The Independent. London. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  79. ^ Verkaik, Robert (13 February 2007). "Revealed: the fate of Idi Amin's hijack victim". The Independent. London.
  80. ^ "1976: British grandmother missing in Uganda". BBC News. 7 July 1976. from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  81. ^ "Body of Amin Victim Is Flown Back to Israel". The New York Times. 4 June 1979, Monday, p. A3.
  82. ^ "1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages". BBC – On this day. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  83. ^ KALINAKI, DANIEL K. (3 July 2016). "Entebbe raid humiliated Amin, nearly caused East African war". Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  84. ^ Ephraim Kahana (2006). Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence. ISBN 9780810865006. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  85. ^ "Ugandan agents killed former Cabinet minister, says dossier". Standard Digital News. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  86. ^ Dunstan, Simon (15 January 2011). Entebbe: The Most Daring Raid of Israel's Special Forces – Simon Dunstan. ISBN 9781448818686. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  87. ^ "Mossad, McKenzie, Idi Amin: The strange mix," May 26 2019, The Citizen, retrieved September 2020 [CAUTION: THAT WEB PAGE INFECTED WITH A VIRUS at time of retrieval].
  88. ^ "Mystery behind Bruce McKenzie’s death lingers on," June 2, 2019, Kenyan Digest, retrieved September 2020.
  89. ^ a b c d Security Council, Official Records, 1939th meeting, 9 July 1976, S/PV.1939.
  90. ^ Security Council. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America: draft resolution. Document S/12138, 12 July 1976.
  91. ^ a b Security Council, Official Records, 1943th meeting, 14 July 1976, S/PV.1943, p. 18.
  92. ^ Security Council. Benin, Libyan Arab Republic and United Republic of Tanzania: draft resolution. Document S/12139, 12 July 1976.
  93. ^ "Age of Terror: Episode one". BBC News. 16 April 2008.
  94. ^ "עכשיו, במבצע – תרבות ובידור". Ynet. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  95. ^ . Mota.co.il. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  96. ^ "Conversation between Kissinger and Dinitz, 5 July 1976" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  97. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  98. ^ "Entebbe Postscript", Flight International, 17 July 1976, p. 122. Retrieved from Flightglobal Archive
  99. ^ Air et cosmos, Issues 618–634, Impr. Reaumur., 1976, p. 48 (in French)
  100. ^ "Michel Bacos: the Air France hero of Entebbe". The Jewish Chronicle. 15 June 2012.
  101. ^ . Hamodia (in French). 11 June 2011. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013.
  102. ^ Kiruga, Morris (15 September 2013). "20 killed in bomb attack on Norfolk". Daily Nation. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  103. ^ "Nairobi assault: Kenyan terrorist attacks since 1980". Telegraph.co.uk. 21 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  104. ^ Wahome, Patrick Mutahi. "War on terror or war on human rights? Implications of the "war on terror" for human rights in Kenya" (PDF). Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  105. ^ Sharon Roffe-Ofir "Entebbe's open wound" Ynet, 7 February 2006
  106. ^ Josh Hamerman "Battling against 'the falsification of history'" Ynetnews, 4 February 2007
  107. ^ Dershowitz, Alan M. Preemption: A Knife that Cuts both Ways, W. W. Norton (2006) p. 91
  108. ^ Houghton, David Patrick. U.S. Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis, Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) pp. 86–87
  109. ^ Nalty, Bernard C. (November 2003). Winged Shield, Winged Sword 1950–1997: A History of the United States Air Force. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 1-4102-0902-4.
  110. ^ Ginsburg, Mitch (8 July 2015). "In 1976 letter, Iran hailed Entebbe rescue, mourned death of Yoni Netanyahu". The Times of Israel. Jerusalem. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  111. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4-203 F-BVGG Entebbe Airport (EBB)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  112. ^ "TC-MNA MNG Airlines Airbus A300B4". www.planespotters.net. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  113. ^ "MNG Airlines TC-MNA (Airbus A300 – MSN 19) (Ex F-BVGG N742SC)". www.airfleets.net. Airfleets aviation. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  114. ^ a b Candia, Steven (14 August 2012). . New Vision. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  115. ^ Donald Macintyre (4 July 2016). "Binyamin Netanyahu visits scene of brother's 1976 Entebbe airport death". The Guardian.
  116. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (26 July 1976). "6 Film Studios Vie Over Entebbe Raid". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  117. ^ Paul B. Rich (2018). Cinema and Unconventional Warfare in the Twentieth Century: Insurgency, Terrorism and Special Operations. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 9781350055704.
  118. ^ "Against All Odds: Israel Survives". Amazon Prime Video.
  119. ^ "2012 Film Selections". Los Angeles Jewish Film Festival.
  120. ^ Operation Entebbe – 'Live or Die in Entebbe' Trailer. YouTube. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  121. ^ "Situation Critical". National Geographic TV.
  122. ^ "Amazon.com: Black OPS Season 1: Amazon Digital Services LLC". Amazon.
  123. ^ a b c d e Jordan Hoffman (2 March 2018). "New 'Entebbe' hijacked by heavy-handed political correctness". Times of Israel.
  124. ^ Romirowsky, Asaf (6 July 2011). "The Entebbe Raid, 35 Years Later". National Review. from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  125. ^ Diptakirti Chaudhuri (2014). "Taking Flight: 10 Aircraft and Photos". Bollybook: The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789351187998.
  126. ^ "Operation Thunderbolt (Game)". Giant Bomb.
  127. ^ Cohen, Peter-Adrian. "theatreor.com presents A WORLD PREMIERE from an Israeli Perspective". Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  128. ^ "Untitled Theater Co #61's Fest of Jewish Theater & Ideas Runs". 20 May 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2009.

Further reading

  • Avner, Yehuda (2010). "26, Entebbe: Flight 139". The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership. The Toby Press. pp. 303–318. ISBN 978-1-59264-278-6.
  • Blumenau, Bernhard (2014). "2, 'The German silence': the Entebbe hijacking of 1976". The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 59–73. ISBN 978-1-137-39196-4.
  • Betser, Muki; Robert Rosenberg (1996). Secret Soldier. Sydney: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-85233-7.
  • David, Saul (2015). Operation Thunderbolt: Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-44476-251-8.
  • Dunstan, Simon (2009). Israel's Lighting Strike, The raid on Entebbe 1976. Osprey Publishing; Osprey Raid Series No. 2. ISBN 978-1-84603-397-1.
  • Hastings, Max (1979). Yoni: Hero of Entebbe. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-27127-1.
  • Netanyahu, Iddo (2001). Yoni's Last Battle: The Rescue at Entebbe, 1976. Gefen Books. ISBN 965-229-283-4.
  • Netanyahu, Ido; Netanyahu, ʻIdo; Netanyahu, Iddo; Hazony, Yoram (2003). Entebbe: the Jonathan Netanyahu story: a defining moment in the war on terrorism. Green Forest, AR: Balfour Books. ISBN 0-89221-553-4.
  • Netanyahu, Jonathan; Netanyahu, Binyamin; Netanyahu, Ido; Wouk, Herman (1998). Self-Portrait of a Hero: From the Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu, 1963–1976. Warner Books Inc. ISBN 0-446-67461-3.
  • Netanyahu, Jonathan (2001). The Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu: The Commander of the Entebbe Rescue Operation. Gefen Publishing House, Ltd. ISBN 965-229-267-2.
  • Seftel, Adam, ed. (2010) [1st pub. 1994]. Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. ISBN 978-9970-02-036-2.
  • Stevenson, William (1976). 90 Minutes at Entebbe. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-10482-9.
  • Rwehururu, Bernard (2002). Cross to the Gun. Kampala: Monitor. OCLC 50243051.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Thunderbolt.
Listen to this article (28 minutes)
 
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)
  • Live or Die in Entebbe Trailer
  • Operation Thunderbolt on YouTube, video by National Geographic, 4 min.
  • Raid on Entebbe on YouTube video and digitised re-enactment, 9 min.
  • Operation Thunderbolt – part 1 on YouTube video documentary – detailed, 9 min. part 2 on YouTube 10 min.
  • The Greatest Hostage Rescue in History: Documentary on The Entebbe Raid. on YouTube documentary – detailed, 44 min.
  • Israel's raid on Entebbe was almost a disaster, Daily Telegraph article by Saul David
  • Entebbe: Turning Point of Terrorism 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Strategy and Tactics, No. 232, January/February 2006.
  • isayeret.com – The Israeli Special Forces Database
  • BBC Article and Videos – 4 July 1976: Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages (BBC)
  • BBC: 30th anniversary of the raid on Entebbe
  • BBC Age of Terror – Episode 1: Terror International
  • Operation Entebbe protocols Ynetnews 5 November 2010. transcripts of Israeli Cabinet discussions

December 31, 2022
operation, entebbe, 1979, conflict, between, tanzanian, combined, libyan, ugandan, forces, battle, entebbe, other, uses, operation, thunderbolt, also, known, entebbe, raid, operation, thunderbolt, counter, terrorist, hostage, rescue, mission, carried, commando. For the 1979 conflict between Tanzanian and combined Libyan and Ugandan forces see Battle of Entebbe For other uses see Operation Thunderbolt Operation Entebbe also known as the Entebbe Raid or Operation Thunderbolt was a counter terrorist hostage rescue mission carried out by commandos of the Israel Defense Forces IDF at Entebbe Airport in Uganda on 4 July 1976 7 Operation EntebbePart of the Arab Israeli conflictIsraeli commandos from the Sayeret Matkal after the operation Date4 July 1976LocationEntebbe Airport Uganda0 02 43 N 32 27 13 E 0 04528 N 32 45361 E 0 04528 32 45361 Coordinates 0 02 43 N 32 27 13 E 0 04528 N 32 45361 E 0 04528 32 45361ResultIsraeli victory 102 of 106 hostages rescued 1 A quarter of Uganda s air force destroyed 2 Belligerents IsraelSupported by KenyaPFLP EO Revolutionary Cells UgandaCommanders and leadersDan Shomron Yekutiel Adam Benny Peled Yonatan Netanyahu Wadie Haddad Wilfried Bose Idi AminStrengthc 100 commandos plus air crew and support personnel7 hijackers100 Ugandan soldiersCasualties and losses1 killed5 woundedHijackers 7 killedUganda 45 killed 3 11 30 aircraft destroyed 4 3 hostages killed 5 6 10 hostages wounded BenghaziTel AvivEntebbeAthensclass notpageimage Sites associated with Operation Entebbe A week earlier on 27 June an Air France Airbus A300 jet airliner with 248 passengers had been hijacked by two members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine External Operations PFLP EO under orders of Wadie Haddad who had earlier broken away from the PFLP of George Habash 8 and two members of the German Revolutionary Cells The hijackers had the stated objective to free 40 Palestinian and affiliated militants imprisoned in Israel and 13 prisoners in four other countries in exchange for the hostages 9 The flight which had originated in Tel Aviv with the destination of Paris was diverted after a stopover in Athens via Benghazi to Entebbe the main airport of Uganda The Ugandan government supported the hijackers and dictator Idi Amin who had been informed of the hijacking from the beginning 10 personally welcomed them 11 After moving all hostages from the aircraft to a disused airport building the hijackers separated all Israelis and several non Israeli Jews from the larger group and forced them into a separate room 12 13 14 Over the following two days 148 non Israeli hostages were released and flown out to Paris 13 14 15 Ninety four mainly Israeli passengers along with the 12 member Air France crew remained as hostages and were threatened with death 16 17 The IDF acted on information provided by the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad The hijackers threatened to kill the hostages if their prisoner release demands were not met This threat led to the planning of the rescue operation 18 These plans included preparation for armed resistance from the Uganda Army 19 The operation took place at night Israeli transport planes carried 100 commandos over 4 000 kilometres 2 500 mi to Uganda for the rescue operation The operation which took a week of planning lasted 90 minutes Of the 106 remaining hostages 102 were rescued and three were killed The other hostage was in a hospital and was later killed Five Israeli commandos were wounded and one unit commander Lt Col Yonatan Netanyahu was killed Netanyahu was the older brother of Benjamin Netanyahu who would later become Prime Minister of Israel 20 All the hijackers and forty five Ugandan soldiers were killed and eleven 5 6 Soviet built MiG 17s and MiG 21s of Uganda s air force were destroyed 4 Kenyan sources supported Israel and in the aftermath of the operation Idi Amin issued orders to retaliate and kill Kenyans present in Uganda 21 As a result 245 Kenyans in Uganda were killed and 3 000 fled the country 22 Operation Entebbe which had the military codename Operation Thunderbolt is sometimes referred to retroactively as Operation Jonathan in memory of the unit s leader Yonatan Netanyahu Contents 1 Hijacking 1 1 Hostage situation at Entebbe airport 1 2 Separation of the hostages into two groups 1 3 Release of most non Israeli hostages 2 Operational planning 2 1 Attempts at a diplomatic solution 2 2 Raid preparation 2 2 1 Aircraft refuelling 2 2 2 Hostage intelligence 2 3 Task force 3 Raid 3 1 Attack route 3 2 Hostage rescue 3 3 Departure 3 4 Ugandan reaction 4 Aftermath 5 Commemorations 6 Dramatisations and documentaries 6 1 Documentaries 6 2 Dramatisations 6 3 Films inspired by Operation Entebbe 6 4 Other media 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksHijackingAir France Flight 139 The Air France Airbus A300 involved at Charles de Gaulle Airport in 1980HijackingDate27 June 1976SummaryHijackingSiteGreek airspaceAircraftAircraft typeAirbus A300B4 203OperatorAir FranceRegistrationF BVGGFlight originBen Gurion Int l Airport IsraelStopoverAthens Ellinikon Int l Airport GreeceDestinationCharles De Gaulle Int l Airport FranceOccupants260Passengers248Crew12Fatalities4Injuries10Survivors256On 27 June 1976 Air France Flight 139 an Airbus A300B4 203 registration F BVGG c n 019 departed from Tel Aviv Israel carrying 246 mainly Jewish and Israeli passengers and a crew of 12 23 24 The plane flew to Athens Greece where it picked up an additional 58 passengers including four hijackers 25 nb 1 It departed for Paris at 12 30 pm Just after takeoff the flight was hijacked by two Palestinians from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine External Operations PFLP EO and by two Germans Wilfried Bose and Brigitte Kuhlmann from the German Revolutionary Cells The hijackers diverted the flight to Benghazi Libya 26 There it was held on the ground for seven hours for refuelling During that time the hijackers released British born Israeli citizen Patricia Martell who pretended to have a miscarriage 18 27 The plane left Benghazi and at 3 15 pm on the 28th more than 24 hours after the flight s original departure it arrived at Entebbe Airport in Uganda 26 Hostage situation at Entebbe airport At Entebbe the four hijackers were joined by at least four others supported by the forces of Uganda s president Idi Amin 28 The hijackers transferred the passengers to the transit hall of the disused former airport terminal where they kept them under guard for the following days Amin came to visit the hostages almost on a daily basis updating them on developments and promising to use his efforts to have them freed through negotiations 23 On 28 June a PFLP EO hijacker issued a declaration and formulated their demands In addition to a ransom of US 5 million for the release of the airplane they demanded the release of 53 Palestinian and pro Palestinian militants 40 of whom were prisoners in Israel 29 They threatened that if these demands were not met they would begin to kill hostages on 1 July 1976 30 Separation of the hostages into two groups On 29 June after Ugandan soldiers had opened an entrance to a room next to the crowded waiting hall by destroying a separating wall the hijackers separated the Israelis including those holding dual citizenship from the other hostages nb 2 and told them to move to the adjoining room 32 As they did so a Holocaust survivor showed hijacker Wilfried Bose a camp registration number tattooed on his arm Bose protested I m no Nazi I am an idealist 37 In addition five non Israeli hostages two ultra orthodox Jewish couples 23 from the US and Belgium 8 and a French resident of Israel were forced to join the Israeli group 34 According to Monique Epstein Khalepski the French hostage among the five the captors had singled them out for questioning and suspected them of hiding their Israeli identities 34 On the other hand according to French hostage Michel Cojot Goldberg the captors failed to identify at least one Israeli among the passengers who was a military officer with dual citizenship then using his non Israeli passport and he was later freed as part of the second release of non Israeli hostages 36 US citizen Janet Almog Frenchwoman Jocelyne Monier whose husband or boyfriend was Israeli 38 39 and French Israeli dual citizen Jean Jacques Mimouni whose name had not been called up during the reading of the original passport based list reportedly joined the Israeli hostage group by their own choice 40 Release of most non Israeli hostages On 30 June the hijackers released 48 hostages The released were picked from among the non Israeli group mainly elderly and sick passengers and mothers with children Forty seven of them were flown by a chartered Air France Boeing 747 out of Entebbe to Paris and one passenger was treated in hospital for a day 41 On 1 July after the Israeli government had conveyed its agreement to negotiations the hostage takers extended their deadline to noon on 4 July and released another group of 100 non Israeli captives who again were flown to Paris a few hours later Among the 106 hostages staying behind with their captors at Entebbe airport were the 12 members of the Air France crew who refused to leave 42 about ten young French passengers and the Israeli group of some 84 people 1 7 26 43 Operational planningIn the week before the raid Israel tried using political avenues to obtain the release of the hostages Many sources indicate that the Israeli cabinet was prepared to release Palestinian prisoners if a military solution seemed unlikely to succeed A retired IDF officer Baruch Burka Bar Lev had known Idi Amin for many years and was considered to have a strong personal relationship with him At the request of the cabinet he spoke with Amin on the phone many times trying to gain the release of the hostages without success 44 45 The Israeli government also approached the United States government to deliver a message to Egyptian president Anwar Sadat asking him to request that Amin release the hostages 46 Prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and defence minister Shimon Peres spent one week disagreeing on whether to give in to the hijackers demands Rabin s position or not to prevent more terrorism Peres position 47 At the 1 July deadline 48 the Israeli cabinet offered to negotiate with the hijackers to extend the deadline to 4 July Amin also asked them to extend the deadline until that date This meant he could take a diplomatic trip to Port Louis Mauritius to officially hand over chairmanship of the Organisation of African Unity to Seewoosagur Ramgoolam 49 This extension of the hostage deadline proved crucial to providing Israeli forces enough time to get to Entebbe 25 On 3 July at 18 30 the Israeli cabinet approved a rescue mission 50 presented by Major General Yekutiel Adam and Brigadier General Dan Shomron Shomron was appointed as the operation commander 51 Attempts at a diplomatic solution As the crisis unfolded attempts were made to negotiate the release of the hostages According to declassified diplomatic documents the Egyptian government under Sadat tried to negotiate with both the PLO and the Ugandan government 52 53 PLO chairman Yasser Arafat sent his political aide Hani al Hassan to Uganda as a special envoy to negotiate with the hostage takers and with Amin 8 However the PFLP EO hijackers refused to see him 54 Raid preparation When Israeli authorities failed to negotiate a political solution they decided that their only option was an attack to rescue the hostages Lt Col Joshua Shani lead pilot of the operation later said that the Israelis had initially conceived of a rescue plan that involved dropping naval commandos into Lake Victoria The commandos would have ridden rubber boats to the airport on the edge of the lake They planned to kill the hijackers and after freeing the hostages they would ask Amin for passage home The Israelis abandoned this plan because they lacked the necessary time and also because they had received word that Lake Victoria was inhabited by the Nile crocodile 55 Amnon Biran the mission s intelligence officer later stated that the proper layout of the airport was unknown as was the exact location of the hostages and whether the building had been prepared with explosives 47 Aircraft refuelling While planning the raid the Israeli forces had to plan how to refuel the Lockheed C 130 Hercules aircraft they intended to use while en route to Entebbe The Israelis lacked the logistical capacity to aerially refuel four to six aircraft so far from Israeli airspace While several East African nations including the logistically preferred choice Kenya were sympathetic none wished to incur the wrath of Amin or the Palestinians by allowing the Israelis to land their aircraft within their borders citation needed The raid could not proceed without assistance from at least one East African government The Israeli government secured permission from Kenya for the IDF task force to cross Kenyan airspace and refuel at what is today Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Kenyan Minister of Agriculture Bruce MacKenzie persuaded Kenyan President Kenyatta to permit Mossad to collect intelligence prior to the operation and to allow the Israeli Air Force access to the Nairobi airport 56 MacKenzie s support for the operation came after Sir Maurice Oldfield the then head of Britain s MI6 intelligence agency put his contacts in Mossad in touch with MacKenzie who had been an MI6 contact for some time 57 The Jewish owner of the Block hotels chain in Kenya along with other members of the Jewish and Israeli community in Nairobi may also have used their political and economic influence to help persuade Kenya s President Jomo Kenyatta to help Israel 58 Uganda s Ambassador to Lesotho Isaac Lumago 59 overheard some of the details of the operation from Kenya Air Force officers who were discussing the possibility of Israeli compensation for the assistance and forwarded the information to Ugandan commander Isaac Maliyamungu Maliyamungu did not alert Amin or take any action on the intelligence 60 allegedly dismissing the report as gasiya rubbish 61 According to Amin s son Jaffar Remo the Ugandan president still managed to receive Lumago s warning via telephone and after completing his responsibilities at the OAU meeting boarded a plane and flew back to Uganda 59 An ex agent of Uganda s intelligence service the State Research Bureau also claimed that Amin was informed by Lumago of the imminent raid The agent stated that Amin was terrified of possible reprisals in case his troops actually fought the Israeli military allegedly resulting in his ordering that the Uganda Army should not open fire on Israeli aircraft during a possible raid 62 Hostage intelligence The Mossad built an accurate picture of the whereabouts of the hostages the number of hijackers and the involvement of Ugandan troops based on information from the released hostages in Paris 63 Further Israeli firms had been involved in construction projects in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s while preparing the raid the Israeli army consulted with Solel Boneh a large Israeli construction firm that had built the terminal where the hostages were held 64 While planning the military operation the IDF erected a partial replica of the airport terminal with the assistance of civilians who had helped build the original citation needed IDF major Muki Betser later remarked in an interview that Mossad operatives extensively interviewed the hostages who had been released He said that a French Jewish passenger who had a military background and a phenomenal memory had provided detailed information about the number of weapons carried by the hostage takers 65 After Betser had collected intelligence and planned for several days four Israeli Air Force C 130 Hercules transport aircraft secretly flew to Entebbe Airport at midnight without being detected by Entebbe air traffic control citation needed Task force The Israeli ground task force numbered approximately 100 personnel and comprised the following elements 51 Ground command and control This small group comprised the operation and overall ground commander Brigadier General Dan Shomron the air force representative Colonel Ami Ayalon and the communications and support personnel Assault A 29 man assault unit led by Lt Col Yonatan Netanyahu this force was composed entirely of commandos from Sayeret Matkal and was given the primary task of assaulting the old terminal and rescuing the hostages Major Betser led one of the element s assault teams and took command after Lt Col Netanyahu was killed Securers The Paratroopers force led by Col Matan Vilnai tasked with securing the civilian airport field clearing and securing the runways and protection and fuelling of the Israeli aircraft in Entebbe The Golani force led by Col Uri Sagi tasked with securing the C 130 Hercules aircraft for the hostages evacuation getting it as close as possible to the terminal and boarding the hostages also with acting as general reserves The Sayeret Matkal force led by Major Shaul Mofaz tasked with clearing the military airstrip and destroying the squadron of MiG fighter jets on the ground to prevent any possible interceptions by the Uganda Army Air Force also with holding off hostile ground forces from the city of Entebbe Raid Aerial photo of the city of Entebbe and the Entebbe International Airport at sunset Attack route Taking off from Sharm el Sheikh 66 the task force flew along the international flight path over the Red Sea mostly flying at a height of no more than 30 m 100 ft to avoid radar detection by Egyptian Sudanese and Saudi Arabian forces Near the south outlet of the Red Sea the C 130s turned south and crossed into Ethiopian territory passing west of Djibouti From there they went to a point northeast of Nairobi Kenya They turned west passing through the African Rift Valley and over Lake Victoria 67 68 Two Boeing 707 jets followed the cargo planes The first Boeing contained medical facilities and landed at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi Kenya The commander of the operation General Yekutiel Adam was on board the second Boeing which circled over Entebbe Airport during the raid 51 The Israeli forces landed at Entebbe on 3 July at 23 00 IST with their cargo bay doors already open Because the proper layout of the airport was not known the first plane almost taxied into a ditch 47 A black Mercedes car that looked like President Idi Amin s vehicle and Land Rovers that usually accompanied Amin s Mercedes were brought along The Israelis hoped they could use them to bypass security checkpoints When the C 130s landed Israeli assault team members drove the vehicles to the terminal building in the same fashion as Amin 19 69 As they approached the terminal two Ugandan sentries aware that Idi Amin had recently purchased a white Mercedes ordered the vehicles to stop 70 The first commandos shot the sentries using silenced pistols 19 This was against the plan and against the orders the Ugandans were to be ignored as they were believed not to open fire at this stage 47 An Israeli commando in one of the following Land Rovers opened fire with an unsuppressed rifle 19 Fearing the hijackers would be alerted prematurely the assault team quickly approached the terminal 69 Hostage rescue A 1994 photograph of the old terminal with a U S Air Force C 130 Hercules parked in front Bullet holes from the 1976 raid are still visible The Israelis left their vehicles and ran towards the terminal The hostages were in the main hall of the airport building directly adjacent to the runway Entering the terminal the commandos shouted through a megaphone Stay down Stay down We are Israeli soldiers in both Hebrew and English Jean Jacques Maimoni a 19 year old French immigrant to Israel stood up and was killed when Muki Betser and another soldier mistook him for a hijacker and fired at him 26 Another hostage Pasco Cohen 52 was also fatally wounded by gunfire from the commandos 71 In addition a third hostage 56 year old Ida Borochovitch a Russian Jew who had emigrated to Israel was killed by a hijacker in the crossfire 72 According to hostage Ilan Hartuv Wilfried Bose was the only hijacker who after the operation began entered the hall housing the hostages At first he pointed his Kalashnikov rifle at hostages but immediately came to his senses and ordered them to find shelter in the restroom before being killed by the commandos According to Hartuv Bose fired only at Israeli soldiers and not at hostages 8 At one point an Israeli commando called out in Hebrew Where are the rest of them referring to the hijackers 73 The hostages pointed to a connecting door of the airport s main hall into which the commandos threw several hand grenades They then entered the room and shot dead the three remaining hijackers ending the assault 25 Meanwhile the other three C 130 Hercules aeroplanes had landed and unloaded armoured personnel carriers to provide defence during the anticipated hour of refuelling The Israelis then destroyed Ugandan MiG fighter planes to prevent them from pursuing and conducted a sweep of the airfield to gather intelligence 25 Departure Rescued passengers welcomed at Ben Gurion Airport After the raid the Israeli assault team returned to their aircraft and began loading the hostages Ugandan soldiers shot at them in the process The Israeli commandos returned fire inflicting casualties on the Ugandans During this brief but intense firefight Ugandan soldiers fired from the airport control tower At least five commandos were wounded and the Israeli unit commander Yonatan Netanyahu was killed Israeli commandos fired light machine guns and a rocket propelled grenade back at the control tower suppressing the Ugandans fire According to one of Idi Amin s sons the soldier who shot Netanyahu a cousin of the Amin family was killed in the return fire 59 The Israelis finished evacuating the hostages loaded Netanyahu s body into one of the planes and left the airport 74 The entire operation lasted 53 minutes of which the assault lasted only 30 minutes All seven hijackers present and between 33 and 45 Ugandan soldiers were killed 25 need quotation to verify Eleven 6 Soviet built MiG 17 and MiG 21 fighter planes of the Uganda Army Air Force were destroyed on the ground at Entebbe Airport 4 28 Out of the 106 hostages three were killed one was left in Uganda 74 year old Dora Bloch and approximately 10 were wounded The 102 rescued hostages were flown to Israel via Nairobi Kenya shortly after the raid 20 Ugandan reaction Main article Murder of Dora Bloch Members of family pay last respects to Dora Bloch 75 after she was murdered by officers of the Ugandan army Amin was furious upon learning of the raid and reportedly boasted that he could have taught the Israelis a lesson if he had known that they would strike 62 Following the raid Maliyamungu had 14 soldiers arrested under suspicion of collaborating with the Israelis Once they were gathered in a room at Makindye Barracks he shot 12 of them with his pistol 75 Uganda Army Chief of Staff Mustafa Adrisi reportedly wanted to incarcerate or execute Godwin Sule the Entebbe Air Base commander who was absent from his post during the raid Sule had left the air base early that day to meet a female companion at Lake Victoria Hotel on 4 July Despite Adrisi s demands Sule s closeness to President Amin guaranteed his safety 76 Dora Bloch a 74 year old Israeli who also held British citizenship was taken to Mulago Hospital in Kampala after choking on a chicken bone 77 After the raid she was murdered by officers of the Uganda Army as were some of her doctors and nurses apparently for trying to intervene 26 nb 3 79 In April 1987 Henry Kyemba Uganda s Attorney general and Minister of Justice at the time told the Uganda Human Rights Commission that Bloch had been dragged from her hospital bed and killed by two army officers on Amin s orders 80 Bloch was shot and her body was dumped in the trunk of a car that had Ugandan intelligence services number plates Her remains were recovered near a sugar plantation 20 miles 32 km east of Kampala in 1979 81 after the Uganda Tanzania War ended Amin s rule 78 Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda in retaliation for Kenya s assistance to Israel in the raid Uganda killed 245 Kenyans including airport staff at Entebbe To avoid massacre approximately 3 000 Kenyans fled Uganda as refugees 22 82 83 On May 24 1978 Kenya s agriculture minister Bruce MacKenzie was killed when a bomb attached to his aircraft exploded as MacKenzie departed a meeting with Amin Some have asserted that Ugandan president Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie in retaliation for Kenya s involvement and MacKenzie s actions prior to the raid 56 84 85 86 Others have indicated various other possible causes for the bombing including that another person aboard the plane may have been the target 87 88 Later Mossad Chief Director Meir Amit had a forest planted in Israel in MacKenzie s name 56 AftermathThe United Nations Security Council convened on 9 July 1976 to consider a complaint from the Chairman of the Organization of African Unity charging Israel with an act of aggression 89 The Council allowed Israel s ambassador to the United Nations Chaim Herzog and Uganda s foreign minister Juma Oris Abdalla to participate without voting rights 89 UN Secretary General Kurt Waldheim told the Security Council that the raid was a serious violation of the sovereignty of a Member State of the United Nations though he was fully aware that this is not the only element involved when the world community is now required to deal with unprecedented problems arising from international terrorism 89 Abdalla the representative of Uganda alleged that the affair was close to a peaceful resolution when Israel intervened while Herzog the representative of Israel accused Uganda of direct complicity in the hijacking 89 The US and UK sponsored a resolution which condemned hijacking and similar acts deplored the loss of life arising from the hijacking without condemning either Israel or Uganda reaffirmed the need to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all States and called on the international community to enhance the safety of civil aviation 90 However the resolution failed to receive the required number of affirmative votes because two voting members abstained and seven were absent 91 A second resolution sponsored by Benin Libya and Tanzania that condemned Israel was not put to a vote 91 92 Western nations spoke in support of the raid West Germany called the raid an act of self defence Switzerland and France praised the operation Representatives of the United Kingdom and United States offered significant praise calling the Entebbe raid an impossible operation Some in the United States noted that the hostages were freed on 4 July 1976 200 years after the signing of the US declaration of independence 93 94 95 In private conversation with Israeli Ambassador Dinitz Henry Kissinger sounded criticism for Israeli use of US equipment during the operation but that criticism was not made public at the time 96 In mid July 1976 the supercarrier USS Ranger and her escorts entered the Indian Ocean and operated off the Kenyan coast in response to a threat of military action by forces from Uganda 97 The hijacked aircraft s pilot Captain Michel Bacos was awarded the Legion of Honour and the other crew members were awarded the French Order of Merit 98 99 100 101 The Norfolk hotel in Nairobi owned by a prominent member of the local Jewish community was bombed on 31 December 1980 The bomb flattened the hotel killing 20 people of several nationalities and injuring 87 more It was believed to be an act of revenge by pro Palestinian militants for Kenya s supporting role in Operation Entebbe 102 103 104 In the ensuing years Betser and the Netanyahu brothers Iddo and Benjamin all Sayeret Matkal veterans argued in increasingly public forums about who was to blame for the unexpected early firefight that caused Yonatan s death and partial loss of tactical surprise 105 106 As a result of the operation the United States military developed rescue teams modelled on the unit employed in the Entebbe rescue 107 One notable attempt was Operation Eagle Claw a failed 1980 rescue of 53 American embassy personnel held hostage in Tehran during the Iran hostage crisis 108 109 In a letter dated 13 July 1976 the Supreme Commander s Staff of the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces praised the Israeli commandos for the mission and extended condolences for the loss and martyrdom of Netanyahu 110 F BVGG the aircraft in the hijacking of Air France Flight 139 was repaired and returned to service with Air France 111 In April 1996 the aircraft was leased to Vietnam Airlines for three months In December the same year the aircraft was converted into a freighter and was delivered to S C Aviation having been re registered as N742SC In 1998 the aircraft was delivered to MNG Airlines and re registered as TC MNA In 2009 the aircraft was placed into storage at Istanbul Ataturk Airport and was scrapped in 2020 112 113 CommemorationsIn August 2012 Uganda and Israel commemorated the raid at a sombre ceremony at the base of a tower at the Old Entebbe Airport where Yonatan Netanyahu was killed Uganda and Israel renewed their commitment to fight terrorism and to work towards humanity 114 In addition wreaths were laid a moment of silence was held speeches were given and a poem was recited The flags of Uganda and Israel were flown side by side symbolising the two countries strong bilateral relations next to a plaque bearing a history of the raid The ceremony was attended by Ugandan State Minister for Animal Industry Bright Rwamirama and the deputy Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Daniel Ayalon who laid wreaths at the site 114 Forty years to the day after the rescue operation Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu brother of slain Israeli commando Yonatan Netanyahu visited Entebbe with an Israeli delegation and laid the groundwork for further Israeli sub Saharan African bilateral relations 115 Dramatisations and documentariesDocumentaries Operation Thunderbolt Entebbe a documentary about the hijacking and the subsequent rescue mission 116 Rise and Fall of Idi Amin 1980 a biopic of the Ugandan dictator briefly features the raid with an unusual depiction of Amin displaying cowardice when he learns of it 117 Rescue at Entebbe Episode 12 of 2005 documentary series Against All Odds Israel Survives by Michael Greenspan 118 Cohen on the Bridge 2010 a documentary by director Andrew Wainrib who gained access to the surviving commandos and hostages 119 Live or Die in Entebbe 2012 by director Eyal Boers follows Yonatan Khayat s journey to uncover the circumstances of his uncle Jean Jacques Maimoni s death in the raid 120 Assault on Entebbe an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary Critical Situation 121 Operation Thunderbolt the fifth episode in the 2012 Military Channel documentary series Black Ops 122 Dramatisations Victory at Entebbe 1976 with Anthony Hopkins Burt Lancaster Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Dreyfuss Director Marvin J Chomsky 123 Raid on Entebbe 1977 with Peter Finch Horst Buchholz Charles Bronson John Saxon Yaphet Kotto and James Woods Director Irvin Kershner Producer Edgar J Scherick 123 Operation Thunderbolt 1977 with Yehoram Gaon played Col Netanyahu Sybil Danning and Klaus Kinski played the hijackers Director Menahem Golan 123 The Last King of Scotland 2006 The raid occurs as one episode in a longer story about Idi Amin 123 Entebbe 2018 Director Jose Padilha 123 Films inspired by Operation Entebbe The Delta Force 1986 which featured a hostage rescue operation inspired by Operation Entebbe 124 Zameen 2003 is a Bollywood movie starring Ajay Devgan and Abhishek Bachchan who draw a plan to rescue hostages of an Indian airliner hijacked by Pakistani militants on the basis of Operation Entebbe 125 Other media Operation Thunderbolt a 1988 arcade game loosely based on Operation Entebbe but using a fictional location 126 To Pay the Price a 2009 play by Peter Adrian Cohen based in part on Yonatan Netanyahu s letters 127 The play produced by North Carolina s Theatre Or opened off off Broadway in New York in June 2009 during the Festival of Jewish Theater and Ideas 128 Gallery The old control tower as seen from the front Close up of the control tower The old terminal building as it appeared in 2009 Wall plaque on display at the old terminal building The old terminal building of the Entebbe International Airport as seen from the airSee also Uganda portal France portal Israel portal Aviation portalAir France Flight 8969 a similar hijacking and raid on another Air France airliner in 1994 Aspen Movie Map a project whose funding came about because of Operation Entebbe Israeli casualties of war List of hostage crises Lufthansa Flight 181 a similar event the following year involving a German airliner Military Intelligence Directorate Israel Aman Israel s military intelligence agency Operation Mikado a proposed SAS operation during the Falklands War inspired by Operation Entebbe Operation Niki a clandestine airlift of a battalion of Greek commandos from Crete to Cyprus in 1974 Sayeret Israeli Special Forces UnitsNotes Sources state varying numbers of passengers between 228 and 246 the higher figure is taken from The New York Times Claims by various authors that the separation was made between Jews and non Jews 31 are in conflict with eyewitness accounts 12 32 33 34 35 and later they were expressly disclaimed by several former hostages as a myth or a manipulation by sensation hungry journalists and film makers 8 23 36 Now confidential cabinet papers released under the Freedom of Information Act show that the British High Commission in Kampala received a report from a Ugandan civilian that Mrs Bloch had been shot and her body dumped in the boot of a car which had Ugandan intelligence services number plates 78 References a b McRaven Bill Tactical Combat Casualty Care November 2010 MHS US Department of Defense Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 Retrieved 15 July 2011 1976 Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages BBC Entebbe The Most Daring Raid of Israel s Special Forces The Rosen Publishing Group 2011 by Simon Dunstan p 58 ISBN missing a b c Brzoska Michael Pearson Frederic S Arms and Warfare Escalation De escalation and Negotiation Univ of S Carolina Press 1994 p 203 ISBN missing a b Entebbe raid Encyclopaedia Britannica a b c BBC on This Day 4 1976 Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages BBC News a b Smith Terence 4 July 1976 Hostages Freed as Israelis Raid Uganda Airport Commandos in 3 Planes Rescue 105 Casualties Unknown Israelis Raid Uganda Airport And Free Hijackers Hostages The New York Times Retrieved 4 July 2009 a b c d e Yossi Melman 8 July 2011 Setting the record straight Entebbe was not Auschwitz Haaretz Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Hijacking of Air France Airbus by Followers of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Israeli Action to liberate Hostages held at Entebbe Airport PDF Keesing s Record of World Events 22 27888 August 1976 Retrieved 23 September 2014 Furst Alan 2016 Operation Thunderbolt by Saul David The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 8 January 2018 Idi Amin s Son My Dream Is to Apologize Personally to Family of Entebbe Victims Ha aretz 14 June 2016 a b Freed Hostages Tell Their Story Jewish Telegraphic Agency 2 July 1976 Retrieved 23 September 2014 a b Simon Dunstan 2011 Entebbe The Most Daring Raid of Israel s Special Forces The Rosen Publishing Group pp 20 24 ISBN 978 1 4488 1868 6 Retrieved 4 July 2012 a b Mark Ensalaco 2008 Middle Eastern Terrorism From Black September to September 11 University of Pennsylvania Press pp 96 ISBN 978 0 8122 4046 7 Retrieved 4 July 2012 Entebbe Thirty Years On miracle on the runway Jewish Telegraph 2006 Retrieved 20 June 2011 Sol Scharfstein 1994 Understanding Israel KTAV Publishing House Inc pp 118 ISBN 978 0 88125 428 0 Retrieved 5 July 2012 Dunstan Simon 2009 Israel s Lighting Strike The raid on Entebbe 1976 Osprey Publishing Osprey Raid Series No 2 p 24 ISBN 978 1 84603 397 1 a b Mossad took photos Entebbe Operation was on its way Ynetnews 2006 Retrieved 6 July 2009 a b c d Feldinger Lauren Gelfond 29 June 2006 Back to Entebbe The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 4 July 2009 a b Operation Entebbe The Knesset at Sixty Retrieved 4 July 2009 Ulrich Beyerlin Abhandlungen Die israelische Befreiungsaktion von Entebbe in volkerrechtlicher Sicht auf zaoerv de Max Planck Institut fur auslandisches offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht 1977 a b Keesing s Record of World Events Volume 22 August 1976 Uganda Kenya Page 27891 a b c d Aviv Lavie 31 July 2003 Surviving the myth Haaretz Retrieved 23 September 2014 How the Rescue Took Place Jewish Telegraphic Agency 5 July 1976 Retrieved 23 September 2014 a b c d e Hamilton Fiona 27 February 2008 General Dan Shomron The Times London Retrieved 4 July 2009 a b c d e Ben Eyal 3 July 2006 Special Entebbe s unsung hero Ynetnews Retrieved 4 July 2009 Entebbe Thirty Years On Mancunian On Board Jewish Telegraph Retrieved 22 September 2014 a b 1976 Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages BBC News 4 July 1976 Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Dunstan Simon 2011 Entebbe The Most Daring Raid of Israel s Special Forces New York Rosen pp 17 18 Detailed Story Of Dramatic Israeli Raid Sarasota Herald Tribune 13 July 1976 Retrieved 22 September 2014 1976 Operation Entebbe IDF blog Israeli Defense Forces Retrieved 23 September 2014 a b Yehuda Ofer 1976 Operation Thunder The Entebbe Raid The Israeli s Own Story Penguin pp 46 47 ISBN 0 14 052321 9 Moufflet Claude 1976 Otages a Kampala in French Presses de la Cite p 82 a b c La aventura del secuestro de Entebbe contada por una protagonista El Pais in Spanish 11 July 1976 Retrieved 23 September 2014 Jerozolimski Ana 13 July 2006 Ada Lazarovitz 46 que hace 30 anos fuera una de las rehenes en el avion de Air France secuestrado por terroristas en Entebbe recuerda su liberacion Espacio Latino in Spanish Semanario Hebreo Retrieved 23 September 2014 a b Goldberg Michel 1984 Namesake Corgi p 122 Tinnin David 8 August 1977 Like Father Time p 2 Archived from the original on 18 October 2010 A review of Hitler s children by Julian Becker Frum David 2000 How We Got Here The 70s the Decade That Brought You Modern Life For Better or Worse Basic Books p 342 ISBN 0465041965 Ross Philip 2 August 1976 The Illustrated Story of the Great Israeli Rescue New York Magazine Retrieved 23 September 2014 Almogs Retell Hijack Tale Heritage Florida Jewish News 10 September 1976 Retrieved 23 September 2014 Eetta Prince Gibson Eetta 7 March 2013 Entebbe s Forgotten Dead Tablet Retrieved 23 September 2014 Saul David 2017 Operation Thunderbolt Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport the Most Audacious Hostage Rescue Mission in History Back Bay Books ISBN 978 0316245395 David Kaplan A Historic Hostage Taking Revisited The Jerusalem Post 3 August 2006 Retrieved 4 July 2018 The Entebbe Rescue Mission Israel Defense Forces Jewish Virtual Library Retrieved 4 July 2009 Vindication for the Israelis Time 26 July 1976 War of Words over a Tense Border Time 26 July 1976 Conversation between Henry Kissinger and Israeli Ambassador Simch Dinitz 30 June 1976 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 September 2019 Retrieved 24 July 2011 a b c d Saul David 27 June 2015 Israel s raid on Entebbe was almost a disaster The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 9 February 2018 Grimes Paul Rescuing the Entebbe Hostages The New York Times Friday 30 July 1976 The Weekend p 51 Lipkin Shakhak Tali The Forgotten Hero of Entebbe Historama 16 June 2006 Terence Smith 4 July 1976 Hostages Freed as Israelis Raid Uganda Airport The New York Times Retrieved 20 May 2010 a b c Israel Defense Forces Entebbe Diary Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 Herman Eilts US Ambassador to Egypt to Secretary of State 6 July 1976 Retrieved 24 July 2011 Herman Eilts US Ambassador to Egypt to Secretary of State 9 July 1976 Retrieved 24 July 2011 Chabalier Herve 12 July 1976 Israel le prix d un exploit PDF Le Nouvel Observateur in French p 25 Williams Louis 2000 The Israel Defense Forces A People s Army iUniverse p 131 ISBN 9780595143535 Retrieved 27 December 2012 a b c Melman Yossi A history of cooperation between Israel and Kenya The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 26 September 2013 Pearce Martin 2016 Spymaster the Life of Britain s Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6 Sir Maurice Oldfield 1 ed London Bantam Press p 285 Dunstan Simon 2011 Entebbe The Most Daring Raid of Israel s Special Forces Rosen Publishing Group p 53 ISBN 9781448818686 Retrieved 27 December 2012 a b c Eichner Itamar 4 July 2016 Idi Amin s son My dream is to meet with Entebbe victims families to apologize Ynetnews Retrieved 12 August 2019 Alexander Ben 4 July 2016 Operation Thunderbolt Daring and Luck Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs Retrieved 17 April 2019 Ocen Felix 11 August 2019 Rise of Maliyamungu from gatekeeper to Amin s right hand man Daily Monitor Retrieved 12 August 2019 a b Seftel 2010 p 216 The Rescue We Do the Impossible Time 12 July 1976 Archived from the original on 14 January 2005 Retrieved 26 July 2009 Wars and Operations Operation Thunderball Entebbe in Hebrew Israel Air Force official website Israel marks 30th anniversary of Entebbe Associated Press in USA Today 5 July 2006 Operation Entebbe Rescue at Entebbe HistoryNet 2 April 2018 Retrieved 17 April 2021 Stevenson William 1976 Ninety Minutes at Entebbe New York Bantam Books p 100 ISBN 0 553 10482 9 a b Remembering Entebbe Larry Domnitch The Jewish Press 1 July 2009 Archived from the original on 23 March 2011 Retrieved 4 July 2009 David E Kaplan 27 December 2012 A historic hostage taking revisited The Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Remembering Entebbe Jerusalem Diaries 3 July 2001 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Berg Raffi 3 July 2016 Entebbe pilot Michel Bacos saw hostage murdered BBC News Retrieved 3 July 2016 Cawthorne Nigel 2011 Warrior Elite 31 Heroic Special Ops Missions from the Raid on Son Tay to the Killing of Osama Bin Laden Ulysses Press p 57 ISBN 9781569759301 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Where are the rest of them entebbe Dunstan Simon 2011 Entebbe The Most Daring Raid of Israel s Special Forces Rosen Publishing Group pp 51 53 ISBN 9781448818686 Retrieved 27 December 2012 History When Kazini tried to arrest Kashillingi New Vision 11 December 2019 Retrieved 27 February 2020 Rwehururu 2002 p 76 40 years after Entebbe Israeli hostages reflect back on a saga of survival Haaretz a b Verkaik Robert 13 February 2007 Revealed the fate of Idi Amin s hijack victim The Independent London Retrieved 4 July 2009 Verkaik Robert 13 February 2007 Revealed the fate of Idi Amin s hijack victim The Independent London 1976 British grandmother missing in Uganda BBC News 7 July 1976 Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Body of Amin Victim Is Flown Back to Israel The New York Times 4 June 1979 Monday p A3 1976 Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages BBC On this day 4 July 2008 Retrieved 26 July 2009 KALINAKI DANIEL K 3 July 2016 Entebbe raid humiliated Amin nearly caused East African war Retrieved 27 February 2018 Ephraim Kahana 2006 Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence ISBN 9780810865006 Retrieved 26 September 2013 Ugandan agents killed former Cabinet minister says dossier Standard Digital News Retrieved 26 September 2013 Dunstan Simon 15 January 2011 Entebbe The Most Daring Raid of Israel s Special Forces Simon Dunstan ISBN 9781448818686 Retrieved 26 September 2013 Mossad McKenzie Idi Amin The strange mix May 26 2019 The Citizen retrieved September 2020 CAUTION THAT WEB PAGE INFECTED WITH A VIRUS at time of retrieval Mystery behind Bruce McKenzie s death lingers on June 2 2019 Kenyan Digest retrieved September 2020 a b c d Security Council Official Records 1939th meeting 9 July 1976 S PV 1939 Security Council United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America draft resolution Document S 12138 12 July 1976 a b Security Council Official Records 1943th meeting 14 July 1976 S PV 1943 p 18 Security Council Benin Libyan Arab Republic and United Republic of Tanzania draft resolution Document S 12139 12 July 1976 Age of Terror Episode one BBC News 16 April 2008 עכשיו במבצע תרבות ובידור Ynet 20 June 1995 Retrieved 24 July 2011 מבצע אנטבה Mota co il Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 Retrieved 24 July 2011 Conversation between Kissinger and Dinitz 5 July 1976 PDF Retrieved 24 July 2011 USS Ranger Bicentennial Cruise Book Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Entebbe Postscript Flight International 17 July 1976 p 122 Retrieved from Flightglobal Archive Air et cosmos Issues 618 634 Impr Reaumur 1976 p 48 in French Michel Bacos the Air France hero of Entebbe The Jewish Chronicle 15 June 2012 Je dois ma vie a Tsahal Hamodia in French 11 June 2011 Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 Kiruga Morris 15 September 2013 20 killed in bomb attack on Norfolk Daily Nation Retrieved 23 September 2014 Nairobi assault Kenyan terrorist attacks since 1980 Telegraph co uk 21 September 2013 Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Wahome Patrick Mutahi War on terror or war on human rights Implications of the war on terror for human rights in Kenya PDF Retrieved 8 November 2012 Sharon Roffe Ofir Entebbe s open wound Ynet 7 February 2006 Josh Hamerman Battling against the falsification of history Ynetnews 4 February 2007 Dershowitz Alan M Preemption A Knife that Cuts both Ways W W Norton 2006 p 91 Houghton David Patrick U S Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis Cambridge Univ Press 2001 pp 86 87 Nalty Bernard C November 2003 Winged Shield Winged Sword 1950 1997 A History of the United States Air Force University Press of the Pacific ISBN 1 4102 0902 4 Ginsburg Mitch 8 July 2015 In 1976 letter Iran hailed Entebbe rescue mourned death of Yoni Netanyahu The Times of Israel Jerusalem Retrieved 8 May 2016 Ranter Harro ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A300B4 203 F BVGG Entebbe Airport EBB aviation safety net Aviation Safety Network Retrieved 19 November 2019 TC MNA MNG Airlines Airbus A300B4 www planespotters net Retrieved 19 November 2019 MNG Airlines TC MNA Airbus A300 MSN 19 Ex F BVGG N742SC www airfleets net Airfleets aviation Retrieved 23 June 2020 a b Candia Steven 14 August 2012 Uganda Israel honor 1976 Entebbe raid New Vision Archived from the original on 15 August 2012 Retrieved 14 August 2012 Donald Macintyre 4 July 2016 Binyamin Netanyahu visits scene of brother s 1976 Entebbe airport death The Guardian McFadden Robert D 26 July 1976 6 Film Studios Vie Over Entebbe Raid The New York Times Retrieved 27 April 2018 Paul B Rich 2018 Cinema and Unconventional Warfare in the Twentieth Century Insurgency Terrorism and Special Operations Bloomsbury Publishing p 196 ISBN 9781350055704 Against All Odds Israel Survives Amazon Prime Video 2012 Film Selections Los Angeles Jewish Film Festival Operation Entebbe Live or Die in Entebbe Trailer YouTube 3 December 2012 Retrieved 9 January 2013 Situation Critical National Geographic TV Amazon com Black OPS Season 1 Amazon Digital Services LLC Amazon a b c d e Jordan Hoffman 2 March 2018 New Entebbe hijacked by heavy handed political correctness Times of Israel Romirowsky Asaf 6 July 2011 The Entebbe Raid 35 Years Later National Review Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Diptakirti Chaudhuri 2014 Taking Flight 10 Aircraft and Photos Bollybook The Big Book of Hindi Movie Trivia Penguin UK ISBN 9789351187998 Operation Thunderbolt Game Giant Bomb Cohen Peter Adrian theatreor com presents A WORLD PREMIERE from an Israeli Perspective Retrieved 5 July 2009 Untitled Theater Co 61 s Fest of Jewish Theater amp Ideas Runs 20 May 2009 Retrieved 5 July 2009 Further readingAvner Yehuda 2010 26 Entebbe Flight 139 The Prime Ministers An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership The Toby Press pp 303 318 ISBN 978 1 59264 278 6 Blumenau Bernhard 2014 2 The German silence the Entebbe hijacking of 1976 The United Nations and Terrorism Germany Multilateralism and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s Palgrave Macmillan pp 59 73 ISBN 978 1 137 39196 4 Betser Muki Robert Rosenberg 1996 Secret Soldier Sydney Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 671 85233 7 David Saul 2015 Operation Thunderbolt Flight 139 and the Raid on Entebbe Airport London Hodder amp Stoughton ISBN 978 1 44476 251 8 Dunstan Simon 2009 Israel s Lighting Strike The raid on Entebbe 1976 Osprey Publishing Osprey Raid Series No 2 ISBN 978 1 84603 397 1 Hastings Max 1979 Yoni Hero of Entebbe Doubleday ISBN 0 385 27127 1 Netanyahu Iddo 2001 Yoni s Last Battle The Rescue at Entebbe 1976 Gefen Books ISBN 965 229 283 4 Netanyahu Ido Netanyahu ʻIdo Netanyahu Iddo Hazony Yoram 2003 Entebbe the Jonathan Netanyahu story a defining moment in the war on terrorism Green Forest AR Balfour Books ISBN 0 89221 553 4 Netanyahu Jonathan Netanyahu Binyamin Netanyahu Ido Wouk Herman 1998 Self Portrait of a Hero From the Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu 1963 1976 Warner Books Inc ISBN 0 446 67461 3 Netanyahu Jonathan 2001 The Letters of Jonathan Netanyahu The Commander of the Entebbe Rescue Operation Gefen Publishing House Ltd ISBN 965 229 267 2 Seftel Adam ed 2010 1st pub 1994 Uganda The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace From the Pages of Drum Kampala Fountain Publishers ISBN 978 9970 02 036 2 Stevenson William 1976 90 Minutes at Entebbe New York Bantam Books ISBN 0 553 10482 9 Rwehururu Bernard 2002 Cross to the Gun Kampala Monitor OCLC 50243051 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Thunderbolt Listen to this article 28 minutes source source This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 20 December 2017 2017 12 20 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Live or Die in Entebbe Trailer Operation Thunderbolt on YouTube video by National Geographic 4 min Raid on Entebbe on YouTube video and digitised re enactment 9 min Operation Thunderbolt part 1 on YouTube video documentary detailed 9 min part 2 on YouTube 10 min The Greatest Hostage Rescue in History Documentary on The Entebbe Raid on YouTube documentary detailed 44 min Israel s raid on Entebbe was almost a disaster Daily Telegraph article by Saul David Entebbe Turning Point of Terrorism Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine in Strategy and Tactics No 232 January February 2006 isayeret com The Israeli Special Forces Database BBC Article and Videos 4 July 1976 Israelis rescue Entebbe hostages BBC BBC 30th anniversary of the raid on Entebbe BBC Age of Terror Episode 1 Terror International Operation Entebbe protocols Ynetnews 5 November 2010 transcripts of Israeli Cabinet discussions Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Operation Entebbe amp oldid 1123471875, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.