Englishisation

For the process by which a non-English word is adapted into English, see Anglicisation (linguistics).

Englishisation refers to the introduction of English-language influences into other languages. English, as a world language, has had a very significant impact on other languages, with many languages borrowing words or grammar from English or forming calques based on English words.^[1] Englishisation is often paired with the introduction of Western culture into other cultures,^[2] and has resulted in a significant degree of code-mixing of English with other languages as well as the appearance of new varieties of English.^[3][4] Other languages have also synthesised new literary genres through their contact with English,^[5] and various forms of "language play" have emerged through this interaction.^[6] Englishisation has also occurred in subtle ways because of the massive amount of English content that is translated into other languages.^[7]

An amalgamation of the flags that represent America and Britain, the two countries at the forefront of spreading English across the world.

Englishisation first happened on a worldwide scale because of British imperialism and later American dominance, as the language historically played a major role in the administration of the British Empire and is highly relevant in the modern wave of globalisation.^[8][9][10] One of the reasons for Englishisation is because other languages sometimes lacked vocabulary to talk about certain things, such as modern technologies or scientific concepts.^[11] Another reason is that English is often considered a prestige language which symbolises or improves the educatedness or status of a speaker.^[12]

In some cases, Englishisation clashes with linguistic purism or the influence of other prestige languages,^[13] as is the case with the contested Hindustani language,^[14] which in its Englishized form becomes Hinglish, but which some seek to instead Sanskritize or Persianize in part as a reaction to the colonial associations of the English language within South Asia.^[5][15]

Around the world

Africa

Pidgin Englishes are common throughout Africa, such as West African Pidgin English.^[16][17]

Asia

East Asia

See also: Wasei-eigo

Both Japanese and Korean have borrowed many words from English.^[18] In Japan, English words are often used in a "decorative" manner to make a message look more modern.^[19]

South Asia

See also: Hinglish

 

A poster for the 1943 Bollywood film Kismet, which features the movie's name written in three different alphabets: Roman, Devanagari, and Urdu scripts. (in Hunterian: qismat)

English has been accepted in South Asia to some extent because of its neutrality i.e. its lack of association with any ethnic group within South Asia. It has played a significant role in enabling migration within India, and contributes a major share of the vocabulary used in more technical fields;^{[20][21][22][23]} even when Sanskrit words have been created to replace English words, they are often calqued off of English words.^[24][25][26]

Europe

Some languages in Europe, such as some of the Scandinavian languages, have been prone to significant Englishisation, while other languages, such as Icelandic, have tended towards linguistic purism.^[27] The similarity and long-standing history of English having connections with Western European languages has played a role in its modern-day influence on them,^[28][29][30] and has resulted in altered interpretations of English words in some cases.^[31] Englishisation has occurred to some extent particularly in the business and finance-related vocabularies of various European languages.^[32] Some impacts of Englishisation have worn off over time, as Englishisation sometimes takes place in a way that is too "trendy" and which does not become well-absorbed into a given language.^[33]

See also

• Anglicism
  • Pseudo-anglicism
• English-based creole languages
• Translanguaging
• Westernization
  • Americanization
• International scientific vocabulary

References

1. Bolton, Kingsley; Kachru, Braj B. (2006). World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-31509-8.
2. Shibata, Ayako (2009). "Englishization in Asia: Language and Cultural Issues". Asian Englishes. 12 (2): 84–87. doi:10.1080/13488678.2009.10801262. ISSN 1348-8678. S2CID 154078463.
3. Bolton, Kingsley; Kachru, Braj B. (2006). World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-31509-8.
4. Chapelle, Carol A., ed. (2013-01-30). The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0550.pub2. ISBN 978-1-4051-9473-0. S2CID 236410953.
5. Kachru, Yamuna; Nelson, Cecil L. (2006-04-01). World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-755-1.
6. Rivlina, Alexandra A. (2019-11-27), Nelson, Cecil L.; Proshina, Zoya G.; Davis, Daniel R. (eds.), "Bilingual Language Play and World Englishes", The Handbook of World Englishes (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 407–429, doi:10.1002/9781119147282.ch23, ISBN 978-1-119-16421-0, S2CID 213855655, retrieved 2023-10-29
7. Kruger, Alet; Wallmach, Kim; Munday, Jeremy (2011-06-16). Corpus-Based Translation Studies: Research and Applications. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-8919-6.
8. Tam, Kwok-kan (2019), Tam, Kwok-kan (ed.), "Introduction: Englishization and the New Asian Subjectivity", The Englishized Subject: Postcolonial Writings in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–13, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2520-5_1, ISBN 978-981-13-2520-5, S2CID 159222176, retrieved 2023-10-29
9. Boussebaa, Mehdi; Brown, Andrew D. (2017). "Englishization, Identity Regulation and Imperialism". Organization Studies. 38 (1): 7–29. doi:10.1177/0170840616655494. ISSN 0170-8406. S2CID 148270845.
10. Khan, Mansoor Ahmed. "The Future of English by David Graddol". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
11. Schneider, Edgar W. (2014). "New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of world Englishes". World Englishes. 33 (1): 9–32. doi:10.1111/weng.12069. ISSN 0883-2919.
12. Kachru, Braj B. (1992). The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06200-1.
13. Mikanowski, Jacob (2018-07-27). "Behemoth, bully, thief: how the English language is taking over the planet". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-11-14.
14. Yamuna Kachru. "Corpus planning for modernization: Sanskritization and Englishization of Hindi". Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 1, Spring 1989, pages 153-164
15. Rauch, Irmengard; Carr, Gerald F. (2018-02-19). Linguistic Method: Essays in Honor of Herbert Penzl. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-081566-5.
16. van Rooy, Bertus (2020), Schreier, Daniel; Schneider, Edgar W.; Hundt, Marianne (eds.), "English in Africa", The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes, Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 210–235, ISBN 978-1-108-42595-7, retrieved 2024-05-01
17. Mesthrie, Rajend (2016-07-24). "How the Queen's English has had to defer to Africa's rich multilingualism". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
18. Yoneoka, Judy (2005). "The Striking Similarity between Korean and Japanese English Vocabulary: — historical and linguistic relationships —". Asian Englishes. 8 (1): 26–47. doi:10.1080/13488678.2005.10801153. ISSN 1348-8678.
19. Jozuka, Emiko (2020-02-26). "When languages collide: How Japanese and English merged to create a new language". CNN. Retrieved 2024-05-01.
20. Cheshire, Jenny (1991-04-26). English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-58235-0.
21. Rauch, Irmengard; Carr, Gerald F. (2018-02-19). Linguistic Method: Essays in Honor of Herbert Penzl. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-081566-5.
22. Hodges, Amy; Seawright, Leslie (2014-09-26). Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-6761-0.
23. Kachru, Braj B. (1986). The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06172-1.
24. Hock, Hans Henrich (1992). "A note on English and modern Sanskrit". World Englishes. 11 (2–3): 163–171. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1992.tb00061.x. ISSN 0883-2919.
25. Revisiting the Making of Hindi as a ‘National’ Language Ganpat Teli, M.Phil.
26. D'Souza, Jean (1987). "English in India's language modernization". World Englishes. 6 (1): 63–70. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1987.tb00177.x. ISSN 0883-2919.
27. Filipović, R. (1977-01-01). "English Words in European Mouths and Minds". Folia Linguistica. 11 (3–4): 195–206. doi:10.1515/flin.1977.11.3-4.195. ISSN 1614-7308. S2CID 145280920.
28. Furiassi, Cristiano (2012). "The Anglicization of European Lexis": 1–366. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
29. Rosenhouse, Judith; Kowner, Rotem (2008-05-22). Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-78309-153-9.
30. Görlach, Manfred (2001). A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823519-4.
31. Görlach, Manfred (2002-05-23). English in Europe. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-158069-7.
32. Anglemark, Linnéa; John, Andrew (2018). "The Use of English-Language Business and Finance Terms in European Languages". International Journal of Business Communication. 55 (3): 406–440. doi:10.1177/2329488418768698. ISSN 2329-4884. S2CID 158407633.
33. Görlach, Manfred (2002-05-23). English in Europe. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-158069-7.