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Empress Wu (Song dynasty)

January 01, 1970

Empress Wu (11 September 1115 – 12 December 1197) was a Chinese empress consort of the Song dynasty, married to Emperor Gaozong of Song. She played an influential part in politics of the Southern Song dynasty for 35 years having caused the abdication of three subsequent monarchs: Emperor Gaozong in 1162, Emperor Xiaozong in 1189, and Emperor Guangzong in 1194.[1]

Empress Xiansheng
宪圣慈烈皇后
Empress consort of the Southern Song dynasty
Tenure18 May 1143 – 24 July 1162
PredecessorEmpress Xianjie
SuccessorEmpress Xia
Tenure24 July 1162 – 9 November 1187
Empress dowager of the Southern Song dynasty
Tenure9 November 1187 – 28 June 1194
Grand empress dowager of the Southern Song dynasty
Tenure28 June 1194 – 12 December 1197
Born11 September 1115
Bianjing, Henan, China
Died12 December 1197(1197-12-12) (aged 82)
Lin'an, Zhejiang, China
Burial
Yongsiling (永思陵)
Shaoxing, Zhejiang
SpouseEmperor Gaozong
Posthumous name
Empress Xiansheng Cilie (憲聖慈烈皇后)
FatherWu Jin

Life edit

Wu was the daughter of Wu Jin, a commoner in Kaifeng. At the age of fourteen, she was selected as a palace maid to Gaozong, then a Prince, and his first spouse and primary consort Xing, who had recently married.

The Fall of Kaifeng edit

In 1126, Emperor Huizong abdicated in favor of his son, Emperor Qinzong, the elder brother of Gaozong. In 1127, the capital of Kaifeng was captured by the Jurchen during the Jin–Song Wars. The Emperor Qinzong was deposed, and him, as well as his predecessor Emperor Huizong and most of the Imperial family and court, over 3000 people, was captured and exiled to Manchuria in what was called the Jingkang Incident.[2] They were first taken to the Jurchen capital, many of them dying on the way. The Imperial consorts, concubines, palace women and eunuchs who were taken captured, were distributed among the Jurchen as slaves.[3] Consort Xing, the primary spouse of Gaozong, were among those captured and taken away: nothing more is known of her except that she was coveted by her captors, that she attempted suicide to escape abuse but failed, and that she died in captivity in 1139.[4]

Southern Song dynasty edit

Gaozong himself, as well as Wu, avoided capture because they were absent from the capital when it fell. Gaozong then organized the resistance against further Jurchen invasion, declaring himself Emperor in late 1127 and establishing the Southern Song dynasty. Knowing his primary consort Xing was still alive in captivity, he declared her to be Empress in absentia.[5] Wu followed him on his military campaigns against Jin dressed in armor, and reportedly saved his life on one occasion when they were attacked by thugs, shooting one to death with an arrow, and frightening the rest away.[6]

As imperial consort edit

Having no surviving sons of his own, he adopted two boys in 1133: one of them became the foster son of Wu in 1140, and the other one (future Emperor Xiaozong) in 1142.[7] Emperor Gaozong kept the position of Empress vacant because he did not know whether Consort Xing was still alive or not: when she died in 1139, the Jurchen kept her death a secret, and it was not until his mother, Consort Wei, was released and allowed to join him, that he learned that she was dead.[8] Her remains were returned to be buried the same year. It was not until 1143 that Gaozong was persuaded by his mother and his ministers to appoint a new Empress, and he promoted Consort Wu to the position.

As empress consort edit

Empress Wu was praised by both her husband and her foster son Emperor Xiaozong for tolerating the large number of concubines and consorts Gaozong took without complaints.[9] In reality, however, she actually had a large number of them dismissed.[10]

As empress dowager edit

In 1162, Empress Wu persuaded Emperor Gaozong to abdicate in favor of Emperor Xiaozong.[11] She then became Empress Dowager Wu and exercised virtual influence in State affairs.

During this time she even became particularly close with a Court entertainer Zhang Shansheng with whom a reliable friendship sprouted. However, following her death, she invited her daughter into her care in the Cifu Palace in 1170 and put her under the maternity watch of Yang Cairen who would raise her into the future Empress Yang.

As grand empress dowager edit

In 1189, the Crown Prince asked her to persuade Emperor Xiaozong to abdicate in his favor, which she did.[12] Upon the succession of Emperor Guangzong in 1189, it was actually suggested that she would act as his regent, because of his bad health.[13] In reality, it was the Emperor's consort, Empress Li Fengniang, who ruled during the reign of Emperor Guangzong but nonetheless came into a vicious political conflict with her having estranged the relationship between the Retired Emperor Xiaozong and his son Emperor Guangzong.[14] In 1194, Empress Dowager Wu was persuaded to force Emperor Guangzong to abdicate in favor of Emperor Ningzong of Song.[15]

She withdrew from state affairs actively but retained a virtual role even as the Matriarch of the Imperial family until she died in 1197 in Cifu Palace at the age of 83 years having personally mentored and fostered Yang Meizi who would become Ningzong's second Empress Gongsheng five years later.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  2. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey: Emperor Huizong
  3. ^ Patricia Buckley Ebrey: Emperor Huizong
  4. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  5. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  6. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  7. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  8. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  9. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  10. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  11. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  12. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  13. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  14. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  15. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644

January 01, 1970
empress, song, dynasty, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, chinese, october, 2011, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, point,. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese October 2011 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at zh 宪圣慈烈皇后 see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated zh 宪圣慈烈皇后 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Empress Wu 11 September 1115 12 December 1197 was a Chinese empress consort of the Song dynasty married to Emperor Gaozong of Song She played an influential part in politics of the Southern Song dynasty for 35 years having caused the abdication of three subsequent monarchs Emperor Gaozong in 1162 Emperor Xiaozong in 1189 and Emperor Guangzong in 1194 1 Empress Xiansheng 宪圣慈烈皇后Empress consort of the Southern Song dynastyTenure18 May 1143 24 July 1162PredecessorEmpress XianjieSuccessorEmpress XiaTenure24 July 1162 9 November 1187Empress dowager of the Southern Song dynastyTenure9 November 1187 28 June 1194Grand empress dowager of the Southern Song dynastyTenure28 June 1194 12 December 1197Born11 September 1115Bianjing Henan ChinaDied12 December 1197 1197 12 12 aged 82 Lin an Zhejiang ChinaBurialYongsiling 永思陵 Shaoxing ZhejiangSpouseEmperor GaozongPosthumous nameEmpress Xiansheng Cilie 憲聖慈烈皇后 FatherWu Jin Contents 1 Life 2 The Fall of Kaifeng 3 Southern Song dynasty 4 As imperial consort 5 As empress consort 6 As empress dowager 7 As grand empress dowager 8 NotesLife editWu was the daughter of Wu Jin a commoner in Kaifeng At the age of fourteen she was selected as a palace maid to Gaozong then a Prince and his first spouse and primary consort Xing who had recently married The Fall of Kaifeng editIn 1126 Emperor Huizong abdicated in favor of his son Emperor Qinzong the elder brother of Gaozong In 1127 the capital of Kaifeng was captured by the Jurchen during the Jin Song Wars The Emperor Qinzong was deposed and him as well as his predecessor Emperor Huizong and most of the Imperial family and court over 3000 people was captured and exiled to Manchuria in what was called the Jingkang Incident 2 They were first taken to the Jurchen capital many of them dying on the way The Imperial consorts concubines palace women and eunuchs who were taken captured were distributed among the Jurchen as slaves 3 Consort Xing the primary spouse of Gaozong were among those captured and taken away nothing more is known of her except that she was coveted by her captors that she attempted suicide to escape abuse but failed and that she died in captivity in 1139 4 Southern Song dynasty editGaozong himself as well as Wu avoided capture because they were absent from the capital when it fell Gaozong then organized the resistance against further Jurchen invasion declaring himself Emperor in late 1127 and establishing the Southern Song dynasty Knowing his primary consort Xing was still alive in captivity he declared her to be Empress in absentia 5 Wu followed him on his military campaigns against Jin dressed in armor and reportedly saved his life on one occasion when they were attacked by thugs shooting one to death with an arrow and frightening the rest away 6 As imperial consort editHaving no surviving sons of his own he adopted two boys in 1133 one of them became the foster son of Wu in 1140 and the other one future Emperor Xiaozong in 1142 7 Emperor Gaozong kept the position of Empress vacant because he did not know whether Consort Xing was still alive or not when she died in 1139 the Jurchen kept her death a secret and it was not until his mother Consort Wei was released and allowed to join him that he learned that she was dead 8 Her remains were returned to be buried the same year It was not until 1143 that Gaozong was persuaded by his mother and his ministers to appoint a new Empress and he promoted Consort Wu to the position As empress consort editEmpress Wu was praised by both her husband and her foster son Emperor Xiaozong for tolerating the large number of concubines and consorts Gaozong took without complaints 9 In reality however she actually had a large number of them dismissed 10 As empress dowager editIn 1162 Empress Wu persuaded Emperor Gaozong to abdicate in favor of Emperor Xiaozong 11 She then became Empress Dowager Wu and exercised virtual influence in State affairs During this time she even became particularly close with a Court entertainer Zhang Shansheng with whom a reliable friendship sprouted However following her death she invited her daughter into her care in the Cifu Palace in 1170 and put her under the maternity watch of Yang Cairen who would raise her into the future Empress Yang As grand empress dowager editIn 1189 the Crown Prince asked her to persuade Emperor Xiaozong to abdicate in his favor which she did 12 Upon the succession of Emperor Guangzong in 1189 it was actually suggested that she would act as his regent because of his bad health 13 In reality it was the Emperor s consort Empress Li Fengniang who ruled during the reign of Emperor Guangzong but nonetheless came into a vicious political conflict with her having estranged the relationship between the Retired Emperor Xiaozong and his son Emperor Guangzong 14 In 1194 Empress Dowager Wu was persuaded to force Emperor Guangzong to abdicate in favor of Emperor Ningzong of Song 15 She withdrew from state affairs actively but retained a virtual role even as the Matriarch of the Imperial family until she died in 1197 in Cifu Palace at the age of 83 years having personally mentored and fostered Yang Meizi who would become Ningzong s second Empress Gongsheng five years later Notes edit Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Patricia Buckley Ebrey Emperor Huizong Patricia Buckley Ebrey Emperor Huizong Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Lily Xiao Hong Lee Sue Wiles Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Volume II Tang Through Ming 618 1644 Chinese royalty Preceded byEmpress Xing Empress of China1143 1162 Succeeded byEmpress Xia Song dynasty Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Empress Wu Song dynasty amp oldid 1215531090, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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