Ecballium
Ecballium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cucurbitaceae containing a single species, Ecballium elaterium,[1][2] also called the squirting cucumber or exploding cucumber (not the same plant as Cyclanthera brachystachya). Its unusual common name derives from the ripe fruit squirting a stream of mucilaginous liquid containing its seeds as a means of seed dispersal, an example of rapid plant movement.[3]
| Squirting cucumber | |
|---|---|
| A fruit of the squirting cucumber | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cucurbitoideae |
| Tribe: | Bryonieae |
| Genus: | Ecballium A.Rich.[1] |
| Species: | E. elaterium |
| Binomial name | |
| Ecballium elaterium | |
| Synonyms | |
| Elaterium Mill. | |
Distribution edit
E. elaterium is native to Europe, northern Africa, and temperate areas of Asia, and is considered an invasive species.[2][4] It is grown as an ornamental plant elsewhere, and in some places it has naturalized.[4][5]
Seed dispersal edit
The tissue in the fruit of the Ecballium elaterium that surrounds the seeds is made of large, thin-walled cells facilitating the propulsive release of seeds by "squirting".[3][6] Pressure to expel the seeds is created by the increased concentration of a glucoside called elaterinidin in the sap of the fruit tissue's cells, leading to a turgor pressure of up to 27 atms. The pressure builds up until its force detaches the fruit from the stalk. At the same time, the pericarp contracts and the fruit and seeds are ejected through the hole produced by detachment.[6] The pressure-building method may depend on the Phloem sieve tubes, indicating that the squirting mechanism can be decreased in water stressed conditions.[7]
The fruit also uses hygroscopic movement and stored elastic energy to squirt the seeds out of the fruit.[3] This method is done passively where the fruit changes its structure as it dehydrates and deteriorates, causing movement.[3] This movement may be due to coiling, bending, or twisting cells to change its morphological shape as the cells dry.[3] Because drying cells are mostly made up of cell wall, the shape is determined by the cell wall, providing a method for catapulting of seeds to eject them out of the plant.[3][8]
Sudden movements in plant tissues are prone to different types of mechanical instabilities.[3] In the case of E. elaterium, due to the relationship between the duration of movement and the size of the tissue, the plant tissue fractures.[3] Effectiveness of the dispersal seems to be low as a study found that even though the E. elaterium could have sprayed its seed to the whole plot, the size and location of the infested areas remained relatively similar.[9]
History in folk medicine edit
This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (November 2014) |
Elaterium is the cucurbitacin extract used in ancient history as a purgative in folk medicine. Extracted from the juice of the fruit of E. elaterium, elaterium was discovered by Stirling in 1835.[10] Elaterin is extracted from elaterium by chloroform and then precipitated by ether. It has the formula C32H44O7. It forms colorless scales which have a bitter taste, with evidence as a poison when consumed through the nose or mouth.[11] The British pharmacopeia contained a preparation, the Pulvis Elaterini Compositus.[12]
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "[t]he action of this extract resembles that of the saline aperients, but is much more powerful. It is the most active hydragogue purgative known, 'causing also much depression and violent griping'. When injected subcutaneously, it is inert, as its action is entirely dependent upon its admixture with the bile. The drug is undoubtedly valuable in cases of dropsy and Bright's disease, and also in cases of cerebral haemorrhage, threatened or present. It must not be used except in urgent cases, and must invariably be employed with the utmost care, especially if the state of the heart be unsatisfactory."[12]
In the 21st century, elaterium and its constituents are considered a poison, with several case reports of hospitalization, edema of the uvula, and necrosis of the nasal mucosa resulting from nasal or oral consumption.[11][13]
References edit
- ^ a b c "Search results for Ecballium". The Plant List. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ a b "Ecballium elaterium". CABI. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Forterre, Y.; Marmottant, P.; Quilliet, C.; Noblin, X. (January 2016). "Physics of rapid movements in plants". Europhysics News. 47 (1): 27–30. Bibcode:2016ENews..47a..27F. doi:10.1051/epn/2016104.
- ^ a b "Ecballium elaterium". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
- ^ "Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich". USDA PLANTS.
- ^ a b Kozlowski, T. T. (2012). Seed Biology: Importance, Development, and Germination. Elsevier. pp. 175, 196–197. ISBN 978-0-323-15067-5.
- ^ Sheikholeslam, Shahla N.; Currier, Herbert B. (1 March 1977). "Effect of Water Stress on Turgor Differences and 14 C-Assimilate Movement in Phloem of Ecballium elaterium". Plant Physiology. 59 (3): 381–383. doi:10.1104/pp.59.3.381. PMC 542407. PMID 16659856.
- ^ Elbaum, Rivka; Abraham, Yael (June 2014). "Insights into the microstructures of hygroscopic movement in plant seed dispersal". Plant Science. 223: 124–133. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.014. PMID 24767122.
- ^ Blank, Lior; Birger, Nitzan; Eizenberg, Hanan (13 November 2019). "Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Ecballium elaterium in Almond Orchards". Agronomy. 9 (11): 751. doi:10.3390/agronomy9110751.
- ^ Kelland (1862). "Opening Address, Session 1858–59". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 4: 109–121. doi:10.1017/S0370164600033848.
- ^ a b Kloutsos, Georgios; Balatsouras, Dimitrios G.; Kaberos, Antonis C.; Kandiloros, Dimitrios; Ferekidis, Eleftherios; Economou, Constantinos (September 2001). "Upper Airway Edema Resulting From Use of Ecballium elaterium". The Laryngoscope. 111 (9): 1652–1655. doi:10.1097/00005537-200109000-00030. PMID 11568622. S2CID 22186075.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Raikhlin-Eisenkraft, Bianca; Bentur, Yedidia (January 2000). "Ecbalium elaterium (Squirting Cucumber)—Remedy or Poison?". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 38 (3): 305–308. doi:10.1081/clt-100100936. PMID 10866331. S2CID 24658851.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Elaterium". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
External links edit
- Comprehensive profile for Ecballium elaterium