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Elateridae or click beetles (or "typical click beetles" to distinguish them from the related families Cerophytidae and Eucnemidae, which are also capable of clicking) are a family of beetles. Other names include elaters, snapping beetles, spring beetles or skipjacks. This family was defined by William Elford Leach (1790–1836) in 1815. They are a cosmopolitanbeetle family characterized by the unusual click mechanism they possess. There are a few other families of Elateroidea in which a few members have the same mechanism, but most elaterid subfamilies can click. A spine on the prosternum can be snapped into a corresponding notch on the mesosternum, producing a violent "click" that can bounce the beetle into the air.[3] Clicking is mainly used to avoid predation, although it is also useful when the beetle is on its back and needs to right itself. There are about 9300 known species worldwide,[4] and 965 valid species in North America.[5]
Leach took the family name from the genus Elater, coined by Linnaeus in 1758. In Greek, ἐλατήρ means one who drives, pushes, or beats out.[6] It is also the origin of the word "elastic", from the notion of beating out a ductile substance.[7]
Description and ecology
Some click beetles are large and colorful, but most are under two centimeters long and brown or black, without markings. The adults are typically nocturnal and phytophagous, but only some are of economic importance. On hot nights they may enter houses, but are not pests there. Click beetle larvae, called wireworms, are usually saprophagous, living on dead organisms, but some species are serious agricultural pests, and others are active predators of other insect larvae. Some elaterid species are bioluminescent in both larval and adult form, such as those of the genus Pyrophorus.
Larvae are elongate, cylindrical or somewhat flattened, with hard bodies, somewhat resembling mealworms. The three pairs of legs on the thoracic segments are short and the last abdominal segment is, as is frequently the case in beetle larvae, directed downward and may serve as a terminal proleg in some species.[8] The ninth segment, the rearmost, is pointed in larvae of Agriotes, Dalopius and Melanotus, but is bifid due to a so-called caudal notch in Selatosomus (formerly Ctenicera), Limonius, Hypnoides and Athous species.[9] The dorsum of the ninth abdominal segment may also have sharp processes, such as in the Oestodini, including the genera Drapetes and Oestodes. Although some species complete their development in one year (e.g. Conoderus), most wireworms spend three or four years in the soil, feeding on decaying vegetation and the roots of plants, and often causing damage to agricultural crops such as potato, strawberry, corn, and wheat.[10][11] The subterranean habits of wireworms, their ability to quickly locate food by following carbon dioxide gradients produced by plant material in the soil,[12] and their remarkable ability to recover from illness induced by insecticide exposure (sometimes after many months),[13] make it hard to exterminate them once they have begun to attack a crop. Wireworms can pass easily through the soil on account of their shape and their propensity for following pre-existing burrows,[14] and can travel from plant to plant, thus injuring the roots of multiple plants within a short time. Methods for pest control include crop rotation and clearing the land of insects before sowing.
Other subterranean creatures such as the leatherjacket grub of crane flies which have no legs, and geophilidcentipedes, which may have over two hundred, are sometimes confused with the six-legged wireworms.[8]
Evolution
The oldest known species date to the Triassic, but most are problematic due to only being known from isolated elytra. Many fossil elaterids belong to the extinct subfamily Protagrypninae.[15]
Lateral aspect of a typical member of the Elateridae. Just below the base of the wings the "clicking" apparatus is visible in silhouette, with the "peg" or "process" in contact with the raised slot or "cavity" into which it slips to force the impact when required.
^Kusy, Dominik; Motyka, Michal; Bocek, Matej; Vogler, Alfried P.; Bocak, Ladislav (2018-11-20). "Genome sequences identify three families of Coleoptera as morphologically derived click beetles (Elateridae)". Scientific Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 8 (1): 17084. Bibcode:2018NatSR...817084K. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35328-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC6244081. PMID 30459416.
^Robin Kundrata, Nicole L. Gunter, Dominika Janosikova & Ladislav Bocak (2018) Molecular evidence for the subfamilial status of Tetralobinae (Coleoptera: Elateridae), with comments on parallel evolution of some phenotypic characters. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 76: 137-145.
^How the click beetle jumps from the back !. Myrmecofourmis.fr on Youtube. 2015. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^Schneider, M. C.; et al. (2006). "Evolutionary chromosomal differentiation among four species of Conoderus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Agrypninae, Conoderini) detected by standard staining, C-banding, silver nitrate impregnation, and CMA3/DA/DAPI staining". Genetica. 128 (1–3): 333–346. doi:10.1007/s10709-006-7101-5. PMID 17028962. S2CID 1901849.
^Majka, C. G.; P. J. Johnson (2008). "The Elateridae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada: faunal composition, new records, and taxonomic changes" (PDF excerpt). Zootaxa. 1811: 1–33. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1811.1.1.
^ abOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Wireworm". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 739.
^van Herk, W. (March 12, 2009). . Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
^R. S. Vernon; W. van Herk; J. Tolman; H. Ortiz Saavedra; M. Clodius; B. Gage (2008). "Transitional sublethal and lethal effects of insecticides after dermal exposures to five economic species of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae)". Journal of Economic Entomology. 101 (2): 365–374. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[365:TSALEO]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18459400.
^William E. Parker; Julia J. Howard (2001). "The biology and management of wireworms (Agriotes spp.) on potato with particular reference to the U.K." Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 3 (2): 85–98. doi:10.1046/j.1461-9563.2001.00094.x.
^J. F. Doane; Y. W. Lee; N. D. Westcott; J. Klingler (1975). "The orientation response of Ctenicera destructor and other wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to germinating grain and to carbon dioxide". Canadian Entomologist. 107 (12): 1233–1252. doi:10.4039/Ent1071233-12.
^W. G. van Herk; R. S. Vernon; J. H. Tolman; H. Ortiz Saavedra (2008). "Mortality of a wireworm, Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elateridae), after topical application of various insecticides". Journal of Economic Entomology. 101 (2): 375–383. doi:10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[375:moawao]2.0.co;2. PMID 18459401.
^Willem G. van Herk; Robert S. Vernon (2007). "Soil bioassay for studying behavioral responses of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to inecticide-treated wheat seed". Environmental Entomology. 36 (6): 1441–1449. doi:10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[1441:SBFSBR]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18284772.
^Kundrata, Robin; Packova, Gabriela; Hoffmannova, Johana (2020-06-26). "Fossil Genera in Elateridae (Insecta, Coleoptera): A Triassic Origin and Jurassic Diversification". Insects. 11 (6): 394. doi:10.3390/insects11060394. ISSN 2075-4450. PMC7348820. PMID 32604761.
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Simple English September 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Simple English Wikipedia article at simple Click beetle see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated simple Click beetle to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Elateridae or click beetles or typical click beetles to distinguish them from the related families Cerophytidae and Eucnemidae which are also capable of clicking are a family of beetles Other names include elaters snapping beetles spring beetles or skipjacks This family was defined by William Elford Leach 1790 1836 in 1815 They are a cosmopolitan beetle family characterized by the unusual click mechanism they possess There are a few other families of Elateroidea in which a few members have the same mechanism but most elaterid subfamilies can click A spine on the prosternum can be snapped into a corresponding notch on the mesosternum producing a violent click that can bounce the beetle into the air 3 Clicking is mainly used to avoid predation although it is also useful when the beetle is on its back and needs to right itself There are about 9300 known species worldwide 4 and 965 valid species in North America 5 Click beetlesTemporal range Triassic Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NClick beetle adults and larvae wireworms Left Wheat Wireworm Agriotes mancus Right Sand Wireworm Horistonotus uhlerii Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder ColeopteraSuborder PolyphagaInfraorder ElateriformiaSuperfamily ElateroideaFamily ElateridaeLeach 1815Subfamilies 2 AgrypninaeCampyloxeninaeCardiophorinaeDendrometrinaeElaterinaeEudicronychinaeHemiopinaeLissominaeMorostomatinaeNegastriinaeOestodinaeOmalisinae 1 ParablacinaePhysodactylinaePityobiinaePlastocerinaeSubprotelaterinaeTetralobinaeThylacosterninaeSynonymsAmpedidae Campylidae Cavicoxumidae Ludiidae Monocrepidiidae Pangauridae Phyllophoridae Plastoceridae Prosternidae Pyrophoridae SynaptidaeAmpedus nigricollis Melanotus leonardi Click beetle on a potato plant in an Oklahoma garden Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description and ecology 3 Evolution 4 Selected genera 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksEtymology EditLeach took the family name from the genus Elater coined by Linnaeus in 1758 In Greek ἐlathr means one who drives pushes or beats out 6 It is also the origin of the word elastic from the notion of beating out a ductile substance 7 Description and ecology EditSome click beetles are large and colorful but most are under two centimeters long and brown or black without markings The adults are typically nocturnal and phytophagous but only some are of economic importance On hot nights they may enter houses but are not pests there Click beetle larvae called wireworms are usually saprophagous living on dead organisms but some species are serious agricultural pests and others are active predators of other insect larvae Some elaterid species are bioluminescent in both larval and adult form such as those of the genus Pyrophorus Larvae are elongate cylindrical or somewhat flattened with hard bodies somewhat resembling mealworms The three pairs of legs on the thoracic segments are short and the last abdominal segment is as is frequently the case in beetle larvae directed downward and may serve as a terminal proleg in some species 8 The ninth segment the rearmost is pointed in larvae of Agriotes Dalopius and Melanotus but is bifid due to a so called caudal notch in Selatosomus formerly Ctenicera Limonius Hypnoides and Athous species 9 The dorsum of the ninth abdominal segment may also have sharp processes such as in the Oestodini including the genera Drapetes and Oestodes Although some species complete their development in one year e g Conoderus most wireworms spend three or four years in the soil feeding on decaying vegetation and the roots of plants and often causing damage to agricultural crops such as potato strawberry corn and wheat 10 11 The subterranean habits of wireworms their ability to quickly locate food by following carbon dioxide gradients produced by plant material in the soil 12 and their remarkable ability to recover from illness induced by insecticide exposure sometimes after many months 13 make it hard to exterminate them once they have begun to attack a crop Wireworms can pass easily through the soil on account of their shape and their propensity for following pre existing burrows 14 and can travel from plant to plant thus injuring the roots of multiple plants within a short time Methods for pest control include crop rotation and clearing the land of insects before sowing Other subterranean creatures such as the leatherjacket grub of crane flies which have no legs and geophilid centipedes which may have over two hundred are sometimes confused with the six legged wireworms 8 Evolution EditThe oldest known species date to the Triassic but most are problematic due to only being known from isolated elytra Many fossil elaterids belong to the extinct subfamily Protagrypninae 15 Selected genera EditActenicerus Adelocera Adrastus Aeoloderma Aeoloides Aeolus Agriotes Agrypnus Alaus Ampedus Anchastus Anostirus Aplotarsus Athous Balgus Betarmon Brachygonus Brachylacon Brongniartia Calambus Cardiophorus Cebrio Chalcolepidus Cidnopus Conoderus Craspedostethus Crepidophorus Ctenicera Dacnitus Dalopius Danosoma Deilelater Diacanthous Dicronychus Dima Drilus Eanus Ectamenogonus Ectinus Elater Elathous Eopenthes Fleutiauxellus Haterumelater Hemicleus Hemicrepidius Heteroderes Horistonotus Hypnoidus Hypoganus Hypolithus Idolus Ignelater Ischnodes Isidus Itodacne Jonthadocerus Lacon Lanelater Limoniscus Limonius Liotrichus Megapenthes Melanotus Melanoxanthus Metanomus Merklelater Mulsanteus Negastrius Neopristilophus Nothodes Oedostethus Orithales Paracardiophorus Paraphotistus Peripontius Pheletes Pittonotus Pityobius Podeonius Porthmidius Procraerus Prodrasterius Prosternon Pyrearinus Pyrophorus Quasimus Reitterelater Selatosomus Sericus Simodactylus Spheniscosomus Stenagostus Synaptus Vesperelater ZorochrosNotes Edit Lateral aspect of a typical member of the Elateridae Just below the base of the wings the clicking apparatus is visible in silhouette with the peg or process in contact with the raised slot or cavity into which it slips to force the impact when required Insects portal Kusy Dominik Motyka Michal Bocek Matej Vogler Alfried P Bocak Ladislav 2018 11 20 Genome sequences identify three families of Coleoptera as morphologically derived click beetles Elateridae Scientific Reports Springer Science and Business Media LLC 8 1 17084 Bibcode 2018NatSR 817084K doi 10 1038 s41598 018 35328 0 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6244081 PMID 30459416 Robin Kundrata Nicole L Gunter Dominika Janosikova amp Ladislav Bocak 2018 Molecular evidence for the subfamilial status of Tetralobinae Coleoptera Elateridae with comments on parallel evolution of some phenotypic characters Arthropod Systematics amp Phylogeny 76 137 145 How the click beetle jumps from the back Myrmecofourmis fr on Youtube 2015 Archived from the original on 2021 12 21 Retrieved 3 December 2015 Schneider M C et al 2006 Evolutionary chromosomal differentiation among four species of Conoderus Eschscholtz 1829 Coleoptera Elateridae Agrypninae Conoderini detected by standard staining C banding silver nitrate impregnation and CMA3 DA DAPI staining Genetica 128 1 3 333 346 doi 10 1007 s10709 006 7101 5 PMID 17028962 S2CID 1901849 Majka C G P J Johnson 2008 The Elateridae Coleoptera of the Maritime Provinces of Canada faunal composition new records and taxonomic changes PDF excerpt Zootaxa 1811 1 33 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 1811 1 1 Wiktionary elater Wiktionary elastic a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Wireworm Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 28 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 739 van Herk W March 12 2009 Limonius wireworm research site Archived from the original on June 7 2011 Retrieved January 22 2011 R S Vernon W van Herk J Tolman H Ortiz Saavedra M Clodius B Gage 2008 Transitional sublethal and lethal effects of insecticides after dermal exposures to five economic species of wireworms Coleoptera Elateridae Journal of Economic Entomology 101 2 365 374 doi 10 1603 0022 0493 2008 101 365 TSALEO 2 0 CO 2 PMID 18459400 William E Parker Julia J Howard 2001 The biology and management of wireworms Agriotes spp on potato with particular reference to the U K Agricultural and Forest Entomology 3 2 85 98 doi 10 1046 j 1461 9563 2001 00094 x J F Doane Y W Lee N D Westcott J Klingler 1975 The orientation response of Ctenicera destructor and other wireworms Coleoptera Elateridae to germinating grain and to carbon dioxide Canadian Entomologist 107 12 1233 1252 doi 10 4039 Ent1071233 12 W G van Herk R S Vernon J H Tolman H Ortiz Saavedra 2008 Mortality of a wireworm Agriotes obscurus Coleoptera Elateridae after topical application of various insecticides Journal of Economic Entomology 101 2 375 383 doi 10 1603 0022 0493 2008 101 375 moawao 2 0 co 2 PMID 18459401 Willem G van Herk Robert S Vernon 2007 Soil bioassay for studying behavioral responses of wireworms Coleoptera Elateridae to inecticide treated wheat seed Environmental Entomology 36 6 1441 1449 doi 10 1603 0046 225X 2007 36 1441 SBFSBR 2 0 CO 2 PMID 18284772 Kundrata Robin Packova Gabriela Hoffmannova Johana 2020 06 26 Fossil Genera in Elateridae Insecta Coleoptera A Triassic Origin and Jurassic Diversification Insects 11 6 394 doi 10 3390 insects11060394 ISSN 2075 4450 PMC 7348820 PMID 32604761 References EditRines George Edwin ed 1920 Click Beetle Encyclopedia Americana External links Edit Media related to Elateridae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Click beetle at Wikispecies Elateridae Click Beetles of the Palearctic Region On the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website Click beetles Alaus spp Conoderus rudis Brown Conoderus scissus Schaeffer Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Click beetle amp oldid 1136283302, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
