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Orchis mascula

January 01, 1970

Orchis mascula, the early-purple orchid,[1] early spring orchis, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae.

Orchis mascula
Inflorescence
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Genus: Orchis
Species:
O. mascula
Binomial name
Orchis mascula
(L.) L.

Description edit

Orchis mascula is a perennial herbaceous plant with stems up to 50–60 centimetres (20–24 in) high, green at the base and purple on the apex. The root system consists of two tubers, rounded or ellipsoid. The leaves, grouped at the base of the stem, are oblong-lanceolate, pale green, sometimes with brownish-purple speckles. The inflorescence is 7.5–12.5 centimetres (3–5 in) long and it is composed of 6 to 20 flowers gathered in dense cylindrical spikes. The flower size is about 2.5 centimetres (1 in) and the color varies from pinkish-purple to purple.[2]: 878  The lateral sepals are ovate-lanceolate and erect, the median one, together with the petals, is smaller and cover the gynostegium. The labellum is three-lobed and convex, with crenulated margins and the basal part clearer and dotted with purple-brown spots. The spur is cylindrical or clavate, horizontal or ascending. The gynostegium is short, with reddish-green anthers. It blooms from April to June.

Morphology
 
Close-up of a flower
 
Foliage
 
Distinctive spotted foliage in some specimens

Ecology edit

This orchid is devoid of nectar and attracts pollinating insects (bees and wasps of the genera Apis, Bombus, Eucera, Andrena, Psithyrus and Xylocopa, and sometimes beetles) with the appearance of its flower which mimics other species.

Orchids in the genus Orchis form mycorrhizal partnerships mainly with fungi in the family Tulasnellaceae.[3] Orchis mascula has been suggested to have only one mycorrhizal partner, in the Tulasnellaceae.[4]

Distribution and habitat edit

The species is widespread across Europe, from Portugal to the Caucasus (Ireland, Great Britain, The Faroe Islands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Spain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, most of Russia), in northwest Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) and in the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq) up to Iran.[5] (Codes)[6]

It grows in a variety of habitats, from meadows to mountain pastures and woods, in full sun or shady areas, from sea level to 2,500 metres (8,000 ft) altitude.

Taxonomy edit

The Latin specific epithet mascula means "male" or "virile"; this could refer to the robust aspect of this species, or to the shape of the two tubers, which resemble testicles.

Subspecies edit

As of June 2014, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes five subspecies:[7]

  • Orchis mascula subsp. ichnusae Corrias
  • Orchis mascula subsp. laxifloriformis Rivas Goday & B.Rodr. (including O. langei, O. mascula subsp. hispanica)
  • Orchis mascula subsp. mascula (including O. mascula subsp. pinetorum)
  • Orchis mascula subsp. scopulorum (Summerh.) H.Sund. ex H.Kretzschmar, Eccarius & H.Dietr.
  • Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa (Mutel) Hegi
  •  
    Orchis mascula subsp. laxifloriformis - Spain, Navarre
  •  
    Orchis mascula subsp. mascula
  •  
    Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa – Germany, Allgäuer Alpen
  •  
    Orchis mascula (white form) – Germany, Saarland
  •  
    Orchis mascula France, Pyrénées

Synonyms edit

  • Orchidactyla kromayeri (M.Schulze) Borsos [es] & Soó 1966
  • Orchidactyla pentecostalis (Wettst. & Sennholz) Borsos & Soó 1966
  • Orchidactyla speciosissima (Wettst. & Sennholz) Borsos & Soó 1966
  • Orchis brevicornis var. fallax De Not. 1844
  • Orchis cochleata Fleischm. & M.Schulze 1902
  • Orchis compressiflora Stokes 1812
  • Orchis fallax (De Not.) Willk. in Willk. & J.M.C.Lange 1861
  • Orchis glaucophylla A.Kern. 1864
  • Orchis kromayeri M.Schulze 1904
  • Orchis mascula f. longifolia Landwehr 1977
  • Orchis mascula subsp. occidentalis O.Schwarz 1949
  • Orchis mascula subsp. signifera (Vest) Soó 1927
  • Orchis mascula subsp. tenera (Landwehr) Del Prete [es] 1999
  • Orchis mascula var. acutiflora W.D.J.Koch 1837
  • Orchis mascula var. bicolor Balayer 1986
  • Orchis mascula var. fallax E.G.Camus 1889
  • Orchis mascula var. hostii Patze, E.Mey. & Elkan [es] 1848
  • Orchis mascula var. maritzii J.A.Guim. 1887
  • Orchis mascula var. monsignatica Font Quer 1928
  • Orchis mascula var. obtusiflora W.D.J.Koch 1837
  • Orchis mascula var. speciosa Mutel 1836
  • Orchis mascula var. tenera Landwehr 1977
  • Orchis monsignatica (Font Quer) Rivas Goday 1941
  • Orchis morio f. mascula L. 1753
  • Orchis morio var. mascula L. 1753 (basionym)
  • Orchis obtusa Schur 1866
  • Orchis obtusiflora Schur 1853
  • Orchis olivetorum Gren. ex Nyman 1882
  • Orchis ovalis F.W.Schmidt 1791
  • Orchis parreissii C.Presl 1845
  • Orchis patens var. fallax (De Not.) Rchb.f. 1851
  • Orchis pentecostalis Wettst. & Sennholz 1889
  • Orchis signifera Vest 1824
  • Orchis speciosa Host 1831
  • Orchis speciosissima Wettst. & Sennholz 1889
  • Orchis stabiana Tenore 1833
  • Orchis tenera (Landwehr) Kreutz 1991
  • Orchis untchji M.Schulze 1907
  • Orchis vernalis Salisbury 1796
  • Orchis wanjkovii E.Wulff 1930
  • Orchis wilmsii K.Richt. 1890[8]

Cultivation and uses edit

A flour called salep or sachlav is made of the ground tubers of this or some other species of orchids. It contains a nutritious starch-like polysaccharide called glucomannan. In some magical traditions, its root is called Adam and Eve Root. It is said that witches used tubers of this orchid in love potions.

Culture and symbolism edit

Orchis mascula is commonly thought to be the plant referred to as "long purples" in Shakespeare's Hamlet (Act 4, Scene 7):[9]

Therewith fantastic garlands did she make
Of crow-flowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples,
That liberal shepherds give a grosser name,
But our cold maids do dead men's fingers call them.

It is not known which "grosser name" Shakespeare might have had in mind, but folk names given to plants in the Orchis family, based on their resemblance to testicles, include "dogstones", "dog's cods", "cullions" and "fool's ballocks".[9]

However, Shakespeare's allusion is uncertain, as no contemporary herbals apply the name of "long purples" or "dead men's fingers" to Orchis mascula. (Sidney Beisly, writing in 1864, claimed that certain other species of orchid were known as "dead men's fingers" on account of their palmate roots, and that this name may have been mistakenly transferred over to Orchis mascula, but this has been called an "unverifiable assumption".)[10] Some scholars, such as Karl P. Wentersdorf, therefore prefer to identify the "long purples" with Arum maculatum.[10]

Another folk name of Orchis mascula is "Gethsemane" (after the Garden of Gethsemane, in which, according to the Bible, Jesus prayed on the night before his crucifixion). This name is derived from a legend "that O. mascula grew below the cross of Christ, and that the markings on the leaves are drops of Christ's blood".[11]

References edit

  1. ^ (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. ^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
  3. ^ Molecular Ecology - Low specificity and nested subset structure characterize mycorrhizal associations in five closely related species of the genus Orchis
  4. ^ . Journal of Ecology. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01998.x. S2CID 82584331. Archived from the original on 2022-07-01.
  5. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families".
  6. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families TDWG Geocodes" (PDF).
  7. ^ "Search for Orchis mascula", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2014-06-29
  8. ^ Synonyms in The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia
  9. ^ a b Jenkins, Howard, ed. (1982). Hamlet. Thomas Nelson & Sons. pp. 374, 545. ISBN 0-17-443469-3.
  10. ^ a b Wentersdorf, Karl P. (1978). "Hamlet: Ophelia's Long Purples". Shakespeare Quarterly. 29 (3): 413–417. doi:10.2307/2869150. JSTOR 2869150.
  11. ^ Jacquemyn, Hans; et al. (11 February 2009). "Biological Flora of the British Isles: Orchis mascula (L.) L." Journal of Ecology. 97 (2): 360–377. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01473.x. S2CID 84491450.
  • Pierre Delforge - Orchids of Europe, North Africa And the Middle East - 2006, Timber Press
  • Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia (3 voll.) - Edagricole – 1982, Vol. III
  • Tutin, T.G. et al. - Flora Europaea, second edition - 1993

External links edit

  •   Media related to Orchis mascula at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Orchis mascula at Wikispecies
  • Den virtuella floran - Distribution
  • Orchis mascula

January 01, 1970
orchis, mascula, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, 2016, learn, when, remove, this, message, early, purple, orch. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2016 Learn how and when to remove this message Orchis mascula the early purple orchid 1 early spring orchis is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae Orchis mascula Inflorescence Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Order Asparagales Family Orchidaceae Subfamily Orchidoideae Genus Orchis Species O mascula Binomial name Orchis mascula L L Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Taxonomy 4 1 Subspecies 4 2 Synonyms 5 Cultivation and uses 6 Culture and symbolism 7 References 8 External linksDescription editOrchis mascula is a perennial herbaceous plant with stems up to 50 60 centimetres 20 24 in high green at the base and purple on the apex The root system consists of two tubers rounded or ellipsoid The leaves grouped at the base of the stem are oblong lanceolate pale green sometimes with brownish purple speckles The inflorescence is 7 5 12 5 centimetres 3 5 in long and it is composed of 6 to 20 flowers gathered in dense cylindrical spikes The flower size is about 2 5 centimetres 1 in and the color varies from pinkish purple to purple 2 878 The lateral sepals are ovate lanceolate and erect the median one together with the petals is smaller and cover the gynostegium The labellum is three lobed and convex with crenulated margins and the basal part clearer and dotted with purple brown spots The spur is cylindrical or clavate horizontal or ascending The gynostegium is short with reddish green anthers It blooms from April to June Morphology nbsp Close up of a flower nbsp Foliage nbsp Distinctive spotted foliage in some specimensEcology editThis orchid is devoid of nectar and attracts pollinating insects bees and wasps of the genera Apis Bombus Eucera Andrena Psithyrus and Xylocopa and sometimes beetles with the appearance of its flower which mimics other species Orchids in the genus Orchis form mycorrhizal partnerships mainly with fungi in the family Tulasnellaceae 3 Orchis mascula has been suggested to have only one mycorrhizal partner in the Tulasnellaceae 4 Distribution and habitat editThe species is widespread across Europe from Portugal to the Caucasus Ireland Great Britain The Faroe Islands Norway Sweden Finland Latvia Spain France Belgium Netherlands Germany Denmark Austria Hungary the Czech Republic Switzerland Italy former Yugoslavia Albania Greece Turkey Bulgaria Romania Poland Ukraine most of Russia in northwest Africa Algeria Tunisia Morocco and in the Middle East Lebanon Syria Iraq up to Iran 5 Codes 6 It grows in a variety of habitats from meadows to mountain pastures and woods in full sun or shady areas from sea level to 2 500 metres 8 000 ft altitude Taxonomy editThe Latin specific epithet mascula means male or virile this could refer to the robust aspect of this species or to the shape of the two tubers which resemble testicles Subspecies edit As of June 2014 update the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes five subspecies 7 Orchis mascula subsp ichnusae Corrias Orchis mascula subsp laxifloriformis Rivas Goday amp B Rodr including O langei O mascula subsp hispanica Orchis mascula subsp mascula including O mascula subsp pinetorum Orchis mascula subsp scopulorum Summerh H Sund ex H Kretzschmar Eccarius amp H Dietr Orchis mascula subsp speciosa Mutel Hegi nbsp Orchis mascula subsp laxifloriformis Spain Navarre nbsp Orchis mascula subsp mascula nbsp Orchis mascula subsp speciosa Germany Allgauer Alpen nbsp Orchis mascula white form Germany Saarland nbsp Orchis mascula France Pyrenees Synonyms edit Orchidactyla kromayeri M Schulze Borsos es amp Soo 1966 Orchidactyla pentecostalis Wettst amp Sennholz Borsos amp Soo 1966 Orchidactyla speciosissima Wettst amp Sennholz Borsos amp Soo 1966 Orchis brevicornis var fallax De Not 1844 Orchis cochleata Fleischm amp M Schulze 1902 Orchis compressiflora Stokes 1812 Orchis fallax De Not Willk in Willk amp J M C Lange 1861 Orchis glaucophylla A Kern 1864 Orchis kromayeri M Schulze 1904 Orchis mascula f longifolia Landwehr 1977 Orchis mascula subsp occidentalis O Schwarz 1949 Orchis mascula subsp signifera Vest Soo 1927 Orchis mascula subsp tenera Landwehr Del Prete es 1999 Orchis mascula var acutiflora W D J Koch 1837 Orchis mascula var bicolor Balayer 1986 Orchis mascula var fallax E G Camus 1889 Orchis mascula var hostii Patze E Mey amp Elkan es 1848 Orchis mascula var maritzii J A Guim 1887 Orchis mascula var monsignatica Font Quer 1928 Orchis mascula var obtusiflora W D J Koch 1837 Orchis mascula var speciosa Mutel 1836 Orchis mascula var tenera Landwehr 1977 Orchis monsignatica Font Quer Rivas Goday 1941 Orchis morio f mascula L 1753 Orchis morio var mascula L 1753 basionym Orchis obtusa Schur 1866 Orchis obtusiflora Schur 1853 Orchis olivetorum Gren ex Nyman 1882 Orchis ovalis F W Schmidt 1791 Orchis parreissii C Presl 1845 Orchis patens var fallax De Not Rchb f 1851 Orchis pentecostalis Wettst amp Sennholz 1889 Orchis signifera Vest 1824 Orchis speciosa Host 1831 Orchis speciosissima Wettst amp Sennholz 1889 Orchis stabiana Tenore 1833 Orchis tenera Landwehr Kreutz 1991 Orchis untchji M Schulze 1907 Orchis vernalis Salisbury 1796 Orchis wanjkovii E Wulff 1930 Orchis wilmsii K Richt 1890 8 Cultivation and uses editA flour called salep or sachlav is made of the ground tubers of this or some other species of orchids It contains a nutritious starch like polysaccharide called glucomannan In some magical traditions its root is called Adam and Eve Root It is said that witches used tubers of this orchid in love potions Culture and symbolism editOrchis mascula is commonly thought to be the plant referred to as long purples in Shakespeare s Hamlet Act 4 Scene 7 9 Therewith fantastic garlands did she make Of crow flowers nettles daisies and long purples That liberal shepherds give a grosser name But our cold maids do dead men s fingers call them It is not known which grosser name Shakespeare might have had in mind but folk names given to plants in the Orchis family based on their resemblance to testicles include dogstones dog s cods cullions and fool s ballocks 9 However Shakespeare s allusion is uncertain as no contemporary herbals apply the name of long purples or dead men s fingers to Orchis mascula Sidney Beisly writing in 1864 claimed that certain other species of orchid were known as dead men s fingers on account of their palmate roots and that this name may have been mistakenly transferred over to Orchis mascula but this has been called an unverifiable assumption 10 Some scholars such as Karl P Wentersdorf therefore prefer to identify the long purples with Arum maculatum 10 Another folk name of Orchis mascula is Gethsemane after the Garden of Gethsemane in which according to the Bible Jesus prayed on the night before his crucifixion This name is derived from a legend that O mascula grew below the cross of Christ and that the markings on the leaves are drops of Christ s blood 11 References edit BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 Stace C A 2010 New Flora of the British Isles Third ed Cambridge U K Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521707725 Molecular Ecology Low specificity and nested subset structure characterize mycorrhizal associations in five closely related species of the genus Orchis Spatial variation in below ground seed germination and divergent mycorrhizal associations correlate with spatial segregation of three co occurring orchid species Journal of Ecology doi 10 1111 j 1365 2745 2012 01998 x S2CID 82584331 Archived from the original on 2022 07 01 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families World Checklist of Selected Plant Families TDWG Geocodes PDF Search for Orchis mascula World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Royal Botanic Gardens Kew retrieved 2014 06 29 Synonyms in The Internet Orchid Species Photo Encyclopedia a b Jenkins Howard ed 1982 Hamlet Thomas Nelson amp Sons pp 374 545 ISBN 0 17 443469 3 a b Wentersdorf Karl P 1978 Hamlet Ophelia s Long Purples Shakespeare Quarterly 29 3 413 417 doi 10 2307 2869150 JSTOR 2869150 Jacquemyn Hans et al 11 February 2009 Biological Flora of the British Isles Orchis mascula L L Journal of Ecology 97 2 360 377 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2745 2008 01473 x S2CID 84491450 Pierre Delforge Orchids of Europe North Africa And the Middle East 2006 Timber Press Pignatti S Flora d Italia 3 voll Edagricole 1982 Vol III Tutin T G et al Flora Europaea second edition 1993External links edit nbsp Media related to Orchis mascula at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Orchis mascula at Wikispecies Den virtuella floran Distribution Orchis mascula Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Orchis mascula amp oldid 1203107804, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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