Landwehr, or Landeswehr, is a German language term used in referring to certain national armies, or militias found in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe. In different context it refers to large-scale, low-strength fortifications. In German, the word means "defence of the country"; but the term as applied to an insurrectional militia is very ancient, and lantveri are mentioned in Baluzii Capitularia, as quoted in Hallam'sMiddle Ages, i. 262, 10th edition.[1]
The Austrian Landwehr was one of three components that made up the ground forces of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy between 1868 and 1918, and it was composed of recruits from the Cisleithanian parts of the empire. Intended as a national defence force alongside the Royal Hungarian Landwehr (or Hungarian Honved), the Landwehr was officially established by order of Emperor Franz Josef on 5 December 1868.[2] Yet while the Hungarian force was generously supported early on by the parliament in Budapest, legislators in Vienna generally failed to advance the cause of the Landwehr, leaving it by the 1870s as a skeletal force with only the appearance of parity.[3] In 1887, Archduke Albert wrote that Landwehr units were not ready, in terms of training or discipline, for use in the first two weeks of a war.[4] Yet the 1880s saw an expansion in the force's numbers, as the high command was unable to obtain increases in manpower for the joint Imperial and Royal army and sought to increase overall numbers through the Landwehr. Additionally, Austrian fears of the development of the Honved caused the Austrian Reichsrat to vote to increase the Landwehr's strength to 135,000.[4] These nationalist interests led to a gradual strengthening and improvement of the force, so that by the start of the First World War, Landwehr units were considered equal to the units of the joint army in readiness and equipment.[5] Additionally, in Tyrol and Carinthia, three units of the Landwehr were specially trained and equipped for mountain warfare.[6]
The Austrian Landwehr and the other components of the Austro-Hungarian Army were all full-time standing armies.
The Royal Hungarian Landwehr (German: königlich ungarische Landwehr, Hungarian: Magyar Királyi Honvédség, colloquially called the Honvéd) or Royal Hungarian Honved, was the standing army of the Kingdom of Hungary, established as one of four armed forces (Bewaffnete Macht or Wehrmacht) of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. The others were its counterpart the Austrian Landwehr, the Common Army and the Imperial and Royal Navy.
In the wake of fighting between the Austrian Empire and the Hungarian rebels during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and the two decades of uneasy co-existence following, Hungarian soldiers served either in mixed units or were stationed away from Hungarian areas. With the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the new tripartite army was brought into being. It existed until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I in 1918.
The Hungarian Landwehr should not be confused with its successor, the Royal Hungarian Army, which went by the same Hungarian name, but existed from 1922 to 1945.
Prussia
Soldier of the Prussian Landwehr 1815
The landwehr in Prussia was first formed by a royal edict of 17 March 1813, which called up all men capable of bearing arms between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, and not serving in the regular army, for the defense of the country. After the peace of 1815 this force was made an integral part of the Prussian Army, each brigade being composed of one line and one Landwehr regiment. This, however, slowed the mobilisation of brigades as Landwehr regiments had to be called up, diminishing the value of the first line. By the re-organization of 1859 the Landwehr troops were relegated to the second line.[7]
Nazi Germany
During the Weimar republic, Germany was not allowed a standing army of more than 100,000 men. Thus conscription had been abolished. In the course of the rearmament of Germany, the Landwehr was reestablished on 21 May 1935 comprising all Germans liable for military service under the new law older than 35 years of age and younger than 45 years. In effect only one Landwehr division (the 14th Landwehr Division) was called up, the remainder of the Landwehr was used either to fill out the 3rd wave infantry divisions or formed Landesschützen battalions used for guard and occupation duty.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, the Landwehr used to be a second line force, in which all citizens served for twelve years. It was abolished after the army reform in 1965. As a reference to this past, a number of Swiss wind bands bear the name "Landwehr" in their titles.
^Walter, Dierk (February 2001). "A Military Revolution? Prussian Military Reforms before the Wars of German Unification" (PDF). Forsvarsstudier = Defence Studies. Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies. hdl:11250/99719. ISSN 0333-3981.
^LtCol Andrew Parrott. (PDF). Baltic Defence Review. 2/2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27.
References
Rothenburg, G. E. (1976). The Army of Francis Joseph. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN978-0-91119-841-6.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Landwehr". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168.
January 20, 2023
landwehr, other, uses, disambiguation, landeswehr, german, language, term, used, referring, certain, national, armies, militias, found, nineteenth, early, twentieth, century, europe, different, context, refers, large, scale, strength, fortifications, german, w. For other uses see Landwehr disambiguation Landwehr or Landeswehr is a German language term used in referring to certain national armies or militias found in nineteenth and early twentieth century Europe In different context it refers to large scale low strength fortifications In German the word means defence of the country but the term as applied to an insurrectional militia is very ancient and lantveri are mentioned in Baluzii Capitularia as quoted in Hallam s Middle Ages i 262 10th edition 1 Landwehr The English term home guard may possibly derive from an attempt to translate the term landwehr the earliest unit calling itself home guard being formed by German immigrants in Missouri in the events leading up to the American Civil War citation needed Contents 1 Austria Hungary 1 1 Austrian Landwehr 1 2 Hungarian Landwehr 2 Prussia 3 Nazi Germany 4 Switzerland 5 Baltic Landeswehr 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 ReferencesAustria Hungary EditAustrian Landwehr Edit Main article Imperial and Royal Landwehr The Austrian Landwehr was one of three components that made up the ground forces of the Austro Hungarian Dual Monarchy between 1868 and 1918 and it was composed of recruits from the Cisleithanian parts of the empire Intended as a national defence force alongside the Royal Hungarian Landwehr or Hungarian Honved the Landwehr was officially established by order of Emperor Franz Josef on 5 December 1868 2 Yet while the Hungarian force was generously supported early on by the parliament in Budapest legislators in Vienna generally failed to advance the cause of the Landwehr leaving it by the 1870s as a skeletal force with only the appearance of parity 3 In 1887 Archduke Albert wrote that Landwehr units were not ready in terms of training or discipline for use in the first two weeks of a war 4 Yet the 1880s saw an expansion in the force s numbers as the high command was unable to obtain increases in manpower for the joint Imperial and Royal army and sought to increase overall numbers through the Landwehr Additionally Austrian fears of the development of the Honved caused the Austrian Reichsrat to vote to increase the Landwehr s strength to 135 000 4 These nationalist interests led to a gradual strengthening and improvement of the force so that by the start of the First World War Landwehr units were considered equal to the units of the joint army in readiness and equipment 5 Additionally in Tyrol and Carinthia three units of the Landwehr were specially trained and equipped for mountain warfare 6 The Austrian Landwehr and the other components of the Austro Hungarian Army were all full time standing armies Hungarian Landwehr Edit Main article Royal Hungarian Honved The Royal Hungarian Landwehr German koniglich ungarische Landwehr Hungarian Magyar Kiralyi Honvedseg colloquially called the Honved or Royal Hungarian Honved was the standing army of the Kingdom of Hungary established as one of four armed forces Bewaffnete Macht or Wehrmacht of Austria Hungary from 1867 to 1918 The others were its counterpart the Austrian Landwehr the Common Army and the Imperial and Royal Navy In the wake of fighting between the Austrian Empire and the Hungarian rebels during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the two decades of uneasy co existence following Hungarian soldiers served either in mixed units or were stationed away from Hungarian areas With the Austro Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the new tripartite army was brought into being It existed until the dissolution of the Austro Hungarian Empire following World War I in 1918 The Hungarian Landwehr should not be confused with its successor the Royal Hungarian Army which went by the same Hungarian name but existed from 1922 to 1945 Prussia Edit Soldier of the Prussian Landwehr 1815 The landwehr in Prussia was first formed by a royal edict of 17 March 1813 which called up all men capable of bearing arms between the ages of eighteen and forty five and not serving in the regular army for the defense of the country After the peace of 1815 this force was made an integral part of the Prussian Army each brigade being composed of one line and one Landwehr regiment This however slowed the mobilisation of brigades as Landwehr regiments had to be called up diminishing the value of the first line By the re organization of 1859 the Landwehr troops were relegated to the second line 7 Nazi Germany EditDuring the Weimar republic Germany was not allowed a standing army of more than 100 000 men Thus conscription had been abolished In the course of the rearmament of Germany the Landwehr was reestablished on 21 May 1935 comprising all Germans liable for military service under the new law older than 35 years of age and younger than 45 years In effect only one Landwehr division the 14th Landwehr Division was called up the remainder of the Landwehr was used either to fill out the 3rd wave infantry divisions or formed Landesschutzen battalions used for guard and occupation duty Switzerland EditIn Switzerland the Landwehr used to be a second line force in which all citizens served for twelve years It was abolished after the army reform in 1965 As a reference to this past a number of Swiss wind bands bear the name Landwehr in their titles Baltic Landeswehr Edit Estonian member of the Baltic Landeswehr The Baltic Landeswehr was the name of the armed forces of the puppet Government of Latvia established by the Baltic nobility The Baltic state was designed to be established from territories that were ceded by Imperial Russia in the Treaty of Brest Litovsk in 1918 but collapsed in the Estonian War of Independence in 1919 8 See also EditHrvatsko domobranstvo Croatian Landwehr Slovensko domobranstvo Slovenian Landwehr Landsturm Volkssturm National Guard disambiguation Footnotes Edit Leggiere Michael V 2002 Napoleon and Berlin The Franco Prussian War in North Germany 1813 University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 0 8061 3399 6 Rothenburg 1976 p 77 Rothenburg 1976 p 85 a b Rothenburg 1976 p 109 Rothenburg 1976 p 150 165 173 Rothenburg 1976 p 150 Walter Dierk February 2001 A Military Revolution Prussian Military Reforms before the Wars of German Unification PDF Forsvarsstudier Defence Studies Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies hdl 11250 99719 ISSN 0333 3981 LtCol Andrew Parrott The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 The First World War and the Wars of Independence PDF Baltic Defence Review 2 2002 Archived from the original PDF on 2008 02 27 References EditRothenburg G E 1976 The Army of Francis Joseph West Lafayette Purdue University Press ISBN 978 0 91119 841 6 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Landwehr Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 16 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 168 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Landwehr amp oldid 1097517414, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
