Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula (NH4)2CO3. Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt. It is also known as baker's ammonia and is a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder. It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn,[2] and produces a pungent smell when baked. It comes in the form of a white powder or block, with a molar mass of 96.09 g/mol and a density of 1.50 g/cm3. It is a strong electrolyte.
An orthorhombic monohydrate is known. It crystallizes in an ammonia solution exposed in a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere.[3]
Decompositionedit
Ammonium carbonate slowly decomposes at standard temperature and pressure through two pathways. Thus any initially pure sample of ammonium carbonate will soon become a mixture including various byproducts.
Ammonium carbonate may be used as a leavening agent in traditional recipes, particularly those from northern Europe and Scandinavia (e.g. Amerikaner, Speculoos, Tunnbröd or Lebkuchen). It was the precursor to today's more commonly used baking powder.
Originally made from ground deer horn and called hartshorn, today it is called baker's ammonia. It is prepared by the sublimation of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate and occurs as a white powder or a hard, white or translucent mass.[4] It acts as a heat activated leavening agent and breaks down into carbon dioxide (leavening), ammonia (which needs to dissipate) and water. It is sometimes combined with sodium bicarbonate to mimic as a double acting baking powder and to help mask any ammonia smell not baked out.
It also serves as an acidity regulator and has the E number E503. It can be replaced with baking powder, but this may affect both the taste and texture of the finished product. Baker's ammonia should be used to create thin dry baked goods like crackers and cookies. This allows the strong ammonia smell to bake out. It should not be used to make moist baked items like cake since ammonia is hydrophilic and will leave a strong bitter taste.
Its use as a leavening agent, with associated controversy, goes back centuries:
In the third kind of bread, a vesicular appearance is given to it by the addition to the dough of some ammoniacal salt, (usually the sub-carbonate,) which becomes wholly converted into a gaseous substance during the process of baking, causing the dough to swell out into little air vessels, which finally bursting, allow the gas to escape, and leave the bread exceedingly porous. Mr. Accum, in his Treatise on Culinary Poisons, has stigmatized this process as "fraudulent," but, in our opinion, most unjustly. The bakers would never adopt it but from necessity: when good yeast cannot be procured, it forms an admirable and perfectly harmless substitute; costing the baker more, it diminishes his profit, while the consumer is benefited by the bread retaining the solid matter, which by the process of fermentation is dissipated in the form of alcohol and carbonic acid gas.[5]
Other usesedit
Ammonium carbonate is the main component of smelling salts, although the commercial scale of their production is small. Buckley's cough syrup from Canada today uses ammonium carbonate as an active ingredient intended to help relieve symptoms of bronchitis. It is also used as an emetic. It is also found in smokeless tobacco products, such as Skoal, and it is used in aqueous solution as a photographic lens cleaning agent, such as Eastman Kodak's "Kodak Lens Cleaner."
^"CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
^"Bread". The Engineer's and Mechanic's Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Luke Hebert. 1849. p. 239.
^Yee, Wee L.; Nash, Meralee J.; Goughnour, Robert B.; Cha, Dong H.; Linn, Charles E.; Feder, Jeffrey L. (2014). "Ammonium Carbonate is More Attractive Than Apple and Hawthorn Fruit Volatile Lures to Rhagoletis pomonella(Diptera: Tephritidae) in Washington State". Environmental Entomology. 43 (4): 957–968. doi:10.1603/en14038. PMID 24915519. S2CID 31174719.
May 05, 2024
ammonium, carbonate, salt, with, chemical, formula, 2co3, since, readily, degrades, gaseous, ammonia, carbon, dioxide, upon, heating, used, leavening, agent, also, smelling, salt, also, known, baker, ammonia, predecessor, more, modern, leavening, agents, bakin. Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula NH4 2CO3 Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt It is also known as baker s ammonia and is a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn 2 and produces a pungent smell when baked It comes in the form of a white powder or block with a molar mass of 96 09 g mol and a density of 1 50 g cm3 It is a strong electrolyte Ammonium carbonate Names IUPAC name Ammonium carbonate Other names baker s ammoniasal volatilesalt of hartshornE503 Identifiers CAS Number 506 87 6 Y16799 91 0 monohydrate Y 3D model JSmol Interactive imageInteractive image ChEBI CHEBI 229630 ChemSpider 10048 Y ECHA InfoCard 100 007 326 EC Number 233 786 0 E number E503 i acidity regulators IUPHAR BPS 4509 PubChem CID 517111 UNII PDP691CN28 Y UN number 3077 CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID5047457 InChI InChI 1S CH2O3 2H3N c2 1 3 4 h H2 2 3 4 2 1H3 YKey PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ UHFFFAOYSA N YInChI 1 CH2O3 2H3N c2 1 3 4 h H2 2 3 4 2 1H3Key PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ UHFFFAOYAQ SMILES O C O O N N NH4 NH4 O C O O Properties Chemical formula NH4 2CO3 Molar mass 96 09 g mol Appearance White powder Density 1 50 g cm3 Melting point 58 C 136 F 331 K decomposes Solubility in water 100 g 100 ml 15 C 1 25 g 100 ml 20 C Magnetic susceptibility x 42 50 10 6 cm3 mol Hazards Occupational safety and health OHS OSH Main hazards Irritant GHS labelling Pictograms Signal word Warning Hazard statements H302 H319 Safety data sheet SDS External MSDS Related compounds Other anions Ammonium bicarbonateAmmonium carbamate Other cations Sodium carbonatePotassium carbonate Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Y verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Production 1 1 Decomposition 2 Uses 2 1 Leavening agent 2 2 Other uses 3 See also 4 ReferencesProduction editAmmonium carbonate is produced by combining carbon dioxide and aqueous ammonia About 80 000 tons year were produced as of 1997 2 NH 3 H 2 O CO 2 NH 4 2 CO 3 displaystyle ce 2NH3 H2O CO2 gt NH4 2CO3 nbsp 2 An orthorhombic monohydrate is known It crystallizes in an ammonia solution exposed in a carbon dioxide rich atmosphere 3 Decomposition edit Ammonium carbonate slowly decomposes at standard temperature and pressure through two pathways Thus any initially pure sample of ammonium carbonate will soon become a mixture including various byproducts Ammonium carbonate can spontaneously decompose into ammonium bicarbonate and ammonia NH 4 2 CO 3 NH 4 HCO 3 NH 3 displaystyle ce NH4 2CO3 gt NH4HCO3 NH3 nbsp Which further decomposes to carbon dioxide water and another molecule of ammonia NH 4 HCO 3 H 2 O CO 2 NH 3 displaystyle ce NH4HCO3 gt H2O CO2 NH3 nbsp Uses editLeavening agent edit Ammonium carbonate may be used as a leavening agent in traditional recipes particularly those from northern Europe and Scandinavia e g Amerikaner Speculoos Tunnbrod or Lebkuchen It was the precursor to today s more commonly used baking powder Originally made from ground deer horn and called hartshorn today it is called baker s ammonia It is prepared by the sublimation of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate and occurs as a white powder or a hard white or translucent mass 4 It acts as a heat activated leavening agent and breaks down into carbon dioxide leavening ammonia which needs to dissipate and water It is sometimes combined with sodium bicarbonate to mimic as a double acting baking powder and to help mask any ammonia smell not baked out It also serves as an acidity regulator and has the E number E503 It can be replaced with baking powder but this may affect both the taste and texture of the finished product Baker s ammonia should be used to create thin dry baked goods like crackers and cookies This allows the strong ammonia smell to bake out It should not be used to make moist baked items like cake since ammonia is hydrophilic and will leave a strong bitter taste Its use as a leavening agent with associated controversy goes back centuries In the third kind of bread a vesicular appearance is given to it by the addition to the dough of some ammoniacal salt usually the sub carbonate which becomes wholly converted into a gaseous substance during the process of baking causing the dough to swell out into little air vessels which finally bursting allow the gas to escape and leave the bread exceedingly porous Mr Accum in his Treatise on Culinary Poisons has stigmatized this process as fraudulent but in our opinion most unjustly The bakers would never adopt it but from necessity when good yeast cannot be procured it forms an admirable and perfectly harmless substitute costing the baker more it diminishes his profit while the consumer is benefited by the bread retaining the solid matter which by the process of fermentation is dissipated in the form of alcohol and carbonic acid gas 5 Other uses edit Ammonium carbonate is the main component of smelling salts although the commercial scale of their production is small Buckley s cough syrup from Canada today uses ammonium carbonate as an active ingredient intended to help relieve symptoms of bronchitis It is also used as an emetic It is also found in smokeless tobacco products such as Skoal and it is used in aqueous solution as a photographic lens cleaning agent such as Eastman Kodak s Kodak Lens Cleaner It is also used for luring of apple maggots in Washington State to monitor the spread of the infestation and adjust the borders of the Apple Maggot Quarantine Area 6 See also editAmmonium bicarbonate Ammonium nitrate Sal ammoniac the mineralogical form of ammonium chlorideReferences edit John Rumble June 18 2018 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 99th ed CRC Press pp 4 40 ISBN 978 1138561632 a b Karl Heinz Zapp 2012 Ammonium Compounds Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Weinheim Wiley VCH doi 10 1002 14356007 a02 243 ISBN 978 3527306732 Fortes A D Wood I G Alfe D Hernandez E R Gutmann M J Sparkes H A 2014 12 01 Structure hydrogen bonding and thermal expansion of ammonium carbonate monohydrate Acta Crystallographica Section B 70 6 948 962 Bibcode 2014AcCrB 70 948F doi 10 1107 S205252061402126X ISSN 2052 5206 PMC 4468514 PMID 25449618 Retrieved 2021 08 20 CFR Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 www accessdata fda gov Retrieved 2018 02 07 Bread The Engineer s and Mechanic s Encyclopedia Vol 1 Luke Hebert 1849 p 239 Yee Wee L Nash Meralee J Goughnour Robert B Cha Dong H Linn Charles E Feder Jeffrey L 2014 Ammonium Carbonate is More Attractive Than Apple and Hawthorn Fruit Volatile Lures to Rhagoletis pomonella Diptera Tephritidae in Washington State Environmental Entomology 43 4 957 968 doi 10 1603 en14038 PMID 24915519 S2CID 31174719 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ammonium carbonate amp oldid 1214873778, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
