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Dutch farmers' protests

May 09, 2023

The Dutch farmers' protests (Dutch: boerenprotesten) are a series of demonstrations by Dutch livestock farmers, characterised by the use of tractors to block roads, and occupy public spaces.[20][21] The protests were initially triggered in October 2019 by a proposal in parliament to halve the country's livestock in an attempt to limit agricultural pollution in the Netherlands,[22][23][24][25] but protesting farmers have frequently told media that they are motivated by a perceived lack of respect for their profession by the Dutch populace, media and politicians.[26][27] The protests combined several action groups and an amalgamation of larger goals, which included less government regulation for farmers, more air time for pro-farmer sentiments, and more policy to punish Shell and Tata Steel for their part in the emission crisis.[28]

Dutch farmers' protests
Part of the protests against the green agenda
A farmer protesting in The Hague, 1 October 2019
Date1 October 2019 – ongoing
(3 years, 7 months and 4 days)
Location
Netherlands, local demonstrations in Belgium, Germany, and Canada[1][2][3]
Caused by
Goals
  • Fewer or no nitrogen-related restrictions on livestock farming
  • Higher prices for agricultural produce[5]
  • Public respect for the agricultural sector[4]
Methods
Parties to the civil conflict
Casualties
InjuriesAt least 6[16][17][18]
ArrestedOver 100[19]

Public understanding for the farmers has remained high for the duration of the conflict,[29] but actual support wavered in December 2019 over a series of "radical" actions and statements made by demonstrators.[30][31] By July 2020, 55% of people responding to a survey by current affairs program EenVandaag did not support further protests, but just over half of the respondents did remain sympathetic to the farmers.[32] In the summer of 2022, support for the protests was polled between 39%–45% by I&O Research,[33] while EenVandaag and Ipsos found understanding for the farmers among 52%–66% of their pollees.[29][34][35][36]

Background

The Netherlands has a significant agrarian and livestock sector, which produces and transits large quantities of agricultural exports. As such, the country is the second largest exporter of agricultural produce in the world after the United States when the exportation of imported agricultural goods, such as cattle and soybeans are included.[37] Large imports of cattle fodder cause an imbalance in the nitrogen cycle. Since the mid-2000s, climate activism and animal rights activism have become more commonplace in the Dutch House of Representatives and general political discourse of the Netherlands, especially with the emergence of the Party for the Animals as a political force. Policy proposals by parties such as the Dutch green party, GroenLinks, and the social liberal D66 have since emphasized the need for farmers to transition into sustainable farming.[38][39][40] These policy proposals were consistently met with opposition by farmers and their representatives. Between 1990 and 2010, considerable progress had been made in reducing agricultural pollution, during a series of coalitions between centre-left and centre-right parties. In 2010 however, the centre-right Christian Democratic Appeal and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy formed a minority cabinet with the support of the far-right Party for Freedom. Pollution reduction projects were largely put on hold, while existing regulations were no longer strictly enforced. Even though this First Rutte cabinet proved to be short-lived, it led to a trend break in environmental policy. In reaction, environmental activists began to sue the Dutch state, demanding that the laws would be upheld.

 
Nitrogen from dung is a significant polluting agent in the Low Countries

In 2019, the Netherlands entered a nitrogen emission crisis when on 29 May the Council of State, the highest Dutch administrative court, ruled that the existing emission policy violated Dutch law and European regulations protecting vulnerable nature reserves and biotopes. In principle no further emission critically impacting such areas was allowed, which threatened to halt a significant part of Dutch building and infrastructural projects, unless their nitrogen output would be compensated by a reduction in agricultural emissions. The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) reported that the severely damaging effects of nitrogen on Dutch soil could only be halted by direct action. The institute found that farmers were responsible for 46% of the country's nitrogen emission,[41] mostly due to cow dung produced by the livestock industry.[42] This situation led Tjeerd de Groot, a member of the House of Representatives for D66, a party in the ruling coalition, to propose new policy to halve the current Dutch livestock on 9 September 2019.[43] The RIVM's findings coupled with De Groot's policy proposal led to resistance by Farmers Defence Force, a farmer activist group. It claimed that the institute had used "shady methods" to "portray" farmers as big time polluters.[41] They claimed that their unfair portrayal as polluters[44] is caused by the governments desire to let the real big time polluters go free.[41] They claimed their fundamental rights were threatened by legislation aiming to lower emissions and demanded that any new legislation would not threaten agricultural undertakings with elimination.[41] They also demanded more research to be undertaken before new legislation be proposed.[41] The government repudiated the accusations of using "shady methods" being used by the RIVM and claimed the numbers were correct.[41]

In addition to the nitrogen emission crisis, Dutch news media have reported that farmers have felt disrespected or threatened in their existence because of increased government regulation on the agricultural and livestock sectors, as well as the popularity of animal rights activism among the Dutch population.[45][46] An incident that occurred on 13 May 2019, in which up to 200 animal rights activists occupied a pig farm in Boxtel, North Brabant, sowed fear among livestock farmers and motivated them to organize into collectives such as Farmers Defence Force and Agractie, which later became key players in the farmers' protests.[47][48]

Protests against halving industrial livestock production (2019–2020)

October 2019

 
Military blockades in the streets of The Hague, 16 October 2019.[14]

1 October was one of the days with the most intense protests.[41] Thousands of farmers went to The Hague to protest, their tractors causing over a thousand kilometres of traffic jams.[41][49][50] This made it the busiest morning rush (hour) in the history of the Netherlands.[50] When arriving at designated location, the Malieveld, the protesters damaged the area, driving through fences and signs[51][52] and destroying the landscape.[53] Afterwards farmers offered to assist in repairing the damage.[53]

In a speech, sheep farmer Bart Kemp said that politicians lack the intelligence of farmers and claimed that the protests were the biggest ever undertaken by farmers in all of history.[44] Minister Carola Schouten promises in a speech that as long as she is minister of agriculture to regulate the amount of legally allowed livestock, part of the livestock will not be halved,[44][54] a measure which parties like Democrats 66 supported in order to shrink nitrogen emissions.[54] When proponents of the nitrogen measures got to tell their side of the story the farmers turned their backs to the stage and drowned out their arguments with curse words.[44] The farmers again used unlawful actions, one such example is when a microphone was taken so as to prevent proponents of the climate measures from talking, making necessary the intervention of security personnel.[44]

On 11 October, farmers protested against the new nitrogen emission legislation in the provinces of Friesland and North Brabant. As a result, the Frisian province revoked the law.[41][55]

At 12:00 on 14 October, employers’ organisation LTO Nederland's protest action began, having called on its 14,000 members to begin protesting in Gelderland, Overijssel, Drenthe, Groningen, North Holland, South Holland, Flevoland and Utrecht.[41] In Groningen the farmers stormed the provincial government building.[56][57][58] This was condemned by LTO Nederland.[59]

Farmers from Limburg protested in front of the provincial government headquarters in Maastricht on 15 October.[41] In Zeeland farmers began negotiating instead of holding protests.[41]

On 16 October, protests were organised by Farmers Defence Force, and started at the RIVM building in Bilthoven, later moving to the Binnenhof in The Hague[41] as well as the central train station of the city.[60] During these protests a leader of Farmers Defence Force threatened civil war,[61] claiming that the government using the military was “a cowardly retreat behind a wall of intimidation and violence”.[61] Soldiers were employed to block off streets in order to prevent escalation of the protests.[62] This was a reaction to the violence the farmers employed in Groningen during previous protests.[62]

17 October began with the farmers preparing a free breakfast for the inhabitants of The Hague before they hit the road again,[41][63][64] using their tractors to dump used paper at government buildings.[41][64]

November 2019

On 25 November, many farmers and builders parked next to the exits of major roads throughout the country, threatening to block access to them.[65] One farmer declared “we want to come out on top”, insinuating this meant “better policy.”[65]

December 2019

When soon enough there will be no more farmers, don't say: wir haben es nicht gewusst.

Mark van den Oever, referencing the Holocaust during an address to the provincial council of North Brabant on 13 December 2019.[66]

Farmers Defence Force planned to block food distribution throughout the country in the week before Christmas.[67] FDF frontman Mark van den Oever stated that he wanted to refresh Dutch citizens' memories of the Dutch famine of 1944–1945, during which thousands of citizens travelled to the countryside to beg local farmers for food due to shortages in the densely populated western parts of the Netherlands.[68] Next to that, Van den Oever stirred great controversy while comparing the situation of the Dutch farmers to that of the persecution of Jews during World War II.[69] These statements led to both support as well as anger.[70][71] Out of 4,955 farmers who filled in a survey by agricultural organisation LTO Nederland, 71% did not support potential blockings.[72] 15% did not want any more protests at all.[72] The potential blockings were quickly denounced as illegal.[73]

On 13 December, in a surprise protest, Farmers Defence Force blocked the roads to Eindhoven Airport for several hours, leading to severe traffic jams throughout the eastern part of Brabant. That same day, farmers also held protests in both Amsterdam and Den Bosch. Farmer Defence Force called the surprise protest in Eindhoven a teaser for the 18 December protests.[74]

On 17 December, a court case ruled that the farmers were not allowed to block the food distribution on their planned protest date on 18 December, but were allowed to protest at the locations.[75] The farmers announced protests at 45 different locations, including the Media Park in Hilversum.[76] However, blockings still occurred after all. In Bergen op Zoom, farmers blocked a chemicals company.[77] Several border crossings between the Netherlands and Germany were blocked, sometimes in collaboration with German farmers.[77] The protests led to several fines and several people were arrested by the police for throwing fireworks.[78]

"De boer dat is de keerl" Top 2000 voting campaign

Team Agro, one of the collective farmer groups, announced their intention to vote Normaal's 1982 single "De boer dat is de keerl" to the top of the annual NPO Radio 2 marathon Top 2000. "De boer dat is de keerl" (Achterhooks for "The farmer, that is the man") is an adaption of a Fiddlin' John Carson American country song and tells the story of the hard-working and undervalued farmer who is deprived of his money. On 7 December, it was announced that "De boer dat is de keerl" was the ninth most voted song, and the top voted song in rural areas such as Twente, Weststellingwerf and Normaal's native Achterhoek region.[79][80]

February 2020

Farmers Defence Force announced a new protest, but canceled it in advance.[81] Talks had been planned for the 5th of February, between the minister of agriculture Carola Schouten, prime minister Mark Rutte and the different protest groups. The reason the protest was canceled was allegedly because of new calculations of nitrogen emissions of the RIVM and the FDF wanting to wait for a better moment to organize a protest.

The first protest in 2020 was on the 19th of February. Just like previous protests, this one was also organized by Farmers Defence Force. However, the protest did not take place on the Malieveld in The Hague, because the city of The Hague and Staatsbosbeheer kindly asked them not to. The FDF reached out to the farmers and asked them to adhere to the rules. They protested on the Koekamp, a small park next to the Malieveld instead.[82]

The second difference is the usage of highways. The Dutch national police stated that they will enforce standard traffic rules. This resulted in a few farmers being pulled over and fined on different roads throughout the country for driving a tractor on motorways, despite Farmers Defence Force stressing that farmers shouldn't make use of motor- or highways.[83][84]

Different political parties were invited to speech at the protest. The PVV of Geert Wilders, Forum voor Democratie and CDA were invited. Ultimately only FvD and CDA were allowed by Farmers Defence Force to speech on stage. Geert Wilders was rejected by the leaders of the FDF. FDF-member Jeroen van Maanen said on the stage that Wilders would only come if there were cameras or television crews and FDF would not allow that.[85]

After the protest ended around 3pm, a few farmers made their way to the Ministry for Agriculture. They were stopped by the police before they could reach the ministry building. The farmers carried stickers of the FDF, which they wanted to put on the building.[86]

Protests against reduction of crude protein levels in fodder (2020)

On 6 May 2020, Minister Schouten announced that she would set a maximum for the crude protein content in fodder for dairy cattle that would take effect in September 2020. The goal of this legislation was to reduce nitrogen emissions in the short term so that houses could be built to combat the ongoing shortage of affordable housing in the Netherlands.[87] This was criticized by farmers because it would be bad for the health of the animals and would lead to lower production.

July 2020

 
Farmers Defence Force protesters and Royal Marechaussee personnel at Eindhoven Airport, 5 July 2020[15]

Expecting a strong reaction to the announced measures before the government's summer recess, the military again readied 25 trucks and 60 soldiers to cordon off roads in The Hague.[88]

On 8 July, there was a demonstration at a waste processing plant in Wijster, Drenthe, which resulted in the arrests of 57 farmers.[89]

Dozens of tractors blocked an Albert Heijn distribution center in Zwolle on 10 July. Albert Heijn was temporarily unable to supply 230 stores due to the blockade.[90] In addition, the headquarters of Jumbo in Veghel, and Eindhoven Airport were blocked with tractors.[91]

On 12 July the Farmers went to protest in Maastricht.[92]

October 2020

When D66 leader Rob Jetten was in home quarantine because of a COVID infection, five members of Farmers Defence Force made an unannounced late-night visit to his private home to offer him a food package. It contained several types of meat, which was chosen on purpose—'playfully' according to the FDF—because Jetten is a vegetarian, 'for his health'. Jetten and fellow politicians responded that, despite the activists' supposedly good intentions, it was highly inappropriate (and even intimidating) to visit the private addresses of politicians you disagree with, unannounced and in the dark of night.[93]

November 2020

On 17 November there was another farmer's protest in The Hague.[94] The Malieveld was again heavily damaged, a COVID shelter for the homeless was blocked, and a cyclist was hit by a tractor.[95]

December 2020

Farmers' demonstrations returned in mid-December because, according to some farmers, supermarkets were paying too little for their products and in protest against nitrogen limitation legislation. On 11 and 12 December, farmers blocked the entrance to a Jumbo supply center in Raalte and demonstrations also took place in Oosterhout and Geldermalsen. Also on 12 December, farmers blocked the Albert Heijn distribution center in Zwolle and briefly the Zaanstad distribution center on 13 December. 4,500 customers did not receive their orders from Albert Heijn and 1,700 from Jumbo.[96]

Mayor Peter Snijders of Zwolle (also chairman of the IJsselland Security Region) gave the farmers an ultimatum, after which they left. Angered, Snijders stated that a line had been crossed: "After two major blockades at this distribution center, I have now reached the point that I can not let this go on. Especially during this COVID pandemic, it is risky to do this now. There are people who cannot go to the supermarket because of an infection." Moreover, according to him, the protest was disorganized, people did not adhere to the COVID guidelines and the police had to intervene. He advocated national rules around farmer protests, like other mayors had also proposed.[96] Albert Heijn stated that it would not negotiate with "groups that do not adhere to the agreements made".[97]

On 14 December, dozens of tractors blocked the Jumbo distribution center in Breda for six hours and a dozen farmers also blocked the residence of Jumbo director Frits van Eerd. Agricultural minister Schouten condemned actions that affected "ordinary people who work and do their grocery shopping" and that the security regions should tackle this. Even the radical Farmers Defence Force thought the blockades went too far and discouraged farmers from demonstrating at distribution centers. This may have been because, according to the FDF, the trade association Central Bureau for Food Trade (CBL) had threatened to take the FDF to court and have its members pay for damages.[97]

Protests against new proposals to tackle the nitrogen crisis (2021)

July 2021

Protests returned on 7 July in response to new government proposals on tackling the nitrogen crisis. Agractie came with tractors to the Malieveld in The Hague and members of Farmers Defence Force protested in (the vicinity of) Zwolle, Assen, Arnhem, and Den Bosch.[98] Protests at the Malieveld were more peaceful than before. Member of parliament Tjeerd de Groot did not need security during his visit to the protest, for instance, and he was able to freely converse with the farmers, unlike eighteen months earlier.[99]

Protests against minister Van der Wal's new nitrogen policy (since 2022)

June 2022

 
Upside-down Dutch flags on a bridge in Kockengen, Utrecht. The use and desecration of national symbols became a point of public contention during the 2022 protests.[100]

On 10 June 2022 the protests returned to prominence after the government designated €24.3 billion to finance agricultural reforms that will likely make many farmers drastically reduce their number of livestock or get rid of them altogether.[101][102] The government's proposal aims to halve nitrogen oxide and ammonia pollution in the country by 2030.[103][104] According to government estimates, this could lead to the closure of about 30 percent of livestock farms in the Netherlands.[105]

In the evening of 14 June, angry farmers with tractors blocked the track between Vorden and Winterswijk and chained down two trains at Lichtenvoorde-Groenlo railway station. In their own words, they wanted to "prevent the diesel train on the Lievelde-Winterswijk route from emitting nitrogen any longer in the beautiful Natura 2000 area Korenburgerveen".[106]

Initially, a large-scale protest was planned for 22 June in The Hague, but this was moved to Stroe, Gelderland to conduct a more positive demonstration.[107] The National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism (NCTV) advised MPs Thom van Campen of the VVD, Tjeerd de Groot of D66, and Derk Boswijk of the CDA against going to the protests, because their safety could not be guaranteed. Van Campen and De Groot decided to heed the NCTV's advice, but Boswijk visited the protest anyway.[108] It became one of the largest farmers' protests with tens of thousands of attendants. Despite discouragement from LTO Nederland, arriving and departing farmers again drove their tractors on the highways. This led to traffic jams and a serious accident on the A12 motorway.[17]

On 27 June, protesters blocked a number of highways with tractors and hay bales. Farmers also protested at the provincial government building of North Brabant. Again, there was also a group of farmers who protested at the residence of minister for Nature and Nitrogen Policy Christianne van der Wal.[109] The next day, hay bales were set on fire along several highways.

Protests resumed on 28 June. Among others, there was a demonstration at the House of Representatives, where motions were being voted on. In the evening, there were also protests at the homes of minister Van der Wal and CDA MP Derk Boswijk.[110]

On 29 June, the city of Apeldoorn implemented a state of emergency due to demonstrations and an alleged jailbreak attempt by protestors to free previously arrested activists in custody at the local police station.[111][112]

July 2022

On 1 July, the city of Harderwijk declared a state of emergency in preparation of a demonstration organized by the anti-government protest group Nederland in Verzet (English: Netherlands in Resistance).[113]

On 4 July, farmers began blocking roads with parked vehicles to shut down logistical chains for food distribution, including denying access to supermarkets.[114][115][116] Riot police were called into Heerenveen and deployed tear gas to break up protests.[117]

On 5 July, a canal bridge in Gaarkeuken, Groningen was blocked with around 50 tractors until 6pm, stopping 50 vessels from passing.[118] On the same day, the A37 motorway was briefly blockaded with tractors, resulting in a 2-kilometre traffic jam.[119]

In the evening of 5 July, police fired shots at a 16-year-old youngster driving a tractor after attempting to blockade a highway in Friesland; nobody was injured but the youngster was arrested. [120][121] On 22 July, the Dutch Department of Justice announced the start of a criminal investigation into the incident, concerning whether the actions of the officer in question constituted attempted murder.[122] Also in July, some fishermen began blockading ports in solidarity with the farmers.[123][124]

At the end of July, several farmers dumped waste on highways, especially on the A18. This caused accidents, and motorists who wanted to clean up the waste were verbally abused by the farmers and threatened with violence.[125] At least one farmer was caught in flagrante and received a community service order of 80 hours, a suspended prison sentence of one week, and a claim of more than 3,000 euros for expenses incurred by the Rijkswaterstaat.[126] Another farmer was sentenced to 100 hours of community service, a suspended 60 days prison term, and a claim of damages amounting to 3,600 euros.[127]

August 2022

September 2022

On 20 September, tens of farmers attempted to enter the city center of The Hague with their tractors to protest during Prinsjesdag, in defiance of a state of emergency declared for the duration of festivities.[128] Consequently, authorities confiscated six vehicles and arrested five protesters.[129] Both mayor Jan van Zanen and minister of Justice and Security Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius emphasized that the farmers were allowed to protest, but without heavy equipment.[130]

A threatening situation arose during a provincial agricultural commission meeting in Zwolle on 21 September, where plans regarding the protection of the Natura 2000 area Bergvennen en Brecklenkampse Veld were being presented for a vote. Angered by the possibility of agricultural activity in the area being cut back or shut down, a group of local farmers scolded and intimidated the commission members.[131] The vote was postponed for a month.[132]

On 23 September, ten farmers who had participated in the violent protests at the home of minister Van der Wal on 28 June were sentenced to community service orders of 60 to 100 hours, eight of whom also received suspended prison terms of up to a month. An eleventh protester, a minor, is to serve 80 hours of community service.[133] The Public Prosecution Service has yet to announce charges against an additional 24 suspects who were arrested since the return of protests in the summer of 2022.[134]

Later protests

A group of farmers from Batavia handed out fruit and vegetables at the market of Nijmegen on 29 October 2022 to "help people with small incomes in the current time of rising energy bills" and to renew attention for the farmers' discontent with nitrogen-related legislation.[135]

On 19 February 2023, deputy prime minister Sigrid Kaag was confronted by pro-farmer protesters in Diepenheim, Overijssel, where she was campaigning for D66 in the upcoming provincial elections.[136] Kaag attempted to engage the torch-wielding group in conversation and later concluded that those present had been out to intimidate her.[137] Prime minister Mark Rutte publicly disapproved of the protesters' actions, calling them "rude, inappropriate, and unacceptable",[138] and second deputy prime minister Wopke Hoekstra considered the event an "absolute disgrace".[139]

2023 Zuiderpark protest

Demonstrations in support of the farmers returned to The Hague on 11 March 2023, organized by Farmers Defence Force and "non-political freedom movement" Samen voor Nederland, among a number of other anti-government and COVID-19 protest groups. In addition to their disapproval of the nitrogen policy, up to 25,000 protesters also directed their ire at the slow resolution of the Dutch childcare benefits scandal and in favor of compensation for damages incurred by land subsidence and earthquakes caused by gas production in Groningen.[140] The dispersed nature of these demonstrations and ongoing threats against Farmer–Citizen Movement leader Caroline van der Plas, who did not attend the event due to concerns for her safety,[141] led to Agractie and LTO Nederland disavowing support and participation.[142] Alongside Van der Plas, Wybren van Haga of Belang van Nederland, Geert Wilders of the Party for Freedom, Thierry Baudet of Forum for Democracy, and Roelof Bisschop of the Reformed Political Party had also been invited to speak to the protesters, while representatives of the ruling coalition parties were expressly not.[143]

At the conclusion of a protest-filled day, which also included an occupation of the A12 motorway by demonstrators of Extinction Rebellion (XR) protesting against fossil fuel subsidies,[144] police announced they had taken 700 people into custody, which included a protester who had rammed park fencing with a loader, and issued 12 fines to truck drivers who had parked their vehicles illegally.[145] The overwhelming number of arrests had been made at the XR occupation,[146] however, where the use of a water cannon resulted in hypothermia among protesters and sparked debate on police misconduct and proportionality.[147][148]

Domestic impact

In response to the first protests, Nature and Environmental Federations and GroenLinks claimed the farmers wrongly directed their anger at citizens and politicians. According to them, the agricultural system, including the farmers' organisations, Rabobank, and supermarkets, is to blame for their predicament.[149]

In late October 2019, construction workers and contractors, who were hit even harder as they were out of work without new building contracts following the new nitrogen and PFASs legislation, also took to the streets.[150] Geert Wilders, leader of the Party for Freedom, proposed a 6-month contingency plan in which construction of housing, infrastructure and the majority of agribusiness are classed as essential projects for the country and as such temporarily exempt from the new nitrogen legislation.[151][152] A deal was struck between the cabinet and the farmers organizations in December, but the collective of builders and farmers would continue their protests.[153]

Reactions to violence

Jan Brouwer, director of the Center for Public Order and Safety, felt that the violent protests in Groningen on 14 October 2019 "exceeded the limits of the right to demonstrate." Various politicians, including Helma Lodders, agriculture spokesperson for the VVD, argued that the farmers had gone too far. There was also frustration about "the 'weak knees' of some provincial administrators."[154]

Following the protests on 16 October 2019, during which four people were arrested for assaulting and disobeying the police, prime minister Mark Rutte of the VVD indicated that protesters must adhere to the rules. Gert-Jan Segers of the Christian Union emphasized that farmers "may not transgress." Pieter Heerma of the CDA indicated that farmers are allowed to express their dissatisfaction, but that they "may not intimidate or cause insecurity."[155]

The Public Prosecution Service said that the government had failed by hardly taking action against tractors on the highways in the autumn of 2019. According to prosecutor Linda Bregman, the highway ban could not be sufficiently enforced by the police, due to the farmers' "threatening and intimidating behavior" and excessive alcohol consumption.[156]

Public opinion

Following the initial protests on 1 October 2019, the farmers enjoyed broad popular support among the Dutch population,[157] and farmers' demonstrations were facilitated by local officials, such as the mayor of The Hague. This drew some scrutiny, especially in the aftermath of mass arrests at Extinction Rebellion protests between 7 and 12 October.[158] Halfway through October, understanding and support for the farmers' protests had started to decline, but remained significant, per EenVandaag and RTL Nieuws.[29][159] On 13 December, comments made by Farmers Defence Force spokesperson Mark van den Oever, comparing the treatment of farmers to the persecution of Jews during World War II, were widely condemned.[160] The protests at Eindhoven Airport and threats to block food distribution centers further eroded popular support.[161]

EenVandaag reported that around half of the respondents to its opinion polls had "a lot or quite a bit" of understanding for the farmers' actions on 19 February and 14 July 2020.[29]

In October 2021 (with polling taking place between 6-20 September), 38% of pollees in a survey by I&O Research indicated that they fully supported the farmers' protests. 32% did not support the farmers' protests, 27% were neutral, and 3% were unsure.[162]

On 22 June 2022, EenVandaag reported that understanding for the farmers had returned to a level not seen since October 2019.[29] Around the same time, market researcher Ipsos found that 66% of its respondents had understanding for the protests, contrasted by 12% who did not.[34] In July 2022 (15-18 July) support for the farmers' protests per I&O Research was polled at 39% as opposition increased to 35%. Opinions on the protests seemed to have polarized along political lines and degree of urbanity, as progressive left-wing voters and urban dwellers have grown increasingly critical of the protests.[33] EenVandaag reported on 28 July that although 60% of its 15,000 pollees continued to sympathize with the farmers, 72% did not support the protests of late July, which had seen protesters dump and burn hay bales and waste on highways—including sheets of the carcinogen asbestos[163]—and intimidate contractors sent to clear the roads.[164] Less disruptive methods of protest in comparison, such as demonstrating outside the House of Representatives and other government agencies, and flying the national flag upside down enjoyed the approval of 66% and 55% of respondents, respectively.[35] Similarly, Ipsos' July survey found that public understanding for the farmers' protests had entered a downward trend,[165] which continued in August and September 2022.[166][36]

Understanding for the farmers' actions
(EenVandaag opinion panel)[29]
Date A lot or quite a bit Little or none
1 October 2019 89% 11%
10 October 2019 72% 27%
16 October 2019 60% 38%
19 February 2020 49% 50%
14 July 2020 51% 49%
22 June 2022 63% 36%
28 July 2022[35] 60% –
"I fully support the farmers' protests against the nitrogen measures" (I&O Research)[33]
Period Agree Neutral Disagree Don't know
6-20 September 2021 38% 27% 32% 3%
17-20 June 2022 45% 25% 26% 4%
15-18 July 2022 39% 24% 35% 3%
"I have understanding for the farmers' protests that have arisen as a result of the new nitrogen policy" (Ipsos)
Period (Fully) agree Neutral (Fully) disagree
24-27 June 2022[34] 66% 17% 12%
22-25 July 2022[165] 59% 18% 15%
26-29 August 2022[166] 57% 18% 20%
23-26 September 2022[36] 52% 24% 19%

2019–2020 terrorist threat assessment

In May 2020, the National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism (NCTV) published a report on the current terrorist threat in the Netherlands, in which it was stated that the farmers' protests were generally peaceful, but that Farmers Defence Force in particular regularly transgressed and contributed to social polarization through "unsubtle and threatening statements against politicians and fellow farmers with differing opinions" and physical aggression, for example by pelting motorcycle police officers with fireworks and ramming the door of the provincial government building in Groningen.[167] The FDF denied involvement in said incidents.[168]

As early as December 2019, the NCTV reported on attempts at cross-pollination between the protesting farmers and anti-government agitators, which had already contributed to radicalization in Drenthe and Groningen.[169] After the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, the farmers' protests were eclipsed by criticism of and protests against the Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In October 2020, the NCTV warned that the grievances of the farmers had been co-opted by conspiracy theorists and political extremists[170] who had also become a driving force behind the nascent COVID-19 protests. Particular mention was made of financial support to the farmers by the ultraconservative publisher De Blauwe Tijger, referred to by the NCTV as "a conduit for anti-government propaganda, fake news and conspiracy theories."[171]

Reactions from the animal rights movement

From the first farmers' protest on the Malieveld on 1 October 2019, small numbers of vegans and animal rights activists have staged counter-demonstrations. They said they were not against farmers as a whole, but only against livestock farming and advocated plant foods as a solution to environmental problems, including the nitrogen crisis, as well as to reduce animal suffering. The animal rights and vegan activists found little understanding from the protesting farmers and were even seen as partly responsible for their difficult situation, threatened, spat on, and pelted.[172][173] CDA-prominent and farmer Henk Bleker spoke to the farmer demonstrators on the first day of protests, saying "Don't be provoked today! Don't let a handful of loser vegans or animal rights activists scare you. Look down on them."[174] Bleker claimed afterwards that he wanted to prevent farmers' aggression towards the vegans and animal rights activists (in retaliation for the occupation of the stables in Boxtel),[175] but according to some vegans this set the tone for further contempt.[173]

With the return of largescale farmers' protests in the summer of 2022, threats against agricultural businesses and interest groups also appeared on social media. A man from Emmen, for instance, posted a recruitment message for an 'Animal Defence Force' on Facebook, writing that "the extreme farmer scum must be tracked down and locked up. They are right-wing nationalists and comparable to Nazis towards animals."[176] In response to threats of farm occupations and livestock liberation, the Ministry of Justice and Security and LTO Nederland had collaborated on a fact sheet for potential targets of activism in November 2019,[177] but some felt more preventative action was needed. Wybren van Haga, leader of Belang van Nederland, proposed tougher sentences for "extremists who terrify hardworking farmers" and supports adopting right-to-farm laws similar to the 'Right to Farm Policy' in New South Wales, Australia,[178] which could see offending activists jailed for up to three years and fined up to €13,433.[179]

Home visits by protesters

Visits by groups of farmers and pro-farmer activists to the businesses and private residences of opposing or dissenting politicians and activists revived the public debate about the limits of freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and the right to protest.[180] There was general consensus that the action was not punishable, but it was considered intimidating and agreed on that debate should not be conducted in the private sphere of politicians and other involved parties. According to article 285b of the Criminal Code, "infringing someone's privacy" is punishable,[181] although in practice it turned out to be difficult to legally distinguish the private sphere from the public space.[180]

Not all home visits have been tolerated, however; a man wielding a torch and using menacing language outside the residence of minister Sigrid Kaag in January 2022, for example, was sentenced to five months in prison for threats of violence, incitement, and disruption of the democratic process.[180][182][183] Others who received unwelcome visits by protesters include D66 politician Rob Jetten, Normaal singer Bennie Jolink, minister Christianne van der Wal and politicians Tjeerd de Groot (D66) and Derk Boswijk (CDA),[184] LTO Nederland chairman and CDA politician Sjaak van der Tak, Agractie frontman Bart Kemp, and BoerenNatuur chairman Alex Datema.[185]

2023 provincial and water board elections

Main articles: 2023 Dutch provincial elections and 2023 Dutch water board elections

The new right-wing populist Farmer–Citizen Movement (Dutch: BoerBurgerBeweging; BBB) of agricultural journalist and former CDA member Caroline van der Plas achieved major victories in the provincial elections and water board elections on 15 March 2023.[186][187] The BBB is projected to become the largest party in the Senate after the Senate election on 30 May 2023.[188]

International reactions

See also: Protests against the green agenda
  • Political commentator and former Forum for Democracy hopeful Eva Vlaardingerbroek made an appearance on the American show Tucker Carlson Tonight on 7 July 2022 to discuss the farmers' protests.[189] During the interview,[190] she told host Tucker Carlson that the Dutch government's attempts at reducing agricultural pollution is part of their contribution to the "Great Reset" conspiracy theory, arguing that the "farmers are hardworking, God-fearing and especially self-sufficient people that are just standing in the way of their globalist agenda." In reference to the far-right "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory, Vlaardingerbroek claimed that the government intended to evict the farmers from their land to "house new immigrants".[170][191] Similarly, American author and right-wing social media influencer Tucker Max published a series of tweets[192] explaining his belief that the restrictions on the livestock farmers are part of a global scheme to starve the populace into submission, urging his followers to make preparations and achieve food self-sufficiency.[189]
  • On 15 July 2022, a video appeared on Twitter, Telegram, and Facebook, calling for worldwide protests on 23 July in solidarity with the farmers.[170] An inquiry by the investigative journalist platform Pointer of the KRO-NCRV uncovered that alongside Dutch anti-government protester and Nederland in Verzet spokesman Michel Reijinga, those behind the call to action were the American CloutHub founder and CEO Jeff Brain, the Canadian far-right media outlet Rebel News,[193] and the Canadian alternative media outlet The Counter Signal.[194] Former Trump adviser Steve Bannon also disseminated the video and interviewed Brain on his podcast Bannon's War Room.[195] Despite domestic support from COVID-19 protest groups, it appeared none of the Dutch farmers' interest groups had been invited to participate.[196] On 23 July, a 'slow-roll' protest in Ottawa attracted 150 to 200 attendees and resulted in one arrest,[3] while on Dam Square in Amsterdam 1,000 protesters watched a pre-recorded message from former U.S. National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.[197][198]
  • Former U.S. President Donald Trump expressed support for the Dutch farmers during a two-hour speech at Turning Point USA's Student Action Summit in Tampa, Florida on 23 July 2022.[170] He would go on to claim that climate change is a hoax and that attempts to protect the climate would lead to "famine and starvation," further asserting that there were food shortages already and that the Dutch government had instructed the farmers to get rid of their cattle and forbade them from farming their lands or using fertilizer.[199] Other right-wing populist leaders who expressed their support for the protesters were French politician Marine Le Pen of the National Rally, Polish deputy prime minister and minister of agriculture Henryk Kowalczyk of the Law and Justice party, and Polish member of parliament Jarosław Sachajko of Kukiz'15.[200] In addition, British comedian-turned-YouTuber Russell Brand informed his 5.8 million subscribers that the Dutch nitrogen reduction legislation was part of the "Great Reset" conspiracy theory.[201]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Protests of Dutch farmers against nitrogen policy.

May 09, 2023
dutch, farmers, protests, dutch, boerenprotesten, series, demonstrations, dutch, livestock, farmers, characterised, tractors, block, roads, occupy, public, spaces, protests, were, initially, triggered, october, 2019, proposal, parliament, halve, country, lives. The Dutch farmers protests Dutch boerenprotesten are a series of demonstrations by Dutch livestock farmers characterised by the use of tractors to block roads and occupy public spaces 20 21 The protests were initially triggered in October 2019 by a proposal in parliament to halve the country s livestock in an attempt to limit agricultural pollution in the Netherlands 22 23 24 25 but protesting farmers have frequently told media that they are motivated by a perceived lack of respect for their profession by the Dutch populace media and politicians 26 27 The protests combined several action groups and an amalgamation of larger goals which included less government regulation for farmers more air time for pro farmer sentiments and more policy to punish Shell and Tata Steel for their part in the emission crisis 28 Dutch farmers protestsPart of the protests against the green agendaA farmer protesting in The Hague 1 October 2019Date1 October 2019 ongoing 3 years 7 months and 4 days LocationNetherlands local demonstrations in Belgium Germany and Canada 1 2 3 Caused byProposals and legislation to limit human impact on the nitrogen cycle by down scaling industrial livestock production and reducing levels of crude protein in fodderAnimal rights activists occupation of a pig farm in Boxtel North Brabant and the growing influence of the Dutch environmental movementPerceived public disrespect towards agribusiness 4 GoalsFewer or no nitrogen related restrictions on livestock farmingHigher prices for agricultural produce 5 Public respect for the agricultural sector 4 MethodsArsonBarricadesDemonstrationsFlag desecrationIllegal dumpingInternet activismIntimidation of elected officials businesses and activistsOccupationsParties to the civil conflictAgricultural interest groups and individualsAgractieFarmers Defence ForceLTO NederlandTeam Agro NL 6 Voll Gass 7 Anti government 8 9 and COVID 19 protesters 10 11 Nederland in Verzet 12 Samen voor Nederland 13 Third Rutte cabinet Minister of Agriculture Carola Schouten Fourth Rutte cabinet Minister for Nature and Nitrogen Policy Christianne van der Wal Netherlands Armed ForcesRoyal Netherlands Army 14 Royal Marechaussee 15 National Police CorpsAnimal rights and environmental activist groups and individualsCasualtiesInjuriesAt least 6 16 17 18 ArrestedOver 100 19 Public understanding for the farmers has remained high for the duration of the conflict 29 but actual support wavered in December 2019 over a series of radical actions and statements made by demonstrators 30 31 By July 2020 55 of people responding to a survey by current affairs program EenVandaag did not support further protests but just over half of the respondents did remain sympathetic to the farmers 32 In the summer of 2022 support for the protests was polled between 39 45 by I amp O Research 33 while EenVandaag and Ipsos found understanding for the farmers among 52 66 of their pollees 29 34 35 36 Contents 1 Background 2 Protests against halving industrial livestock production 2019 2020 2 1 October 2019 2 2 November 2019 2 3 December 2019 2 3 1 De boer dat is de keerl Top 2000 voting campaign 2 4 February 2020 3 Protests against reduction of crude protein levels in fodder 2020 3 1 July 2020 3 2 October 2020 3 3 November 2020 3 4 December 2020 4 Protests against new proposals to tackle the nitrogen crisis 2021 4 1 July 2021 5 Protests against minister Van der Wal s new nitrogen policy since 2022 5 1 June 2022 5 2 July 2022 5 3 August 2022 5 4 September 2022 5 5 Later protests 5 5 1 2023 Zuiderpark protest 6 Domestic impact 6 1 Reactions to violence 6 2 Public opinion 6 3 2019 2020 terrorist threat assessment 6 4 Reactions from the animal rights movement 6 5 Home visits by protesters 6 6 2023 provincial and water board elections 7 International reactions 8 See also 9 ReferencesBackground EditThe Netherlands has a significant agrarian and livestock sector which produces and transits large quantities of agricultural exports As such the country is the second largest exporter of agricultural produce in the world after the United States when the exportation of imported agricultural goods such as cattle and soybeans are included 37 Large imports of cattle fodder cause an imbalance in the nitrogen cycle Since the mid 2000s climate activism and animal rights activism have become more commonplace in the Dutch House of Representatives and general political discourse of the Netherlands especially with the emergence of the Party for the Animals as a political force Policy proposals by parties such as the Dutch green party GroenLinks and the social liberal D66 have since emphasized the need for farmers to transition into sustainable farming 38 39 40 These policy proposals were consistently met with opposition by farmers and their representatives Between 1990 and 2010 considerable progress had been made in reducing agricultural pollution during a series of coalitions between centre left and centre right parties In 2010 however the centre right Christian Democratic Appeal and People s Party for Freedom and Democracy formed a minority cabinet with the support of the far right Party for Freedom Pollution reduction projects were largely put on hold while existing regulations were no longer strictly enforced Even though this First Rutte cabinet proved to be short lived it led to a trend break in environmental policy In reaction environmental activists began to sue the Dutch state demanding that the laws would be upheld Nitrogen from dung is a significant polluting agent in the Low Countries In 2019 the Netherlands entered a nitrogen emission crisis when on 29 May the Council of State the highest Dutch administrative court ruled that the existing emission policy violated Dutch law and European regulations protecting vulnerable nature reserves and biotopes In principle no further emission critically impacting such areas was allowed which threatened to halt a significant part of Dutch building and infrastructural projects unless their nitrogen output would be compensated by a reduction in agricultural emissions The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM reported that the severely damaging effects of nitrogen on Dutch soil could only be halted by direct action The institute found that farmers were responsible for 46 of the country s nitrogen emission 41 mostly due to cow dung produced by the livestock industry 42 This situation led Tjeerd de Groot a member of the House of Representatives for D66 a party in the ruling coalition to propose new policy to halve the current Dutch livestock on 9 September 2019 43 The RIVM s findings coupled with De Groot s policy proposal led to resistance by Farmers Defence Force a farmer activist group It claimed that the institute had used shady methods to portray farmers as big time polluters 41 They claimed that their unfair portrayal as polluters 44 is caused by the governments desire to let the real big time polluters go free 41 They claimed their fundamental rights were threatened by legislation aiming to lower emissions and demanded that any new legislation would not threaten agricultural undertakings with elimination 41 They also demanded more research to be undertaken before new legislation be proposed 41 The government repudiated the accusations of using shady methods being used by the RIVM and claimed the numbers were correct 41 In addition to the nitrogen emission crisis Dutch news media have reported that farmers have felt disrespected or threatened in their existence because of increased government regulation on the agricultural and livestock sectors as well as the popularity of animal rights activism among the Dutch population 45 46 An incident that occurred on 13 May 2019 in which up to 200 animal rights activists occupied a pig farm in Boxtel North Brabant sowed fear among livestock farmers and motivated them to organize into collectives such as Farmers Defence Force and Agractie which later became key players in the farmers protests 47 48 Protests against halving industrial livestock production 2019 2020 EditOctober 2019 Edit Military blockades in the streets of The Hague 16 October 2019 14 1 October was one of the days with the most intense protests 41 Thousands of farmers went to The Hague to protest their tractors causing over a thousand kilometres of traffic jams 41 49 50 This made it the busiest morning rush hour in the history of the Netherlands 50 When arriving at designated location the Malieveld the protesters damaged the area driving through fences and signs 51 52 and destroying the landscape 53 Afterwards farmers offered to assist in repairing the damage 53 In a speech sheep farmer Bart Kemp said that politicians lack the intelligence of farmers and claimed that the protests were the biggest ever undertaken by farmers in all of history 44 Minister Carola Schouten promises in a speech that as long as she is minister of agriculture to regulate the amount of legally allowed livestock part of the livestock will not be halved 44 54 a measure which parties like Democrats 66 supported in order to shrink nitrogen emissions 54 When proponents of the nitrogen measures got to tell their side of the story the farmers turned their backs to the stage and drowned out their arguments with curse words 44 The farmers again used unlawful actions one such example is when a microphone was taken so as to prevent proponents of the climate measures from talking making necessary the intervention of security personnel 44 On 11 October farmers protested against the new nitrogen emission legislation in the provinces of Friesland and North Brabant As a result the Frisian province revoked the law 41 55 At 12 00 on 14 October employers organisation LTO Nederland s protest action began having called on its 14 000 members to begin protesting in Gelderland Overijssel Drenthe Groningen North Holland South Holland Flevoland and Utrecht 41 In Groningen the farmers stormed the provincial government building 56 57 58 This was condemned by LTO Nederland 59 Farmers from Limburg protested in front of the provincial government headquarters in Maastricht on 15 October 41 In Zeeland farmers began negotiating instead of holding protests 41 On 16 October protests were organised by Farmers Defence Force and started at the RIVM building in Bilthoven later moving to the Binnenhof in The Hague 41 as well as the central train station of the city 60 During these protests a leader of Farmers Defence Force threatened civil war 61 claiming that the government using the military was a cowardly retreat behind a wall of intimidation and violence 61 Soldiers were employed to block off streets in order to prevent escalation of the protests 62 This was a reaction to the violence the farmers employed in Groningen during previous protests 62 17 October began with the farmers preparing a free breakfast for the inhabitants of The Hague before they hit the road again 41 63 64 using their tractors to dump used paper at government buildings 41 64 November 2019 Edit On 25 November many farmers and builders parked next to the exits of major roads throughout the country threatening to block access to them 65 One farmer declared we want to come out on top insinuating this meant better policy 65 December 2019 Edit When soon enough there will be no more farmers don t say wir haben es nicht gewusst Mark van den Oever referencing the Holocaust during an address to the provincial council of North Brabant on 13 December 2019 66 Farmers Defence Force planned to block food distribution throughout the country in the week before Christmas 67 FDF frontman Mark van den Oever stated that he wanted to refresh Dutch citizens memories of the Dutch famine of 1944 1945 during which thousands of citizens travelled to the countryside to beg local farmers for food due to shortages in the densely populated western parts of the Netherlands 68 Next to that Van den Oever stirred great controversy while comparing the situation of the Dutch farmers to that of the persecution of Jews during World War II 69 These statements led to both support as well as anger 70 71 Out of 4 955 farmers who filled in a survey by agricultural organisation LTO Nederland 71 did not support potential blockings 72 15 did not want any more protests at all 72 The potential blockings were quickly denounced as illegal 73 On 13 December in a surprise protest Farmers Defence Force blocked the roads to Eindhoven Airport for several hours leading to severe traffic jams throughout the eastern part of Brabant That same day farmers also held protests in both Amsterdam and Den Bosch Farmer Defence Force called the surprise protest in Eindhoven a teaser for the 18 December protests 74 On 17 December a court case ruled that the farmers were not allowed to block the food distribution on their planned protest date on 18 December but were allowed to protest at the locations 75 The farmers announced protests at 45 different locations including the Media Park in Hilversum 76 However blockings still occurred after all In Bergen op Zoom farmers blocked a chemicals company 77 Several border crossings between the Netherlands and Germany were blocked sometimes in collaboration with German farmers 77 The protests led to several fines and several people were arrested by the police for throwing fireworks 78 De boer dat is de keerl Top 2000 voting campaign Edit Team Agro one of the collective farmer groups announced their intention to vote Normaal s 1982 single De boer dat is de keerl to the top of the annual NPO Radio 2 marathon Top 2000 De boer dat is de keerl Achterhooks for The farmer that is the man is an adaption of a Fiddlin John Carson American country song and tells the story of the hard working and undervalued farmer who is deprived of his money On 7 December it was announced that De boer dat is de keerl was the ninth most voted song and the top voted song in rural areas such as Twente Weststellingwerf and Normaal s native Achterhoek region 79 80 February 2020 Edit Farmers Defence Force announced a new protest but canceled it in advance 81 Talks had been planned for the 5th of February between the minister of agriculture Carola Schouten prime minister Mark Rutte and the different protest groups The reason the protest was canceled was allegedly because of new calculations of nitrogen emissions of the RIVM and the FDF wanting to wait for a better moment to organize a protest The first protest in 2020 was on the 19th of February Just like previous protests this one was also organized by Farmers Defence Force However the protest did not take place on the Malieveld in The Hague because the city of The Hague and Staatsbosbeheer kindly asked them not to The FDF reached out to the farmers and asked them to adhere to the rules They protested on the Koekamp a small park next to the Malieveld instead 82 The second difference is the usage of highways The Dutch national police stated that they will enforce standard traffic rules This resulted in a few farmers being pulled over and fined on different roads throughout the country for driving a tractor on motorways despite Farmers Defence Force stressing that farmers shouldn t make use of motor or highways 83 84 Different political parties were invited to speech at the protest The PVV of Geert Wilders Forum voor Democratie and CDA were invited Ultimately only FvD and CDA were allowed by Farmers Defence Force to speech on stage Geert Wilders was rejected by the leaders of the FDF FDF member Jeroen van Maanen said on the stage that Wilders would only come if there were cameras or television crews and FDF would not allow that 85 After the protest ended around 3pm a few farmers made their way to the Ministry for Agriculture They were stopped by the police before they could reach the ministry building The farmers carried stickers of the FDF which they wanted to put on the building 86 Protests against reduction of crude protein levels in fodder 2020 EditOn 6 May 2020 Minister Schouten announced that she would set a maximum for the crude protein content in fodder for dairy cattle that would take effect in September 2020 The goal of this legislation was to reduce nitrogen emissions in the short term so that houses could be built to combat the ongoing shortage of affordable housing in the Netherlands 87 This was criticized by farmers because it would be bad for the health of the animals and would lead to lower production July 2020 Edit Farmers Defence Force protesters and Royal Marechaussee personnel at Eindhoven Airport 5 July 2020 15 Expecting a strong reaction to the announced measures before the government s summer recess the military again readied 25 trucks and 60 soldiers to cordon off roads in The Hague 88 On 8 July there was a demonstration at a waste processing plant in Wijster Drenthe which resulted in the arrests of 57 farmers 89 Dozens of tractors blocked an Albert Heijn distribution center in Zwolle on 10 July Albert Heijn was temporarily unable to supply 230 stores due to the blockade 90 In addition the headquarters of Jumbo in Veghel and Eindhoven Airport were blocked with tractors 91 On 12 July the Farmers went to protest in Maastricht 92 October 2020 Edit When D66 leader Rob Jetten was in home quarantine because of a COVID infection five members of Farmers Defence Force made an unannounced late night visit to his private home to offer him a food package It contained several types of meat which was chosen on purpose playfully according to the FDF because Jetten is a vegetarian for his health Jetten and fellow politicians responded that despite the activists supposedly good intentions it was highly inappropriate and even intimidating to visit the private addresses of politicians you disagree with unannounced and in the dark of night 93 November 2020 Edit On 17 November there was another farmer s protest in The Hague 94 The Malieveld was again heavily damaged a COVID shelter for the homeless was blocked and a cyclist was hit by a tractor 95 December 2020 Edit Farmers demonstrations returned in mid December because according to some farmers supermarkets were paying too little for their products and in protest against nitrogen limitation legislation On 11 and 12 December farmers blocked the entrance to a Jumbo supply center in Raalte and demonstrations also took place in Oosterhout and Geldermalsen Also on 12 December farmers blocked the Albert Heijn distribution center in Zwolle and briefly the Zaanstad distribution center on 13 December 4 500 customers did not receive their orders from Albert Heijn and 1 700 from Jumbo 96 Mayor Peter Snijders of Zwolle also chairman of the IJsselland Security Region gave the farmers an ultimatum after which they left Angered Snijders stated that a line had been crossed After two major blockades at this distribution center I have now reached the point that I can not let this go on Especially during this COVID pandemic it is risky to do this now There are people who cannot go to the supermarket because of an infection Moreover according to him the protest was disorganized people did not adhere to the COVID guidelines and the police had to intervene He advocated national rules around farmer protests like other mayors had also proposed 96 Albert Heijn stated that it would not negotiate with groups that do not adhere to the agreements made 97 On 14 December dozens of tractors blocked the Jumbo distribution center in Breda for six hours and a dozen farmers also blocked the residence of Jumbo director Frits van Eerd Agricultural minister Schouten condemned actions that affected ordinary people who work and do their grocery shopping and that the security regions should tackle this Even the radical Farmers Defence Force thought the blockades went too far and discouraged farmers from demonstrating at distribution centers This may have been because according to the FDF the trade association Central Bureau for Food Trade CBL had threatened to take the FDF to court and have its members pay for damages 97 Protests against new proposals to tackle the nitrogen crisis 2021 EditJuly 2021 Edit Protests returned on 7 July in response to new government proposals on tackling the nitrogen crisis Agractie came with tractors to the Malieveld in The Hague and members of Farmers Defence Force protested in the vicinity of Zwolle Assen Arnhem and Den Bosch 98 Protests at the Malieveld were more peaceful than before Member of parliament Tjeerd de Groot did not need security during his visit to the protest for instance and he was able to freely converse with the farmers unlike eighteen months earlier 99 Protests against minister Van der Wal s new nitrogen policy since 2022 EditJune 2022 Edit Upside down Dutch flags on a bridge in Kockengen Utrecht The use and desecration of national symbols became a point of public contention during the 2022 protests 100 On 10 June 2022 the protests returned to prominence after the government designated 24 3 billion to finance agricultural reforms that will likely make many farmers drastically reduce their number of livestock or get rid of them altogether 101 102 The government s proposal aims to halve nitrogen oxide and ammonia pollution in the country by 2030 103 104 According to government estimates this could lead to the closure of about 30 percent of livestock farms in the Netherlands 105 In the evening of 14 June angry farmers with tractors blocked the track between Vorden and Winterswijk and chained down two trains at Lichtenvoorde Groenlo railway station In their own words they wanted to prevent the diesel train on the Lievelde Winterswijk route from emitting nitrogen any longer in the beautiful Natura 2000 area Korenburgerveen 106 Initially a large scale protest was planned for 22 June in The Hague but this was moved to Stroe Gelderland to conduct a more positive demonstration 107 The National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism NCTV advised MPs Thom van Campen of the VVD Tjeerd de Groot of D66 and Derk Boswijk of the CDA against going to the protests because their safety could not be guaranteed Van Campen and De Groot decided to heed the NCTV s advice but Boswijk visited the protest anyway 108 It became one of the largest farmers protests with tens of thousands of attendants Despite discouragement from LTO Nederland arriving and departing farmers again drove their tractors on the highways This led to traffic jams and a serious accident on the A12 motorway 17 On 27 June protesters blocked a number of highways with tractors and hay bales Farmers also protested at the provincial government building of North Brabant Again there was also a group of farmers who protested at the residence of minister for Nature and Nitrogen Policy Christianne van der Wal 109 The next day hay bales were set on fire along several highways Protests resumed on 28 June Among others there was a demonstration at the House of Representatives where motions were being voted on In the evening there were also protests at the homes of minister Van der Wal and CDA MP Derk Boswijk 110 On 29 June the city of Apeldoorn implemented a state of emergency due to demonstrations and an alleged jailbreak attempt by protestors to free previously arrested activists in custody at the local police station 111 112 July 2022 Edit On 1 July the city of Harderwijk declared a state of emergency in preparation of a demonstration organized by the anti government protest group Nederland in Verzet English Netherlands in Resistance 113 On 4 July farmers began blocking roads with parked vehicles to shut down logistical chains for food distribution including denying access to supermarkets 114 115 116 Riot police were called into Heerenveen and deployed tear gas to break up protests 117 On 5 July a canal bridge in Gaarkeuken Groningen was blocked with around 50 tractors until 6pm stopping 50 vessels from passing 118 On the same day the A37 motorway was briefly blockaded with tractors resulting in a 2 kilometre traffic jam 119 In the evening of 5 July police fired shots at a 16 year old youngster driving a tractor after attempting to blockade a highway in Friesland nobody was injured but the youngster was arrested 120 121 On 22 July the Dutch Department of Justice announced the start of a criminal investigation into the incident concerning whether the actions of the officer in question constituted attempted murder 122 Also in July some fishermen began blockading ports in solidarity with the farmers 123 124 At the end of July several farmers dumped waste on highways especially on the A18 This caused accidents and motorists who wanted to clean up the waste were verbally abused by the farmers and threatened with violence 125 At least one farmer was caught in flagrante and received a community service order of 80 hours a suspended prison sentence of one week and a claim of more than 3 000 euros for expenses incurred by the Rijkswaterstaat 126 Another farmer was sentenced to 100 hours of community service a suspended 60 days prison term and a claim of damages amounting to 3 600 euros 127 August 2022 Edit This section is empty You can help by adding to it August 2022 September 2022 Edit On 20 September tens of farmers attempted to enter the city center of The Hague with their tractors to protest during Prinsjesdag in defiance of a state of emergency declared for the duration of festivities 128 Consequently authorities confiscated six vehicles and arrested five protesters 129 Both mayor Jan van Zanen and minister of Justice and Security Dilan Yesilgoz Zegerius emphasized that the farmers were allowed to protest but without heavy equipment 130 A threatening situation arose during a provincial agricultural commission meeting in Zwolle on 21 September where plans regarding the protection of the Natura 2000 area Bergvennen en Brecklenkampse Veld were being presented for a vote Angered by the possibility of agricultural activity in the area being cut back or shut down a group of local farmers scolded and intimidated the commission members 131 The vote was postponed for a month 132 On 23 September ten farmers who had participated in the violent protests at the home of minister Van der Wal on 28 June were sentenced to community service orders of 60 to 100 hours eight of whom also received suspended prison terms of up to a month An eleventh protester a minor is to serve 80 hours of community service 133 The Public Prosecution Service has yet to announce charges against an additional 24 suspects who were arrested since the return of protests in the summer of 2022 134 Later protests Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it February 2023 A group of farmers from Batavia handed out fruit and vegetables at the market of Nijmegen on 29 October 2022 to help people with small incomes in the current time of rising energy bills and to renew attention for the farmers discontent with nitrogen related legislation 135 On 19 February 2023 deputy prime minister Sigrid Kaag was confronted by pro farmer protesters in Diepenheim Overijssel where she was campaigning for D66 in the upcoming provincial elections 136 Kaag attempted to engage the torch wielding group in conversation and later concluded that those present had been out to intimidate her 137 Prime minister Mark Rutte publicly disapproved of the protesters actions calling them rude inappropriate and unacceptable 138 and second deputy prime minister Wopke Hoekstra considered the event an absolute disgrace 139 2023 Zuiderpark protest Edit Demonstrations in support of the farmers returned to The Hague on 11 March 2023 organized by Farmers Defence Force and non political freedom movement Samen voor Nederland among a number of other anti government and COVID 19 protest groups In addition to their disapproval of the nitrogen policy up to 25 000 protesters also directed their ire at the slow resolution of the Dutch childcare benefits scandal and in favor of compensation for damages incurred by land subsidence and earthquakes caused by gas production in Groningen 140 The dispersed nature of these demonstrations and ongoing threats against Farmer Citizen Movement leader Caroline van der Plas who did not attend the event due to concerns for her safety 141 led to Agractie and LTO Nederland disavowing support and participation 142 Alongside Van der Plas Wybren van Haga of Belang van Nederland Geert Wilders of the Party for Freedom Thierry Baudet of Forum for Democracy and Roelof Bisschop of the Reformed Political Party had also been invited to speak to the protesters while representatives of the ruling coalition parties were expressly not 143 At the conclusion of a protest filled day which also included an occupation of the A12 motorway by demonstrators of Extinction Rebellion XR protesting against fossil fuel subsidies 144 police announced they had taken 700 people into custody which included a protester who had rammed park fencing with a loader and issued 12 fines to truck drivers who had parked their vehicles illegally 145 The overwhelming number of arrests had been made at the XR occupation 146 however where the use of a water cannon resulted in hypothermia among protesters and sparked debate on police misconduct and proportionality 147 148 Domestic impact EditIn response to the first protests Nature and Environmental Federations and GroenLinks claimed the farmers wrongly directed their anger at citizens and politicians According to them the agricultural system including the farmers organisations Rabobank and supermarkets is to blame for their predicament 149 In late October 2019 construction workers and contractors who were hit even harder as they were out of work without new building contracts following the new nitrogen and PFASs legislation also took to the streets 150 Geert Wilders leader of the Party for Freedom proposed a 6 month contingency plan in which construction of housing infrastructure and the majority of agribusiness are classed as essential projects for the country and as such temporarily exempt from the new nitrogen legislation 151 152 A deal was struck between the cabinet and the farmers organizations in December but the collective of builders and farmers would continue their protests 153 Reactions to violence Edit Jan Brouwer director of the Center for Public Order and Safety felt that the violent protests in Groningen on 14 October 2019 exceeded the limits of the right to demonstrate Various politicians including Helma Lodders agriculture spokesperson for the VVD argued that the farmers had gone too far There was also frustration about the weak knees of some provincial administrators 154 Following the protests on 16 October 2019 during which four people were arrested for assaulting and disobeying the police prime minister Mark Rutte of the VVD indicated that protesters must adhere to the rules Gert Jan Segers of the Christian Union emphasized that farmers may not transgress Pieter Heerma of the CDA indicated that farmers are allowed to express their dissatisfaction but that they may not intimidate or cause insecurity 155 The Public Prosecution Service said that the government had failed by hardly taking action against tractors on the highways in the autumn of 2019 According to prosecutor Linda Bregman the highway ban could not be sufficiently enforced by the police due to the farmers threatening and intimidating behavior and excessive alcohol consumption 156 Public opinion Edit Following the initial protests on 1 October 2019 the farmers enjoyed broad popular support among the Dutch population 157 and farmers demonstrations were facilitated by local officials such as the mayor of The Hague This drew some scrutiny especially in the aftermath of mass arrests at Extinction Rebellion protests between 7 and 12 October 158 Halfway through October understanding and support for the farmers protests had started to decline but remained significant per EenVandaag and RTL Nieuws 29 159 On 13 December comments made by Farmers Defence Force spokesperson Mark van den Oever comparing the treatment of farmers to the persecution of Jews during World War II were widely condemned 160 The protests at Eindhoven Airport and threats to block food distribution centers further eroded popular support 161 EenVandaag reported that around half of the respondents to its opinion polls had a lot or quite a bit of understanding for the farmers actions on 19 February and 14 July 2020 29 In October 2021 with polling taking place between 6 20 September 38 of pollees in a survey by I amp O Research indicated that they fully supported the farmers protests 32 did not support the farmers protests 27 were neutral and 3 were unsure 162 On 22 June 2022 EenVandaag reported that understanding for the farmers had returned to a level not seen since October 2019 29 Around the same time market researcher Ipsos found that 66 of its respondents had understanding for the protests contrasted by 12 who did not 34 In July 2022 15 18 July support for the farmers protests per I amp O Research was polled at 39 as opposition increased to 35 Opinions on the protests seemed to have polarized along political lines and degree of urbanity as progressive left wing voters and urban dwellers have grown increasingly critical of the protests 33 EenVandaag reported on 28 July that although 60 of its 15 000 pollees continued to sympathize with the farmers 72 did not support the protests of late July which had seen protesters dump and burn hay bales and waste on highways including sheets of the carcinogen asbestos 163 and intimidate contractors sent to clear the roads 164 Less disruptive methods of protest in comparison such as demonstrating outside the House of Representatives and other government agencies and flying the national flag upside down enjoyed the approval of 66 and 55 of respondents respectively 35 Similarly Ipsos July survey found that public understanding for the farmers protests had entered a downward trend 165 which continued in August and September 2022 166 36 Understanding for the farmers actions EenVandaag opinion panel 29 Date A lot or quite a bit Little or none1 October 2019 89 11 10 October 2019 72 27 16 October 2019 60 38 19 February 2020 49 50 14 July 2020 51 49 22 June 2022 63 36 28 July 2022 35 60 I fully support the farmers protests against the nitrogen measures I amp O Research 33 Period Agree Neutral Disagree Don t know6 20 September 2021 38 27 32 3 17 20 June 2022 45 25 26 4 15 18 July 2022 39 24 35 3 I have understanding for the farmers protests that have arisen as a result of the new nitrogen policy Ipsos Period Fully agree Neutral Fully disagree24 27 June 2022 34 66 17 12 22 25 July 2022 165 59 18 15 26 29 August 2022 166 57 18 20 23 26 September 2022 36 52 24 19 2019 2020 terrorist threat assessment Edit In May 2020 the National Coordinator for Security and Counterterrorism NCTV published a report on the current terrorist threat in the Netherlands in which it was stated that the farmers protests were generally peaceful but that Farmers Defence Force in particular regularly transgressed and contributed to social polarization through unsubtle and threatening statements against politicians and fellow farmers with differing opinions and physical aggression for example by pelting motorcycle police officers with fireworks and ramming the door of the provincial government building in Groningen 167 The FDF denied involvement in said incidents 168 As early as December 2019 the NCTV reported on attempts at cross pollination between the protesting farmers and anti government agitators which had already contributed to radicalization in Drenthe and Groningen 169 After the arrival of the COVID 19 pandemic in the Netherlands the farmers protests were eclipsed by criticism of and protests against the Dutch government response to the COVID 19 pandemic In October 2020 the NCTV warned that the grievances of the farmers had been co opted by conspiracy theorists and political extremists 170 who had also become a driving force behind the nascent COVID 19 protests Particular mention was made of financial support to the farmers by the ultraconservative publisher De Blauwe Tijger referred to by the NCTV as a conduit for anti government propaganda fake news and conspiracy theories 171 Reactions from the animal rights movement Edit From the first farmers protest on the Malieveld on 1 October 2019 small numbers of vegans and animal rights activists have staged counter demonstrations They said they were not against farmers as a whole but only against livestock farming and advocated plant foods as a solution to environmental problems including the nitrogen crisis as well as to reduce animal suffering The animal rights and vegan activists found little understanding from the protesting farmers and were even seen as partly responsible for their difficult situation threatened spat on and pelted 172 173 CDA prominent and farmer Henk Bleker spoke to the farmer demonstrators on the first day of protests saying Don t be provoked today Don t let a handful of loser vegans or animal rights activists scare you Look down on them 174 Bleker claimed afterwards that he wanted to prevent farmers aggression towards the vegans and animal rights activists in retaliation for the occupation of the stables in Boxtel 175 but according to some vegans this set the tone for further contempt 173 With the return of largescale farmers protests in the summer of 2022 threats against agricultural businesses and interest groups also appeared on social media A man from Emmen for instance posted a recruitment message for an Animal Defence Force on Facebook writing that the extreme farmer scum must be tracked down and locked up They are right wing nationalists and comparable to Nazis towards animals 176 In response to threats of farm occupations and livestock liberation the Ministry of Justice and Security and LTO Nederland had collaborated on a fact sheet for potential targets of activism in November 2019 177 but some felt more preventative action was needed Wybren van Haga leader of Belang van Nederland proposed tougher sentences for extremists who terrify hardworking farmers and supports adopting right to farm laws similar to the Right to Farm Policy in New South Wales Australia 178 which could see offending activists jailed for up to three years and fined up to 13 433 179 Home visits by protesters Edit Visits by groups of farmers and pro farmer activists to the businesses and private residences of opposing or dissenting politicians and activists revived the public debate about the limits of freedom of speech freedom of assembly and the right to protest 180 There was general consensus that the action was not punishable but it was considered intimidating and agreed on that debate should not be conducted in the private sphere of politicians and other involved parties According to article 285b of the Criminal Code infringing someone s privacy is punishable 181 although in practice it turned out to be difficult to legally distinguish the private sphere from the public space 180 Not all home visits have been tolerated however a man wielding a torch and using menacing language outside the residence of minister Sigrid Kaag in January 2022 for example was sentenced to five months in prison for threats of violence incitement and disruption of the democratic process 180 182 183 Others who received unwelcome visits by protesters include D66 politician Rob Jetten Normaal singer Bennie Jolink minister Christianne van der Wal and politicians Tjeerd de Groot D66 and Derk Boswijk CDA 184 LTO Nederland chairman and CDA politician Sjaak van der Tak Agractie frontman Bart Kemp and BoerenNatuur chairman Alex Datema 185 2023 provincial and water board elections Edit Main articles 2023 Dutch provincial elections and 2023 Dutch water board elections The new right wing populist Farmer Citizen Movement Dutch BoerBurgerBeweging BBB of agricultural journalist and former CDA member Caroline van der Plas achieved major victories in the provincial elections and water board elections on 15 March 2023 186 187 The BBB is projected to become the largest party in the Senate after the Senate election on 30 May 2023 188 International reactions EditSee also Protests against the green agenda Political commentator and former Forum for Democracy hopeful Eva Vlaardingerbroek made an appearance on the American show Tucker Carlson Tonight on 7 July 2022 to discuss the farmers protests 189 During the interview 190 she told host Tucker Carlson that the Dutch government s attempts at reducing agricultural pollution is part of their contribution to the Great Reset conspiracy theory arguing that the farmers are hardworking God fearing and especially self sufficient people that are just standing in the way of their globalist agenda In reference to the far right Great Replacement conspiracy theory Vlaardingerbroek claimed that the government intended to evict the farmers from their land to house new immigrants 170 191 Similarly American author and right wing social media influencer Tucker Max published a series of tweets 192 explaining his belief that the restrictions on the livestock farmers are part of a global scheme to starve the populace into submission urging his followers to make preparations and achieve food self sufficiency 189 On 15 July 2022 a video appeared on Twitter Telegram and Facebook calling for worldwide protests on 23 July in solidarity with the farmers 170 An inquiry by the investigative journalist platform Pointer of the KRO NCRV uncovered that alongside Dutch anti government protester and Nederland in Verzet spokesman Michel Reijinga those behind the call to action were the American CloutHub founder and CEO Jeff Brain the Canadian far right media outlet Rebel News 193 and the Canadian alternative media outlet The Counter Signal 194 Former Trump adviser Steve Bannon also disseminated the video and interviewed Brain on his podcast Bannon s War Room 195 Despite domestic support from COVID 19 protest groups it appeared none of the Dutch farmers interest groups had been invited to participate 196 On 23 July a slow roll protest in Ottawa attracted 150 to 200 attendees and resulted in one arrest 3 while on Dam Square in Amsterdam 1 000 protesters watched a pre recorded message from former U S National Security Advisor Michael Flynn 197 198 Former U S President Donald Trump expressed support for the Dutch farmers during a two hour speech at Turning Point USA s Student Action Summit in Tampa Florida on 23 July 2022 170 He would go on to claim that climate change is a hoax and that attempts to protect the climate would lead to famine and starvation further asserting that there were food shortages already and that the Dutch government had instructed the farmers to get rid of their cattle and forbade them from farming their lands or using fertilizer 199 Other right wing populist leaders who expressed their support for the protesters were French politician Marine Le Pen of the National Rally Polish deputy prime minister and minister of agriculture Henryk Kowalczyk of the Law and Justice party and Polish member of parliament Jaroslaw Sachajko of Kukiz 15 200 In addition British comedian turned YouTuber Russell Brand informed his 5 8 million subscribers that the Dutch nitrogen reduction legislation was part of the Great Reset conspiracy theory 201 See also EditList of protests in the 21st century Protests against the green agenda 1989 1990 Dutch farmers protests against wheat price reductions and environmental legislation COVID 19 protests in Netherlands concurrent protests against the Dutch government response to the COVID 19 pandemic in 2021 2022 2020 2021 Indian farmers protest coinciding protests against agricultural policies enacted by the Parliament of India 1963 Dutch farmers revolt 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