Duke of Silesia

The Duke of Silesia was the sons and descendants of the Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth. In accordance with the last will and testament of Bolesław, upon his death his lands were divided into four or five hereditary provinces distributed among his sons, and a royal province of Kraków reserved for the eldest, who was to be High Duke of all Poland. This was known as the fragmentation of Poland. Subsequent developments lead to further splintering of the duchies.

At the beginning of the 14th century, fourteen independent Duchies existed in Silesia: Brzeg, Wrocław, Świdnica, Jawor, Ziębice, Głogów, Ścinawa, Żagan and Oleśnica in Lower Silesia; Koźle, Cieszyn, Bytom, Niemodlin, Opole, Strzelce, Racibórz and Opava in Upper Silesia and the ecclesiastical Duchy of Nysa. Between 1327 and 1329 most dukes accepted the overlordship of Bohemian king John of Bohemia, who acquired the right of succession for all of these duchies. In the coming centuries all branches of the Silesian Piasts died out, and with the death of George William, Duke of Liegnitz the dynasty ceased to exist.

Duchy of Silesia

 

The Duchy of Silesia, one of the hereditary provinces of Poland, Silesia, was granted to Bolesław III's eldest son, Władysław II the Exile, and was subsequently divided among his sons Bolesław I the Tall (Wrocław/Lower Silesia), Mieszko I Tanglefoot (Racibórz/Upper Silesia) and Konrad Spindleshanks (Głogów). After Konrad's death Głogów was again united with the Duchy of Wrocław/Lower Silesia.

Partitions of Silesia

In 1173 Bolesław returned and he agreed to let Mieszko and Bolesław rule in their own Duchies, separated from the Duchy of Silesia. This led to the creation of the Duchy of Racibórz for Mieszko I and the Duchy of Opole for Jarosław, beginning the fragmentation of the Duchy of Silesia. The territories controlled by Mieszko I and Jarosław roughly corresponded to what is known as Upper Silesia, while the territories remaining with Bolesław I roughly corresponded to Lower Silesia.

 

Lower Silesia

Duchy of Lower Silesia was a direct continuation of the Duchy of Silesia, but without the territories roughly corresponding to Upper Silesia; hence it was composed of the territories roughly corresponding to Lower Silesia. Some sources refer to it as the Duchy of Silesia; some as Duchy of Lower Silesia; others yet as the Duchy of Wrocław (Breslau). Wrocław was the capital of the Duchy of Silesia, yet this early (1172–1248) Duchy of Silesia should not be confused with the smaller Duchy of Wrocław that was created with further fragmentation in 1248. The Duchy went through various border changes in the coming years, sometimes losing and sometimes gaining territory. In 1248 Lower Silesia was divided when Bolesław II had to cede the Duchy of Wrocław to his younger brother Henry III.

 

Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia was divided into the Duchies of Cieszyn, and Opole-Racibórz. In 1340 the Duchy of Racibórz was united with Opava, a Bohemian fief.

 

Piast Dukes of Silesia

Partitions of Polish Silesia under Piast dynasty

       Below follows a simplified table of Silesia's partitions:

Duchy of Silesia (1138–1163)

Opole-Racibórz (Upper Silesia) (1st creation) (1163–1282)

Wrocław (Lower Silesia) (1163–1335)

Legnica (1st creation) (1241–1449)

Opole (1282–1521)^[1]

Bytom (1282–1357)

Racibórz (1282–1340)

Głogów (1st creation) (1274–1331)

Oleśnica (1312–1492)

Żagań (1309–1504)

Świdnica-Jawor^[2] (1274–1392)

Ziębice (1312–1442)

Oświęcim (1315–1457) and Zator (1445-1513)^[3]

Annexed to Bohemia (1331-49)^[4]

Cieszyn (1281–1653)

Annexed to Bohemia

Shared inheritance of Żagań (1349-1480), with Swidnica-Jawor (1349-68), Bohemia (1368-84) and Cieszyn (1384-1480); full inheritance with Żagań (1480-88)

Annexed to Bohemia Recovered by Opole (1521)

Lubin^[5] (1342–1550)

Brzeg^[6] (1st creation) (1342–1450)

Shared inheritance of Oleśnica (1357-1498) with Cieszyn (1357-1459); Full inheritance with Oleśnica (1459-98); Recovered by Opole

Annexed to Bohemia

Annexed to Bohemia

Annexed to Opole

Annexed to Bohemia

Annexed to Poland (1488)

Annexed to Bohemia

Legnica^[7] (2nd creation) (1454–1672)

Brzeg^[8] (2nd creation) (1488–1672)

Annexed to Saxony

Opole-Racibórz (Upper Silesia) (2nd creation) (1521–1532)

Annexed to Poland

Annexed to Ansbach

Annexed to the Holy Roman Empire

Annexed to the Holy Roman Empire

A quick reminder avoiding confusion:

Lower Silesia	Upper Silesia
Duchy of Wrocław Duchy of Legnica Duchy of Głogów Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor Duchy of Wrocław Duchy of Oleśnica	Duchy of Opole-Racibórz (divided after 1282) Duchy of Cieszyn Duchy of Bytom Duchy of Oświęcim Duchy of Zator

Table of rulers

Ruler		Born	Reign	Ruling part	Consort	Death	Notes
Ladislaus (II) the Exile		1105 Son of Boleslaus III of Poland and Zbyslava Sviatopolkovna of Kyiv	28 October 1138 – 1146	Duchy of Silesia	Agnes of Austria 1125 five children	30 May 1159 aged 53-54	Also monarch of Poland. Exiled by his half-brothers.
Boleslaus (IV) the Curly		1122 Son of Boleslaus III of Poland and Salomea of Berg	1146 – 1163	Duchy of Silesia	Viacheslava Vsevolodovna of Novgorod 1137 three children Maria c.1170 no children	5 January 1173 aged 50-51	Also Duke of Masovia and monarch of Poland.
Boleslaus I the Tall		1127 First son of Ladislaus II of Poland and Agnes of Austria	1163 – 8 December 1201	Duchy of Wrocław (Lower Silesia)	Zvenislava Vsevolodovna of Kyiv 1142 two children Christina 1157 seven children	8 December 1201 Wrocław aged 73-74	Children of Ladislaus II of Poland, divided their inheritance in Silesia.
Mieszko I Tanglefoot		1130 Second son of Ladislaus II of Poland and Agnes of Austria	1163 – 6 May 1211	Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Upper Silesia)	Ludmila c.1175 five children	6 May 1211 aged 80-81
Henry I the Bearded		1165 Głogów Son of Boleslaus I and Christina	8 December 1201 – 19 March 1238	Duchy of Wrocław (Lower Silesia)	Hedwig of Merania 1188 seven children	19 March 1238 Krosno Odrzańskie aged 72-73	Also monarch of Poland.
Casimir I		1179 Son of Mieszko I and Ludmila	6 May 1211 – 13 May 1230	Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Upper Silesia)	Viola c.1215 four children	13 May 1230 aged 50-51
Regencies of Viola (1230-1233), Henry I, Duke of Wrocław (1233–1238) and Henry II, Duke of Wrocław (1238–1239)
Mieszko II the Fat		1220 First son of Casimir I and Viola	13 May 1230 – 22 October 1246	Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Upper Silesia)	Judith of Masovia c.1240 no children	22 October 1246 aged 25-26
Hedwig of Merania		1174 Andechs Son of Boleslaus I and Christina	19 March 1238 – 15 October 1243	Duchy of Wrocław (at Niemcza)	Henry I 1188 seven children	15 October 1243 Trzebnica Abbey aged 68-69	Heirs of Henry I. His widow kept a seat at the town of Niemcza, while his son inherited the main duchy, and was also monarch of Poland.
Henry II the Pious		1196 Son of Henry I and Hedwig of Merania	19 March 1238 – 9 April 1241	Duchy of Wrocław (Lower Silesia)	Anna of Bohemia 1216 ten children	9 April 1241 Legnickie Pole aged 44-45
Regency of Anna of Bohemia (1241–1242)							Children of Henry II, ruled initially under regency of their mother, and jointly until 1248, whe they made official the division of their inheritance.
Boleslaus II the Bald		1220 First son of Henry II and Anna of Bohemia	9 April 1241 – 31 December 1278	Duchy of Legnica	Hedwig of Anhalt 1242 seven children Euphemia of Pomerelia 1261 (annulled 1277) no children Sophia of Dyhrn 1277 (morganatic) no children	31 December 1278 Legnica aged 57-58
Henry III the White^[9]		1222 Third son of Henry II and Anna of Bohemia	9 April 1241 – 3 December 1266	Duchy of Wrocław	Judith of Masovia 2 June 1252 two children Helena of Saxony c.1255/60? no children	3 December 1266 aged 43-44
Conrad I^[10]		1228 Fourth son of Henry II and Anna of Bohemia	9 April 1241 – 6 August 1274	Duchy of Głogów	Salome of Greater Poland 1249 six children Sophie of Landsberg 1271 no children	6 August 1274 Głogów aged 45-46
Ladislaus I		1225 Second son of Casimir I and Viola	22 October 1246 – 13 September 1282	Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Upper Silesia)	Euphemia of Greater Poland 1251 five children	13 September 1282 Racibórz aged 56-57	In 1282 Opole-Racibórz was divided in various duchies, to the four sons of Władysław.
Henry IV the Righteous^[11]		1257 Son of Henry III and Judith of Masovia	3 December 1266 – 23 June 1290	Duchy of Wrocław	Constance of Opole March 1280 no children Matilda of Brandenburg-Salzwedel c. 1288 no children	23 June 1290 Wrocław aged 32-33	Also monarch of Poland. Left no descendants, and his portion reverted to his cousin from Legnica.
Wroclaw temporarily annexed to Legnica
Henry III^[9]^[12]		1251 First son of Conrad I and Salome of Greater Poland	6 August 1274 – 9 December 1309	Duchy of Głogów	Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg March 1291 nine children	9 December 1309 aged 57-58	Children of Conrad I, divided their inheritance. In 1284, the younger brothers exchanged properties, but, as none left descendants, both were reunited with the main duchy of Głogów.
Conrad II the Hunchback^[13]		1252 Second son of Conrad I and Salome of Greater Poland	6 August 1274 – 11 October 1304	Duchy of Głogów (at Ścinawa until 1284; in Żagań since 1284)	Unmarried	11 October 1304 aged 51-52
Przemko [Premislaus] I^[14]		1255 Third son of Conrad I and Salome of Greater Poland	6 August 1274 – 26 February 1289	Duchy of Głogów (at Żagań; in Ścinawa since 1284)		26 February 1289 aged 33-34
Żagań and Scinawa remerged in Glogow
Henry V the Fat^[15]		1248 First son of Boleslaus II and Hedwig of Anhalt	31 December 1278 – 22 February 1296	Duchy of Legnica^[16]	Elisabeth of Greater Poland 1277 eight children	22 February 1296 aged 47-48	Children of Boleslaus II, divided their inheritance. In 1290, after the death of his childless cousin Henry IV, Henry V also inherited Wrocław. In 1296, after Henry V's death, Bolko was appointed regent for his nephews.
Bolko I [Boleslaus I] the Strict^[17]		1252 Second son of Boleslaus II and Hedwig of Anhalt	31 December 1278 – 9 November 1301	Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor	Beatrice of Brandenburg-Salzwedel 4 October 1284 Berlin ten children	9 November 1301 Legnica aged 48-49
Bernard I the Lightsome		1253 Third son of Boleslaus II and Hedwig of Anhalt	31 December 1278 – 25 April 1286	Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor (at Lwówek Śląski)	Unmarried	25 April 1286 aged 32-33
Lwówek annexed to Świdnica-Jawor
Mieszko I^[18]		1252 First son of Ladislaus I and Euphemia of Greater Poland	13 September 1282 – 27 June 1315	Duchy of Cieszyn	Grimislava Vsevolodovna of Belz (?) between 1275 and 1280 three children	27 June 1315 aged 62-63	Children of Ladislaus I, divided their inheritance.
Casimir^[19]		1253 Second son of Ladislaus I and Euphemia of Greater Poland	13 September 1282 – 10 March 1312	Duchy of Bytom	Helena Lvovna of Halych-Volhynia (?) c.1275 six children	10 March 1312 aged 58-59
Bolko [Boleslaus] I^[20]		October 1258 Third son of Ladislaus I and Euphemia of Greater Poland	13 September 1282 – 13 May 1313	Duchy of Opole	Agnes (of Brandenburg?) c.1280 three children	14 May 1313 aged 54
Premislaus		12 June 1268 Fourth son of Ladislaus I and Euphemia of Greater Poland	13 September 1282 – 7 May 1306	Duchy of Racibórz	Anna of Masovia c.1290 three children	7 May 1306 aged 37
Regencies of Bolko I, Duke of Świdnica-Jawor (1296–1301), Heinrich of Würben (1301–02) and Wenceslaus II of Bohemia (1302–05)							Children of Henry V, ruled under regency until 1305, and divided their inheritance. Boleslaus received Legnica together with Ladislaus. Shortly after,Ladislaus was excluded from government. In 1342, abdicated of the majority of the duchy to his sons, and ruled in Brzeg, which he left to his widow. Henry received Wrocław, but, having no male heirs, signed, in 1327, a contract of inheritance with King John of Bohemia and upon his death Wrocław fell to Bohemia.
Boleslaus III the Generous		23 September 1291 First son of Henry V and Elisabeth of Greater Poland	22 February 1296 – 21 April 1352	Duchy of Legnica (only in the Duchy of Brzeg since 1342)	Margaret of Bohemia 1318 three children Catharina Šubić 1326 no children	21 April 1352 Brzeg aged 60
Ladislaus I		6 June 1296 Third son of Henry V and Elisabeth of Greater Poland	22 February 1296 – 1312	Duchy of Legnica	Anna of Masovia 1325 (annulled 1329) no children	January 1352 aged 55
Henry VI the Good^[21]		18 March 1294 Second son of Henry V and Elisabeth of Greater Poland	22 February 1296 – 24 November 1335	Duchy of Wrocław	Anna of Austria 1310 three children	24 November 1335 Wrocław aged 41
Wrocław annexed to the Kingdom of Bohemia
Regency of Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (1301–1305)							Children of Bolko/Boleslaus I the Strict, divided their inheritance. Bolko was under his elder brother tutelage until his majority, attained in 1322. Henry annexed Głogów in 1337, which he recovered from Bohemia. However, after Henry's death, Głogów returns to Bohemian control; Jawor also returns to Swidnica.
Bernard II the Stable		1291 First son of Bolko I [Boleslaus I] and Beatrice of Brandenburg-Salzwedel	9 November 1301 – 6 May 1326	Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor (in Świdnica)	Kunigunde of Poland 1310 five children	6 May 1326 aged 34-35
Henry I^[22]		1292 Second son of Bolko I [Boleslaus I] and Beatrice of Brandenburg-Salzwedel	9 November 1301 – 15 May 1346	Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor (in Jawor and Duchy of Głogów since 1337)	Agnes of Bohemia 1316 no children	15 May 1346 aged 53-54
Bolko [Boleslaus] II^[23]		1 February 1300 Third son of Bolko I [Boleslaus I] and Beatrice of Brandenburg-Salzwedel	9 November 1301 – 11 June 1341	Duchy of Ziębice	Bonne-Judith of Savoy-Vaud 21 November 1321 two children	11 June 1341 Ziębice aged 41
Jawor was reincorporated in Swidnica
Głogów was re-annexed to Bohemia
Regency of Mieszko I, Duke of Cieszyn (1306-1308)							After his death without descendants in 1336, Raciborz was inherited by his sister.
Leszek		1292 Son of Premislaus and Anna of Masovia	7 May 1306 – 1336	Duchy of Racibórz	Agnes of Głogów-Żagań 1332 no children	1336 aged 43-44
Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg		1276 Daughter of Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Alessina of Montferrat	9 December 1309 – 26 April 1318	Duchy of Głogów	Henry III March 1291 nine children	26 April 1318 aged 41-42	Heirs of Henry III. The widow received the main part of the duchy (Głogów), while their sons divided their inheritance. Henry IV stayed with Przemko in Żagań, John received Scinawa, and Conrad and Boleslaus inherited Oleśnica jointly. In 1318, Przemko assumed his mother's inheritance at Głogów. After the childless death of Przemko II, it was stipulated that his widow should succeed him, but financial complications led the duchy's temporary annexation the Kingdom of Bohemia. After John's death, Scinawa was partitioned between Swidnica-Jawor and Żagań.
Henry IV the Faithful^[24]		1292 First son of Henry III and Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg	9 December 1309 – 22 January 1342	Duchy of Żagań	Matilda of Brandenburg-Salzwedel 5 January 1310 four children	22 January 1342 Żagań aged 49-50
Conrad I^[10]		1294 Second son of Henry III and Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg	9 December 1309 – 22 December 1366	Duchy of Oleśnica (with Duchy of Bytom Half A, since 1357, jure uxoris)	Elisabeth of Wroclaw 10 January 1322 no children Euphemia, Duchess of Bytom 2 March 1333 two children	22 December 1366 aged 71-72
Boleslaus		1295 Third son of Henry III and Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg	9 December 1309 – April 1321		Unmarried	April 1321 aged 25-26
John		1298 Fourth son of Henry III and Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg	9 December 1309 – 19 May 1365	Duchy of Głogów (at Ścinawa)	Margaret of Pomerania-Wolgast 14 January 1316 no children	19 May 1365 aged 66-67
Przemko [Premislaus] II^[25]		1305 Fifth son of Henry III and Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg	26 April 1318 – 11 January 1331	Duchy of Głogów (at Duchy of Żagań in 1309–1318)	Constance of Świdnica 1326 no children	11 January 1331 aged 25-26
Głogów was annexed to the Kingdom of Bohemia (1331–1337) and to the Jawor portion of Świdnica-Jawor (1337–1346); a new annexation followed, to the Kingdom of Bohemia (1346–1349/60). In 1349 Henry V of Iron (son of Henry the Fatithful) recovered half of the inheritance of his uncle Przemko in Głogów from Bohemia; the other half was given to Przemko II's widow, Constance, in 1360, passed to her brother Bolko II of Swidnica, and passed briefly to Bohemia before being annexed to Cieszyn.
Scinawa was divided in 1365; half of it was inherited to Żagań and in 1395 sold to Oleśnica; the other part was inherited by Swidnica, and passed briefly to Bohemia before being annexed to Cieszyn.
Ladislaus^[26]		1277 Second son of Casimir and Helena Lvovna of Halych-Volhynia (?)	10 March 1312 – 8 September 1352	Duchy of Bytom (in Koźle until 1316; at Bytom proper since 1316)	Beatrice of Brandenburg-Salzwedel 21 September 1308 two children Ludgarda of Mecklenburg 6 October 1328 six children	8 September 1352 age 74-75	Children of Casimir, divided their inheritance. In 1316, Siemowit, the middle brother, exchanged the main duchy with the eldest, and took a smaller town for himself;
George		1300 Fourth son of Casimir and Helena Lvovna of Halych-Volhynia (?)	10 March 1312 – 1327		Unmarried	1327 age 26-27
Siemowit		1292 Third son of Casimir and Helena Lvovna of Halych-Volhynia (?)	10 March 1312 – July 1342	Duchy of Bytom (in Bytom proper until 1316; at Gliwice since 1316^[27])		July 1342 age 49-50
Gliwice and Kozle returned to Bytom
Boleslaus I the Elder		1293 First son of Bolko [Boleslaus] I and Agnes	13 May 1313 – 21 June 1356	Duchy of Opole (at Niemodlin)	Euphemia of Wrocław 29 October 1325 eight childrend	21 March 1365 aged 71-72	Children of Bolko I, divided their inheritance.
Bolko [Boleslaus] II^[20]		c.1295? Second son of Bolko [Boleslaus] I and Agnes	13 May 1313 – 21 June 1356	Duchy of Opole	Elisabeth of Świdnica 6 May 1326 seven children Margaret (?) one child	21 June 1356 aged 60-61?
Albert		c.1305? Third son of Bolko [Boleslaus] I and Agnes	13 May 1313 – 25 September 1375	Duchy of Opole (at Strzelce)	Agnes of Hardegg 1347 one child	25 September 1375 aged 69-70?
Ladislaus I^[26]		1275 First son of Mieszko I and Grimislava Vsevolodovna of Belz (?)	27 June 1315 – 15 May 1324	Duchy of Oświęcim	Euphrosyne of Masovia 1304 two children	15 May 1324 aged 48-49	Children of Mieszko I, divided their inheritance.
Casimir I		1280 Second son of Mieszko I and Grimislava Vsevolodovna of Belz (?)	27 June 1315 – 29 September 1358	Duchy of Cieszyn	Euphemia of Masovia 1321 nine children	29 September 1358 aged 77-78
Regency of Euphrosyne of Masovia (1324–1325)
John I the Scholastic		1308 Son of Ladislaus I and Euphrosyne of Masovia	15 May 1324 – September 1372	Duchy of Oświęcim	Unknown one child Salomea Reuss of Plauen July 1359 three children	September 1372 aged 63-64
Bolko [Boleslaus] II the Small^[28]		1312 First son of Bernard II and Kunigunde of Poland	6 May 1326 – 28 July 1368	Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor (in Świdnica; at Jawor since 1346; in Duchy of Brzeg Half B since 1358, and Duchy of Głogów Half B since 1361)	Agnes of Austria 1 June 1338 no children	28 July 1368 Świdnica aged 55-56	Sons of Bernard II, ruled jointly until Henry's death in 1343. In 1346, after his uncle Henry I's death with no male heirs, he reunites Świdnica-Jawor in one duchy. Bolko also bought half of Brzeg in 1358. Brother of Constance, widow duchess of Głogów, inherited part of the duchy from her. After his death in 1368, the half of Głogów returned the Kingdom of Bohemia, and the half of Brzeg to Louis the Fair.
Henry II		1316 Second son of Bernard II and Kunigunde of Poland	6 May 1326 – 28 June 1345	Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor (in Świdnica)	Catharina of Hungary 1 June 1338 one child	28 June 1345 Kamienna Góra aged 28-29
Annexation of Half B of Glogow to the Kingdom of Bohemia (1368–1384)
Half A annexed to Lubin
Anna		1298 Daughter of Premislaus and Anna of Masovia	1336 – 21 August 1340	Duchy of Racibórz	Nicholas II, Duke of Opava 1318 six children	21 August 1340 aged 41-42	Her husband claimed the duchy, and she managed to inherit it.
Racibórz annexed to the Duchy of Opava (1306–1521)
Nicholas the Small		1327 Son of Bolko [Boleslaus] II and Bonne-Judith of Savoy-Vaud	11 June 1341 – 23 April 1358	Duchy of Ziębice	Agnes of Lichtenburk 23 October 1343 six children	23 April 1358 in Hungary aged 30-31
Henry V of Iron^[15]		1319 Son of Henry IV and Matilda of Brandenburg-Salzwedel	22 January 1342 – 13 April 1369	Duchy of Żagań (with Duchy of Głogów Half A since 1349)	Anna of Płock 6 September 1337 five children	13 April 1369 aged 49-50	Children of Henry IV, divided their inheritance. In 1349, Henry V annexed half of the previous Duchy of Głogów reemerges from Bohemia to be annexed by Żagań line of the Piasts. As for Agnes, she "legitimized" the pledge of Lubin that her uncle John, Duke of Ścinawa had made in 1337 with Boleslaus III the Generous, by marrying (secondly) Boleslaus' son. In this perspective, she can be considered the heiress of Lubin.
Agnes		1321 Daughter of Henry IV and Matilda of Brandenburg-Salzwedel	22 January 1342 – 7 July 1362	Duchy of Lubin	Leszek, Duke of Racibórz 1332 no children Louis I 18 November 1341 six children	7 July 1362 aged 40-41
Wenceslaus I^[29]		1318 First son of Boleslaus III and Margaret of Bohemia	1342 – 2 June 1364	Duchy of Legnica	Anna of Cieszyn 1338 five children	2 June 1364 aged 45-46	Sons of Boleslaus III, divided their inheritance within their father's life. Louis was already ruling in Lubin, while Wenceslaus did the same in Legnica. In 1358, Louis inherited half of Brzeg from his stepmother Catharina (see below). Reunited Brzeg after the death of the owner of the other part, Bolko the Small (1368).
Louis I the Fair		1321 Second son of Boleslaus III and Margaret of Bohemia	22 January 1342 – 23 December 1398	Duchy of Lubin (jure uxoris; with Duchy of Brzeg Half A since 1358; in the whole duchy since 1368)	Agnes of Głogów-Żagań 18 November 1341 six children	23 December 1398 aged 76-77
Catharina Šubić		c.1310? Daughter of Mladen III Šubić, Lord of Bribir and Jelena Nemanjić	21 April 1352 – February 1358	Duchy of Brzeg	Boleslaus III 1326 no children	February 1358 Brzeg aged 47-48?	Inherited Brzeg from her husband. After her death the duchy was divided between Louis the Fair (her stepson) and Bolko the Small from Swidnica-Jawor.
Brzeg divided between Lubin and Swidnica-Jawor
Boleslaus		1330 Son of Ladislaus and Ludgarda of Mecklenburg	8 September 1352 – 4 October 1355	Duchy of Bytom	14 February 1347 three children	4 October 1355 aged 24-25	Son of Ladislaus, Boleslaus left his duchy to his widow Margareta after his death. In 1357, after two years of war for the duchy, a settlement was made; Margareta abdicated of the duchy, which was split between its heiresses.
Margareta of Sternberg		c.1330 Daughter of Jaroslav of Sternberg and Margareta of Bílina	4 October 1355 – 8 December 1357	Duchy of Bytom		June 1365 aged 34-35
Ladislaus II Naderspan^[30]		1332 First son of Bolko [Boleslaus] II and Elisabeth of Świdnica	21 June 1356 – 18 May 1401 (only de jure from 1396)	Duchy of Opole	Elisabeth of Wallachia c. 1355 three children Euphemia of Masovia 1369 two children	18 May 1401 Opole aged 68-69	Children of Bolko II, ruled jointly. In 1375, Bolko III was Albert of Strzelce's heir, and split Strzelce from Opole again, leaving the main duchy for his elder brother Ladislaus.
Henry^[31]		August? 1338 Third son of Bolko [Boleslaus] II and Elisabeth of Świdnica	21 June 1356 – October 1365		Unmarried	October 1365 aged 27?
Bolko [Boleslaus] III^[32]		1337 Second son of Bolko [Boleslaus] II and Elisabeth of Świdnica	21 June 1356 – 21 October 1382	Duchy of Opole (at Strzelce since 1375)	Anna of Oświęcim c. 1355 five children	21 October 1382 aged 44-45
Euphemia (I)		c.1310 Daughter of Ladislaus and Beatrice of Brandenburg-Salzwedel	8 December 1357 – 3 January 1378	Duchy of Bytom (half A)	Conrad I, Duke of Oleśnica 2 March 1333 two children	3 January 1378 aged 67-68	In 1357, the duchy was divided between heiresses, one annexed by the Duchy of Oleśnica, the other annexed by the Duchy of Cieszyn, and a third part, ruled by the duke of Niemodlin jure uxoris was also annexed to Oleśnica.
Elisabeth		1347 First daughter of Boleslaus and Margareta of Sternberg	8 December 1357 – 1374	Duchy of Bytom (half B)	Premislaus I, Duke of Cieszyn 1360 three children	1374 aged 26-27
Euphemia (II)		c.1350 Second daughter of Boleslaus and Margareta of Sternberg	8 December 1357 – 26 August 1411	Duchy of Bytom (at Gliwice)	Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn 1364 no children Bolko [Boleslaus] III, Duke of Ziębice 1369 eight children	26 August 1411 aged 60-61
Bytom divided between the duchies of Oleśnica and Cieszyn
Regency of Agnes of Lichtenburk (1358-1360)							Children of Nicholas I, ruled jointly.
Bolko [Boleslaus] III^[32]		1348 Ziębice First son of Nicholas and Agnes of Lichtenburk	23 April 1358 – 13 June 1410	Duchy of Ziębice	Euphemia of Bytom, Duchess of Gliwice 1369 eight children	13 June 1410 Ziębice aged 61-62
Henry I^[33]		1350 Ziębice Second son of Nicholas and Agnes of Lichtenburk	23 April 1358 – August 1366		Unmarried	August 1366 Ziębice aged 15-16
Premislaus I Noszak		13 February 1334 Cieszyn Son of Casimir I and Euphemia of Masovia	29 September 1358 – 23 May 1410	Duchy of Cieszyn (with Duchy of Bytom Half B since 1359, jure uxoris, and Duchy of Głogów Half B in 1384-1404 and 1406-1410)	Elisabeth, Duchess of Bytom 1360 three children	23 May 1410 Cieszyn aged 76	In 1384 recovered part of the Lower Silesian duchy of Głogów from Bohemia. Abdicated of Głogów for his son, Premislaus, in 1404, but recovered it in 1406.
Constance of Świdnica		1313 Daughter of Bernard II, Duke of Świdnica and Kunigunde of Poland	1360 – 1361	Duchy of Głogów (Half B)	Przemko [Premislaus] II 1326 no children	21 November 1363 aged 49-50	In 1360 Half B of Głogów reemerges as Constance, widow of Przemko II; recovers half of the dowry that was left by her husband; however, she quickly gives it to her brother, Bolko II the Small.
Half B of Głogów was annexed to Swidnica-Jawor, then, in 1368, to Bohemia, and, in 1384, it was bought by the Duchy of Cieszyn.
Rupert I		27 March 1347 First son of Wenceslaus I and Anna of Cieszyn	2 June 1364 – 12 January 1409	Duchy of Legnica	Hedwig of Żagań 10 February 1372 two children	12 January 1409 aged 61	Sons of Wenceslaus I, ruled jointly. Wenceslaus II was also Duke of Nysa as Bishop of Wrocław, and abdicated in 1413.
Wenceslaus II^[34]		1348 Second son of Wenceslaus I and Anna of Cieszyn	2 June 1364 – 16 March 1413		Unmarried	30 December 1419 Otmuchów aged 61
Boleslaus IV		1349 Third son of Wenceslaus I and Anna of Cieszyn	2 June 1364 – 4 March 1394			4 March 1394 aged 61
Henry VIII^[35]^[36]		1355 Fourth son of Wenceslaus I and Anna of Cieszyn	2 June 1364 – 12 December 1398			12 December 1398 Legnica aged 61
Boleslaus II		1326 First son of Boleslaus I and Euphemia of Wrocław	21 March 1365 – 25 June 1368	Duchy of Opole (at Niemodlin)	Unmarried	25 June 1368 aged 41-42	Children of Boleslaus the Elder of Niemodlin, ruled jointly, and none left descendants.
Wenceslaus		1336 Second son of Boleslaus I and Euphemia of Wrocław	21 March 1365 – June 1369		Euphemia of Bytom, Duchess of Gliwice 1364 no children	June 1369 aged 32-33
Henry		c.1350 Third son of Boleslaus I and Euphemia of Wrocław	21 March 1365 – 14 September 1382		Catharina of Moravia c.1370 no children	14 September 1382 aged 31-32
Niemodlin annexed to Strzelce
Conrad II the Gray^[13]		1340 Son of Conrad I and Euphemia of Bytom	22 December 1366 – 10 June 1403	Duchy of Oleśnica (with Duchy of Bytom Half A	Agnes of Cieszyn 23 February 1354 one child	10 June 1403 Trzebnica aged 62-63
Agnes of Austria		1322 Vienna Daughter of Leopold I, Duke of Austria and Catherine of Savoy	28 July 1368 – 2 February 1392	Duchy of Świdnica-Jawor	Bolko [Boleslaus] II 1 June 1338 no children	2 February 1392 Świdnica aged 69-70	Widow, succeeded her husband according to his will. After her death the duchy was annexed to the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Swidnica-Jawor annexed to the Kingdom of Bohemia
Henry VI the Elder^[21]		c.1345 First son of Henry V and Anna of Płock	13 April 1369 – 5 December 1393	Duchy of Żagań	Hedwig of Legnica 10 February 1372 no children	5 December 1393 Włoszczowa aged 47-48	Children of Henry V, divided their inheritance. While after his death Henry VI left his property to his wife, Henry VIII eventually succeeded in Henry VII's domains.
Henry VII Rumpold^[37]^[38]		1350 Second son of Henry V and Anna of Płock	13 April 1369 – 24 December 1395	Duchy of Głogów (Half A)	Unmarried	24 December 1395 Bolesławiec aged 44-45
Henry VIII the Sparrow^[36]		1357 Third son of Henry V and Anna of Płock	13 April 1369 – 14 March 1397	Duchy of Głogów (at Zielona Góra, Przemków and Szprotawa; in the whole Half A since 1395)	Catherine of Opole 1382 five children	14 March 1397 Szprotawa aged 39-40
John II		1344 Son of John I	September 1372 – 19 February 1376	Duchy of Oświęcim	Hedwig of Brzeg 1366 three children	19 February 1376 aged 31-32
Regency of Premislaus I, Duke of Cieszyn (1376-c.1380)							Left no descendants. The duchy went to a son of Premislaus Noszak.
John III		1366 Son of John II and Hedwig of Brzeg	19 February 1376 – 19 August 1405	Duchy of Oświęcim	Hedwig of Lithuania 1394 no children	19 August 1405 aged 38-39
Jan Kropidło		1360 First son of Bolko [Boleslaus] III and Anna of Oświęcim	21 October 1382 – 3 March 1421	Duchy of Opole (at Strzelce and Niemodlin until 1401; in Opole as regent since 1396; officially since 1401)	Unmarried	3 March 1421 Opole aged 60-61	Children of Bolko III, ruled first jointly, and after their uncle Ladislaus's resignation and death (1396-1401), they divided their whole inheritance.
Bolko [Boleslaus] IV^[39]		1363 Second son of Bolko [Boleslaus] III and Anna of Oświęcim	21 October 1382 – 6 May 1437		Margaret of Gorizia 1398 five children	6 May 1437 aged 73-74
Henry II		1374 Third son of Bolko [Boleslaus] III and Anna of Oświęcim	21 October 1382 – 22 December 1394	Duchy of Opole (at Strzelce and Niemodlin)	Unmarried	22 December 1394 aged 19-20
Bernard^[40]		1378 Fourth son of Bolko [Boleslaus] III and Anna of Oświęcim	21 October 1382 – 1450		Hedwig of Melsztyń two children	2/4 April 1455 aged 76-77
Hedwig of Legnica		1351 Daughter of Wenceslaus I, Duke of Legnica and Anna of Cieszyn	5 December 1393 – 1403	Duchy of Żagań	Henry VI 10 February 1372 no children	1 August 1409 Legnica aged 57-58	Inherited the property of her husband (with whom she was apparently estranged with). In 1403 she abdicated of her inheritance to her nephewss, sons of her brother-in-law Henry VIII.
Catherine of Opole		16 March 1367 Daughter of Ladislaus II, Duke of Opole and Euphemia of Masovia	14 March 1397 – 6 June 1420	Duchy of Głogów (in Prudnik, Kożuchów and Zielona Góra)	Henry VIII the Sparrow 1382 five children	6 June 1420 aged 53	Heirs of Henry VIII. Catharina remained at her dowry lands, while the rest of the property was divided, at least since 1403, when Hedwig of Legnica passed her own property to her nephews, who proceeded to a new partition of the whole inheritance. John inherited Żagań alone, while the rest of the brothers kept Glogow. With the abdication of Wenceslaus and the death of Henry X, Henry IX became sole ruler of Glogow, and in 1446 he bought Lubin.
Regency of Rupert I, Duke of Legnica (1397-1401)
John I^[41]		1385 First son of Henry VIII and Catherine of Opole	14 March 1397 – 12 April 1439	Duchy of Żagań (in Duchy of Głogów Half A until 1412; in Żagań proper since 1403)	Scholastica of Saxe-Wittenberg 1408 ten children	12 April 1439 aged 53-54
Henry IX the Elder^[42]		1387 Second son of Henry VIII and Catherine of Opole	14 March 1397 – 11 November 1467	Duchy of Głogów (Half A)	Hedwig of Oleśnica 1432 six children	11 November 1467 Krosno Odrzańskie aged 79-80
Henry X Rumpold^[43]^[38]		1390 Third son of Henry VIII and Catherine of Opole	14 March 1397 – 18 January 1423		Unmarried	18 January 1423 Flensburg aged 32-33
Wenceslaus		1391 Fourth son of Henry VIII and Catherine of Opole	14 March 1397 – January 1431	Duchy of Głogów (at Krosno Odrzańskie, Świebodzin and Bytnica)		January 1431 aged 39-40
Krosno Odrzańskie, Świebodzin and Bytnica annexed to Głogów.
Henry VII the Courageous^[44]^[37]		1343 Son of Louis I and Agnes	23 December 1398 – 11 July 1399	Duchy of Lubin (with Duchy of Brzeg)	Helena of Orlamünde 1369 one child Margaret of Masovia July 1379 two children	11 July 1399 aged 55-56	Co-ruled with his father since 1361.
Henry IX^[42]		1369 Son of Henry VII and Helena of Orlamünde	11 July 1399 – 10 July 1420	Duchy of Lubin (with the whole Duchy of Brzeg until 1400; in Olawa since 1400)	Anna of Cieszyn 20 September 1396 six children	10 July 1420 aged 50-51	Children of Henry VII, divided their inheritance. Brzeg was exchanged between the brothers in 1400 (Henry gave it to Louis). However, Oława (in Brzeg) remained in Henry IX's possession. In 1413, Legnica was inherited by Louis II.
Louis II		1380 Son of Henry VII and Margaret of Masovia	11 July 1399 – 30 May 1436	Duchy of Brzeg (in Chojnów; in Brzeg proper since 1400; with Duchy of Legnica since 1413)	Hedwig Zapólya before 14 August 1409 no children Elisabeth of Brandenburg 9 April 1418 Konstanz no children	30 May 1436 aged 55-56
Euphemia of Masovia		1344 Daughter of Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia and Euphemia of Opava	18 May 1401 – 1424	Duchy of Opole (at Głogówek)	Ladislaus II 1369 two children	1424 aged 79-80?	Widow of Ladislaus II, received a dower seat after her husband's death.
Głogówek remerged in Opole
Conrad III the Old		1359 Son of Conrad II and Agnes of Cieszyn	10 June 1403 – 28 December 1412	Duchy of Oleśnica (with Duchy of Bytom Half A)	Judith (d.24 June 1416) c.1380 seven children	28 December 1412 aged 52-53
Premislaus the Younger		1362 First son of Premislaus I and Elisabeth of Bytom	19 August 1405 – 1 January 1406	Duchy of Oświęcim (in the Duchy of Głogów Half B in 1404-1406)	Unknown one child	1 January 1406 aged 43-44	Received, in his father's lifetime, the duchy of Głogów. In the next year also inherited Oświęcim from John III. Preceded his father in death, but left descendants to rule in Oświęcim, while Głogów returned to his father.
Regencies of Premislaus I, Duke of Cieszyn (1406-1410) and Boleslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn (1410-1414)
Casimir I		1396 Son of Premislaus the Younger	1 January 1406 – 7 April 1434	Duchy of Oświęcim	Anna of Żagań 1417 three children Margareta of Racibórz 1433 no children	7 April 1434 aged 37-38
Boleslaus I		1363 Second son of Premislaus I and Elisabeth of Bytom	23 May 1410 – 6 May 1431	Duchy of Cieszyn (with Duchy of Głogów Half B and Duchy of Bytom Half B)	Margareta of Opava 1 January 1406 no children Euphemia of Masovia 20 November 1412 five children	6 May 1431 aged 67-68
John		1380 First son of Bolko [Boleslaus] III and Euphemia of Bytom	13 June 1410 – 27 August 1428	Duchy of Ziębice	Elizabeth Lackfi 19 March 1408 one child	27 August 1428 Stary Wielisław aged 47-48	Children of Bolko III, ruled jointly.
Henry II		1396 Second son of Bolko [Boleslaus] III and Euphemia of Bytom	13 June 1410 – 11 March 1420		Unmarried	11 March 1420 in Livonia aged 23-24
Conrad IV the Elder		1384 First son of Conrad III and Judith	28 December 1412 – 9 August 1447	Duchy of Oleśnica (in the whole duchy, plus Duchy of Bytom Half A until 1416; in Kąty, Bierutów, Prudnik and Syców from 1416)	Unmarried	9 August 1447 Jelcz aged 62-63	In 1416, abdicated to his younger brothers, but not without retaining some towns for himself.
Conrad V Kantner		1385 Oleśnica or Kąty (?)^[45] Second son of Conrad III and Judith	1412 – 10 September 1439	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Oleśnica, Milicz, Prusice,^[46] Trzebnica, Wasosz, Zmigrod and Wołów,^[47] with Duchy of Bytom Half A)	Margaret (?) 9 October 1411 five children	10 September 1439 aged 53-54	Younger brothers of Conrad IV, divided their domains; Conrad VI left his possessions to his younger brother Conrad VIII, and Conrad V did the same to his brother Conrad VII, who ended up inheriting all of his brothers' possessions (Conrad V's in 1439, Conrad VI and VIII's in 1444, and Conrad IV's in 1447). In 1450, Conrad VII, now ruling alone, abdicated of all his possessions to his nephews and heirs.
Conrad VI the Dean		1391 Oleśnica Third son of Conrad III and Judith	1416 – 3 September 1427	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Ścinawa,^[48] Lubiąż and Wołów^[47])	Unmarried	3 September 1427 aged 35-36
Conrad VII the White		1396 Oleśnica Fourth son of Conrad III and Judith	1416 – 1450	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Koźle, Gliwice and Prusice;^[46] in the whole duchy from 1447)	Katharina (?) 2 February 1437 no children Dorothea of Warsaw? 7 March 1450 no children	14 February 1452 Wrocław aged 55-56
Conrad VIII the Younger		1397 Oleśnica Fifth son of Conrad III and Judith	1416 – 5 September 1444	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Rudna; at Ścinawa and Lubiąż since 1427)	Unmarried	5 September 1444 aged 46-47
Rupert II		1396 First son of Henry IX and Anna of Cieszyn	10 July 1420 – 24 August 1431	Duchy of Lubin (at Lubin proper)	Unmarried	24 August 1431 aged 34-35	Children of Henry IX, divided their possessions. Wenceslaus kept Olawa and Rupert ruled in Lubin. Louis, the younger son, ascended later, reuniting the possessions of his brothers.
Wenceslaus III		1400 Second son of Henry IX and Anna of Cieszyn	10 July 1420 – 28 May 1423	Duchy of Lubin (at Oława)		28 May 1423 aged 22-23
Louis III		c.1405 Third son of Henry IX and Anna of Cieszyn	28 May 1423 – June 1441	Duchy of Lubin (at Oława; in Lubin since 1431)	Margareta of Opole c.1423 two children	June 1441 aged 35-36
Euphemia		1385 Daughter of Bolko [Boleslaus] III and Euphemia of Bytom	27 August 1428 – 1443^[49]	Duchy of Ziębice	Frederick III, Count of Oettingen 1397 nine children	17 November 1447 aged 57-58	Faced opposition to her succession by the Častolovice family, with whom she had to negotiate her succession. Despite being in Ziebice/Munsterberg since the death of her husband (1423) and prior to her brother's death (1428), and being cited as Euphemia...Herczoginne czu Monstirbergk in 1429,^[50] only in 1435 she saw her rights recognized by Bohemia. In 1443, after years of conflict, she abdicated to her nephew, the Duke of Opava, who was also married to a Častolovice heiress.
Ziębice was annexed to the Duchy of Opava
Regency of Euphemia of Masovia (1431–1442)							Divided their inheritance after the end of the regency of their mother. After Ladislaus' death, Premislaus retained co-rulership in Cieszyn, with his brother Wenceslaus, and in Głogów, associated with his widowed sister-in-law. Wenceslaus inherited the half of Bytom the family had, exchanging it with his brother Boleslaus, but returning to him after Boleslaus death shortly after the exchange. Wenceslaus resigned this half in 1459, returning it to Oleśnica, which reunited Bytom under Oleśnica rule.
Wenceslaus I^[29]		1413 First son of Boleslaus I and Margareta of Opava	6 May 1431 – 1468	Duchy of Cieszyn (with Duchy of Bytom Half B 1431-1452 and 1452-1459)	Elisabeth of Brandenburg 17 February 1439 (annulled 1445) no children	1474 aged 60-61
Ladislaus I		1420 Second son of Boleslaus I and Margareta of Opava	6 May 1431 – 14 February 1460	Duchy of Głogów (Half B)	Margareta of Celje December 1444 no children	14 February 1460 aged 39-40
Premislaus II		1422 Third son of Boleslaus I and Margareta of Opava	6 May 1431 – 18 March 1477	Duchy of Cieszyn (with Duchy of Głogów Half B since 1460^[51])	Anna of Warsaw c.1465 one child	18 March 1477 aged 54-55
Boleslaus II		1425 Fourth son of Boleslaus I and Margareta of Opava	6 May 1431 – 4 October 1452	Duchy of Cieszyn (at Bielsko and Frysztat; in Duchy of Bytom Half B in 1452)	Anna of Bielsk 28 January 1448 three children	4 October 1452 aged 26-27
Wenceslaus I^[29]		1418 First son of Casimir I and Anna of Żagań	7 April 1434 – 28 July 1468	Duchy of Zator	Margareta Kopczowski c.1450 seven children	28 July 1468 aged 49-50	Children of Casimir I, divided their inheritance. The main duchy went to John IV, who sold it to Poland in 1456. However, Zator remained active for another generation.
Premislaus		1425 Second son of Casimir I and Anna of Żagań	7 April 1434 – December 1484	Duchy of Oświęcim (at Toszek)	Margaret of Opole 23 February 1463 one child	December 1484 aged 58-59
John IV		1426 Third son of Casimir I and Anna of Żagań	7 April 1434 – 11 October 1456 1490 – 21 February 1497	Duchy of Oświęcim (at Oświęcim proper until 1456; at Krnov jure uxoris since 1490)	Catharina 30 December 1465 no children Barbara of Karniów c. 1475 one child	21 February 1497 aged 70-71
Oświęcim annexed to the Kingdom of Poland; Toszek annexed to Poland (1484-1495), and recovered by the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz
Elisabeth of Brandenburg		29 September 1403 Daughter of Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg and Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut	30 May 1436 – 31 October 1449	Duchy of Brzeg (at Duchy of Legnica only since 1443)	Louis II 9 April 1418 Konstanz no children Wenceslaus I, Duke of Cieszyn 17 February 1439 (annulled 1445) no children	31 October 1449 aged 45	Widow of Louis II. In 1443 is forced to give Brzeg to John I and Henry X of Lubin, reuniting the Lubin inheritance. After her death in 1449, Legnica was annexed by the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Legnica annexed to the Kingdom of Bohemia (1449–1454)
John I^[41]		1410 Second son of Bolko [Boleslaus] IV and Margaret of Gorizia	6 May 1437 – 5 September 1439	Duchy of Opole (with Duchy of Brzeg since 1450)	Unmarried	5 September 1439 aged 28-29	Children of Bolko IV, ruled jointly. After John's death in 1439, Nicholas ruled alone. In 1450 Nicholas bought Brzeg, possibly in virtue of his marriage.
Nicholas I		1424 Fourth son of Bolko [Boleslaus] IV and Margaret of Gorizia	6 May 1437 – 3 July 1476		Magdalena of Brzeg February 1442 ten children	3 July 1476 aged 51-52
Scholastica of Saxe-Wittenberg		1391 Daughter of Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and Anna of Meissen	12 April 1439 – 12 May 1461	Duchy of Żagań (in Nowogród Bobrzański)	John I 1408 ten childrenº	12 May 1461 Żagań aged 69-70	Heirs of John I. Scholastica inherited her dower seat, and her sons managed the rest of the duchy, dividing it in two parts. In 1461-1472, Balthasar and John were involved in a feudal war that ended with Balthasar's death. However, John was endebted and in the end had to sell the duchy he fought to obtain. In 1476-1480, he managed to gain both parts of Głogów, which he reunited, but he surrendered to the Kingdom of Poland in 1488.
Balthasar		1415 First son of John I and Scholastica of Saxe-Wittenberg	12 April 1439 – 1461 1468 – 15 July 1472	Duchy of Żagań (in Żagań proper)	Agnes c.1460 one child Barbara of Cieszyn 11 September 1469 no children	15 July 1472 Przewóz aged 56-57
Rudolph		1418 Second son of John I and Scholastica of Saxe-Wittenberg	12 April 1439 – 18 September 1454		Unmarried	18 September 1454 Chojnice aged 35-36
Wenceslaus^[52]		1434 Third son of John I and Scholastica of Saxe-Wittenberg	12 April 1439 – 12 December 1472	Duchy of Żagań (at Przewóz)		29 April 1488 Wrocław aged 53-54
John II the Mad		16 April 1435 Fourth son of John I and Scholastica of Saxe-Wittenberg	12 April 1439 – 1468 15 July – 12 December 1472	Duchy of Żagań (at Przewóz until 1461; at Żagań in 1461-1468 and 1472)	Catharina of Opava 1462 five children	22 September 1504 Wołów aged 69
			22 February 1476 – November 1488	Duchy of Głogów (both halves reunited 1480)
Nowogród Bobrzański remerged into Żagań (since 1461); Żagań sold to the Duchy of Saxony (since 1472)
Głogów surrendered and annexed to the Kingdom of Poland; at the same time, Lubin, since 1446 part of Głogów, reverted to Legnica
Margaret		c.1390? ?	10 September 1439 – 15 March 1449	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Wołów)	Conrad V 9 October 1411 five children	15 March 1449 aged 58-59?	Widow of Conrad V, inherited Wołów as dowry, which after her death reverted, similarly to the rest of Conrad V's possessions, to Conrad VII.
Wołów remerged in Oleśnica
Margareta of Opole		1412 Daughter of Bolko [Boleslaus] IV, Duke of Opole and Margaret of Gorizia	June 1441 – 15 January 1454	Duchy of Lubin (at Oława)	Louis III 1423 two children	15 January 1454 aged 41-42	Heirs of Louis III. Margareta inherited Olawa as a dower seat, and her children ruled jointly. In 1443 they inherited Brzeg from Elisabeth of Brandenburg, but, in 1446, due to the difficult financial situation, had to sell Lubin to the Duchy of Głogów. In 1450 Brzeg is also sold to Opole. Chojnow was the only main town kept by the brothers, and the one they left to Frederick I, John I's son. Olawa was also inherited by Frederick (Margareta's grandson). The duchy recentered, since 1454, around Legnica.
John I		1425 First son of Louis III and Margareta of Opole	June 1441 – November 1453	Duchy of Lubin (at Chojnów; in Lubin proper until 1446; with Duchy of Brzeg since 1443)	Hedwig of Brzeg February 1445 one child	November 1453 aged 27-28
Henry X^[43]		1426 Second son of Louis III and Margareta of Opole	June 1441 – May 1452		Unmarried	May 1452 aged 25-26
Olawa returned to Chojnów/Legnica; Lubin was bought by Henry IX the Elder, duke of Głogów
Brzeg was bought by duke Nicholas I of Opole
Bolko [Boleslaus] V the Hussite^[39]		c.1400 First son of Bolko [Boleslaus] IV and Margaret of Gorizia	1450 – 29 May 1460	Duchy of Opole (at Strzelce and Niemodlin)	Elisabeth Granowski 1418 (annulled 1451) one child Hedwig Beess of Kujawy 27 June 1451 no children	29 May 1460 Głogówek aged 59-60	Inherited his portion from his uncle, and left to his younger brothers the main duchy of Opole, leaving them his own lands after his death.
Niemodlin and Strzelce annexed to Opole
Conrad IX the Black		1415 First son of Conrad V and Margaret	1450 – 14 August 1471	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Oleśnica, Bierutów, Gliwice and Koźle, with Duchy of Bytom Half A)	Margareta of Rawa 1453 one child	14 August 1471 aged 55-56	Children of Conrad V, divided their inheritance. After Conrad IX's death, and save some exceptions (inherited by Conrad IX's widow and daughter), the majority of Conrad IX's inheritance went to Conrad X. Those excdptions eventually also ended uo in Conrad X's possession in 1478, reuniting all the duchy, which, after his death, was annexed by the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Conrad X the White		1420 Second son of Conrad V and Margaret	1450 – 21 September 1492	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Milicz, Prusice, Ścinawa, Syców, Wasosz, Zmigrod and Wołów; in the whole duchy since 1478)	Dorothea Reynkenberg before 1492 (morganatic) no children	21 September 1492 small>aged 71-72
Oleśnica was annexed, in 1492, to the Kingdom of Bohemia
Regency of Hedwig of Brzeg (1453-1466)							Frederick I was responsible for the recovery the patrimony lost to other polities: Legnica became independent from Bohemia in 1454. In the same year, Frederick inherited Olawa from his grandmother Margareta of Opole. In 1481 Frederick I of Legnica purchased Brzeg from Opole, and recovered Lubin from John the Mad in 1482.
Frederick I		3 May 1446 Brzeg Son of John I and Hedwig of Brzeg	November 1453 – 9 May 1488	Duchy of Legnica (at Chojnów; in Legnica proper and Oława since 1454; with Duchy of Lubin and Duchy of Brzeg since 1481))	Ludmila of Poděbrady 5 September 1474 three children	9 May 1488 Legnica aged 42
Margareta of Celje		1411 Daughter of Herman III, Count of Celje, and Elisabeth of Abensberg	14 February 1460 – 22 July 1480	Duchy of Głogów (Half B)	Herman I, Count of Montfort-Pfannberg 15 March 1430 four children Ladislaus I December 1444 no children	22 July 1480 aged 68-69	Widow of Ladislaus I, ruled with her brother-in-law Premislaus II, until his death in 1477, after ehich she continued her rule alone. After her death, both parts of Glogow were reunited under the ex-duke of Żagań.
Głogów half B was inherited by Jan II the Mad
Henry XI^[53]		1435 Son of Henry IX and Hedwig of Oleśnica	11 November 1467 – 22 February 1476	Duchy of Głogów (Half A)	Barbara of Brandenburg 11 October 1472 Berlin no children	22 February 1476	Possibly poisoned. After his death the majority of his patirmony was inherited by his cousin, the disposssessed ex-Żagań duke John the Mad (see above).
Głogów half A (with exceptions) was inherited by Jan II the Mad
Casimir II		c.1450 First son of Wenceslaus I and Margareta Kopczowski	28 July 1468 – 7 July 1490	Duchy of Zator	Margaret of Karniów 12 August 1482 one child	7 July 1490 aged 39-40	Sons of Wenceslaus I, ruled jointly. In 1490 John became sole ruler. In 1513, after John V's death with no descendants, the Duchy was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland.
Wenceslaus II^[34]		c.1450 Second son of Wenceslaus I and Margareta Kopczowski	28 July 1468 – 1487		Unmarried	1487 aged 36-37
John V^[54]		c.1455 Third son of Wenceslaus I and Margareta Kopczowski	28 July 1468 – 17 September 1513			17 September 1513 aged 57-58
Ladislaus (II)		c.1455 Fourth son of Wenceslaus I and Margareta Kopczowski	28 July 1468 – 21 September 1494		Anna before 1488 one child	21 September 1494 aged 38-39
Zator annexed to the Kingdom of Poland
Margareta of Rawa		1441 Daughter of Siemowit V, Duke of Rawa and Margareta of Racibórz	14 August 1471 – 1475	Duchy of Oleśnica (Oleśnica and Bierutów, with Duchy of Bytom Half A)	Conrad IX 1453 one child	1 September 1485 aged 43-44	Widow of Conrad IX, inherited part of the properties of her husband, which passed to her daughter.
Regency of Conrad X, Duke of Oleśnica (1475–1478)							Deposed in 1478 by her regent and died in the next year. Her possessions, inherited from her mother, were inherited by her uncle.
Barbara		1465 Daughter of Conrad IX and Margareta of Rawa	1475 – 1478	Duchy of Oleśnica (Oleśnica and Bierutów, with Duchy of Bytom Half A)	Unmarried	30 November 1479 aged 13-14
Barbara's possessions were inherited by her uncle Conrad X, who reunited Oleśnica in 1478 (see above)
Barbara of Brandenburg		30 May 1464 Ansbach Daughter of Albert Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg and Anna of Saxony, Electress of Brandenburg	22 February 1476 – 4 September 1515	Duchy of Głogów (at Krosno Odrzańskie, Kożuchów, Sulechów and Lubsko)	Henry XI 11 October 1472 Berlin no children Vladislaus II, King of Hungary and Bohemia 20 August 1476 Frankfurt (Oder) (separated 1490, anulled 1500) no children	4 September 1515 Ansbach aged 51	Received a dower from her husband, which after her death was annexed to Brandenburg.
Krosno Odrzańskie, Kożuchów, Sulechów and Lubsko were annexed to Brandenburg
Louis		1450 First son of Nicholas I and Magdalena of Brzeg	3 July – September 1476	Duchy of Opole (until 1521; with Brzeg until 1481) Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (from 1521)	Unmarried	September 1476 aged 25-26	Children of Nicholas I, ruled jointly. In 1481 they sold Brzeg to Frederick I of Legnica. From 1497, John ruled alone, purchasing back, in 1521, the lost Racibórz from Bohemia, and restoring the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz. However, as he left no descendants the duchy reverted to the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach.
John II the Good		1460 Second son of Nicholas I and Magdalena of Brzeg	3 July 1476 – 27 March 1532			27 March 1532 aged 71-72
Nicholas II		1462 Third son of Nicholas I and Magdalena of Brzeg	3 July 1476 – 27 June 1497			27 June 1497 aged 34-35
Brzeg returned to Legnica
Opole-Racibórz annexed to the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach
Casimir II		1449 Son of Boleslaus II and Anna of Bielsk	18 March 1477 – 13 December 1528	Duchy of Cieszyn	Johanna of Poděbrady 15 February 1480 six children	13 December 1528 Cieszyn aged 78-79	Father and son, ruled jointly. Wenceslaus predeceased his father and never came to rule alone.
Wenceslaus II^[34]		1488 Cieszyn Son of Casimir II and Johanna of Poděbrady	1518 – 17 November 1524		Anna of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1 December 1518 three children	17 November 1524 Cieszyn aged 35-36
Ludmila of Poděbrady		16 October 1446 Daughter of George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia and Johana of Rožmitál	9 May 1488 – 20 January 1503	Duchy of Brzeg	Frederick I, Duke of Legnica 5 September 1474 three children	20 January 1503 Legnica aged 56	Heirs of Frederick I. His widow, Ludmila, retained Brzeg as dower seat and also the regency over her minor children. John died as a minor, and the partition was made between the younger sons, Frederick and George. It was George who eventually inherited his mother's dower, and transferred it to his brother after his death with no descendants. George's widow retained Lubin, which after her death would join Frederick's patrimony, again united.
Regency of Ludmila of Poděbrady (1488–1495)
John II		1477 First son of Frederick I and Ludmila of Poděbrady	9 May 1488 – 6 March 1495	Duchy of Legnica (with Duchy of Brzeg since 1521)	Unmarried	6 March 1495 aged 17-18
Frederick II the Great		12 February 1480 Legnica Second son of Frederick I and Ludmila of Poděbrady	9 May 1488 – 17 September 1547		Elisabeth Jagiellon 21 November 1515 one child Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach 14 November 1519 three children	17 September 1547 Legnica aged 67
George I		1481 Third son of Frederick I and Ludmila of Poděbrady	9 May 1488 – 30 May 1521	Duchy of Lubin (with Duchy of Brzeg since 1503)	Anna of Pomerania 9 June 1516 no children	30 May 1521 aged 39-40
Helena		1478 Daughter of John IV and Barbara, Duchess of Krnov	27 April 1510 – 1523	Duchy of Oświęcim (at Krnov only)	George, Baron of Schellenberg 1492 four children	1525 aged 46-47	Inherited the property of her mother at Krnov (see next table below), but her husband eventually sold it in 1523 to Brandenburg.
Krnov sold to Brandenburg-Ansbach
Anna of Pomerania		1492 Daughter of Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania and Anna Jagiellon	30 May 1521 – 25 April 1550	Duchy of Lubin	George I 9 June 1516 no children	25 April 1550 aged 57-58	Inherited Lubin from her husband. As she didn't have children, the land passed, at her death, permanently to Legnica.
Lubin was definitely annexed to Legnica
Regencies of Anna of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1528–1539) and John III of Pernstein (1528–1545)
Wenceslaus III Adam		December 1524 Cieszyn Son of Wenceslaus II and Anna of Brandenburg-Ansbach	13 December 1528 – 4 November 1579	Duchy of Cieszyn	Maria of Pernstein 8 February 1540 three children Sidonia Catharina of Saxe-Lauenburg 25 November 1567 Cieszyn six children	4 November 1579 Cieszyn aged 54
Frederick Casimir		December 1541 Cieszyn Son of Wenceslaus III Adam and Maria of Pernstein	1560 – 4 May 1571		Catharina of Legnica 28 December 1563 Legnica one child	4 May 1571 Cieszyn aged 29	Son of Wenceslaus, co-ruled with him from 1560 but preceded his father in death.
Frederick III		22 February 1520 Legnica First son of Frederick II and Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach	17 September 1547 – 1551 1556 – 1559	Duchy of Legnica (with Lubin since 1550)	Catherine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 3 March 1538 Legnica six children	15 December 1570 Legnica aged 50	Children of Frederick II, divided the land: Frederick III kept Legnica (and absorbed Lubin in 1550), and George II inherited Brzeg. Frederick was deposed two times by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and later Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and put definitely under house arrest since 1559. Despite being deprived of power, after his death his wife received a dower seat.
George II the Pious		18 July 1523 Legnica Second son of Frederick II and Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach	17 September 1547 – 7 May 1586	Duchy of Brzeg	Barbara of Brandenburg 15 February 1545 Berlin seven children	7 May 1586 Brzeg aged 62
Council of Regency presided by George II, Duke of Brzeg (1551-1556)							Victim of the manouvers of the Holy Roman Emperors, who sought to depose his father. Installed very young, was deposed by his father, and restored again, when his father became imprisioned for life. He went abroad and left his brother Frederick on his stead, but he seized the opportunity to be recognized as the legitimate duke, in 1576. Thanks to the efforts of Sophie of Brandenburg, Henry XI was restored to the duchy in 1580, with Frederick as a co-ruler in Chojnów. However, after he disrespected the imperial authority, was again dispossessed, and took refuge in Poland.
Henry XI^[53]		23 February 1539 Legnica First son of Frederick III and Catherine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	1551 – 1556 1559 – 13 March 1576 5 October 1580 – August 1581	Duchy of Legnica	Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach 11 November 1560 Legnica six children	3 March 1588 Kraków aged 49
Catherine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin		14 April 1518 Daughter of Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Helen of the Palatinate	15 December 1570 – 17 November 1581	Duchy of Legnica (in Chojnów)	Frederick III 3 March 1538 Legnica six children	17 November 1581 aged 63	Widow of Frederick III. Despite being the wife of a dispossessed duke, she received a dower seat after his death.
Frederick IV		20 April 1552 Legnica Second son of Frederick III and Catherine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	13 March 1576 – 27 March 1596	Duchy of Legnica (in Legnica proper in 1576-1580 and since 1581; at Chojnów in 1580-1581)	Maria Sidonia of Cieszyn 20 January 1587 no children Dorothea of Holstein-Sonderburg 23 November 1589 no children Anna of Württemberg 24 October 1594 no children	27 March 1596 Legnica aged 44	After his brother's definitive and forced retirement in Poland, Frederick could ascend as the new duke, without opposition. Left no descendants.
Legnica temporarily annexed to Brzeg
Regency of Sidonia Catharina of Saxe-Lauenburg (1579–1594)
Adam Wenceslaus		12 December 1574 Cieszyn Son of Wenceslaus III Adam and Sidonia Catharina of Saxe-Lauenburg	4 November 1579 – 13 July 1617	Duchy of Cieszyn	Elisabeth of Courland 17 September 1595 five children	13 July 1617 Cieszyn aged 42
Barbara of Brandenburg		10 August 1527 Berlin Daughter of Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg and Magdalena of Saxony	7 May 1586 – 2 January 1595	Duchy of Brzeg (at Brzeg proper)	George II 15 February 1545 Berlin seven children	2 January 1595 Brzeg aged 67	Heirs of George II. Barbara received Brzeg as her widow's seat. The rest of the patrimony was shared by the two sons of George and Barbara, with Oława and Wołów as the main towns. The brothers ruled always jointly. In 1592, John George died and left Oława to his widow, Anna, confining Joachim Frederick's power to Wołów. However, Anna remarried in 1594, whoch meant her widow seat returned to her brother-in-law. In the following years, Joachim annexed his mother's dower in Brzeg (1595), and also Legnica in 1596.
Joachim Frederick		29 September 1550 Brzeg First son of George II and Barbara of Brandenburg	7 May 1586 – 25 March 1602	Duchy of Brzeg (at Oława (1586-92 and since 1594) and Wołów; in the entire Brzeg since 1595; in Duchy of Legnica since 1596)	Anna Maria of Anhalt 19 May 1577 Brzeg six children	25 March 1602 Brzeg aged 51
John George		17 June 1552 Wołów Second son of George II and Barbara of Brandenburg	7 May 1586 – 6 July 1592	Duchy of Brzeg (at Oława and Wołów)	Anna of Württemberg 16 September 1582 Brzeg no children	6 July 1592 Oława aged 40
Anna of Württemberg		12 June 1561 Stuttgart Daughter of Christoph, Duke of Württemberg and Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach	6 July 1592 – 24 October 1594	Duchy of Brzeg (at Oława)	John George 16 September 1582 Brzeg no children Frederick IV, Duke of Legnica 24 October 1594 no children	7 July 1616 Chojnów aged 55
Anna Maria of Anhalt		29 September 1550 Zerbst Daughter of Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt and Agnes of Barby-Mühlingen	25 March 1602 – 14 November 1605	Duchy of Brzeg (at Oława)	Joachim Frederick 19 May 1577 Brzeg six children	14 November 1605 Brzeg aged 55	Heirs of Joachim Frederick. His widow, Anna Maria, received Olawa as dower seat, and retained the regency for her minor children, together with her sister-in-law, Elisabeth Magdalena, and her husband, who ruled until the brothers came of age, in 1609. George Rudolf left no descendants and his patrimony was divided between his nephews.
Regencies of Anna Maria of Anhalt (1602–1605), Elisabeth Magdalena of Brzeg and Charles II of Poděbrady (1602–1609)
John Christian		28 August 1591 Oława First son of Joachim Frederick and Anna Maria of Anhalt	25 March 1602 – 25 December 1639 (only de jure from 1633)	Duchy of Brzeg (at Brzeg proper)	Dorothea Sibylle of Brandenburg 12 December 1610 Berlin thirteen children Anna Hedwig Sitzsch 13 September 1626 Brzeg (morganatic) seven children	25 December 1639 Ostróda aged 48
George Rudolph		12 January 1595 Oława Second son of Joachim Frederick and Anna Maria of Anhalt	25 March 1602 – 14 January 1653	Duchy of Legnica	Sophie Elisabeth of Anhalt-Dessau 4 November 1614 Dessau no children Elisabeth Magdalena of Ziębice-Oleśnica 5 December 1624 no children	14 January 1653 Wrocław aged 58
Regency of Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw (1617–24)
Frederick William		9 November 1601 Cieszyn Son of Adam Wenceslaus and Elisabeth of Courland	13 July 1617 – 13 August 1625	Duchy of Cieszyn	Unmarried	19 August 1625 Cologne aged 23
Elizabeth Lucretia		1 June 1599 Cieszyn Daughter of Adam Wenceslaus and Elisabeth of Courland	13 August 1625 – 19 May 1653	Duchy of Cieszyn	Gundakar, Prince of Liechtenstein 23 April 1618 no children	19 May 1653 Cieszyn aged 53	After her death, Cieszyn was annexed by the Holy Roman Empire.
Cieszyn efinitively annexed to the Holy Roman Empire
George III		4 September 1611 Brzeg First son of John Christian and Dorothea Sibylle of Brandenburg	25 December 1639 – 4 July 1664 (co-ruling de facto as regent since 1633)	Duchy of Brzeg (in Duchy of Legnica in 1653-1654 and 1663-1664)	Sophia Catharina of Ziębice-Oleśnica 23 February 1638 Bernstadt one child Elisabeth Marie Charlotte of Palatinate-Kaiserslautern 19 October 1660 Brzeg no children	4 July 1664 Brzeg aged 52	Sons of John Christian, ruled jointly in Legnica. George was already duke of Brzeg since his father's death. As George had no descendants, he was succeeded in his domains by his brother Christian. The latter, after his own death, left Oława for his widow, and the remaining lands were inherited by his own son.
Louis IV		19 April 1616 Brzeg Fifth son of John Christian and Dorothea Sibylle of Brandenburg	25 December 1639 – 24 November 1663 (co-ruling de facto in Brzeg as regent since 1633)	Duchy of Legnica (in Duchy of Brzeg until 1653; at Legnica since 1653)	Anna Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 8 May 1649 Brzeg one child	24 November 1663 Legnica aged 47
Christian		9 April 1618 Oława Seventh son of John Christian and Dorothea Sibylle of Brandenburg	25 December 1639 – 28 February 1672 (co-ruling de facto in Brzeg as regent 1633-1639)	Duchy of Brzeg (at Oława; in Duchies of Legnica and Brzeg since 1664)	Louise of Anhalt-Dessau 24 November 1648 Dessau four children	28 February 1672 Oława aged 53
Louise of Anhalt-Dessau		10 February 1631 Dessau Daughter of John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau and Agnes of Hesse-Kassel	28 February 1672 – 25 April 1680	Duchy of Brzeg (at Oława)	Christian 24 November 1648 Dessau four children	25 April 1680 Oława aged 49	Heirs of Christian. Louise retained her dower seat at Oława and the regency for her son over the rest of the duchies. George William was the last male representative of the House of Piast, as he died without descendants. After their deaths, their duchies were annexed by the Holy Roman Empire.
Regency of Louise of Anhalt-Dessau (1672–1675)
George William		29 September 1660 Oława Son of Christian and Louise of Anhalt-Dessau	28 February 1672 – 21 November 1675	Duchy of Brzeg (at Brzeg proper; with Duchy of Legnica)	Unmarried	21 November 1675 Brzeg aged 15
Oława, Legnica and Brzeg annexed to the Holy Roman Empire

Přemyslid Dukes of Silesia

Partitions of Bohemian Silesia under Přemyslid dynasty

       Below follows a simplified table of Silesia's partitions:

		Piast Ráciborz (1282-1336)
Opava (1269-1456) (brief annexation to Piast Legnica in 1308-11
		Ráciborz (1378-1521)	Krnov (1424-1493) (brief annexation to Hungary in 1474-90)
Glubczyce (1433-1485)
	Pledged to Opole and annexed to Bohemia
Annexed to Bohemia			Annexed to Bohemia
		Annexed to Opole

Table of rulers

Notes:

• The numbering of the Silesian Premyslid rulers is a problematic matter between scholars, as different sources numbers and orders them differently.

Ruler		Born	Reign	Ruling part	Consort	Death	Notes
Nicholas I		1255 Natural son of Premysl Ottokar II, King of Bohemia and Agnes of Kuenring	1269 – 25 July 1318	Duchy of Opava	Adelaide of Habsburg 1283 three children	25 July 1318 Brno aged 62-63	Inherited from his father the Silesian duchy of Opava, which was independent from the Piast territory in Silesia.
Nicholas II		1288 Son of Nicholas I and Adelaide of Habsburg	25 July 1318 – 8 December 1365	Duchy of Opava	Anna, Duchess of Racibórz 1318 six children Hedwig of Oleśnica (d.1359) May 1342 one child Judith of Opole 1360 three children	8 December 1365 aged 76-77
John I		1332 First son of Nicholas II and Hedwig of Oleśnica	8 December 1365 – 1382	Duchy of Racibórz	Anna of Głogów-Żagań (d.1369) 1361 three children	1382 aged 49-50	Children of Nicholas II, divided their inheritance; After Nicholas III's death, Glubczyce returned to Opava.
Nicholas III		1339 Second son of Nicholas II and Hedwig of Oleśnica	8 December 1365 – 9 July 1394	Duchy of Opava (at Glubczyce)	Unmarried	9 July 1394 aged 54-55
Premislaus I		c.1350 Third son of Nicholas II and Hedwig of Oleśnica	8 December 1365 – 28 September 1433	Duchy of Opava	Anna of Lutz (d.1405) 1395 three children Catherine of Ziębice c.1405 three children Helena of Bosnia 1425 three children	28 September 1433 Opava aged 82-83?
Wenceslaus I		1361 Fourth son of Nicholas II and Hedwig of Oleśnica	8 December 1365 – 1381		Unmarried	1381 aged 19-20
Glubczyce returned to Opava
John II of Iron		c.1365 First son of John I and Anna of Głogów-Żagań	1382 – 1424	Duchy of Racibórz (at Racibórz proper)	Helena of Lithuania 16 January 1407 three children	1424 aged 58-59	Children of John I, divided the land. John kept the main Ráciborz and Krnov, and Nicholas was given Bruntál. John lost Krnov in 1388, but recovered it in 1422.
Nicholas IV		c.1370 Second son of John I and Anna of Głogów-Żagań	1382 – 1406	Duchy of Racibórz (at Bruntál)	Unmarried	1406 aged 35-36
Bruntál remerged in Racibórz
Wenceslaus II		1405 First son of John II and Helena of Lithuania	1424 – 29 October 1456	Duchy of Racibórz	Margaret of Szamotuł 1437 four children	29 October 1456 aged 50-51	Children of John II, divided their inheritance.
Nicholas V		1409 Second son of John II and Helena of Lithuania	1424 – 22 December 1452	Duchy of Krnov	Margaret Clemm of Ellguth three children Barbara Rockemberg 1451 Kraków two children	22 December 1452 aged 42-43
Wenceslaus II		1397 First son of Premislaus I and Anna of Lutz	28 September 1433 – 1449	Duchy of Głubczyce	Elisabeth of Kravař 1420 two children	1449 aged 51-52	Children of Premislaus I, divided the land. William and Ernest inherited the duchy of Ziebice in succession, alongside Opava, where they ruled together with their half- brother Nicholas IV (and possibly also Premislaus II). In 1452, after William's death, Ernest and his brothers associated William's sons as co-rulers. Wenceslaus II, another half-brother, inherited a part of Opava centered around Glubczyce. In 1456, Ziebice was annexed to the Podebrady family's patrimony. In 1464, the duchy of Opava was sold to Bohemia.
Nicholas IV		1400 Second son of Premislaus I and Anna of Lutz	28 September 1433 – 1437	Duchy of Opava (at Zlaté Hory)	Unmarried	1437 aged 36-37
William		1410 First son of Premislaus I and Catherine of Ziębice	28 September 1433 – 15 August 1452	Duchy of Opava (with Duchy of Ziębice since 1443)	Salomea of Častolovice five children	15 August 1452 aged 41-42
Ernest		1415 Second son of Premislaus I and Catherine of Ziębice	28 September 1433 – 8 March 1456	Duchy of Opava (with Duchy of Ziębice 1452-1456)	Unmarried	1464 aged 48-49
Premislaus II the Elder		c.1425 Son of Premislaus I and Helena of Bosnia	28 September 1433 – 8 March 1456	Duchy of Opava		16 June 1478 Wrocław aged 52-53
Frederick		1440 First son of William and Salomea of Častolovice	15 August 1452 – 8 March 1456			1470 aged 29-30
Wenceslaus III		1445 Second son of William and Salomea of Častolovice				1474 aged 28-29
Premislaus III the Younger		1450 Third son of William and Salomea of Častolovice				17 February 1493 aged 42-43
Zlaté Hory remerged in Opava; Opava pledged to Opole by debt, later transferred in 1464 to Bohemia: annexation to Bohemia; Ziębice was annexed to the Podiebrad family
Janusz		1420 First son of Wenceslaus II and Elisabeth of Kravař	1449 – 1454	Duchy of Glubczyce (in Fulnek)	Unmarried	1454 aged 59-60	Children of Wenceslaus II, divided the land, which was reunited shortly by John III.
John III the Pious		1425 Second son of Wenceslaus II and Elisabeth of Kravař	1449 – 1485	Duchy of Głubczyce (in Głubczyce proper)	Catherine (d.1485) no children	1485 aged 59-60
Fulnek remerged in Glubczyce
Barbara Rockemberg		c.1410? ? Rockemberg?	1452 – November 1463	Krnov (at Pszczyna)	Wilhelm Willandt no children Jerzy Orient one child Nicholas V 1451 Kraków two children	November 1463 aged 52-53	Heirs of Nicholas V. Barbara, Nicholas' widow, inherited a dower seat and the position of regent for her stepsons, who inherited the main duchy and divided it after attaining majority. In 1474, John lost the main duchy (later claimed by his sister) but kept some towns for himself.
Regency of Barbara Rockemberg (1452-1462)
John IV the Elder		1440 First son of Nicholas V and Margaret Clemm of Ellguth	1452 – 1483	Krnov (at Krnov proper until 1474; at Wodzisław Śląski in since 1474)	Unmarried	1483 aged 42-43
Wenceslaus III		1442 Second son of Nicholas V and Margaret Clemm of Ellguth	1452 – 1478	Krnov (at Rybnik)	Unmarried	1478 aged 35-36
Pszczyna annexed to Krnov; Krnov temporarily annexed to Bohemia (1474-1490); Rybnik and Wodzisław Śląski definitely annexed to Bohemia
Regency of Margaret of Szamotuł (1456-1464)
John V the Younger		1446 Son of Wenceslaus II and Margaret of Szamotuł	29 October 1456 – 14 April 1493	Duchy of Racibórz	Magdalena of Opole 13 January 1478 Opole four children	14 April 1493 aged 46-47
Anna		c.1430 Daughter of Wenceslaus II and Elisabeth of Kravař	1485	Duchy of Głubczyce	Jan Zajic of Hasenburg (d.1485) no children	29 April 1478 or 15 May 1505 aged 74-75?	Traditionally dead in 1478, the duchy, without heirs, would have been returned to Bohemia. However, according to other sources, she died in 1505, which opens the possibility of her claiming of the duchy.
Głubczyce annexed to Bohemia
Barbara		1445 Daughter of Nicholas V and Margaret Clemm of Ellguth	1490 – 27 April 1510	Duchy of Krnov	John IV, Duke of Oświęcim 1475 one child	27 April 1510 aged 64-65	Claimed (and ruled, effectively) her family's duchy from 1490, co-ruling with her son-in-law since 1493^[55]
Krnov annexed to Oswiecim (1510-1524) and later sold to Brandenburg (see table above)
Regency of Magdalena of Opole (1493-1499)							Children of John V, ruled jointly. In 1521, after the childless brothers' death, the duchy returned to Opole.
Nicholas VI		1478 First son of John V and Magdalena of Opole	14 April 1493 – 3 November 1506	Duchy of Racibórz	Unmarried	3 November 1506 Kraków aged 27-28
John VI		1484 Second son of John V and Magdalena of Opole	14 April 1493 – December 1506			December 1506 aged 21-22
Valentin the Hunchback		1485 Third son of John V and Magdalena of Opole	14 April 1493 – 13 November 1521			13 November 1521 Racibórz aged 35-36
Racibórz reunited with Opole

Podiebrad Dukes of Silesia

Partitions of Silesia under Podiebrad dynasty

			Part of Piast dynasty property
County of Kladsko (1471-1501)	Duchy of Ziębice (1456-1569)
			Duchy of Oleśnica (1498-1686)
Annexed to the Hardegg family property
		Duchy of Bierutów (1536-1587)
	Annexed to the Holy Roman Empire

Table of rulers

Ruler		Born	Reign	Ruling part	Consort	Death	Notes
George (I)		23 April 1420 Poděbrady Castle Son of Victor, Lord of Kunštát and Poděbrady and Anna of Wartenberg	8 March 1456 – 22 March 1471	Duchy of Ziębice	Kunigunde of Sternberg 1441 three children Johana of Rožmitál 1450 four children	22 March 1471 Prague aged 50	Also King of Bohemia.
Victor		29 May 1443 Poděbrady Castle Second son of George (I) and Kunigunde of Sternberg	22 March 1471 – 1485	Duchy of Ziębice (at Opava; in Pszczyna until 1480)	Margaret Ptáček of Pirkstein 1463 one child Sophie of Cieszyn 1464 three children Elena-Margaret Palaiologina of Montferrat 1480 three children	30 August 1500 Český Těšín aged 57	Children of George, divided their inheritance. Victor also inherited Pszczyna, but gave it to his daughter and son-in-law in 1480
Henry I the Elder		15 May 1448 Poděbrady Castle Third son of George (I) and Kunigunde of Sternberg	22 March 1471 – 24 June 1498	Duchy of Ziębice	Ursula of Brandenburg 9 September 1467 Cheb eight children	24 June 1498 Kłodzko aged 50
Henry (II) the Younger		18 May 1452 Prague Son of George (I) and Johana of Rožmitál	22 March 1471 – 1 July 1492	County of Kłodzko	Catherine of Thuringia 26 February 1471 one child	1 July 1492 Poděbrady Castle aged 40
Opava annexed to Hungary
Kłodzko briefly annexed to Ziębice
Johanna		1463 Poděbrady Castle Daughter of Victor, Duke of Münsterberg and Margaret Ptáček of Pirkstein	15 February 1480 – 24 July 1496	Duchy of Ziębice (in Pszczyna)	Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn 15 February 1480 two children	24 July 1496 aged 32-33	She was given Pszczyna possibly at the time of her wedding with the Duke of Cieszyn.
Pszczyna annexed to Cieszyn
Albert		3 August 1468 Kunětická hora Castle First son of Henry I and Ursula of Brandenburg	24 June 1498 – 5 May 1501	County of Kłodzko	Salomea of Głogów-Żagań (1475-1514) 1487 one child	12 July 1511 Prostějov aged 42	Children of Henry I, divided their inheritance. In 1501, due to financial problems, Kłodzko was sold to the Hardegg family.
George I		2 October 1470 Litice Castle Second son of Henry I and Ursula of Brandenburg	24 June 1498 – 10 November 1502	Duchy of Oleśnica	Hedwig of Głogów-Żagań (1477-1524) 7 January 1488 Głogów no children	10 November 1502 Oleśnica aged 32
Charles I		2/4 May 1476 Kłodzko Fourth son of Henry I and Ursula of Brandenburg	24 June 1498 – 31 May 1536	Duchy of Ziębice	Anna of Głogów-Żagań 7 January 1488 Głogów twelve children	31 May 1536 Ząbkowice Śląskie aged 60
Kłodzko sold to the Hardegg family
Oleśnica was briefly remerged in Ziębice
Joachim		18 January 1503 Oleśnica Second son of Charles I and Anna of Głogów-Żagań	31 May 1536 – 1542	Duchy of Ziębice	Unmarried	27 December 1562 Wrocław aged 59	Childrne of Charles I, divided their inheritance. In 1542, Joachim and John pledegd their duchy to the Duchy of Legnica, and was then lost to Hungary; Joachim retired to clergy. However, John, after inheriting his brother George's duchy in 1553, managed to recover the lost Ziębice in 1559.
John		4 November 1509 Oleśnica Fourth son of Charles I and Anna of Głogów-Żagań	31 May 1536 – 1542 1559 – 28 February 1565	Duchy of Ziębice	Christina Catherine of Schidlowitz 20 February 1536 one child Margaret of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 8 September 1561 Oleśnica no children	28 February 1565 Oleśnica aged 56
Henry II		29 March 1507 Oleśnica Third son of Charles I and Anna of Głogów-Żagań	31 May 1536 – 2 August 1548	Duchy of Bierutów	Margaret of Pernštejn 7 February 1529 no children Margaret of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1515–1586) 12 November 1537 seven children	2 August 1548 Bierutów aged 45
George II		30 April 1512 Oleśnica Fifth son of Charles I and Anna of Głogów-Żagań	31 May 1536 – 13 January 1553	Duchy of Oleśnica	Elizabeth Kostka of Postupitz no children	31 May 1536 Oleśnica aged 40
Oleśnica was briefly remerged in Ziębice
Regency of John, Duke of Ziębice (1548-1565)							Heirs of Henry II. Co-ruled jointly in Bierutów until 1569, when the death of their cousin Charles Christopher made them divide their possessions: Henry kept Bierutów, and Charles inherited Oleśnica. However, Henry was indebted, had to sell the Bierutów to the von Schindel family. Charles recovered it in 1604.
Henry III		29 April 1542 Oleśnica First son of Henry II and Margaret of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	2 August 1548 – 1574	Duchy of Bierutów	Magdalena Meseritsch of Lomnitz no children	10 April 1587 Oleśnica aged 44
Charles II		29 March 1507 Oleśnica Fourth son of Henry II and Margaret of Mecklenburg-Schwerin	2 August 1548 – 28 January 1617	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Bierutów until 1574 and from 1604; in Oleśnica proper since 1569)	Catherine Berka of Dubá 17 September 1570 Moravská Třebová two children Elisabeth Magdalena of Brzeg 30 September 1585 eight children	28 January 1617 Oleśnica aged 71
Between 1574 and 1604, Bierutów belonged to the von Schindel family
Charles Christopher		22 May 1545 Oleśnica Son of John and Christina Catherine of Schidlowitz	28 February 1565 – 17 March 1569	Duchy of Ziębice	Unmarried	17 March 1569 Oleśnica aged 23	After his death, his domains were divided; while Ziębice merged in the Holy Roman Empire, Oleśnica was inherited by the Bierutów line.
Ziębice was annexed to the Holy Roman Empire; Oleśnica was inherited by the Bierutów line
Henry Wenceslaus		7 October 1592 Oleśnica Third son of Charles II and Elisabeth Magdalena of Brzeg	28 January 1617 – 21 August 1639	Duchy of Oleśnica (in Bierutów until 1574 and from 1604; in Oleśnica proper since 1569)	Anna Magdalena of the Palatinate-Veldenz 7 November 1617 Oleśnica eight children Anna Ursula of Reibnitz (1616 - 1 January 1657) 26 August 1636 (morganatic) three children	21 August 1639 Bierutów aged 46	Heirs of Charles II, divided their inheritance.
Charles Frederick		18 October 1593 Oleśnica Fourth son of Charles II and Elisabeth Magdalena of Brzeg	28 January 1617 – 31 May 1647	Duchy of Oleśnica	Anna Sophia of Saxe-Altenburg 24 November 1618 Oleśnica one child Sophia Magdalena of Brzeg 2 December 1642 Wrocław no children	31 May 1647 Oleśnica aged 53
Bierutów remerged in Oleśnica
Elisabeth Marie		11 May 1625 Oleśnica Daughter of Charles Frederick and Anna Sophia of Saxe-Altenburg	31 May 1647 – 17 March 1686	Duchy of Oleśnica	Silvius I Nimrod, Duke of Württemberg-Oels 1 May 1647 Oleśnica seven children	17 March 1686 Oleśnica aged 60	Last heiress of the Podiebrad family. After her death, her duchy was annexed to Württemberg.
Oleśnica annexed to Württemberg

The Ecclesiastical Duchy of Nysa

Established in 1290 by High Duke Henry IV Probus, held by the Bishops of Wrocław

• 1302–1319 Henry of Wiebrzno
• 1326–1341 Nankier
• 1342–1376 Przecław of Pogarell
• 1382–1417 Wenceslaus II of Legnica
• 1417–1447 Konrad IV of Oleśnica
• 1447–1456 Peter II Nowak
• 1456–1467 Jošt of Rožmberk
• 1468–1482 Rudolf of Rüdesheim
• 1482–1506 Jan IV Roth
• 1506–1520 Jan V Thurzo
• 1520–1539 Jacob of Salza
• 1539–1562 Balthazar of Promnitz
• 1562–1574 Caspar of Logau
• 1574–1585 Martin Gerstmann
• 1585–1596 Andreas Jerin
• 1596–1599 Bonaventura Hahn
• 1599–1600 Paul Albert of Radolfzell
• 1600–1608 Jan VI of Sitsch
• 1608–1624 Charles of Austria, son of Charles II, Archduke of Austria
• 1625–1655 Karol Ferdynand Vasa, Duke of Opole from 1648
• 1656–1662 Leopold Wilhelm of Habsburg
• 1663–1664 Charles Joseph of Habsburg, also Grand Master of the Teutonic Order from 1662
• 1665–1671 Sebastian von Rostock
• 1671–1682 Frederick of Hesse-Darmstadt
• 1683–1732 Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg
• 1732–1747 Philipp Ludwig von Sinzendorf

Major part annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in 1742.

• 1747–1795 Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch
• 1795–1817 Joseph Christian Franz zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein

Prussian part secularised in 1810.

• 1823–1832 Emanuel von Schimonsky
• 1835–1840 Leopold von Sedlnitzky
• 1843–1844 Joseph Knauer
• 1845–1850 Melchior von Diepenbrock

Theocracy abolished in 1850.

See also

List of Polish rulers

Piast dynasty

Dukes of Masovia

Dukes of Greater Poland

Dukes of Little Poland

Dukes of Cuiavia

Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca

References

1. As Opole kept the original capital of Opole-Racibórz, the duchy will be pictured with the same color.
2. divided into Świdnica and Jawor between 1312 and 1346
3. Zator split few years before the annexation of Oświęcim to Poland; Zator therefore will be seen as a direct successor duchy, and will be pictured with the same color.
4. Briefly recovered by Jawor between 1337 and 1346.
5. The dukes changed their capital to Chojnów in early 1440's, and sold the town of Lubin to Głogów, which was bought back in 1482 by Legnica. The recovery of Legnica by Chojnów (1454) recentered the capital to this recovered town, and, until 1488, the territory of Chojnów and later Lubin became part of the Legnica. Lubin re-emerged in 1488, but was definitely annexed to Legnica in 1550
6. Shared a half, between 1358 and 1368, with Świdnica-Jawor; Olawa split between 1400 and 1454 and eventually joined Legnica
7. Brzeg was bought from Opole in 1481 and Lubin from Głogów in 1482
8. Olawa split from Brzeg in three periods: 1586–1595, 1602–1605, 1672–1680. The latter two were dowries as well.
9. Avoid confusion between Henry III the White and Henry III, duke of Głogów
10. Avoid confusion between Conrad I of Głogów and Conrad I of Oleśnica, later inheritor of a part of Głogów.
11. Avoid confusion with the later duke of Żagań, Henry IV the Faithful
12. A new line of dukes started with Conrad I, and Henry was his son. As Henry was, like his uncle Henry III the White, descendant of Henry II, he was numbered, not according to his uncle, but independently as a new line.
13. Avoid confusion between dukes Conrad II of Żagań, known as the Hunchback and Conrad II of Oleśnica, known as the Gray.
14. Albeit more known as Przemko, his true name was probably Premislaus
15. Avoid confusion between dukes Henry V of Legnica and Henry V of Żagań
16. Ruled in Swidnica-Jawor since 1273, and abdicated at his father's death, when the partitions were made.
17. Albeit more known as Bolko, his true name was probably Boleslaus. Avoid confusion with his contemporary, Bolko I of Opole.
18. A new line of dukes starts with Mieszko I, who is thereby counted as I.
19. A new line of dukes starts with Casimir, who is thereby counted as I.
20. Applied for Bolko I and Bolko II of Opole. Albeit more known as Bolko, their true name was probably Boleslaus, name with they are also stated in sources. Bolko I was the first Boleslaus/Bolko in Upper Silesia and he was numbered as such. However, avoid confusion with his Lower Silesian contemporary, Bolko I the Strict. The same can be said to Bolko II of Opole. Avoid confusiom between him and his Lower Silesian contemporaries, Bolko the Small and Bolko II of Ziębice.
21. Avoid confusion between dukes Henry VI of Wrocław, known as the Good and Henry VI of Żagań, known as the Elder
22. A new line of dukes started with Bolko I, and Henry was his son. However, unlike Głogów line, who followed Henry the Pious, this Henry didn't follow any numbering of his ancestors, and styled himself as the I.
23. Albeit known as Bolko, his true name was probably Boleslaus. Starter of a new line of dukes, he recognized his father's numbering
24. Avoid confusion with the prior duke of Wrocław, Henry IV the Just
25. Albeit more known as Przemko, probably his true name was Premislaus.
26. Applied to Władysław of Oświęcim and Władysław of Bytom. They styled themselves I, ignoring the numbering of their ancestor and last duke of the united Opole-Racibórz, Ladislaus I of Opole-Racibórz. Avoid confusion with this two contemporary dukes
27. Documented as such in 1340.
28. Albeit known as Bolko, his true name was probably Boleslaus. Avoid confusion with his Lower Silesian uncle, Bolko II of Ziębice, and the Upper Silesian Bolko II of Opole.
29. Avoid confusion between the Lower Silesian Wenceslaus I of Legnica, and the Upper Silesians Wenceslaus I of Cieszyn and Wenceslaus I of Zator
30. Ladislaus, as ruler of Opole and a direct descendant of Ladislaus I of Opole-Racibórz, numbered himself II.
31. Not counting the regents of Opole-Racibórz, Henry was in fact the first (and only) ruler in Upper Silesia to bear this name, more usual in Lower Silesia. In fact, his mother, Elisabeth of Świdnica, was Lower Silesian.
32. Applied to Upper Silesian Bolko III of Strzelce and Lower Silesian Bolko III of Ziębice. Albeit more known as Bolko, their true name must have been Boleslaus. Avoid confusion between these two contemporary dukes.
33. Albeit following the numberings of the rulers named Bolko, the same is not applied to the dukes Henry in Ziębice. Henry is styled the I, ignoring the numbering of Henry II the Pious.
34. Avoid confusion between Lower Silesian Wenceslaus II of Legnica and the Upper Silesians Wenceslaus II of Zator and Wenceslaus II of Cieszyn
35. Numbered higher, as Henry VII of Brzeg, despite succeeding to his father only in 1398, was co-ruling with his father since 1361, sooner than Henry VIII's ascension.
36. Avoid confusion between contemporary dukes Henry VIII of Legnica and Henry VIII of Głogów, known as the Sparrow
37. Avoid confusion between contemporary dukes of Legnica-Brzeg, Henry VII of Brzeg known as the Courageous or with a Scar and Henry VII of Głogów, known as Rumpold or the Middle
38. Note that both Henry VII and his nephew Henry X bore the surname Rumpold
39. Albeit more known as Bolko, his true name was probably Boleslaus.
40. Bernard was the first Upper Silesian ruler to bear this name.
41. Avoid confusion between the contemporary dukes John I of Żagań and John I of Opole
42. Avoid confusion between contemporary dukes Henry IX of Lubin and Henry IX the Elder of Żagań. Henry IX the Elder has also the same sobriquet as his uncle, Henry VI.
43. Avoid confusion between dukes Henry X of Lubin and Henry X of Głogów.
44. Numbered lower than Henry VIII of Legnica (who ascended in 1364) because he was co-ruling with his father since 1361.
45. Kantner refers to this town, possibly the one where he was born.
46. Prusice was ceded by Conrad V to his brother Conrad VII, in 1421.
47. Wołów was ceded by Conrad VI to his brother Conrad V, in 1420.
48. In fact, the half of Ścinawa inherited from John, Duke of Ścinawa in 1365.
49. Her rule was contested by the Častolovice family, apparently invested with the duchy by the Bohemian king, until 1435.
50. Silesiacarum Rerum Scriptores (1729), Codicis Silesiæ Diplomatici, CXXV, p. 1004.
51. Ruled jointly with his sister-in-law, Margareta of Celje.
52. Strangely he was not numbered II, when he had an uncle with this name who co-ruled in the same duchy.
53. Avoid confusion between Henry XI of Głogów and Henry XI of Legnica.
54. John adopted the numbering V, after his uncle, Jan IV of Oświęcim
55. Helena Osvětimská, 2020-03-06

Bibliography

• Neue deutsche Biographie, Berlin 2001, Bd.: 20, p. 403–407
• Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Leipzig 1905–1909, Bd.: 17, p. 845–847

Sites

http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/regents/poland/silesia.htm