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Hawaiian honeycreeper

January 01, 1970

Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small birds endemic to Hawaiʻi. They are members of the finch family Fringillidae, closely related to the rosefinches (Carpodacus), but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii, with extinctions increasing over the last two centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes.[1][2]

Hawaiian honeycreeper
ʻIʻiwi (Drepanis coccinea)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genera

See text

Synonyms

Drepanididae
Drepanidini[verification needed] (see text)
Drepaniidae
Drepanidinae

Beak and tongue shapes of Hawaiian honeycreepers and the Mohoidae

Taxonomy edit

Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a family Drepanididae,[3] other authorities considered them a subfamily, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the finch family. The entire group was also called Drepanidini in treatments where buntings and American sparrows (Passerellidae) were included in the finch family; this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today.[4][5] Most recently, the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily Carduelinae.[2][6]

The Hawaiian honeycreepers are the sister taxon to the Carpodacus rosefinches. Their ancestors are thought to have been from Asia and diverged from Carpodacus about 7.2 million years ago, and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the Hawaiian Islands between 5.7-7.2 million years ago, which was roughly the same time that the islands of Ni'ihau and Kauai formed. The lineage of the recently extinct po'ouli (Melamprosops) was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, diverging about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The lineage containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza was the second to diverge, diverging about a million years after the po'ouli's lineage. Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid-late Pliocene, after the formation of Oahu but prior to the formation of Maui. Due to this, Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers, allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu.[7]

A phylogenetic tree of the recent Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages is shown here. Genera or clades with question marks (?) are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement.[7][8]

†Melamprosops (the extinct poʻouli)

Loxioides (palila and the prehistoric Kauai palila)

?

†Rhodacanthis (the extinct koa-finches)

?

†Chloridops (the extinct Hawaiian grosbeaks)

Telespiza (Laysan & Nihoa finches, and several prehistoric species from the larger islands)

?

Psittirostra (the possibly extinct ʻōʻū)

†Dysmorodrepanis (the extinct Lanai hookbill)

The classification of Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and forming the second most basal group is based on genetic and molecular evidence, and has been affirmed by numerous studies; however, when morphological evidence only is used, Paroreomyza is instead the second most basal genus, with Oreomystis being the third most basal genus and more closely allied with the derived Hawaiian honeycreepers, as Oreomystis shares traits with the derived honeycreepers, such as a squared-off tongue and a distinct musty odor, that Paroreomyza does not. This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera, and it would be seemingly impossible for only Paroreomyza to have lost the distinctive traits but Oreomystis and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them, thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum.[8]

Viridonia (containing the greater ʻamakihi) may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus Aidemedia (containing the prehistoric icterid-like and sickle-billed gapers), and has the most debated taxonomy; it was long classified within the "greater Hemignathus" radiation (a now-paraphyletic grouping containing species formerly lumped within Hemignathus, including Hemignathus, Akialoa, and Chlorodrepanis) and while some sources speculate it as being sister to Chlorodrepanis (containing the lesser ʻamakihis), other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus Loxops (containing the 'akepas, ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawī).[8]

Characteristics edit

Nearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage, described by many researchers as "rather like that of old canvas tents".[9][10]

Today, the flowers of the native ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha) are favored by a number of nectarivorous honeycreepers. The wide range of bill shapes in this group, from thick, finch-like bills to slender, down-curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through adaptive radiation, where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of ecological niches. Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past, and many more in earlier times, following the arrival of humans who introduced non-native animals (ex: rats, pigs, goats, cows) and converted habitat for agriculture.[11][12]

Genera and species edit

The term "prehistoric" indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaiʻi (i.e., from the late 1st millennium AD on) and European contact in 1778.

Subfamily Carduelinae

Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three tribes – Hemignathini, Psittirostrini, and Drepanidini – but they are not currently classified as such.

Conservation edit

This section is an excerpt from Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation.[edit]
Hawaiian honeycreepers (Fringillidae), of the subfamily Carduelinae, were once quite abundant in all forests throughout Hawai'i.[16] This group of birds historically consisted of at least 51 species. Less than half of Hawaii's previously extant species of honeycreeper still exist.[16] Threats to species include habitat loss, avian malaria, predation by non-native mammals, and competition from non-native birds.[17]

See also edit

Cited references edit

  1. ^ Lerner, H.R.L.; Meyer, M.; James, H.F.; Fleischer, R.C. (2011). "Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. PMID 22018543.
  2. ^ a b Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
  3. ^ Clements, J. 2007. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 6th ed. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1
  4. ^ Dickinson, E, ed. (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11701-0.
  5. ^ AOU Check-list of North American Birds Accessed 26 December 2007
  6. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
  7. ^ a b Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). "Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543.
  8. ^ a b c "A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog". www.malamamaunakea.org. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  9. ^ Pratt, H Douglas (2002). The Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-854653-5.
  10. ^ Pratt, H. Douglas (1992). "Is the Poo-uli a Hawaiian Honeycreeper (Drepanidinae)?" (PDF). The Condor. 94 (1). Cooper Ornithological Society: 172–180. doi:10.2307/1368806. JSTOR 1368806.
  11. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 45 (45): 1–91. doi:10.2307/40166794. hdl:10088/1745. JSTOR 40166794.
  12. ^ James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 46 (46): 1–92. doi:10.2307/40166713. hdl:10088/1746. JSTOR 40166713.
  13. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2014). The Eponym Dictionary of Birds. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781472905741. The genus Aidemedia is named in honor of Joan Aidem.
  14. ^ James, Helen F; Storrs L. Olson (2003). "A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii". The Auk. 120 (4): 970–981. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0970:AGNSON]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 41112065.
  15. ^ James, Helen F.; Johnathan P. Prince (May 2008). "Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches". Diversity & Distributions. 14 (3): 441–451. Bibcode:2008DivDi..14..441J. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x. S2CID 40057425.
  16. ^ a b Spiegel, Caleb S.; Patrick J. Hart; Bethany L. Woodworth; Erik J. Tweed; Jaymi J. LeBrun (2006). "Distribution and abundance of forest birds in low-altitude habitat on Hawai'i Island: evidence for range expansion of native species" (PDF). Bird Conservation International. 16 (02): 175–185. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000244. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  17. ^ Jacobi, James D.; Carter T. Atkinson (September 28, 2000). . U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-04-26.

Other references edit

  • Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drepanidinae.
  • Hawaiian Honeycreepers (Drepanididae) information, including 4 species with videos and 11 with photographs at the Internet Bird Collection

January 01, 1970
hawaiian, honeycreeper, group, small, birds, endemic, hawaiʻi, they, members, finch, family, fringillidae, closely, related, rosefinches, carpodacus, many, species, have, evolved, features, unlike, those, present, other, finch, their, great, morphological, div. Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small birds endemic to Hawaiʻi They are members of the finch family Fringillidae closely related to the rosefinches Carpodacus but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii with extinctions increasing over the last two centuries following European discovery of the islands with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes 1 2 Hawaiian honeycreeper ʻIʻiwi Drepanis coccinea Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Passeriformes Family Fringillidae Subfamily Carduelinae Genera See text Synonyms Drepanididae Drepanidini verification needed see text Drepaniidae Drepanidinae Beak and tongue shapes of Hawaiian honeycreepers and the Mohoidae Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Characteristics 3 Genera and species 4 Conservation 5 See also 6 Cited references 7 Other references 8 External linksTaxonomy editBefore the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a family Drepanididae 3 other authorities considered them a subfamily Drepanidinae of Fringillidae the finch family The entire group was also called Drepanidini in treatments where buntings and American sparrows Passerellidae were included in the finch family this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today 4 5 Most recently the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily Carduelinae 2 6 The Hawaiian honeycreepers are the sister taxon to the Carpodacus rosefinches Their ancestors are thought to have been from Asia and diverged from Carpodacus about 7 2 million years ago and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the Hawaiian Islands between 5 7 7 2 million years ago which was roughly the same time that the islands of Ni ihau and Kauai formed The lineage of the recently extinct po ouli Melamprosops was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times diverging about 5 7 5 8 million years ago The lineage containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza was the second to diverge diverging about a million years after the po ouli s lineage Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid late Pliocene after the formation of Oahu but prior to the formation of Maui Due to this Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu 7 A phylogenetic tree of the recent Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages is shown here Genera or clades with question marks are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement 7 8 Melamprosops the extinct poʻouli Paroreomyza ʻalauahios and the extinct kakawahie Oreomystis ʻakikiki Loxioides palila and the prehistoric Kauai palila Rhodacanthis the extinct koa finches Chloridops the extinct Hawaiian grosbeaks Telespiza Laysan amp Nihoa finches and several prehistoric species from the larger islands Psittirostra the possibly extinct ʻōʻu Dysmorodrepanis the extinct Lanai hookbill Ciridops the extinct ʻula ʻai hawane and stout legged finch Drepanis ʻiʻiwi and the extinct mamos Palmeria ʻakohekohe Himatione ʻapapane Hemignathus ʻakiapōlaʻau and the possibly extinct nukupuʻus Akialoa the extinct ʻakialoas Pseudonestor kiwikiu Viridonia greater ʻamakihi could fall anywhere within this clade Magumma ʻanianiau Loxops akepas ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawi Chlorodrepanis lesser ʻamakihis The classification of Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and forming the second most basal group is based on genetic and molecular evidence and has been affirmed by numerous studies however when morphological evidence only is used Paroreomyza is instead the second most basal genus with Oreomystis being the third most basal genus and more closely allied with the derived Hawaiian honeycreepers as Oreomystis shares traits with the derived honeycreepers such as a squared off tongue and a distinct musty odor that Paroreomyza does not This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and it would be seemingly impossible for only Paroreomyza to have lost the distinctive traits but Oreomystis and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum 8 Viridonia containing the greater ʻamakihi may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus Aidemedia containing the prehistoric icterid like and sickle billed gapers and has the most debated taxonomy it was long classified within the greater Hemignathus radiation a now paraphyletic grouping containing species formerly lumped within Hemignathus including Hemignathus Akialoa and Chlorodrepanis and while some sources speculate it as being sister to Chlorodrepanis containing the lesser ʻamakihis other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus Loxops containing the akepas ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawi 8 Characteristics editNearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage described by many researchers as rather like that of old canvas tents 9 10 Today the flowers of the native ʻōhiʻa Metrosideros polymorpha are favored by a number of nectarivorous honeycreepers The wide range of bill shapes in this group from thick finch like bills to slender down curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through adaptive radiation where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of ecological niches Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past and many more in earlier times following the arrival of humans who introduced non native animals ex rats pigs goats cows and converted habitat for agriculture 11 12 Genera and species editThe term prehistoric indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaiʻi i e from the late 1st millennium AD on and European contact in 1778 Subfamily Carduelinae Drepanidini Genus Aidemedia Olson amp James 1991 straight thin bills insectivores 13 Aidemedia chascax Olson amp James 1991 Oʻahu icterid like gaper prehistoric Aidemedia lutetiae Olson amp James 1991 Maui Nui icterid like gaper prehistoric Aidemedia zanclops Olson amp James 1991 sickle billed gaper prehistoric Genus Akialoa Olson amp James 1995 pointed long and down curved bills insectivorous or nectarivorous Akialoa ellisiana Gray 1859 Oʻahu ʻakialoa extinct 1940 Akialoa lanaiensis Rothschild 1893 Maui Nui ʻakialoa extinct 1892 Akialoa stejnegeri Wilson 1889 Kauaʻi ʻakialoa extinct 1969 Akialoa obscura Cabanis 1889 lesser ʻakialoa extinct 1940 Akialoa upupirostris hoopoe billed ʻakialoa prehistoric Genus Chloridops Wilson 1888 thick billed hard seed e g Myoporum sandwicense specialist Chloridops kona Wilson 1888 Kona grosbeak extinct 1894 Chloridops regiskongi King Kong grosbeak prehistoric Chloridops wahi wahi grosbeak prehistoric Genus Chlorodrepanis Olson amp James 1995 pointed bills insectivorous and nectarivorous Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri Pratt 1989 Kauaʻi ʻamakihi Chlorodrepanis flava Bloxam 1827 Oʻahu ʻamakihi Chlorodrepanis virens Cabanis 1851 Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi Genus Ciridops Newton 1892 finch like fed on fruit of Pritchardia species Ciridops anna Dole 1879 ʻula ʻai hawane extinct 1892 or 1937 Ciridops tenax Olson amp James 1991 stout legged finch prehistoric Genus Drepanis Temminck 1820 down curved bills nectarivores Drepanis funerea Newton 1894 black mamo extinct 1907 Drepanis pacifica Gmelin 1788 Hawaiʻi mamo extinct 1898 Drepanis coccinea Forster 1780 ʻiʻiwi Genus Dysmorodrepanis Perkins 1919 pincer like bill possibly snail specialist Dysmorodrepanis munroi Perkins 1919 Lanaʻi hookbill extinct 1918 Genus Hemignathus Lichtenstein 1839 pointed or long and down curved bills insectivorous Hemignathus affinis Maui nukupuʻu extinct 1995 1998 Hemignathus hanapepe Kauaʻi nukupuʻu extinct 1998 Hemignathus lucidus Oʻahu nukupuʻu extinct 1837 Hemignathus vorpalis James amp Olson 2003 giant nukupu u prehistoric 14 Hemignathus wilsoni Rothschild 1893 ʻakiapolaʻau Genus Himatione thin billed nectarivorous Himatione sanguinea Gmelin 1788 ʻapapane Himatione fraithii Laysan honeycreeper extinct 1923 Genus Loxioides Oustalet 1877 finch like Fabales seed specialists Loxioides bailleui Oustalet 1877 palila Loxioides kikuichi Olson amp James 2006 Kaua i palila prehistoric possibly survived to the early 18th century Genus Loxops small pointed bills with the tips slightly crossed insectivorous Loxops caeruleirostris Wilson 1890 akeke e Loxops coccineus Gmelin 1789 Hawaiʻi ʻakepa Loxops ochraceus Rothschild 1893 Maui ʻakepa extinct 1988 Loxops wolstenholmei Rothschild 1895 Oʻahu ʻakepa extinct 1990s Loxops mana Wilson 1891 Hawaiʻi creeper Genus Magumma small pointed bills insectivorous and nectarivorous Magumma parva Stejneger 1887 ʻanianiau Genus Melamprosops Casey amp Jacobi 1974 short pointed bill insectivorous and snail specialist Melamprosops phaeosoma Casey amp Jacobi 1974 poʻouli extinct 2004 Genus Oreomystis Wilson 1891 short pointed bills insectivorous Oreomystis bairdi Stejneger 1887 ʻakikiki Genus Orthiospiza large weak bill possibly soft seed or fruit specialist Orthiospiza howarthi James amp Olson 1991 highland finch prehistoric Genus Palmeria Rothschild 1893 thin billed nectarivorous favors Metrosideros polymorpha Palmeria dolei Wilson 1891 ʻakohekohe Genus Paroreomyza short pointed bills insectivorous Paroreomyza maculata Cabanis 1850 Oʻahu ʻalauahio possibly extinct early 1990s Paroreomyza flammea Wilson 1889 kakawahie extinct 1963 Paroreomyza montana Paroreomyza montana montana Wilson 1890 Lana i alauahio extinct 1937 Paroreomyza montana newtoni Rothschild 1893 Maui alauahio Genus Pseudonestor parrot like bill probes wood for insect larvae Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild 1893 Maui parrotbill or kiwikiu Genus Psittirostra slightly hooked bill Freycinetia arborea fruit specialist Psittirostra psittacea Gmelin 1789 ʻōʻu probably extinct 1998 Genus Rhodacanthis large billed granivorous legume specialists 15 Rhodacanthis flaviceps Rothschild 1892 lesser koa finch extinct 1891 Rhodacanthis forfex James amp Olson 2005 scissor billed koa finch prehistoric Rhodacanthis litotes James amp Olson 2005 primitive koa finch prehistoric Rhodacanthis palmeri Rothschild 1892 greater koa finch extinct 1896 Genus Telespiza Wilson 1890 finch like granivorous opportunistic scavengers Telespiza cantans Wilson 1890 Laysan finch Telespiza persecutrix James amp Olson 1991 Kauaʻi finch prehistoric Telespiza ultima Bryan 1917 Nihoa finch Telespiza ypsilon James amp Olson 1991 Maui Nui finch prehistoric Genus Vangulifer flat rounded bills possibly caught flying insects Vangulifer mirandus strange billed finch prehistoric Vangulifer neophasis thin billed finch prehistoric Genus Viridonia Viridonia sagittirostris Rothschild 1892 greater ʻamakihi extinct 1901 Genus Xestospiza James amp Oslon 1991 cone shaped bills possibly insectivorous Xestospiza conica James amp Olson 1991 cone billed finch prehistoric Xestospiza fastigialis James amp Olson 1991 ridge billed finch prehistoric Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three tribes Hemignathini Psittirostrini and Drepanidini but they are not currently classified as such Conservation editThis section is an excerpt from Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation edit Hawaiian honeycreepers Fringillidae of the subfamily Carduelinae were once quite abundant in all forests throughout Hawai i 16 This group of birds historically consisted of at least 51 species Less than half of Hawaii s previously extant species of honeycreeper still exist 16 Threats to species include habitat loss avian malaria predation by non native mammals and competition from non native birds 17 See also editHawaiian honeycreeper conservation List of adaptive radiated Hawaiian honeycreepers by formCited references edit Lerner H R L Meyer M James H F Fleischer R C 2011 Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers Current Biology 21 21 1838 1844 doi 10 1016 j cub 2011 09 039 PMID 22018543 a b Zuccon Dario Prŷs Jones Robert Rasmussen Pamela C Ericson Per G P 2012 The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches Fringillidae PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 2 581 596 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2011 10 002 PMID 22023825 Clements J 2007 The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 6th ed ISBN 978 0 7136 8695 1 Dickinson E ed 2003 The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World 3rd ed Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 11701 0 AOU Check list of North American Birds Accessed 26 December 2007 Gill Frank Donsker David eds Finches euphonias World Bird List Version 5 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 5 June 2015 a b Lerner Heather R L Meyer Matthias James Helen F Hofreiter Michael Fleischer Robert C 2011 11 08 Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers Current Biology 21 21 1838 1844 doi 10 1016 j cub 2011 09 039 ISSN 0960 9822 PMID 22018543 a b c A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog www malamamaunakea org Retrieved 2021 04 17 Pratt H Douglas 2002 The Hawaiian Honeycreepers Oxford University Press p 46 ISBN 978 0 19 854653 5 Pratt H Douglas 1992 Is the Poo uli a Hawaiian Honeycreeper Drepanidinae PDF The Condor 94 1 Cooper Ornithological Society 172 180 doi 10 2307 1368806 JSTOR 1368806 Olson Storrs L James Helen F 1991 Descriptions of Thirty Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Part I Non Passeriformes Ornithological Monographs 45 45 1 91 doi 10 2307 40166794 hdl 10088 1745 JSTOR 40166794 James Helen F Olson Storrs L 1991 Descriptions of Thirty Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Part II Passeriformes Ornithological Monographs 46 46 1 92 doi 10 2307 40166713 hdl 10088 1746 JSTOR 40166713 Beolens Bo Watkins Michael Grayson Michael 2014 The Eponym Dictionary of Birds Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 9781472905741 The genus Aidemedia is named in honor of Joan Aidem James Helen F Storrs L Olson 2003 A giant new species of nukupuu Fringillidae Drepanidini Hemignathus from the island of Hawaii The Auk 120 4 970 981 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2003 120 0970 AGNSON 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 41112065 James Helen F Johnathan P Prince May 2008 Integration of palaeontological historical and geographical data on the extinction of koa finches Diversity amp Distributions 14 3 441 451 Bibcode 2008DivDi 14 441J doi 10 1111 j 1472 4642 2007 00442 x S2CID 40057425 a b Spiegel Caleb S Patrick J Hart Bethany L Woodworth Erik J Tweed Jaymi J LeBrun 2006 Distribution and abundance of forest birds in low altitude habitat on Hawai i Island evidence for range expansion of native species PDF Bird Conservation International 16 02 175 185 doi 10 1017 S0959270906000244 Retrieved 4 November 2015 Jacobi James D Carter T Atkinson September 28 2000 Hawaii s Endemic Birds U S Department of the Interior Archived from the original on 2007 07 11 Retrieved 2007 04 26 Other references editGroth J G 1998 Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers Ostrich 69 401 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drepanidinae Hawaiian Honeycreepers Drepanididae information including 4 species with videos and 11 with photographs at the Internet Bird Collection Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hawaiian honeycreeper amp oldid 1223558690, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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