Drammen
Drammen (Norwegian pronunciation: [dɾàmːən]) is a city and municipality in Buskerud county, Norway. The port and river city of Drammen is centrally located in the south-eastern and most populated part of Norway. Drammen municipality also includes smaller towns and villages such as Konnerud, Svelvik, Mjøndalen and Skoger.
Drammen Municipality Drammen kommune Strømsø-Bragernes | |
|---|---|
Flag Coat of arms | |
| Nickname(s): Elvebyen, The River City | |
Buskerud within Norway | |
Drammen within Buskerud | |
| Coordinates: 59°44′16″N 10°12′18″E / 59.73778°N 10.20500°E | |
| Country | Norway |
| County | Buskerud |
| Administrative centre | Drammen |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2023) | Kjell Arne Hermansen (H) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 137 km2 (53 sq mi) |
| • Land | 135 km2 (52 sq mi) |
| • Rank | #366 in Norway |
| Population (Third quarter of 2023) | |
| • Total | 104,109 [1] |
| • Rank | #6 in Norway |
| • Change (10 years) | +9.7% |
| Demonym | Drammenser[2] |
| Official language | |
| • Norwegian form | Bokmål |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| ISO 3166 code | NO-3301[4] |
| Website | Official website |
Data from Statistics Norway | |
Location edit
Drammen is located west of the Oslofjord and is situated approximately 44 km South-west of Oslo. There are more than 101 000 inhabitants in the municipality, but the city is the regional capital of an area with 82 000 inhabitants. Drammen and the surrounding communities are growing more than ever before. The city makes good use of the river and inland waterway called Drammensfjord, both for recreation, activities and housing.
Name and coat of arms edit
The Old Norse form of the city's name was Drafn, and this was originally the name of the inner part of Drammensfjord. The fjord is, however, probably named after the river Drammenselva (Norse Drǫfn), and this again is derived from drǫfn f 'wave'.[5] The coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 17 November 1960. The arms has a silver-colored column on top a silver-colored bedrock crossed with a silver-colored key and sword against a blue background.[6] It is based upon the old seal dating from 1723 for Bragernes, one of the central parts of Drammen. The motto for Bragernes (in Latin) was In Fide Et Justitia Fortitudo (English: in faith and justice is strength), and the items in the seal are referring to this: key = faith, sword = justice, column on rocks = strength.[7]
Governance edit
On January 1, 2020, the municipalities of Svelvik, Nedre Eiker and Drammen merged to form «The New Drammen Municipality». The new municipality, which is now called Drammen, is located in Viken County and is Norway's seventh largest with over 100,000 residents. The main seat of the Greater Municipality is located in the city of Drammen. Drammen city had a population of 82.875 inhabitants in 2021, but serves as a regional centre for an area that had a population of 110.236 inhabitants in 2021.[8] The city is the country's record champion in environment and urban development, 21 prices since 2003 with 16 national and 5 international.
Districts edit
After the merger of the municipalities Drammen, Nedre Eiker and Svelvik in 2020, the municipality was then divided into ten municipal regions:
History edit
Rock carvings at Åskollen and Austad are 6000 to 7000 years old, and are the first signs of human activity in the area. The largest rock carving at Åskollen depicts a moose.
Drammen originally consisted of three small seaports: Bragernes (on the northern side of the Drammenselva river) and Strømsø and Tangen (both on the southern side of the river). For trade purposes, small seaports were placed under market towns. Despite their geographical proximity, Bragernes was placed under Christiania and Strømsø under Tønsberg. For this reason, cooperation between the adjacent seaport towns was almost impossible.
In 1662, a merger was proposed to unite Strømsø and Bragernes to form a market town with the name Frederiksstrøm. The proposal was rejected by Frederick III of Denmark. Bragernes received limited market town rights in 1715, and merged with Strømsø to gain status as a single city on 19 June 1811.[10]
Its geographical location made the city favorable for seafaring, shipbuilding, log driving, timber trade. During the 19th century, paper and pulp industries were developed. Large parts of the city were ruined in the great fire of 12–13 July 1866,[11] which led to the reconstruction of the city centre, including the characteristic town square and Bragernes church. The Drammen Line (Drammenbanen ) opened in 1872 providing rail service between Drammen and Oslo.[12][13]
In 1909, Drammen got the first trolleybus system in Scandinavia, the Drammen trolleybus. The lines ran until 1967. For many years the centre of Drammen suffered from heavy traffic. In 1970, Drammen Bridge with two lanes on European route E18 was built (expanded to four lanes in 2006) and in 1999 the opening of the Bragernes tunnel (Bragernestunnelen) diverted additional traffic away from the centre of the city.[14]
In recent years, the city centre has seen the introduction of new housing, shopping facilities, restaurants, cafes and bars, as well as a public pathway along the Drammenselva river.[15]
In 2011, Drammen observed its 200th anniversary with many citywide jubilee celebrations.[16] Drammen's district heating system was upgraded to use water-sourced heat pumps, drawing on local fjord water, to support population growth in the city.[17]
Geography edit
Drammen is one of the larger cities in Norway, and lies about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the capital of Norway, Oslo. The city centre lies at the end of a valley, on both sides of the Drammenselva river, and where the river meets the Drammensfjord. The Holmen island in Drammen is also the main harbor for car and fruit import in Norway.
The Drammen region is part of the metropolitan region around Oslo and the country's fifth largest urban area, it extends far beyond the municipal boundaries; into the municipalities of Lier, Asker, Øvre Eiker and Holmestrand. The total population of the settlement is 110,236 inhabitants as of 1 January 2021.[18]
In 2008 Drammen won the prestigious prize for the best city development in Europe.[19]
Climate edit
Drammen has a humid continental climate (Dfb). Located at a sheltered location at the head of a narrow fjord branch of innermost Oslofjord, Drammen is one of the warmest cities in Scandinavia in summer. The warmest month on record was July 2018 with mean 22.3 °C (72.1 °F), average daily high 29.3 °C (84.7 °F) and 11 days with highs at or above 30 °C (86 °F). The all-time high 35 °C (95 °F) was recorded August 3, 1982, and is a tie with the national high for the month. The September record high is the national record. The all-time low −28 °C (−18 °F) was recorded in January 1987, which is the coldest month on record with mean −13.8 °C (7.2 °F) and average daily low −17.1 °C (1.2 °F). In more recent years, December 2010 was almost as cold. The average date for first overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32 °F)) in autumn is 13 October (1981–2010 average).[20] The Drammen-Berskog weather station has been operating since 2004. An earlier weather station named Drammen-Marienlyst (3 m) operated from 1966 to 2003.
| Climate data for Drammen 1991–2020 (8 m, avg high/low 2010–2019, extremes 1966–2020 includes earlier station) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.8 (56.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 21.7 (71.1) | 24.3 (75.7) | 30.5 (86.9) | 34 (93) | 33.8 (92.8) | 35 (95) | 28.6 (83.5) | 23.2 (73.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 14.1 (57.4) | 35 (95) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) | 0.8 (33.4) | 6.8 (44.2) | 12.4 (54.3) | 17.7 (63.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 24.1 (75.4) | 21.7 (71.1) | 17.5 (63.5) | 10.6 (51.1) | 4.2 (39.6) | 0.4 (32.7) | 11.3 (52.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) | −2.4 (27.7) | 1.3 (34.3) | 6.1 (43.0) | 11.2 (52.2) | 15.3 (59.5) | 18 (64) | 16.4 (61.5) | 11.9 (53.4) | 5.8 (42.4) | 1.7 (35.1) | −2.6 (27.3) | 6.6 (43.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) | −6.1 (21.0) | −2.9 (26.8) | 1.1 (34.0) | 6.4 (43.5) | 10.5 (50.9) | 13.1 (55.6) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.4 (47.1) | 3.2 (37.8) | −1.1 (30.0) | −5.8 (21.6) | 2.6 (36.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28 (−18) | −26.6 (−15.9) | −21.9 (−7.4) | −8.1 (17.4) | −3 (27) | 1.4 (34.5) | 5.2 (41.4) | 3.6 (38.5) | −2.5 (27.5) | −9.2 (15.4) | −17.2 (1.0) | −24 (−11) | −28 (−18) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 59.4 (2.34) | 45.7 (1.80) | 43.2 (1.70) | 46.4 (1.83) | 64.9 (2.56) | 73.3 (2.89) | 72.4 (2.85) | 89.3 (3.52) | 78.1 (3.07) | 89.1 (3.51) | 82.7 (3.26) | 64.1 (2.52) | 808.6 (31.85) |
| Source 1: eklima.no (extremes) = eklima>[21] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: yr.no (mean, precipitaiton)[22] | |||||||||||||
Demographics edit
As of 2022, Immigrants and Norwegian-born with immigrant parents in Drammen is 29 per cent,[23][24] of which 25 per cent are Norwegian-born with immigrant parents.
As of 2022, immigrants of non-Western origin and their children enumerated 20,507 and made up an estimated 22% of Drammen's population.[25] Immigrants of Western origin and their children enumerated 9,333 and made up an estimated 9% of Drammen's population.[26][27]
| Ancestry | Number |
|---|---|
| Poland | 3,419 |
| Turkey | 2,689 |
| Iraq | 1,662 |
| Afghanistan | 1,425 |
| Pakistan | 1,263 |
| Lithuania | 1,194 |
| Somalia | 1,101 |
| Kosovo | 1,029 |
| India | 959 |
| Iran | 923 |
| Vietnam | 908 |
| Bosnia & Herzegovina | 824 |
| Syria | 710 |
| Eritrea | 706 |
| Sweden | 663 |
| Persons | |
|---|---|
| 2022[29][30] | |
| 3005 Drammen | |
| Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents | |
| Total | 29 840 |
| Nordic countries except Norway, EU/EFTA, UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand | 9 333 |
| Europe except EU/EFTA/UK, Africa, Asia, America except USA and Canada, Oceania except Australia and New Zealand, polar regions | 20 507 |
| Immigrants | |
| Total | 22 249 |
| Nordic countries except Norway, EU/EFTA, UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand | 8 120 |
| Europe except EU/EFTA/UK, Africa, Asia, America except USA and Canada, Oceania except Australia and New Zealand, polar regions | 14 129 |
| Norwegian-born to immigrant parents | |
| Total | 7 591 |
| Nordic countries except Norway, EU/EFTA, UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand | 1 213 |
| Europe except EU/EFTA/UK, Africa, Asia, America except USA and Canada, Oceania except Australia and New Zealand, polar regions | 6 378 |
Attractions edit
Aass Brewery edit
Aass Brewery is the oldest surviving brewery in Norway, and has won acclaim for both its beer and its well-conserved building. Founded in 1834, the brewery's primary products are soft drinks, beer and aquavit.[31]
Bridges edit
- Øvre Sund Bridge (Øvre Sund bru) – crosses Drammenselva in the center of Drammen[32]
- Drammen City Bridge (Drammensbrua bybro) – was a concrete bridge connecting the two centers of the city, built in 1936 and demolished in 2022. A new city bridge will open in the autumn of 2025 on the same site.[33] A temporary pedestrian bridge crosses the river adjacent to the site of the new bridge under construction.
- Drammen Bridge (Drammensbrua) – motorway box girder bridge on E18 that crosses Drammenselva, built 1971[34]
- Ypsilon Bridge (Ypsilon bru) – cable-stayed pedestrian bridge over Drammenselva, built 2007
- Holmen bridges (Holmenbruene) – two railway bridges on the Drammen Line[35]
- Nedre Eiker Bridge – (Nedre Eiker bru) crosses Drammenselva up the river connecting the towns Krokstadelva og Mjøndalen.[36][37]
- Mjøndalsbrua – The old bridge between Mjøndalen and Krokstadelva, built for crossing of horse-drawn carriages in 1910.[38][39]
Drammen Museum edit
The Drammen Museum of Art and Cultural History includes Marienlyst, a manor house from ca. 1770, museum building from 1930 with the museum's administration, permanent exhibitions and collections, and Lyche pavilion from 1990 with the gallery, temporary exhibitions and museum café, Halling yard, with 5 old buildings, the oldest from 1760s. The museum also includes the two largest preserved like farms in Drammen, Gulskogen Manor and Austad farm.[40]
Drammen Spiral edit
The Drammen Spiral is a road tunnel that allows access to the Skansen Ridge, 180 m (591 ft) above the town. It opened in 1961 on the site of a former quarry.[41]
Drammen Theater edit
Drammen Theater in Bragernes was built in 1869 and was designed by architect Emil Victor Langlet. The theater was the first modern theater in the country. It was designed in a complex Renaissance style with symmetrical facades and round arched windows. After Drammen Theater suffered total destruction by fire in December 1993, a new theater was rebuilt on the model of the original house. It was finished during February 1997.[42]
Drammensbadet edit
Drammensbadet is a public swimming and training facility located in Marienlyst, Drammen. It was one of the largest in Norway when it opened 1 September 2008. They have five indoor and four outdoor pools.[43]
Bragernes Torg (town square) edit
Bragernes Torg is the largest town square in Norway and one of the largest in the Nordics.[44]
Sport clubs edit
- Strømsgodset IF and their elite football section Strømsgodset Toppfotball. Founded 10 February 1907. Five Norwegian Cups in football (1969, 1970, 1973, 1991, 2010). Winner of the Norwegian football league in 1970 and 2013. Won six Norwegian championships in bandy.
- Drammen golfklubb. Founded in 1988. Golf club with 18-hole course situated in the southern part of Drammen, on the border to Sande in Vestfold.
- Drammen HK Handball club competing in Men's European Champions League (07/08)
- IF Hellas
- IF Sturla
- Konnerud IL Sport club most famous for its cross-country skiing facilities.
- SBK Drafn Founded 15 September 1910, 21 Norwegian Championships in bandy, 1 lost cup final in football (1927). One World Champion ski jumper, Hans Bjørnstad 1950. Ole Olympic Gold medallist, Thorleif Haug 1924 (three gold, one bronze).
- SBK Skiold
- Drammen Bandy plays in the highest division.
- Drammen FK. Founded 23 August 2008.
Notable residents edit
Public service & business edit
- Niels Treschow (1751 in Strømsø – 1833) a philosopher, educator and politician
- Jørgen Herman Vogt (1784 in Bragernes – 1862) First Minister of Norway, 1856 to 1858
- Christen Smith (1785 in Skoger – 1816 at Congo River) physician, economist and botanist
- Erik Børresen (1785 in Bragernes – 1860) owned the first Norwegian ships to sail to China
- Bent Salvesen (1787–1820) a ship's captain and privateer; sailed from Drammen
- Bernhard Pauss (born 1839 at Tangen – 1907) theologian, educator, author and humanitarian
- Gustav Jensen (1845 in Drammen – 1922) priest, hymnwriter, seminary instructor and liturgist
- Anthon B. Nilsen (1855 in Svelvik – 1936) businessman, politician and author
- Urban Jacob Rasmus Børresen (1857 in Drammen – 1943) a rear admiral and industrialist
- Betzy Kjelsberg (1866 in Svelvik – 1950) politician, women's rights activist and suffragist
- Johan Aschehoug Kiær (1869 in Drammen – 1931) a paleontologist and geologist
- Johan Berger Mathiesen (born 1872 in Drammen – 1923) surgeon, worked in Eau Claire, WI
- Arnold Maria Hansson (born 1889 in Drammen – 1981) New Zealand forestry administrator and consultant
- Konrad Knudsen (1890 in Drammen – 1959) painter and journalist, host to Leon Trotsky 1935/6
- Henning Bødtker (1891 in Svelvik – 1975) lawyer, Attorney General of Norway, 1945 to 1962
- Odd Dahl (1898 in Drammen – 1994) engineer, nuclear physics researcher and explorer
- Arnfinn Vik (1901 in Drammen – 1990) politician. Mayor of Oslo, 1945 to 1947
- Henry Wilhelm Kristiansen (1902 in Drammen – 1942) politician, chairman of the Communist Party of Norway 1931–1934
- Asbjørn Bryhn (1906 in Drammen – 1990) head of the Norwegian Police Security Service
- Thorstein Treholt (1911 in Skoger – 1993) politician and father of convicted spy Arne Treholt
- Lars Korvald (1916 in Mjøndalen – 2006) politician, Prime Minister of Norway 1972 to 1973
- Astrid Bjellebø Bayegan (born 1943) first female dean in Norway, at Drammen since 1989
- Svein Rennemo (born 1947 in Drammen) a businessperson and chair of Statoil
- Thorbjørn Jagland (born 1950 in Drammen) Prime Minister of Norway, 1996 to 1997
- Per-Erik Burud (1962 in Drammen – 2011) Norwegian billionaire, head of grocery chain Kiwi
The Arts edit
- Hanna Winsnes (1789 in Bragernes – 1872) a poet, novelist and cookbook writer
- Martinus Rørbye (1803 in Drammen – 1848) a Danish Golden Age painter, worked in Skagen
- Peter Nicolai Arbo (1831 in Drammen – 1892) painter of history motifs and Norse mythology
- Christian Cappelen (1845 in Drammen – 1916) a Norwegian organist and composer
- Hans Heyerdahl (1857–1913) realist painter, portraits and landscapes; grew up in Drammen
- Johan Halvorsen (1864 in Drammen – 1935) a Norwegian composer, conductor and violinist
- Barbra Ring (1870 in Drammen – 1955) novelist, short story writer and theatre critic
- Herman Wildenvey (1885 at Mjøndalen – 1959) a distinguished Norwegian poet
- Lalla Carlsen (1889 in Svelvik – 1967) a Norwegian singer and actress[45]
- Kai Fjell (1907 in Skoger – 1989) painter, printmaker and scenographer[46]
- Jens Gunderssen (1912 in Drammen – 1969) singer, songwriter, actor and theatre director[47]
- Eivind Lund (1914 in Drammen – 1984) a Norwegian painter
- Solveig Christov (1918 in Drammen – 1984) writer of short stories, novels and plays
- Sverre Holm (1931 in Drammen – 2005) a Norwegian stage and film actor[48]
- Triztán Vindtorn (1942 in Drammen – 2009) a poet and performance artist
- Lars Klevstrand (born 1949 in Drammen) a singer, guitarist, composer and actor[49]
- Herodes Falsk (born 1954 in Drammen) comedian, actor, author, and songwriter[50]
- Katharina Nuttall (born 1972 in Drammen) an artist, film composer and music producer[51]
- Todd Terje (born 1981 in Mjøndalen) a Norwegian DJ, songwriter, and record producer
Sport edit
- Thorleif Haug (1894 in Lier – 1934) three Nordic skiing gold medals at 1924 Winter Olympics
- Charles Mathiesen (1911 in Drammen – 1994) speed skater gold medal 1936 Winter Olympics
- Johan Haanes (1912 in Drammen – 2000) tennis player, ski jumper and track and field athlete
- Finn Helgesen (1919 in Drammen – 2011) speed skater, gold medalist 1948 Winter Olympics
- Arne Bergodd (born 1948 in Drammen) rower, team silver medallist at 1976 Summer Olympics
- Arne Dokken (born 1955 in Drammen) footballer with 190 club caps and 24 for Norway
- Svend Karlsen (born 1967 in Drammen) former strongman, powerlifter and bodybuilder
- Johann Olav Koss (born 1968 in Drammen) speed skater with four Olympic gold medals
- Glenn Solberg (born 1972 in Drammen) handball coach, former player, 122 caps for Norway
- Heidi Tjugum (born 1973 in Drammen) team handballer, twice Olympic team medallist
- Ole Einar Bjørndalen (born 1974 in Drammen) retired biathlete, 13 Winter Olympics medals
- Adnan Haidar (born 1989 in Drammen) footballer with over 150 club caps and 36 for Lebanon
- Martin Ødegaard (born 1998) footballer with 200+ club caps, captain of Norway with 25 caps and the captain of Arsenal
- Kristian Krogh Johannessen (born 1995) Professional golfer, qualified to represent Norway at the 2021 Olympics.
- Hakon Lagerqvist (1970 in Drammen – Present) Local skier. First documented ski descent of the Kjøsterudjuvet and skied 10000 vertical meters in one day at Norefjell ski area.
Twin towns – sister cities edit
- Kolding, Denmark
- Lappeenranta, Finland
- Örebro, Sweden
- Stykkishólmur, Iceland
Gallery – Churches & Tunnels edit
- Skoger Church
-
- Strømsgodset church
- Konnerud church
- St. Laurentius church (Roman Catholic)
- Fjell church
- Bragernes tunnel
- Hamborgstrøm tunnel
- Strømsås tunnel
- Kleivene tunnel
- Strømsås tunnel
References edit
- ^ "Befolkning".
- ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
- ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
- ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
- ^ Unger, Carl Rikard (1896). Sproglig-historiske studier (in Norwegian). Kristiania, Norge: H. Aschehoug & Co. p. 37. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ Thorsnæs, Geir; Askheim, Svein (18 March 2022), "Drammen", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian Bokmål), retrieved 30 June 2022
- ^ . Fotw.us. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ "Tettsteders befolkning og areal". SSB (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ https://www.drammen.kommune.no/globalassets/om-kommunen/dokumenter/drammensguiden2020.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^ Søbstad, Per Ivar. . History of Drammen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
- ^ Tingle 1866.
- ^ Tor Wisting. "Drammenbanen". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ Søbstad, Per Ivar. . History of Drammen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
- ^ "Drammen Bridge". structurae.net. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ "Steder – Buskerud – Drammen". Historier.no. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 31 July 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- ^ Richard Anderson (10 March 2015). "Heat pumps extract warmth from ice cold water". BBC. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ "04859: Area and population of urban settlements (US) 2000 – 2021-PX-Web SSB".
- ^ "CEU ECTP – The 7th European Urban and Regional Planning Awards 2008". Ceu-ectp.eu. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ "Første frostnatt". 25 September 2013.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "Weather statistics for Berskog".
- ^ "09817: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by immigration category, in total and separately, country background and percentages of the population (M) 2010 – 2023. Statbank Norway". SSB. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". SSB. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "09817: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by immigration category, in total and separately, country background and percentages of the population (M) 2010 – 2023. Statbank Norway". SSB. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "09817: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by immigration category, in total and separately, country background and percentages of the population (M) 2010 – 2023. Statbank Norway". SSB. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". SSB. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "09817: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by immigration category, country background and percentages of the population (M) 2010 – 2021-PX-Web SSB". SSB. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ "09817: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by immigration category, in total and separately, country background and percentages of the population (M) 2010 – 2023. Statbank Norway". SSB. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". SSB. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ . english.aass.no. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.
- ^ "Øvre Sund Bru". bridgeinfo.net. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ "Bybrua". Drammen municipality. Open Publishing. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ Tor Wisting. "Drammenbanen". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ Tor Wisting. "Drammenbanen". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- ^ "Nedre Eiker bru". Kartverket.
- ^ "Nedre Eiker Bridge". www.wikidata.org. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ Borgen, Per Otto (1997). Hvor Drammenselven iler (in Norwegian) (Electronic reproduction ed.). Drammen: no#:Forl. for by- og bygdehistorie. p. 112. ISBN 8291649049.
- ^ "Q11989673". www.wikidata.org. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ "Velkommen || Drammens Museum". Drammens.museum.no. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ^ Porter, Darin; Prince, Danforth (2005). Frommer's Norway. John Wiley & Sons. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-764-59810-4.
- ^ "Drammen Teater".
- ^ "Velkommen til Drammensbadet".
- ^ Borgen, Per Otto (1 January 2004). "Bragernes Torg". Drammen Byleksikon. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
- ^ IMDb Database retrieved 18 March 2021
- ^ Oscar Thue (20 February 2017). "Kai Fjell". Norsk kunstnerleksikon. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
- ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 March 2021
- ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 March 2021
- ^ IMDb Database retrieved 17 March 2021
- ^ IMDb Database retrieved 21 March 2021
- ^ IMDb Database retrieved 17 March 2021
- ^ "Drammen Byleksikon: Ørebro". byleksikon.drmk.no (in Norwegian). Drammen Kommune. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
Bibliography edit
- Tingle, Joseph Child (25 August 1866). "A Town in Ashes". All the Year Round. London. XVI (383): 150–153.
- Attribution to Tingle given in Hall, John Richard Clark (1919). Herbert Tingle, and Especially his Boyhood. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. pp. 12–13. OCLC 24238768.
External links edit
- Drammen travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Elvebyen Drammen (in Norwegian)
- Visit Drammen
- Drammen kommune