Dracophyllum longifolium, commonly called inaka (from Māori), is an upright shrub or small tree in the family Ericaceae that is endemic to New Zealand.
Dracophyllum longifolium grows mostly in the South Island but is found throughout New Zealand from sea level up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft). Inaka occurs in open forests where it can grow as high as 12 metres and in sub-alpine areas it generally reaches 1–1.5 metres (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in).[4][5]
Dracophyllum longifolium has thin branches that become marked with rings as old leaves die. The needle-like long leaves are 3–5 millimetres (0.12–0.20 in) wide and up to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long with a pointed tip and are often softly coloured from green through to orange and brown.
Inaka is a long-lived plant and can survive for up to 220 years.[6]
Cladogram showing the phylogeny of selected species within the genus Dracophyllum, from research published in 2010.
Subgenus Oreothamnus
Subgenus Dracophyllum
In a 1952 supplement of the Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N. Z., W. R. B. Oliver published a revised taxonomic arrangement of the genus Dracophyllum which he had first attempted in 1928. In this supplement he placed D. longifolium in a group with D. oliveri within the subgenus Oreothemanus. Oliver, however, conducted his research based purely on morphological characteristics such as growth habit, leaves, and flowers. In 2010 a team of several botanists, including Stephanus Venter, published an article on the genus Dracophyllum in the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. In it they performed a cladistic analysis and produced a phylogenetic tree of the tribe Richeeae and other species using genetic sequencing. They found that only the subgenus Oreothamnus as well as the tribe Richeeae were monophyletic. The paraphylly of the genus Dracophyllum, as well as the polyphyly of the closely related genus Richea, they argued, suggested that a major taxonomic revision was required.[8][9] Stephanus Venter revised the genus in 2021, merging the genus Richea into two subgenera, named D. subg. Cystanthe and D. subg.Dracophylloides, of Dracophyllum. Though he noted that because the 2010 study was based on plastid sequence data and did not attain some species with strong enough evidence, the subgenera are instead based on morphological characteristics.[10]D. longifolium's placement can be summarised in the cladogram at right.
Conservation statusedit
In both 2009 and 2012, D. longifolium var. longifolium was deemed to be "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System,[11] and this New Zealand classification was reaffirmed in 2018.[12] However, D. longifolium var. septentrionale was classified as "At Risk - Naturally Uncommon" in 2012,[13] and in 2018.[12]
Referencesedit
^Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. (2018). "Dracophyllum longifolium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T49482797A135793150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T49482797A135793150.en. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^ ab"Dracophyllum longifolium (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
^Brown, R. (1819). Roemer, J.J.; Schultes, J.A. (eds.). "Dracophyllum longifolium". Systema Vegetabilium Edn. 16. 4: 385.
^"Dracophyllum longifolium". www.nzflora.info. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
^Metcalf, Lawrie. "Dracophyllum longifolium". www.rnzih.org.nz. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
^Scheele, Sue; Sweetapple, Peter. "Neinei and Inanga". www.landcareresearch.co.nz. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
^Eagle, Audrey (2008). Eagle's complete trees and shrubs of New Zealand volume two. Wellington: Te Papa Press. pp. 576–578. ISBN9780909010089.
^Wagstaff, Steven J.; Dawson, Murray I.; Venter, Stephanus; Munzinger, Jérôme; Crayn, Darren M.; Steane, Dorothy A. & Lemson, Kristina L. (2010). "Origin, diversification, and classification of the Australasian genus Dracophyllum (Richeeae, Ericaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 97 (2): 235–258. JSTOR 40732242.
^Oliver, W. R. B. (1952). A Revision of the Genus Dracophyllum: Supplement.
^Venter, Stephanus (March 2021). "A taxonomic revision of the Australasian genera Dracophyllum and Richea (Richeeae: Styphelioideae: Ericaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 34 (2): 7 & 68–73. doi:10.1071/SB19049_CO.
^"Dracophyllum longifolium var. longifolium | New Zealand Plant Conservation Network". nzpcn.org.nz. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
^ abde Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Barkla, J.W.; Courtney, S.P.; Champion, P.D.; Perrie, L.R.; Beadel, S.M.; Ford, K.A.; Breitwieser, I.; Schönberger, I. & Hindmarsh-Walls, R. (1 May 2018). "Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017" (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. 22: 43, 62. OCLC 1041649797.
^"Dracophyllum longifolium var. septentrionale | New Zealand Plant Conservation Network". nzpcn.org.nz. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
December 18, 2023
dracophyllum, longifolium, commonly, called, inaka, from, māori, upright, shrub, small, tree, family, ericaceae, that, endemic, zealand, conservation, statusleast, concern, iucn, scientific, classificationkingdom, plantaeclade, tracheophytesclade, angiospermsc. Dracophyllum longifolium commonly called inaka from Maori is an upright shrub or small tree in the family Ericaceae that is endemic to New Zealand Dracophyllum longifoliumConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder EricalesFamily EricaceaeGenus DracophyllumSpecies D longifoliumBinomial nameDracophyllum longifolium J R Forst G Forst R Br ex Roem amp Schult 2 3 Synonyms 2 Dracophyllum lyallii Hook f Epacris frondosa Gaertn Epacris longifolia J R Forst amp G Forst Dracophyllum longifolium grows mostly in the South Island but is found throughout New Zealand from sea level up to 1 200 metres 3 900 ft Inaka occurs in open forests where it can grow as high as 12 metres and in sub alpine areas it generally reaches 1 1 5 metres 3 ft 3 in 4 ft 11 in 4 5 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Varieties 2 2 Phylogeny 3 Conservation status 4 ReferencesDescription editDracophyllum longifolium has thin branches that become marked with rings as old leaves die The needle like long leaves are 3 5 millimetres 0 12 0 20 in wide and up to 25 centimetres 9 8 in long with a pointed tip and are often softly coloured from green through to orange and brown Inaka is a long lived plant and can survive for up to 220 years 6 nbsp Inflorescence nbsp Adult leavesTaxonomy editVarieties edit This species has the following varieties 7 Dracophyllum longifolium var longifolium Dracophyllum longifolium var septentrionalePhylogeny edit D acerosumD densumD filifoliumD kirkiiD ophioliticumD patensD rosmarinifolium D trimorphumD arboreumD longifoliumD muscoidesD pronumD scopariumD strictumD fiordenseD menziesiiD latifoliumD townsoniiD traversiiother Dracophyllum spp Cladogram showing the phylogeny of selected species within the genus Dracophyllum from research published in 2010 Subgenus Oreothamnus Subgenus DracophyllumIn a 1952 supplement of the Trans Proc R Soc N Z W R B Oliver published a revised taxonomic arrangement of the genus Dracophyllum which he had first attempted in 1928 In this supplement he placed D longifolium in a group with D oliveri within the subgenus Oreothemanus Oliver however conducted his research based purely on morphological characteristics such as growth habit leaves and flowers In 2010 a team of several botanists including Stephanus Venter published an article on the genus Dracophyllum in the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden In it they performed a cladistic analysis and produced a phylogenetic tree of the tribe Richeeae and other species using genetic sequencing They found that only the subgenus Oreothamnus as well as the tribe Richeeae were monophyletic The paraphylly of the genus Dracophyllum as well as the polyphyly of the closely related genus Richea they argued suggested that a major taxonomic revision was required 8 9 Stephanus Venter revised the genus in 2021 merging the genus Richea into two subgenera named D subg Cystanthe and D subg Dracophylloides of Dracophyllum Though he noted that because the 2010 study was based on plastid sequence data and did not attain some species with strong enough evidence the subgenera are instead based on morphological characteristics 10 D longifolium s placement can be summarised in the cladogram at right Conservation status editIn both 2009 and 2012 D longifolium var longifolium was deemed to be Not Threatened under the New Zealand Threat Classification System 11 and this New Zealand classification was reaffirmed in 2018 12 However D longifolium var septentrionale was classified as At Risk Naturally Uncommon in 2012 13 and in 2018 12 References edit Botanic Gardens Conservation International BGCI IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 2018 Dracophyllum longifolium IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T49482797A135793150 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T49482797A135793150 en Retrieved 11 September 2021 a b Dracophyllum longifolium J R Forst amp G Forst R Br ex Roem amp Schult Plants of the World Online Kew Science Plants of the World Online Retrieved 5 March 2020 Brown R 1819 Roemer J J Schultes J A eds Dracophyllum longifolium Systema Vegetabilium Edn 16 4 385 Dracophyllum longifolium www nzflora info Retrieved 16 May 2019 Metcalf Lawrie Dracophyllum longifolium www rnzih org nz Retrieved 16 May 2019 Scheele Sue Sweetapple Peter Neinei and Inanga www landcareresearch co nz Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Retrieved 16 May 2019 Eagle Audrey 2008 Eagle s complete trees and shrubs of New Zealand volume two Wellington Te Papa Press pp 576 578 ISBN 9780909010089 Wagstaff Steven J Dawson Murray I Venter Stephanus Munzinger Jerome Crayn Darren M Steane Dorothy A amp Lemson Kristina L 2010 Origin diversification and classification of the Australasian genus Dracophyllum Richeeae Ericaceae Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97 2 235 258 JSTOR 40732242 Oliver W R B 1952 A Revision of the Genus Dracophyllum Supplement Venter Stephanus March 2021 A taxonomic revision of the Australasian genera Dracophyllum and Richea Richeeae Styphelioideae Ericaceae Australian Systematic Botany 34 2 7 amp 68 73 doi 10 1071 SB19049 CO Dracophyllum longifolium var longifolium New Zealand Plant Conservation Network nzpcn org nz Retrieved 5 March 2020 a b de Lange P J Rolfe J R Barkla J W Courtney S P Champion P D Perrie L R Beadel S M Ford K A Breitwieser I Schonberger I amp Hindmarsh Walls R 1 May 2018 Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants 2017 PDF New Zealand Threat Classification Series 22 43 62 OCLC 1041649797 Dracophyllum longifolium var septentrionale New Zealand Plant Conservation Network nzpcn org nz Retrieved 5 March 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dracophyllum longifolium amp oldid 1157200859, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
