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Develtos

April 11, 2024

Develtos (Greek: Δεβελτός, Δηβελτός, Δεουελτός, Δεούελτος, Διβηλτóς) or Deultum [nb 1] was an ancient city and bishopric in Thrace. It was located at the mouth of the River Sredetska on the west coast of Lake Mandrensko, previously part of the Gulf of Burgas, and near the modern village of Debelt.

Develtos
Δεβελτός (in Greek)
The ruins of Develtos
Shown within Bulgaria
LocationDebelt, Burgas Province, Bulgaria
RegionThrace
Coordinates42°23′28.9″N 27°17′20.5″E / 42.391361°N 27.289028°E / 42.391361; 27.289028
TypeSettlement

History edit

Classical period edit

 
Hypocaust in Deultum

Develton (Thracian: Debelton, "two-swamp area") was founded as an emporium of Apollonia Pontica in the 7th century BC.[1] From the 6th century to the 4th century BC, the settlement served as an important place of trade between Thracians and Greeks.[2]

Develton was annexed to the Roman Empire in 46 AD and became part of the province of Thrace.[3] The construction of a colonia for veterans of the VIII Augusta legion at Develton was likely planned prior to 69 AD, but was delayed due to the eruption of civil war of 69 AD.[4] The veterans may have been settled at Develton due to its proximity to the neighbouring region of Moesia, where VIII Augusta was formerly based.[4] The location was also chosen for a veterans colony as the veterans had the appropriate training necessary for the drainage of local marshland, therefore allowing the area to be developed and exploited.[5] The colonia was thus built during the reign of Emperor Vespasian, and was named Colonia Flavia Pacis Deultensium,[1] or Colonia Flavia Pancensis Deultum.[6] The inclusion of "peace" (Pacis) in the title of the colony probably referred to the conclusion of the civil war.[4] The city had an extensive territory, as testified by inscriptions in Panchevo and Sladki Kladenci near Burgas.[7]

 
A bronze coin of Severus Alexander minted at Deultum

Pliny the Elder makes reference to the city in his Naturalis Historia.[8] In 82 AD, the population of Deultum petitioned Titus Avidius Quietus to become a patron of the city.[9] Commemorative bronze coins were minted by Emperor Trajan to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the foundation of Deultum.[10] Between 130 and 150 AD, the city suffered serious damage from barbarian attacks.[10]

By the end of the 2nd century and the beginning of the 3rd century, Deultum had an area of approximately 62 acres and there were temples dedicated to Asclepius and Cybele.[10] A mint was active at Deultum from the reign of Caracalla to that of Emperor Philip the Arab.[11] The city is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary, composed in the early 3rd century.[12] Following his ascension to the throne, Emperor Philip the Arab travelled through Deultum in 244 en route from Circesium to Rome, and adventus coins were minted to celebrate his presence.[13]

Deultum was sacked by Goths in the second half of the 3rd century and was rebuilt shortly after.[10] The city later became part of the province of Haemimontus,[12] and Emperor Diocletian travelled through Deultum in 294 whilst en route from Sirmium to Nicomedia.[14] Legions I Flavia Pacis, II Flavia Pacatiana, and III Flavia Pacis may have been levied at Deultum and its environs by Diocletian or Emperor Constantius II.[15]

At the Battle of Deultum in the summer of 377 during the Gothic War of 376–382 an Eastern Roman army was defeated by a Gothic raiding party outside Deultum,[16] and the city was sacked.[10] Deultum was later rebuilt on a smaller scale, and, in the second half of the 5th century, new walls were constructed and all unprotected buildings were demolished to ensure hostile forces did not use them as cover.[10] However, the walls were destroyed by Slavs and Avars at the end of the 6th century.[10]

Medieval period edit

Develtos lay on the border with Bulgaria after the Treaty of 716 between Emperor Theodosius III and Khan Tervel,[11] and became a significant defensive post in the war with the Bulgarians.[17] As a consequence of the treaty, the city was situated at the edge of a depopulated no man's land known as Zagoria ("beyond the [Haemus] mountains") to the Bulgarians.[7] The office of kommerkia of Develtos is first attested in the 8th century.[18] Zagoria was retaken by Emperor Constantine V in 756,[19] and thus, by the early 9th century, the city had become part of a chain of military bases in northern Thrace which helped confine the Bulgarians to the north of the Haemus Mountains.[20]

In May 812, Khan Krum besieged Develtos and in June the city surrendered.[21] Siphons used to shoot Greek fire, an incendiary naval weapon, were looted when the city was taken.[22] Krum subsequently destroyed Develtos and its fortifications, and forcibly relocated the city's population to Bulgarian territory.[7][23] The depopulation of Develtos suggests Krum did not initially plan to permanently occupy the territory.[24] However, Krum later repopulated Develtos with Bulgarians,[10] and annexed the city to a new province administered by his brother in 814.[24] The province was subdivided into two districts, one on either side of the River Tonzos, and Develtos was administered as part of the left side by the boyar Irataïs and his subordinates the strategoi Cordyles and Gregoras.[24] Emperor Leo V's victory over Khan Omurtag in April 816 near Mesembria led to the negotiation and ratification of a treaty in September, which returned the city to Roman control.[25]

As per the Treaty of 816, the Great Fence (in Bulgarian), a fortified earthwork palisade, was constructed by Bulgaria northwest of Develtos to mark the border between the two states.[26] Following Bulgarian raids into Thrace in 853, the city was ceded by Empress Theodora to Khan Boris I,[27] by which time Develtos was still partially ruined.[28] Boris I restored the city to the Roman Empire,[29] and may have been baptised at the city, in 864.[10] An embassy sent by Pope Nicholas I to Emperor Michael III in 866 was prevented from entering the empire and was forced to wait 40 days at Develtos, after which the embassy abandoned its task and travelled to Pliska.[30] The embassy was tasked with informing the emperor of the pope's condemnation of Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople, and consisted of Donatus, Bishop of Ostia, the deacon Marinus, and the priest Leo.[30]

Develtos was ceded to Tsar Simeon I in the Treaty of 896, and designated as the site where the annual tribute to the Bulgarians was to be delivered.[7] Simeon I launched his campaign against Constantinople by way of Develtos in the summer of 913, thus beginning the War of 913-927.[31] As per the stipulations of the Treaty of 927, Tsar Peter I relinquished control of the city to Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos, and Develtos became part of the theme of Thrace.[32]

In 1087, Develtos was transferred to the newly created theme of Anchialos by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.[33] The city was the temporary refuge of Emperor Alexios III Angelos in mid-July 1203 after he had fled Constantinople when faced with the arrival of the Fourth Crusade.[34] Develtos was conquered by the Second Bulgarian Empire after the Battle of Adrianople in 1205,[35] but was recovered by Michael Glabas Tarchaneiotes in 1263.[7] The city declined and was depopulated in the 14th century, either due to Turkish attacks, or due to the sedimentation of its lagoon.[7] Develtos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1396.[17]

Ecclesiastical history edit

The diocese of Develtos was established in the 2nd century AD,[36] and Bishop Aelius Publius Julius is attested towards the end of the century.[7] His condemnation of Montanism suggests that montanists were present in the area in the 170s,[37] and Julius likely attended a synod at Hierapolis in Phrygia to combat the heresy.[38] The title of bishop was of Develtos and Sozopolis until the latter became a diocese in its own right potentially in the 5th century.[39]

Athanasius, Bishop of Develtos and Sozopolis, attended the Council of Ephesus in 431,[7] and initially supported the teachings of Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, but later adopted the orthodox position as declared at the council.[39] Jovian or Jovinus attended the Synod of Constantinople in 448 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451.[39] He also signed a letter alongside other bishops of Haemimontus to Emperor Leo I the Thracian in 457 to protest the murder of Saint Proterius of Alexandria.[39] A bishop of Develtos is recorded at the Synod of Constantinople of 459.[7]

Bishop Eustratius attended the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.[7] Saint George, Archbishop of Develtos, was amongst those deported after the city's surrender to Krum in 812 and was tortured to death by Khan Omurtag in 815 with roughly 380 other martyrs who refused to renounce their faith.[40] The see was vacant in 869,[41] but Bishop Symeon attended the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 879.[7] By the second half of the 9th century, until the 12th century, the diocese of Develtos is attested as a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Adrianople.[7] Constantine, Bishop of Develtos, was active at the end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th century.[42]

Develtos was nominally revived as a titular bishopric in 1933, and had the following incumbents:

Archaeological exploration edit

Excavations have been conducted since 1981 with an interruption around the turn of the century. Structures from the Roman and Byzantine periods have been explored (thermae, a temple of the imperial cult, fortifications). A museum dedicated to the site was opened next to it in 2016. The exhibits include a bronze head of Septimius Severus (from a statue damaged by fire).

In 2020, archaeologists discovered a sarcophagus from the 2nd or 3rd century AD with a Greek inscription which proved that Develtos was a port town.[43]

References edit

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as Debeltos, Debeltus, Debeltum, Develtum, Develtus, Dibaltum, and Deultum

Citations

  1. ^ a b Boer (2002), pp. 131-133
  2. ^ Hind (1992), p. 85
  3. ^ Ruscu (2007), p. 214
  4. ^ a b c Campbell (2006), p. 218
  5. ^ Richmond (1945), p. 23
  6. ^ Sayles (1998), p. 31
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Soustal (1992), pp. 234–235
  8. ^ Birley (1986), p. 210
  9. ^ Birley (1981), p. 85
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dikov (2015)
  11. ^ a b Bredow (2006)
  12. ^ a b Boeft et al. (2017), p. 150
  13. ^ Peachin (1991), p. 340
  14. ^ Connolly (2010), p. 51
  15. ^ DuBois (2015), p. 79
  16. ^ Wolfram (1990), p. 123
  17. ^ a b Browning (1991)
  18. ^ Sophoulis (2011), pp. 48-49
  19. ^ Madgearu (2016), p. 82
  20. ^ Sophoulis (2011), p. 186
  21. ^ Sophoulis (2011), p. 222
  22. ^ Treadgold (1988), p. 185
  23. ^ Fine (1991), p. 98
  24. ^ a b c Treadgold (1988), p. 205
  25. ^ Treadgold (1988), pp. 216-217
  26. ^ Hupchick (2017), p. 114
  27. ^ Hendy (1985), pp. 82-83
  28. ^ Hupchick (2017), p. 131
  29. ^ Hupchick (2017), p. 136
  30. ^ a b McCormick (2001), pp. 143-144
  31. ^ Runciman (1988), pp. 82-83
  32. ^ Runciman (1988), pp. 97-98
  33. ^ Madgearu (2013), p. 85
  34. ^ Garland (2002), p. 221
  35. ^ "Deultum, Bulgaria". Bulgarie: Le Guide (in French).
  36. ^ Dumanov (2015), p. 93
  37. ^ Tabbernee (2007), p. 24
  38. ^ Tabbernee (2007), p. 23
  39. ^ a b c d Janin (1960), coll. 141-142
  40. ^ Treadgold (1988), pp. 214-215
  41. ^ Hendy (1985), pp. 83-84
  42. ^ "Konstantinos". Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online (in German). 2013.
  43. ^ Deultum Roman colony near Burgas had port

Bibliography edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Develtos.
  • Birley, Eric (1981). The Fasti of Roman Britain. Clarendon Press.
  • Birley, Eric (1986). "The Flavian Colony at Scupi". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 64: 209–216. JSTOR 20186432.
  • Boeft, Jan den; Drijvers, Jan Willem; Hengst, Daniël den; Teitler, Hans C. (2017). Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXXI. BRILL.
  • Boer, Jan G. de (2002). "Apollonia Pontica and its emporia, ports of trade?". Pont-Euxin et Commerce: La Genèse de la "Route de la Soie". Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté.
  • Bredow, Iris von (2006). "Deultum". Brill's New Pauly.
  • Browning, Robert (1991). "Develtos". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  • Campbell, Brian (2006). The Roman Army, 31 BC - AD 337: A Sourcebook. Routledge.
  • Connolly, Serena (2010). Lives behind the Laws: The World of the Codex Hermogenianus. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253004123.
  • Dikov, Ivan (15 August 2015). "Archaeologists Unearth Odd Early Byzantine Fortress Tower in Ancient Roman City Deultum in Bulgaria's Debelt". Archaeology in Bulgaria.
  • DuBois, Michael S. (2015). Auxillae: A Compendium of Non-Legionary Units of the Roman Empire.
  • Dumanov, Boyan (2015). "Thrace in Late Antiquity". A Companion to Ancient Thrace. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  • Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14688-3.
  • Hendy, Michael F. (1985). Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24715-2.
  • Hind, J. G. F. (1992). "Archaeology of the Greeks and Barbarian Peoples around the Black Sea (1982-1992)". Archaeological Reports. 39. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
  • Hupchick, Dennis P. (2017). The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies. Springer.
  • Janin, Raymond (1960). Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastiques, ed. R. Aubert & E. Van Cauwenberch, vol. 14 (PDF).
  • Madgearu, Alexandru (2013). Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th-12th Centuries. BRILL.
  • Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280). BRILL.
  • Ostrogorsky, George (1959). "Byzantine Cities in the Early Middle Ages". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13. Dumbarton Oaks: 45–66. doi:10.2307/1291128. JSTOR 1291128.
  • McCormick, Michael (2001). Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300-900. Cambridge University Press.
  • Peachin, Michael (1991). "Philip's Progress: From Mesopotamia to Rome in A.D. 244". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 40 (3): 331–342. JSTOR 4436200.
  • Richmond, I. A. (1945). "The Sarmatae, Bremetennacvm Veteranorvm and the Regio Bremetennacensis". The Journal of Roman Studies. 35: 15–29. doi:10.2307/297275. JSTOR 297275. S2CID 162482151.
  • Runciman, Steven (1988) [1929]. The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35722-5.
  • Ruscu, Ligia Cristina (2007). "On Nicopolis ad Istrum and her Territory". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 56 (2). Franz Steiner Verlag: 214–229. JSTOR 25598389.
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  • Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831. BRILL.
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  • Tabbernee, William (1 October 2007). Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments: Ecclesiastical and Imperial Reactions to Montanism. BRILL. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004158191.i-485. ISBN 9789047421313.
  • Treadgold, Warren (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1462-4.
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April 11, 2024
develtos, greek, Δεβελτός, Δηβελτός, Δεουελτός, Δεούελτος, Διβηλτóς, deultum, ancient, city, bishopric, thrace, located, mouth, river, sredetska, west, coast, lake, mandrensko, previously, part, gulf, burgas, near, modern, village, debelt, Δεβελτός, greek, rui. Develtos Greek Debeltos Dhbeltos Deoyeltos Deoyeltos Dibhltos or Deultum nb 1 was an ancient city and bishopric in Thrace It was located at the mouth of the River Sredetska on the west coast of Lake Mandrensko previously part of the Gulf of Burgas and near the modern village of Debelt DeveltosDebeltos in Greek The ruins of DeveltosShown within BulgariaLocationDebelt Burgas Province BulgariaRegionThraceCoordinates42 23 28 9 N 27 17 20 5 E 42 391361 N 27 289028 E 42 391361 27 289028TypeSettlement Contents 1 History 1 1 Classical period 1 2 Medieval period 2 Ecclesiastical history 3 Archaeological exploration 4 References 5 BibliographyHistory editClassical period edit nbsp Hypocaust in DeultumDevelton Thracian Debelton two swamp area was founded as an emporium of Apollonia Pontica in the 7th century BC 1 From the 6th century to the 4th century BC the settlement served as an important place of trade between Thracians and Greeks 2 Develton was annexed to the Roman Empire in 46 AD and became part of the province of Thrace 3 The construction of a colonia for veterans of the VIII Augusta legion at Develton was likely planned prior to 69 AD but was delayed due to the eruption of civil war of 69 AD 4 The veterans may have been settled at Develton due to its proximity to the neighbouring region of Moesia where VIII Augusta was formerly based 4 The location was also chosen for a veterans colony as the veterans had the appropriate training necessary for the drainage of local marshland therefore allowing the area to be developed and exploited 5 The colonia was thus built during the reign of Emperor Vespasian and was named Colonia Flavia Pacis Deultensium 1 or Colonia Flavia Pancensis Deultum 6 The inclusion of peace Pacis in the title of the colony probably referred to the conclusion of the civil war 4 The city had an extensive territory as testified by inscriptions in Panchevo and Sladki Kladenci near Burgas 7 nbsp A bronze coin of Severus Alexander minted at DeultumPliny the Elder makes reference to the city in his Naturalis Historia 8 In 82 AD the population of Deultum petitioned Titus Avidius Quietus to become a patron of the city 9 Commemorative bronze coins were minted by Emperor Trajan to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the foundation of Deultum 10 Between 130 and 150 AD the city suffered serious damage from barbarian attacks 10 By the end of the 2nd century and the beginning of the 3rd century Deultum had an area of approximately 62 acres and there were temples dedicated to Asclepius and Cybele 10 A mint was active at Deultum from the reign of Caracalla to that of Emperor Philip the Arab 11 The city is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary composed in the early 3rd century 12 Following his ascension to the throne Emperor Philip the Arab travelled through Deultum in 244 en route from Circesium to Rome and adventus coins were minted to celebrate his presence 13 Deultum was sacked by Goths in the second half of the 3rd century and was rebuilt shortly after 10 The city later became part of the province of Haemimontus 12 and Emperor Diocletian travelled through Deultum in 294 whilst en route from Sirmium to Nicomedia 14 Legions I Flavia Pacis II Flavia Pacatiana and III Flavia Pacis may have been levied at Deultum and its environs by Diocletian or Emperor Constantius II 15 At the Battle of Deultum in the summer of 377 during the Gothic War of 376 382 an Eastern Roman army was defeated by a Gothic raiding party outside Deultum 16 and the city was sacked 10 Deultum was later rebuilt on a smaller scale and in the second half of the 5th century new walls were constructed and all unprotected buildings were demolished to ensure hostile forces did not use them as cover 10 However the walls were destroyed by Slavs and Avars at the end of the 6th century 10 Medieval period edit Develtos lay on the border with Bulgaria after the Treaty of 716 between Emperor Theodosius III and Khan Tervel 11 and became a significant defensive post in the war with the Bulgarians 17 As a consequence of the treaty the city was situated at the edge of a depopulated no man s land known as Zagoria beyond the Haemus mountains to the Bulgarians 7 The office of kommerkia of Develtos is first attested in the 8th century 18 Zagoria was retaken by Emperor Constantine V in 756 19 and thus by the early 9th century the city had become part of a chain of military bases in northern Thrace which helped confine the Bulgarians to the north of the Haemus Mountains 20 In May 812 Khan Krum besieged Develtos and in June the city surrendered 21 Siphons used to shoot Greek fire an incendiary naval weapon were looted when the city was taken 22 Krum subsequently destroyed Develtos and its fortifications and forcibly relocated the city s population to Bulgarian territory 7 23 The depopulation of Develtos suggests Krum did not initially plan to permanently occupy the territory 24 However Krum later repopulated Develtos with Bulgarians 10 and annexed the city to a new province administered by his brother in 814 24 The province was subdivided into two districts one on either side of the River Tonzos and Develtos was administered as part of the left side by the boyar Iratais and his subordinates the strategoi Cordyles and Gregoras 24 Emperor Leo V s victory over Khan Omurtag in April 816 near Mesembria led to the negotiation and ratification of a treaty in September which returned the city to Roman control 25 As per the Treaty of 816 the Great Fence in Bulgarian a fortified earthwork palisade was constructed by Bulgaria northwest of Develtos to mark the border between the two states 26 Following Bulgarian raids into Thrace in 853 the city was ceded by Empress Theodora to Khan Boris I 27 by which time Develtos was still partially ruined 28 Boris I restored the city to the Roman Empire 29 and may have been baptised at the city in 864 10 An embassy sent by Pope Nicholas I to Emperor Michael III in 866 was prevented from entering the empire and was forced to wait 40 days at Develtos after which the embassy abandoned its task and travelled to Pliska 30 The embassy was tasked with informing the emperor of the pope s condemnation of Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople and consisted of Donatus Bishop of Ostia the deacon Marinus and the priest Leo 30 Develtos was ceded to Tsar Simeon I in the Treaty of 896 and designated as the site where the annual tribute to the Bulgarians was to be delivered 7 Simeon I launched his campaign against Constantinople by way of Develtos in the summer of 913 thus beginning the War of 913 927 31 As per the stipulations of the Treaty of 927 Tsar Peter I relinquished control of the city to Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos and Develtos became part of the theme of Thrace 32 In 1087 Develtos was transferred to the newly created theme of Anchialos by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos 33 The city was the temporary refuge of Emperor Alexios III Angelos in mid July 1203 after he had fled Constantinople when faced with the arrival of the Fourth Crusade 34 Develtos was conquered by the Second Bulgarian Empire after the Battle of Adrianople in 1205 35 but was recovered by Michael Glabas Tarchaneiotes in 1263 7 The city declined and was depopulated in the 14th century either due to Turkish attacks or due to the sedimentation of its lagoon 7 Develtos was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1396 17 Ecclesiastical history editThe diocese of Develtos was established in the 2nd century AD 36 and Bishop Aelius Publius Julius is attested towards the end of the century 7 His condemnation of Montanism suggests that montanists were present in the area in the 170s 37 and Julius likely attended a synod at Hierapolis in Phrygia to combat the heresy 38 The title of bishop was of Develtos and Sozopolis until the latter became a diocese in its own right potentially in the 5th century 39 Athanasius Bishop of Develtos and Sozopolis attended the Council of Ephesus in 431 7 and initially supported the teachings of Nestorius Patriarch of Constantinople but later adopted the orthodox position as declared at the council 39 Jovian or Jovinus attended the Synod of Constantinople in 448 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451 39 He also signed a letter alongside other bishops of Haemimontus to Emperor Leo I the Thracian in 457 to protest the murder of Saint Proterius of Alexandria 39 A bishop of Develtos is recorded at the Synod of Constantinople of 459 7 Bishop Eustratius attended the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 7 Saint George Archbishop of Develtos was amongst those deported after the city s surrender to Krum in 812 and was tortured to death by Khan Omurtag in 815 with roughly 380 other martyrs who refused to renounce their faith 40 The see was vacant in 869 41 but Bishop Symeon attended the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 879 7 By the second half of the 9th century until the 12th century the diocese of Develtos is attested as a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Adrianople 7 Constantine Bishop of Develtos was active at the end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th century 42 Develtos was nominally revived as a titular bishopric in 1933 and had the following incumbents Yulian Voronovskyi MSU 1991 01 16 1994 03 30 Ignatius Anthony Catanello 1994 06 28 2013 03 11 John Rodrigues 2013 05 15 Archaeological exploration editExcavations have been conducted since 1981 with an interruption around the turn of the century Structures from the Roman and Byzantine periods have been explored thermae a temple of the imperial cult fortifications A museum dedicated to the site was opened next to it in 2016 The exhibits include a bronze head of Septimius Severus from a statue damaged by fire In 2020 archaeologists discovered a sarcophagus from the 2nd or 3rd century AD with a Greek inscription which proved that Develtos was a port town 43 References editNotes Also known as Debeltos Debeltus Debeltum Develtum Develtus Dibaltum and Deultum Citations a b Boer 2002 pp 131 133 Hind 1992 p 85 Ruscu 2007 p 214 a b c Campbell 2006 p 218 Richmond 1945 p 23 Sayles 1998 p 31 a b c d e f g h i j k l Soustal 1992 pp 234 235 Birley 1986 p 210 Birley 1981 p 85 a b c d e f g h i Dikov 2015 a b Bredow 2006 a b Boeft et al 2017 p 150 Peachin 1991 p 340 Connolly 2010 p 51 DuBois 2015 p 79 Wolfram 1990 p 123 a b Browning 1991 Sophoulis 2011 pp 48 49 Madgearu 2016 p 82 Sophoulis 2011 p 186 Sophoulis 2011 p 222 Treadgold 1988 p 185 Fine 1991 p 98 a b c Treadgold 1988 p 205 Treadgold 1988 pp 216 217 Hupchick 2017 p 114 Hendy 1985 pp 82 83 Hupchick 2017 p 131 Hupchick 2017 p 136 a b McCormick 2001 pp 143 144 Runciman 1988 pp 82 83 Runciman 1988 pp 97 98 Madgearu 2013 p 85 Garland 2002 p 221 Deultum Bulgaria Bulgarie Le Guide in French Dumanov 2015 p 93 Tabbernee 2007 p 24 Tabbernee 2007 p 23 a b c d Janin 1960 coll 141 142 Treadgold 1988 pp 214 215 Hendy 1985 pp 83 84 Konstantinos Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online in German 2013 Deultum Roman colony near Burgas had portBibliography edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Develtos Birley Eric 1981 The Fasti of Roman Britain Clarendon Press Birley Eric 1986 The Flavian Colony at Scupi Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik 64 209 216 JSTOR 20186432 Boeft Jan den Drijvers Jan Willem Hengst Daniel den Teitler Hans C 2017 Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXXI BRILL Boer Jan G de 2002 Apollonia Pontica and its emporia ports of trade Pont Euxin et Commerce La Genese de la Route de la Soie Presses Universitaires de Franche Comte Bredow Iris von 2006 Deultum Brill s New Pauly Browning Robert 1991 Develtos In Kazhdan Alexander ed The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Oxford and New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 504652 8 Campbell Brian 2006 The Roman Army 31 BC AD 337 A Sourcebook Routledge Connolly Serena 2010 Lives behind the Laws The World of the Codex Hermogenianus Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0253004123 Dikov Ivan 15 August 2015 Archaeologists Unearth Odd Early Byzantine Fortress Tower in Ancient Roman City Deultum in Bulgaria s Debelt Archaeology in Bulgaria DuBois Michael S 2015 Auxillae A Compendium of Non Legionary Units of the Roman Empire Dumanov Boyan 2015 Thrace in Late Antiquity A Companion to Ancient Thrace John Wiley amp Sons Fine John V A Jr 1991 1983 The Early Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 08149 7 Garland Lynda 1999 Byzantine Empresses Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527 1204 London and New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 14688 3 Hendy Michael F 1985 Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c 300 1450 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 24715 2 Hind J G F 1992 Archaeology of the Greeks and Barbarian Peoples around the Black Sea 1982 1992 Archaeological Reports 39 The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Hupchick Dennis P 2017 The Bulgarian Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony Silver Lined Skulls and Blinded 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