Dendrelaphis punctulatus

Dendrelaphis punctulatus, also known commonly as the Australian tree snake, the common tree snake, and the green tree snake, is a species of slender, large-eyed, diurnal, non-venomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to many parts of Australia, especially in the northern and eastern coastal areas, and to Papua New Guinea.^[3][4]

Dendrelaphis punctulatus
Daintree River, Queensland, Australia
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Colubridae
Genus:	Dendrelaphis
Species:	D. punctulatus
Binomial name
Dendrelaphis punctulatus (Gray, 1827)
Synonyms^[2]
Leptophis punctulatus Gray, 1827 Ahaetulla punctulatus Gray, 1827 Elaps lewisii Gray, 1841 Dendrophis (Ahetula) olivacea Gray, 1842 Dendrophis prasinus Girard, 1858 Dendrophis gracilis Macleay, 1875 Dendrophis breviceps Macleay, 1877 Dendrophis olivacea Macleay, 1878 (non Dendrophis olivacea Gray, 1842) Dendrelaphis bilorealis Macleay, 1884 Dendrophis punctulatus — Fischer, 1884 Dendrelaphis punctulata — Cogger, 1983 Dendrelaphis punctulatus — Mattison, 1995

It is readily recognised as it is an agile snake with a very slender body and tail. The dorsal body colour varies from golden yellow, to bright green, to olive-green, to black, sometimes even blue. It is frequently pale yellow on the throat and belly, but other pale colours have been noted. Blue flecks are present on the flanks. The eyes are large, with typically golden-coloured irises and large round pupils.

It is found in a variety of habitats ranging from rainforest to woodland to urban areas where it preys on fish, frogs, and other small animals.

It is a non-venomous species^[5] and does not constrict its prey, but rather relies on its sharp, angled teeth to 'chew' its prey down the oesophagus.

Description

D. punctulatus may attain a total length of 1.64 m (5.4 ft), which includes a tail 44 cm (17 in) long. It has 24–26 maxillary teeth. The dorsal scales are arranged in 13 rows at midbody. The ventrals number 191–220. The anal plate is divided. The subcaudals, which are also divided, number 120–144.^[6]

Distribution and habitat

D. punctulatus is common in Australia's northern tropics and eastern Australia. It is also found from the Kimberley region (Western Australia) to Cape York and Torres Strait (Queensland), extending down the east coast into New South Wales, and north into Papua New Guinea.^[7][4]

The common tree snake lives in a wide variety of habitats, including: bushland; well vegetated banks of rivers, creeks and streams; rainforest edges; eucalypt forests; heathland and areas with trees, long grass, and lush vegetation – especially near water.^[8][9] It can be found at altitudes from sea level to 500 m (1,600 ft).^[1]

The peak activity period for D. punctulatus, as determined from callouts by members of the public, in the Darwin region is during the northern dry season (May-July).^[10][11]

Behaviour

When D. punctulatus is near water it often looks for long grass, blending in to hide while watching for its prey to come to nearby rocks or banks to bask or play. It will also enter house gardens that have fountains or ponds surrounded by long grass or shrubs. It is active during the day, and rests at night in hollow trees, logs, foliage, or rock crevices. It is often found resting in trees; hence the name "tree snake".^{[citation needed]}

Feeding

Frogs, water skinks, and small reptiles and their eggs form a large part of the common tree snake's diet, but it will also eat small fish, mammals, geckos, and turtle hatchlings.^[12][4]

Reproduction

An oviparous species, the common tree snake lays 5–12 elongated eggs per clutch.^[4]

Defensive behaviour

Although D. punctulatus is essentially harmless to humans, it will defend itself by producing a horrible odour from its cloaca, and may bite. Sometimes when approached, the snake inflates its body and neck to make itself seem larger, a tactic sometimes used to scare predators.^[13] Generally, however, the green tree snake in the wild will make a quick escape when it feels threatened.^{[citation needed]}

Gallery

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  Common tree snake, a blue variation, Cairns, Queensland
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  Common tree snake, a blue variation, Cairns, Queensland
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  Green tree snake eating white-lipped tree frog near Cooktown, Queensland

References

1. Tallowin O, Allison A, Shine R, Horner P, O'Shea M, Parker F, Greenlees M, Wilson S (2018). "Dendrelaphis punctulatus ". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T116813025A1446031. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T116813025A1446031.en. Downloaded on 17 February 2021.
2. Species Dendrelaphis punctulatus at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.org.
3. . Archived from the original on 2007-09-15. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
4. "Lamington National Park". Archived from the original on 2004-03-02. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
5. Department of Environment and Science, Queensland (13 June 2023). "Common tree snake". Environment | Wildlife and ecosystems. Queensland Government. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
6. Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II. Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I–XX. (Dendrophis punctulatus, pp. 82–83).
7. . Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
8. . Archived from the original on 2005-07-03. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
9. . Archived from the original on 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
10. Parkin, Tom; Jolly, Chris J.; de Laive, Alana; von Takach, Brenton (2021). "Snakes on an urban plain: Temporal patterns of snake activity and human–snake conflict in Darwin, Australia". Austral Ecology. 46 (3): 449–462. doi:10.1111/aec.12990. ISSN 1442-9985.
11. von Takach, Brenton; Lettoof, Damian Christopher; Parkin, Tom; de Laive, Alana; Allen, Luke; Jolly, Chris J. (2023). "Analysing spatiotemporal patterns of snake occurrence in an Australian city to help manage human-wildlife conflict". Biodiversity and Conservation. doi:10.1007/s10531-023-02752-2. ISSN 1572-9710.
12. Wildlife Australia
13. . Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-03-09.

Further reading

• Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. ISBN 978-0643100350.
• Fearn S, Trembath DF (2010). "Natural history of the common tree snake, Dendrelaphis punctulatus (Serpentes: Colubridae), in the wet–dry tropics of north Queensland". Australian Journal of Zoology 58 (6): 384–389.
• Gray JE (1827). "Reptilia". Appendix. pp. 424–434. In: King PP (1826). Narrative of a Survey of the Intertropical and Western Coasts of Australia Performed between the Years 1818 and 1822. With an Appendix, Containing Various Subjects Relating to Hydrography and Natural History. Volume II. London: John Murray. viii + 637 pp. + Plates A–C + Errata. (Leptophis punctulatus, new species, pp. 432–433). (in English and Latin).
• van Rooijen J, Vogel G, Somaweera R (2015). "A revised taxonomy of the Australo-Papuan species of the colubrid genus Dendrelaphis (Serpentes: Colubridae)". Salamandra 51 (1): 33–56. (Dendrelaphis punctulatus, pp. 50–51, Figure 11A).
• Wilson S, Swan G (2013). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. ISBN 978-1921517280.

External links

• Common or Green Tree Snake video
• Wild herps