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List of Philippine mythological figures

The following is a list of gods, goddesses, deities, and many other divine, semi-divine, and important figures from classical Philippine mythology and indigenous Philippine folk religions collectively referred to as Anito, whose expansive stories span from a hundred years ago to presumably thousands of years from modern times. The list does not include creatures; for these, see list of Philippine mythological creatures.

Overview

The mythological figures, including deities (anitos and diwatas), heroes, and other important figures, in Anitism vary among the many ethnic groups in the Philippines. Each ethnic group has their own distinct pantheon of deities. Some deities of ethnic groups have similar names or associations, but remain distinct from one another.[1] The diversity in these important figures is exhibited in many cases, of which a prime example is the Ifugao pantheon, where in a single pantheon, deities alone are calculated to number at least 1,500. There are over a hundred distinct pantheons in the Philippines.[2]

Some ethnic groups have pantheons ruled by a supreme deity (or deities), while others revere ancestor spirits and/or the spirits of the natural world, where there is a chief deity but consider no deity supreme among their divinities.[3] Each ethnic group has their own general term used to refer to all deities or a sub-set of deities, of which the most widespread term among the ethnic groups in the country is anito.[4] The term itself can be further divided into ninuno (ancestral spirits) and diwata (gods, goddesses, and deities), although in many cases, the meaning of the terms differ depending on their ethnic association.[5][6][7]

The following figures continue to exist and prevail among the collective memory and culture of Filipinos today, especially among adherents to the native and sacred Filipino religions, despite centuries of persecution beginning with the introduction of non-native and colonial Abrahamic religions which sought to abolish all native faiths in the archipelago beginning in the late 14th century, and intensified during the middle of the 16th century to the late 20th century. This contact between native and foreign faiths later accumulated more stories, which also became part of both faiths, with some alterations. Deity, spirit, and hero figures continue to be viewed as important and existing among native faiths and the general Filipino culture. These perceptions of existence towards gods, goddesses, deities, and spirits in the sacred native Filipino religions, is the same way how Christians perceive the existence of their god they refer as God and the same way Muslims perceive the existence of their god they refer as Allah.[8][9][10] There have been proposals to revitalize the indigenous Philippine folk religions and make them the national religion of the country during the First Philippine Republic, but the proposal did not prosper, as the focus at the time was the war against Spanish and, later, American colonizers.[11]

Ivatan

Immortals

  • Supreme Being: referred to as Mayo, in one account;[12] probably regarded as remote as fear and meticulous ritual care are often related instead towards the Añitu[13]
  • Mayo: a fisherfolk hero who introduced the yuyus used to catch flying fishes called dibang, which are in turn used to catch the summertime fish arayu[12]
  • The Giver: the entity who provides all things; the souls of the upper class travel to the beings's abode in heaven and become stars[12]
  • Añitu: refers to the souls of the dead, place spirits, and wandering invisibles not identified nor tied down to any particular locale or thing[13]
  • Añitu between Chavidug and Chavayan: place spirit Añitus who were reported to create sounds when the gorge between Chavidug and Chavayan were being created through dynamite explosions; believed to have shifted their residences after the construction of the passage[13]
  • Rirryaw Añitu: place spirit Añitus who played music and sang inside a cave in Sabtang, while lighting up fire; believed to have change residences after they were disturbed by a man[13]
  • ji Rahet Añitu: a grinning place spirit Añitu who lived in an old tree; a man later cut the tree and found an earthen pot believed to have been owned by the Añitu[13]
  • Nuvwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who saved a woman from a falling tree; they are offered rituals through the vivyayin[13]
  • ji P'Supwan Añitu: good place spirit Añitus who became friends and allies of a mortal woman named Carmen Acido; sometimes taking in the form of dogs, they aided her and guided her in many of her tasks until her death from old age; despite their kindness towards Carmen, most people avoided the farm where they live[13]
  • Mayavusay Añitu: place spirit Añitus living in a parcel of land in Mayavusay; sometimes take in the form of piglets, and can return cut vegetation parts into the mother vegetation[13]
  • Cairn-dwelling Añitu: place spirit Añitus who lived in cairns and put a curse towards a man who destroyed their home; appearing as humans, the shaman Balaw conversed with them to right the wrong made by the man against their home[13]
  • Mayuray Añitu: a wandering Añitu who expanded and was filled with darkness; encountered by a young boy who the spirit did not harm; referred as a kapri, Añitus who walk around and grow as tall as the height for their surroundings[13]
  • Dayanak Añitu: a type of very small Añitu with red eyes and gold ornaments; accepting their gold ornaments will cause misfortune[13]

Mortals

  • Benita: a mortal woman who was visited by her deceased husband in the form of an Añitu, which led to the return of three parcels of land to their rightful owner; in another story, she was visited by her deceased goddaughter, which led to proper rituals which appeased her goddaughter's soul[13]
  • Maria: a mortal woman who was visited by the silent Añitu of her husband's relative; the spirit was later appeased through prayers[13]
  • Juanito: a mortal man who was visited in a dream by his deceased father's Añitu, which led to him relenting to give more share of the family inheritance to his half-sister, Maring[13]
  • Wife of Leoncio Cabading: visited by her deceased husband's Añitu, who told her to stop the prayers for it will do nothing as he was killed by a violent landslide; the spirit offered her to join him, to which she rejected[13]
  • Carmen Acido: a mortal woman who became friends and allies of the Añitu from ji P'Supwan; she lived to over 80 years old[13]
  • Balaw: a medicine man and shaman who communicated and controlled certain Añitus[13]
  • Maria Barios: a woman whose back-basket was ridden by a wandering Añitu, who she carried until she arrived at the town center[13]
  • Juan Galarion: a man who saw a giant wandering Añitu, as large as the church of Mahataw; he believed it was a kapri[13]
  • Tita: a girl who was kidnapped and later returned by wandering Añitus; while being carried by the Añitus, she menstruated, which made the Añitus flee; the site where she landed is known as Ranum ñi Tita[13]

Isneg

Immortals

  • Chief Spirits: may take the form of human beings, former mortals who mix with the living, and reside in bathing places[14]
    • Anlabban: looks after the general welfare of the people; special protector of hunters[14]
    • Bago: the spirit of the forest[14]
    • Sirinan: the spirit of the river[14]
  • Landusan: responsible for some cases of extreme poverty; like all evil spirits, Landusan can also be countered by the rare tagarut herb-amulet[14]
  • Helpful Harvest Spirits
  • Spirits Who Harm the Harvest
    • Alupundan: causes the reapers’ toes to get sore all over and swell[14]
    • Arurin: deity who sees to it that the harvest is bad if farmers fail to offer to her a share of the harvest[14]
    • Dagdagamiyan: a female spirit who causes sickness in children for playing in places where the harvest is being done[14]
    • Darupaypay: devours the palay stored in the hut before it is transferred to the granary[14]
    • Ginuudan: comes to measure the containers of palay, and causes it to dwindle[14]
    • Sildado: resembles a horse, and kills children who play noisily outside the house[14]
    • Inargay: kills people during harvest time; the inapugan ritual of offered to the deity to appease him not to kill anyone[14]
  • Alipugpug: spirit of the little whirlwind from the burned field, who portends a good harvest[15]
  • Pilay: spirit of the rice, who resides on the paga, a shelf above the hearth; the pisi ritual is offered to the deity to ensure that children won't get hungry[14]
  • Unnamed Man: held the world on his hands; produced a spark using a flint and a steel, causing Sal-it (lightning); in contrast, Addug (thunder) is the water roaring in the sky[16]

Mortals

  • Man Who Caused Birds to Attack: a man who was aided by birds, by giving him seeds that he was tasked to plant and share with other birds; reneged on his promise, resulting to the never-ending attacks of birds on the seeds planted by mankind[16]
  • Man Who Hates Flies: a man whose cow was killed by a fly, which resulted into a law that allowed the killing of flies[17]

Tinguian (Itneg)

Immortals

  • Bagatulayan: the supreme deity who directs the activities of the world, including the celestial realms[18] referred also as the Great Anito[19]
  • Gomayen: mother of Mabaca, Binongan, and Adasin[19]
  • Mabaca: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[19]
  • Binongan: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[19]
  • Adasin: one of the three founders of the Tinguian's three ancient clans; daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity[19]
  • Emlang: servant of the supreme deity[19]
  • Kadaklan: deity who is second in rank; taught the people how to pray, harvest their crops, ward off evil spirits, and overcome bad omens and cure sicknesses[20]
  • Apadel (Kalagang): guardian deity and dweller of the spirit-stones called pinaing[21]
  • Init-init: the god of the sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen; during the day, he leaves his house to shine light on the world[22]
  • Gaygayoma: the star goddess who lowered a basket from heaven to fetch the mortal Aponitolau, who she married[22]
  • Bagbagak: father of Gaygayoma[22]
  • Sinang: mother of Gaygayoma[22]
  • Takyayen: child of Gaygayoma and Aponitolaul popped out between Gaygayoma's last two fingers after she asked Aponitolau to prick there[22]
  • Makaboteng: the god and guardian of deer and wild hogs[8]

Mortals

  • Aponibolinayen: mortal spouse of the sun god, Init-init[22]
  • Aponitolau: mortal who was fetched by the star goddess Gaygayoma, despite him being already married[22]

Kalinga

Immortals

  • Kabunyan: the supreme deity;[23] also called Kadaklan (the Greatest), who drives bad spirits away, making the soil suitable for good crops[24]
  • KiDul: the god of thunder[3][24]
  • KiLat: the god of lightning[24]
  • DumaNig: a demon which possesses the moon (Bolan) and causes her to devour her husband the sun (Ageo)[24]
  • NamBisayunan: the howl or shriek that is heard during a storm[24]
  • Libo-o d Ngatu: the clouds of the skyworld which cause sickness[24]
  • Maman: beings derived from a second death of souls in the afterworld; they are perceptible in red light, as on a rainy day near sunset; may cause sickness[24]
  • Bungun: the god of the rainbow[24]
  • Mamlindao: hunting spirits[24]
  • Bulaiyao: live in big rocks, hot springs, and volcanoes; have a fiery appearance which they can turn on or turn off; capture or devour souls[24]
    • Gulilingob ud Tangob: the strongest of all the bulaiyao[24]
  • Dumabag: the god of the volcano at Balatok[24]
  • Lumawig: the local god of the Mangali-Lubo-Tinglaiyan district[24]
  • Angako d Ngato: demons that afflict with sickness[24]
  • Angtan: goddesses or demons that depress men, bring worry and bad luck[24]
  • ALan: cannibal or ghoul spirits that figure largely in myths and folktales as carrying away or devouring souls and as producing many kinds of transformations in men and in themselves[24]
  • Anitu: the souls of the dead[24]
  • Pinading: extraordinary souls of the dead that have attained a superior power and existence[24]
  • Gittam: a giant who established himself in the realm called Daya after killing many humans; lives in an island out in a big lake[23]
  • Python of Gittam: protects the habitat of Gittam; swallowed a boy, who was rescued by a hero by killing the giant python[23]
  • Iyu: water creatures who swim in the lakes of Lagud; depicted as a whale, an eel, a dragon, or, in some cases, a python also called Malaga[23]

Ibanag

Immortals

  • Makapangwa: The supreme being also known as "Yafu"[25]

Invisible Beings – Y Ari na Masingan

  • Aran: Tiny human-like beings that reside in trees, anthills, dark spaces and are neither evil nor good.[25]
  • Aggirigira: Invisible beings that cause mischief, diseases and misfortunes[25]
  • Anitu: Ancestor Spirits[25]

Mortals

  • Biuag: a culture hero who possessed a golden lace amulet[26]
  • Malana: a culture hero who possessed a golden axe amulet[26]

Gaddang

Immortals

  • Nanolay: creator of all things; a culture hero and a beneficent deity; never inflicts pain or punishment on the people; responsible for the origin and development of the world[27]
  • Ofag: cousin of Nanolay; personification of evil[27]
  • Talanganay: a male god-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance[27]
  • Menalam: a female goddess-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance[27]
  • Bunag: god of the earth[28]
  • Limat: god of the sea[28]

Mortals

  • Biuag: a culture hero; ally of Malana[28]
  • Malana: a culture hero; ally of Biuag[28]
  • Magat: a culture hero[28]
  • Battalan: a culture hero[28]
  • Bayun: a culture hero[28]

Bontok

Immortals

  • Intutungcho (Kabunian): the supreme deity living above;[29] also referred to as Kabunian;[30] father of Lumawig and two other sons[31]
  • Lumawig: also referred as the supreme deity and the second son of Kabunian; an epic hero who taught the Bontoc their five core values for an egalitarian society[31]
  • First Son of Kabunian[31]
  • Third Son of Kabunian[31]
  • Chal-chal: the god of the sun whose son's head was cut off by Kabigat;[32] aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse
  • Kabigat: the goddess of the moon who cut of the head of Chal-chal's son; her action is the origin of headhunting[32]
  • Son of Chal-chal: his head was cut off by Kabigat; revived by Chal-chal, who bear no ill will against Kabigat[32]
  • Ob-Obanan: a deity whose white hair is inhabited by insects, ants, centipedes, and all the vermins that bother mankind; punished a man for his rudeness by giving him a basket filled with all the insects and reptiles in the world[33]
  • Chacha’: the god of warriors[34]
  • Ked-Yem: the god of blacksmiths who cut off the heads of the two sons of Chacha’ because they were destroying his work; was later challenged by Chacha’, which eventually led into a pechen pact to stop the fighting[34]
  • Two Sons of Chacha’: beheaded by Ked-Yem, because they were destroying his work[34]

Mortals

  • Fucan: younger of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao; married to Lumawig; later adopted the name Cayapon; died after dancing in a taboo way, which led to death being the norm among mortals[31]
  • Two Sons of Cayapon: the two children of Lumawig and Fucan; helped the people of Caneo, who afterwards killed by the two brothers[31]
  • Batanga: father of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao[31]

Ifugao

Immortals

  • Kabunian: supreme deity and chief among the high ranking deities above the skyworld;[1] also referred to as Mah-nongan, chief god generally referred to as the honorary dead and creator of all things;[3] in specific communities, both the names Mah-nongan and Kabunian (also Afunijon) are understood as the name of one chief deity, while in others, they are used to refer to many deities[35]
  • Afunijon: also a general term referred to the deities of heaven, which is also called Afunijon[35]
  • Mah-nongan: also a general term for deities who are given animal sacrifices[35]
  • Ampual: the god of the fourth skyworld who bestowed animals and plants on the people; controls the transplanting of rice[3]
  • Bumingi: in charge of worms, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests[3]
  • Liddum: the only deity who inhabits the realm called Kabunian; communicates directly with humans on earth;[30] chief mediator between the people and other gods[3]
  • Lumadab: has the power to dry up the rice leaves, one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests[3]
  • Mamiyo: the stretcher of skeins, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving[3]
  • Monlolot: the winder of thread on the spindle, one of the twenty-three deities presiding over the art of weaving[3]
  • Puwok: controls the dread typhoons[3]
  • Yogyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld[3]
  • Alyog: a causer of earthquakes; dwells in the underworld[3]
  • Kolyog: the god of earthquakes[3]
  • Makalun: spirits that serve the function as messengers of the gods[1]
  • Namtogan: the paraplegic god of good fortune whose presence made rice harvests and community livestock bountiful; when the humans he was staying with at Ahin began neglecting the bulul, he left, causing a curse of misfortunes; the people persuaded him to return, where he responded by teaching the people how to create bululs and how to do the rituals for the statues, effectively lifting the curse[36]
  • Bulol: household divinities that are the souls of departed ancestors;[1] usually depicted as carved wooden statues stored in the rice granary; the ancestral images guard the crops, make the rice harvest plentiful, and protects the rice from pests and thieves and from being too quickly consumed[37]
  • Nabulul: spouse of Bugan; a god who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful[37]
  • Bugan: spouse of Nabulul; a goddess who possesses or lives in Bulul figures; guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful[37]
  • Gatui: divinities associated with practical jokes, but have a malevolent side that feast on souls and cause miscarriages[1]
  • Tagbayan: divinities associated with death that feast on human souls that are guarded by two headed monsters called kikilan[1]
  • Imbayan: also called Lingayan; divinities who guide souls after they die[1]
    • Himpugtan: an Imbayan divinity who can terminate those that displease him[1]
  • Munduntug: divinities from the mountains who cause hunters to be lost[1]
  • Banig: spirits of the hillsides and caves;[1] among the Mayayao, the Banig take in the form of an animal who does not harm anyone, despite the people being afraid of their manifestation[35]
  • Mun-apoh: deified ancestral spirits who are guardians and sources of blessings provided by the living; they are respected, however, their blessings could also be turned into a curse[35]
  • Mahipnat: great spirits of sacred places[1]
  • Bibao: spirits of ordinary places[1]
  • Halupi: divinities of remembrance[1]
  • Fili: divinities of property[1]
  • Dadungut: divinities who dwell in graveyards and tombs[1]
  • Makiubaya: divinities who watch over the gates of the village[1]
  • Spirits of sickness
  • Binudbud: spirits that are invoked during feasts to quell the passions of men[1]
  • Kolkolibag: spirits who cause difficult labor[1]
  • Indu: spirits that make omens[1]
  • Hidit: divinities who give punishments to those that break taboos[1]
    • Puok: a kind of Hidit who use winds to destroy the dwellings of miners that break taboos[1]
  • Hipag: spirits of war that give soldiers courage on the field of war but are ferocious and cannibalistic[1]
  • Llokesin: the god of rats who figures in the myth of the first orange tree[1]
  • Bumabakal: the rejected corpse divinity of the skyworld; his dead body resides on top of Mount Dukutan, where his bodily fluids cause boils[38]
  • Kabigat: the god who sent a deluge which flooded the earth; married to the goddess Bugan[30]
  • Bugan: a goddess married to Kabigat; her children are a son named Wigan and a daughter also named Bugan[30]
  • Bugan: daughter of Bugan and Kabigat; stranded on earth after the great deluge, and became one of the two ancestors of mankind[30]
  • Wigan: son of Bugan and Kabigat; stranded on earth after the great deluge, and became one of the two ancestors of mankind[30]
  • Wigan: the god of good harvest[3]
  • Dumagid: a god who lived among the people of Benguet; married a mortal woman named Dugai and had a son named Ovug[30]
  • Ovug: son of Dumagid and Dugai; was cut in half by his father, where one of his halves was reanimated in the skyworld, and the other on earth; the voice of the skyworld's Ovug is the source of lightning and sharp thunder, while the voice of the earth's Ovug is the source of low thunder[30]
  • Bangan: the god who accompanied Dumagid in claiming Ovug from the earth[30]
  • Aninitud chalom: deity of the underworld, whose anger is manifested in a sudden shaking of the earth[35]
  • Aninitud angachar: deity of the sky world; causes lightning and thunder when unsatisfied with offerings[35]
  • Mapatar: the sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight[35]
  • Bulan: the moon deity of the night in charge of nighttime[35]
  • Mi’lalabi: the star and constellation deities[35]
  • Pinacheng: a group or class of deities usually living in caves, stones, creeks, rocks, and in every place; mislead and hide people[35]
  • Fulor: a wood carved into an image of a dead person seated on a death chair; an antique which a spirit in it, who bring sickness, death, and unsuccessful crops when sacrifices are not offered[35]
  • Inamah: a wooden plate and a home of spirits; destroying or selling it will put the family in danger[35]

Mortals

  • Dugai: the mortal mother of the split god Ovug; wife of the god Dumagid[30]
  • Humidhid: the headman of a village in the upstream region of Daya who carved the first bulul statues from the haunted or supernatural tree named Bongbong[37]
  • Unnamed Shaman: prayed to the deities, Nabulul and Bugan, to possess or live in the bulul statues carved by Humidhid[37]
  • Wife of Namtogan: a mortal woman who the god Namtogan married when he stayed at the village of Ahin[36]

Kalanguya (Ikalahan)

Immortals

  • Kabunyan: the almighty creator; also referred to as Agmattebew, the spirit who could not be seen; the mabaki ritual is held in the deity's honor during planting, harvesting, birth and death of the people, and other activities for livelihood[39]

Kankanaey

Immortals

  • Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life[1]
  • Bugan: married to Lumawig[1]
  • Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig[1]
  • Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig[1]
  • Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[1]
  • Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[1]
  • Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits[1]
  • Timugan: two brothers who took their sankah (handspades) and kayabang (baskets) and dug a hole into the lower world, Aduongan; interrupted by the deity Masaken; one of the two agreed to marry one of Masaken's daughters, but they both went back to earth when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibals[40]
  • Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers[40]

Ibaloi

Immortals

  • Kabunian: the supreme deity and the origin of rice;[41] Kabunian is also the general term for deities[42]
  • Moon Deity: the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse[41]
  • Child of Kabunian: the child of Kabunian with a mortal woman; split in half, where one part became lightning and the other became thunder[41]
  • Matono: a brave woman who adventured into the underworld and saw the causes of poor crops and earthquakes; she afterwards reported her studies to the people of the earth; during the kosdëy, the people pray to her to not permit the rice, camotes, and other things to grow down, but to cause them to grow up[41]
  • Kabigat (of where the water rises): journeyed into the underworld to retrieve trees which became the forests of the middle world[41]
  • Kabigat (of where the water empties): taught Kabigat (of where the water empties) how to safely get trees from the underworld[41]
  • Masekën: ruler of the underworld with green eyebrows, red eyes, and a tail[41]
  • Kabigat (of the east): a large man in the east who adopted Bangan[41]
  • Bangan: son of Otot and adopted by Kabigat; a kind young man who loved both his father and foster-father; shared gold to the world though Kabigat[41]
  • Otot: a large man in the west who perished due to an accident, while travelling with his son, Bangan; a tree of gold rose from his burial, where Kabunian fell the tree and all gold on earth scattered from it[41]
  • Sun God: the deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld, creating earth, after he was hit by a man's arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld[41]

Mortals

  • Labangan: a man who was got the first grain of rice used by mankind from Kabunian[41]
  • Wife of Kabunian: the spouse of Kabunian who bore their child, which was split into two and revived into lightning and thunder[41]
  • Two Blind Women: two kind blind beggars in hunger who were driven away by their neighbors; fed by a woman who came from a rock and an old woman; one was given a sack or rice, while the other was given a bottle of water; when they returned home, they decided to replant the rice and distribute it to the people, while the bottle of water gushed out streams which also aided mankind[41]

Bugkalot (Ilongot)

Immortals

  • Delan: deity of the moon, worshiped with the sun and stars; congenial with Elag; during quarrels, Elag sometimes covers Delan's face, causing the different phases of the moon; giver of light and growth[43]
  • Elag: deity of the sun, worshiped with the moon and stars; has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay; retreats to his home during nights; giver of light and growth[43]
  • Pandac: deity of the stars, worshiped with the sun and moon; giver of light and growth[43]
  • Cain: the headhunter creator of mankind; gave customs to the people; lived together with Abel in the sky but separated due to a quarrel[43]
  • Abel: prayed to when wishing long lives for children; lived together with Cain in the sky but separated due to a quarrel[43]
  • Keat: personification of lightning, depicted as the road of Cain and Abel[43]
  • Kidu: personification of thunder, which follows Keat[43]
  • Gemang: guardian of wild beasts[43]
  • Oden: deity of the rain, worshiped for its life-giving waters[43]
  • Tawen: personification of the sky[43]
  • Kalao: spirit birds;[43] depicted as red hornbills who guide and protect hunters and their soul[44]
  • Be’tang: unpredictable shape-shifting spirit-creatures living in the forests or wilderness called Gongot; youth and softness are their properties, while they can also alter a human's sense of time; they may take the form of a white dog, a large deer, a horse with a hanging tongue, a naked woman, or beings with grotesque shapes, whose attributes range from long arms and legs, small heads, oversized feet, fur bodies, to hairless bodies; they may also enter a person's dreams or paralyze a human[45]
  • Ga’ek Spirits: spirits in the Ga’ek magic plant used in relation to hunting and fishing; the naw-naw prayer is given to them[45]

Ilocano

Immortals

  • Unnamed Supreme God: the supreme god who tasked the primordial giants to initiate the creation of many things[46]
  • Buni: possibly the name of the supreme god[47]
  • Parsua: the creator deity[47]
  • Primordial Giants
    • Anglao: also called Angalo; dug the earth and made the mountains, urinated into the holes in the earth and made the rivers and lakes, and put up the sky, the sun, the moon, and arranged the stars at the behest of the supreme god[46]
    • Aran: one of the two primordial giants tasked with the creation of many things[46]
  • Apo Langit: the deity of heaven[47]
  • Apo Angin: the deity of wind[47]
  • Apo Init: the deity of the sun[47]
  • Apo Tudo: the deity of the rain[47]
  • Abra: an old god who controls the weather; married to Makiling, the elder[48]
  • Makiling (the elder): the goddess gave birth to Cabuyaran[48]
  • Cabuyaran: the goddess of healing; daughter of Abra and Makiling, the elder; she eloped with Anianihan[48]
  • Anianihan: the god of harvest who eloped with Cabuyaran[48] He was chosen by Cabuyaran as her spouse, instead of her father's preferences such as Saguday, god of wind, or Revenador, god of thunder and lightning[49]
  • Saguday: the god of the wind who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to be his daughter's spouse[48]
  • Revenador: the god of thunder and lightning who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to his daughter's spouse[48]
  • Bulan: the god of peace who comforted the grieving Abra[48]
  • Amman: the god of the sun, where the sun is his eye[48]
  • Makiling (the younger): granddaughter of Makiling, the elder; she is guarded by the dog god Lobo in the underworld[48]
  • Lobo: a god who was punished to become a large dog guarding the entrance to the underworld[48]
  • Unnamed God: the underworld god who punished Lobo[48]
  • Dal'lang: the goddess of beauty[3]
  • Sipnget: the goddess of darkness who requested Ang-ngalo to build her a mansion[50]
  • Asin: ruler of the kingdom of salt, who aided Ang-ngalo in the building of a white mansion[50]
  • Ocean Deity: the goddess of the ocean whose waters slammed the ediface of salt being built by Ang-ngalo and Asin, causing the sea's water to become salty[50]
  • Apolaki: the name of a deity, which later was used to refer to the supreme deity of Christian converts[51]

Mortals

  • Lam-ang: an epic hero who journeyed to avenge his father and court Ines Kannoyan; aided by the dog and the rooster, and in some versions, the cat as well[52]
  • Namongan: mother of Lam-ang[52]
  • Don Juan: father of Lam-ang[52]
  • Ines Kannoyan: beautiful maiden who became the lover of Lam-ang; aided the resurrection of Lam-ang[52]
  • Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wished to have horns to frighten the people under his rule and keep them under his control; his wish backfired as the people perceived him as worse than an animal; he continued to demand to be the ruler despite his people withdrawing their support, which eventually led to his death[53]

Pangasinense

Immortals

  • Ama-Gaolay: the supreme deity;[54] simply referred as Ama, the ruler of others, and the creator of mankind; sees everything through his aerial abode; father of Agueo and Bulan[26]
  • Agueo: the morose and taciturn sun god who is obedient to his father, Ama; lives in a palace of light[26]
  • Bulan: the merry and mischievous moon god, whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars; guides the ways of thieves[26]
  • Apolaqui: a war god;[55] also called Apolaki, his name was later used to refer to the god of Christian converts[51]
  • Anito: spirits who lurk everywhere; capable of inflicting pain and suffering, or of granting rewards[54]
  • Gods of the Pistay Dayat: gods who are pacified through the Pistay Dayat ritual, where offerings are given to the spirits of the waters who pacify the gods[54]

Mortals

  • Urduja: a warrior princess who headed a supreme fleet[56]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who, according to tradition, will return to aid his people in their struggle for victory and genuine freedom[57]

Sambal

Immortals

  • Malayari: also called Apo Namalyari, the supreme deity and creator[1]
  • Akasi: the god of health and sickness; sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari[1]
  • Kayamanan: the goddess of wealth in Sambal mythology; with Kainomayan, the goddess of plenty, she aided a farmer by bringing him good fortune, however, the farmer became greedy; as punishment, she transformed the farmer into a swarm of locusts[58][59]
  • Deities in Charge of the Rice Harvest
    • Dumangan: god of good harvest[1]
    • Kalasakas: god of early ripening of rice stalks[1]
    • Kalasokus: god of turning grain yellow and dry[1]
    • Damulag: also called Damolag, god of protecting fruiting rice from the elements[1]
  • Manglubar: the god of peaceful living[1]
  • Mangalagar: the goddess of good grace[1]
  • Anitun Tauo: the goddess of wind and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit[1]
  • Apolaqui: personal deity of a priestess[60]

Aeta (Agta, Ayta)

Immortals

  • Great Creator: the god who created all things; used to come down and talk to people before the great flood; rules the earth through Tigbalog, Lueve, Amas, and Binangewan[61]
  • Gutugutumakkan: the supreme deity, possibly the name of the Great Creator[62]
  • Apu Namalyari: a deity who lives in Mount Pinatubo;[63] also called Apo Pinatubo and Apo na Malyari;[64] also referred as the supreme deity[65]
  • Tigbalog: gives life and directs activities[61]
  • Lueve: directs production and growth[61]
  • Amas: moves to pity, love, unity, and peace of heart[61]
  • Binangewan: spirits who bring change, sickness, and death as punishment[61]
  • Matusalem: the creator's representatives who act as mediators between the creator and humans since after the great flood[61]
  • Algao: the sun god who battled Bacobaco[66]
  • Bacobaco: an ancient turtle who burrowed on top of Mount Pinatubo after its battle with Algao; eruptions occur when it resurfaces[66]
  • Kedes: god of the hunt[62]
  • Pawi: god of the forest[62]
  • Sedsed: god of the sea[62]

Kapampangan

Immortals

  • Mangetchay: also called Mangatia; the supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter; lives in the sun[67] in other versions, she is the creator and net-weaver of the heavens[68]
  • Daughter of Mechetchay: a daughter of Mangetchay whose beauty sparked the great war between the gods, leading to the formation of the earth through stones thrown by the deities; lived on the planet Venus[69]
  • Wife of Mangetchay: wife of Mangetchay who gave birth to their daughter whose beauty sparked the great war; lives in the moon[69]
  • Suku: also called Sinukwan, a gigantic being who radiated positive traits[70]
  • Makiling: a goddess who married Suku[70]
  • Malagu: goddess of beauty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[70]
  • Mahinhin: goddess of modesty who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[70]
  • Matimtiman: goddess of charm who married a mortal; daughter of Makiling and Suku[70]
  • Aring Sinukûan: sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy, wood cutting, rice culture and even waging war;[68] lives in Mount Arayat, and later included a female form;[71] rules over Arayat together with the deity, Mingan[72]
  • Mingan: a deity who rules with Sinukuan over Arayat, also called Kalaya and Alaya[72]
  • Apolaqui: sun god who battled his sister, Mayari[73]
  • Mayari: the moon goddess who battled her brother, Apolaqui[73]
  • Apûng Malyari: moon god who lives in Mt. Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers[68]
  • Tálâ: the bright star, the one who introduced wet-rice culture[68]
  • Munag Sumalâ: the golden serpent child of Aring Sinukuan; represents dawn[68]
  • Lakandanup: son of Aring Sinukuan; the god of gluttony and represents the sun at noon time[68]
  • Gatpanapun: son of Aring Sinukuan; the noble who only knew pleasure and represents the afternoon[68]
  • Sisilim: child of Apûng Malyari; she represents the dusk and is greeted by the songs of the cicada upon her arrival[68]
  • Galurâ: winged assistant of Aring Sinukuan; a giant eagle and the bringer of storms[68]
  • Nága: serpent deities known for their protective nature; their presence in structures are talismans against fire[68]
    • Lakandanum: variant of the Naga, known to rule the waters[68]
  • Lakandánup: serpent goddess who comes during total eclipses; followed by famine; eats a person's shadow, which will result in withering and death; daughter of Áring Sínukuan and Dápu[74]
  • Apung Iru (Lord of the River) – was depicted as gigantic cosmic crocodile that supported the earth on its back, and was located under the great World River. If angered, Apung Iru caused the rivers to flood; hence, this is the origin of libad or the water procession during the full moon nearest to the summer solstice, which takes place in the yearly celebration called Bayung Danum (New Water) to appease the deity.[75]
  • Dápu: crocodile deity who holds the earth on her back; a nunu or earth goddess, and known as the mother ocean[74]
  • Láwû: a giant creature similar to a mixture of a bird, a serpent, and a crocodile who seeks to swallow Aldó and Búlan; the soul of Dápu who does her bidding as Dápu has been weakened when her belly burst; in another, less common, version, Láwû is the ghost of Dápu; while in another, Láwû is the descendant of Dápu, seeking revenge for the deity's mother[74]
  • Batálâ : kingfisher deity, known as the father sky; known as Salaksak, he was swallowed by Dápu, where he dissolved and his two souls came out, bursting out of Dápu's belly[74]
  • Souls of Batálâ
    • Aldó: the white fiery bird[74]
    • Búlan: the red fiery bird[74]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who will return through resurrection to aid his people in their struggle[57]
  • Felipe Salvador: a hero who will someday return to the people to help them in their struggle; based on a historical person[57]

Mortals

  • Piriang: a prideful maiden who would rather marry a demon than a poor man[76]
  • Guanchiango: a man who was deceived by a demon, who he released from a jar[76]

Tagalog

Ancient Tagalog deities documented by the Spaniards

  • Arao (Araw = sun) – According to Juan de Plasencia, the ancient Tagalogs worshiped the sun on account of its beauty.[77] When it rains with sunshine and the sky is somewhat red, they say that the anitos get together to give them war. And they are, and with great fear, and neither women nor children allow them to come down from the houses, until it clears and the sky becomes clear.[78] During solar eclipse (limlim), the sun was said to cover its face, no special ceremony is reported unlike in the case of lunar eclipse.[79]
  • Alagaca (Alagaka) – The protector of hunters.[80][81]
  • Alpriapo (The priapus) – An idol mentioned by an anonymous contemporary of Plasencia:[82] "They worshiped idols which were called Alpriapo, Lacapati, and Meilupa, but God has, in His goodness, enlightened them with the grace of His divine gospel, and they worship the living God in spirit."[83] The Spanish term Alpriapo "the priapus" is left untranslated. Apparently the Spanish chronicler did not know the Tagalog name of this deity.[84] They could be referring to Dian Masalanta.[85]
  • Amanicable (Ama-ni-Kable = father of Kable) – The advocate and protector of hunters.[86][87] In ancient Tagalog customs, the first son or daughter gave the surname to the parents, e.g. Amani Maliuag, Ynani Malacas, "the father of Maliuag," "the mother of Malacas."[54][88] Therefore, Amanicable could be the surname of either Paglingñalan or Alagaca or both if they are identical.
  • Amansinaya (Amang Sinaya = father of Sinaya) – The advocate of fishermen, who is said to be the inventor of fishing gear. Before casting their nets or fishing lines, the fishermen would first whistle and then pray to Amansinaya saying, "Kasumpa ako, naway diriyan" which meant "I am your sworn friend, let it be there", in reference to the fish.[86][89] According to San Buenaventura dictionary (1613), the meaning of Amansinaya is "Father of sinaya" (Padre de sinaya). In ancient Tagalog customs, the first son or daughter gave the surname to the parents, e.g. Amani Maliuag, Ynani Malacas, "the father of Maliuag," "the mother of Malacas."[88] The connector "ni" could be replaced by the linker, e.g. <Amang Juan> Amáñg Suwáñ (Mag. 1679:3) "Juan's father".[54] The term sinaya means "the first catch of a fishnet, fishtrap, or a hunting dog". Pasinaya is a term used as an invitation to share a first catch.[90] According to Francisco Colin, fishermen would not make use of the first cast of the net or a new fish-corral, for they thought that they would get no more fish if they did the opposite. Neither must one talk in the fisherman's house of his new nets, or in that of the hunter of dogs recently purchased, until they had made a capture or had some good luck; for if they did not observe that, the virtue was taken from the nets and the cunning from the dogs.[91]
  • Badhala Catotobo (Bathala katutubo = fellow native/conborn bathala) – A sort of twin spirit called katutubo "fellow native" was born along with a person, and was in charge of protecting them during all their life. Catholic missionaries will use the term to refer to the guardian angel.[92]
  • Balacbac (Balakbák) & Balantáy – The two guardians of Tanguban: the abode of the souls of the dead.[80][81] Tanguban is divided into two regions: one is Maca or "kasanáan ng tuwa" ("a thousand joys") where the good souls temporarily stays pending resurrection; and the other is the "kasanáan ng hírap" ("a thousand pains") or simply Casanáan (Kasanáan), where the souls of the wicked went, which is said to be inhabited by devils called sitan.[93] In classical Tagalog, the term sánà could either mean "abundance" or "destruction". It is possible that the term sánà "abundance" was borrowed from Arabic jannaţ "garden, paradise"; while the term sánà "destruction" was borrowed from Arabic jahannam "hell".[94] The soul was said to be ferried on a boat by a Charon-like figure to the other shore (ibáyo) of an expanse of water now regarded as a wide river (ílog), now as a lake or a sea (dágat). The other world is probably deemed to be located where the sun was supposed to drown (lunod) every evening, hence tha name for the west kanlunúran > kanlúran.[95]
  • Balangao/Balangau (Balangaw = rainbow) – According to Francisco Colin, the ancient Tagalogs attributed to the rainbow its kind of divinity.[96] Colin also states " that the bird Tigmamanuquin derived its interpretation as a divinity from the rainbow."[97] The rainbow was regarded as a divine sign and it is considered blasphemy to point finger at it.[98] The rainbow was believed to be either Bathala's bridge (balaghari)[99] or loincloth (bahaghari).[100] The souls of those who: perished by the sword, were devoured by crocodiles or sharks, and killed by lightning; immediately ascends to Kaluwálhatian (glory) by means of the rainbow (balangaw)[101][102][103] In classical Tagalog the proper name for the rainbow is Balangaw, while bahaghari was only a poetic term referring to Balangaw.[98] Other terms for rainbow are balantok and bahagsubay.[104] The rainbow is sometimes referred to as bathala or badhala, a title also attributed to heavenly bodies which predicted events.[105] This deity should not be confused with Varangao (Barangaw) the Visayan god of rainbow, war, and plundering expedition.[106]
  • Balátic ("the Crossbow : the Eagle, a constellation of three stars near the celestial equator, called Marineras or Tres Marías in Renaissance Spanish")[77][107]
  • Balo - The anitos that haunts deserted places [otros anitos de los despoblados].[108]
  • Bathala mei Capal (Bathala Maykapal = God the Creator) – The transcendent supreme being: the creator and ruler of the universe. Known under several names, titles, and epithets such as: Anatala,[80] Molayare (Mulayari = source/origin of power/being),[109][110] Dioata (Diwata = divinity/remote/very distant),[109][111][112] Meylupa (Maylupa = owner of the earth),[113] etc. He had many agents under him, whom he sent to this world to produce, in behalf of men, what is yielded here. These beings were called anitos (ancestral spirits), and each anito had a special office. Some of them were for the fields, and some for those who journey by sea; some for those who went to war, and some for diseases.[114] The term "bathala" is a title attributed not only to the supreme being but also to personal tutelary anitos (Badhala catotobo), omen birds (Tigmamanuquin), the mountain which is the abode of Tigmamanuquin, comets and other heavenly bodies which the early Tagalog people believed predicted events.[115][116] For this reason, some Spanish chroniclers had been lost in their account about Bathala Maykapal and promptly asserted that he is an alligator , a crow, a bird called tigmamanukin, a rainbow, etc.[117][118]
  • Bibit – Generally diseases are attributed to a deity called Bibit. A strange belief because the deity is not presented as a malevolent one, but as being sick itself. If someone was sick they would make offerings of food to Bibit because the catalona had first to cure the deity before she was able to act as a physician and for the patient to recover.[86][119]
  • Bingsól – The advocate of ploughmen.[80][81]
  • Bisô (Holeless-Eared) – The police officer of heaven.[80][81]
  • Boking/Bokong – an anito.[120]
  • Buan/Colalaiyng (Buwan = moon; Kulalaying = Jew's harp) – According to the Spanish chroniclers the ancient Tagalogs revered the moon (Buwan) as a deity, especially when it was new (the first sliver of the moon), at which time they held great rejoicings, adoring it and bidding it welcome, asking it to provide them with a lot of gold; others for a lot of rice; others that it give them a beautiful wife or a noble husband who is well-mannered and rich; others that it bestow on them health and long life; in short, everyone asks for what they most desire because they believe and are convinced it can give it to them abundantly.[121][77][122] San Buenaventura dictionary lists a prayer dedicated to the moon that was recited during the new moon: "Buwáñg Panginóon kó, payamánin mó akó" which translates to "Moon, my Lord/Lady, make me rich." When one is on a mission no matter how important, it is well to desist from accomplishing the mission if a lunar eclipse occurs. A ring which appears around the moon is an indication of the demise of some chief.[123] In these cases, the moon is referred to as bathala a title attributed to heavenly bodies which the early Tagalog people believed predicted events.[124] Another name for the moon or the proper name for the anito of the moon is Colalaiyng {N&S 1754: 151-152: Colalaiyng. pc. Asi llamaban á la luna, ó á una doncella en la luna, segun sus consejas.}. The Tagalogs from Laguna called her "Dalágañg nása Buwán"  (Maiden in the Moon), in reference to the image formed by the shadow on the moon, which they see as a face (sangmukti) of a young maid (doncella).[80][125][126][127][128][129] Ceremonies of her cult were regularly performed at the new moon and the full moon with offerings of roosters made to fly in her direction. She was also referred to as "Dalágañg Binúbúkot" (Cloistered Maiden). In ancient Tagalog society, some virgins were cloistered like nuns or as amongst Muslims, the term used to refer to them were binúkot (SB 1613:279; N&S 1860:266) and kinalî (N&S 1860:266; Pang. 1972:287). The reason for this custom is not explained, but may have been a Muslim one.[130][131]
  • Bulac-pandan (Búlak Pandán = Flower of Pandan)[80][81]
  • Bulactala (Búlak Tálà = "Flower of Tala" i.e. the planet Venus)[80][81] – The anito of the planet Venus (tala).
  • Capiso Pabalita (Kapiso Pabalítà = News-giving) – The protector of travelers.[80][81]
  • Cirit/Zirit (Sirit = Snake's hiss) – A servant of the anitos.[80][81]
  • Dian Masalanta (Diyan Masalanta = the blind deity; the devastating deity) – The advocate of lovers and of generation (procreation).[77] The meaning of the name Dian Masalanta is not provided, but according to the author Jean-Paul G. Potet (Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs, 2018) the meaning could be "the blind deity" [dian "deity", ma – "adj. prefic" + salanta "blindness"].[85] Masalanta (devastating) comes from the root word salanta, which in the Noceda and Sanlucar Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala (1754)" and the San Buenaventura dictionary (1613) lists the meaning as "poor, needy, crippled, and blind". Generally, magsalanta and nasalanta, which means "is destroyed/devastated", is used when there is a calamity such as: a typhoon, flood, or earthquake.[132] Therefore, Dian Masalanta could also mean "devastating deity". 
  • Dingali – A particular type of family-anitos.[133]
  • Guinarawan (Ginarawan) – an evil spirit.[134]
  • Guinoong Dalaga (Ginúoñg Dalága= lady maiden) – The anito of the crops.[80][81]
  • Guinoong Ganay (Ginúoñg Gánay = lady old maid) – According to Luciano P. R. Santiago, Guinoong Ganay is the advocate of single women that inhabit the Calumpang tree.[80][81][135]
  • Guinoong Panay (Ginúoñg Panáy = lady "syzygium/tuffy"?) – the anito of kalumpang tree (Sterculia foetida).[80][81]
  • Guinoong Pagsohotan (Ginúoñg Pagsuotán = clothing lady) – The protectress of women in travail.[80][81]
  • Hasangan (Hasanggán) – A terrible anito.[80][81]
  • Húya/Tumanor (Tumanod = warden) – an ill-famed idol that crept under houses. On hearing it, people threw ashes, and struck the floor while saying: "Iri-iri ya, si Húya!" (SB 1613:36) [= "Take that, Huya!"] – his name is apparently assimilated to the (marriage) pancake called madhúyà (marúyà) and the ashes being a parody for flour.[136][87]
  • Ídianale (Í-diyanale = mother of Diyánale) – Lacapati and Ídianale were the patrons of cultivated lands and of husbandry.[77] In ancient Tagalog customs, the first son or daughter gave the surname to the parents, e.g. Amani Maliuag, Ynani Malacas, "the father of Maliuag," "the mother of Malacas."[88] Amá and iná could be respectively reduced to a- and i- and used as prefixes (probably stressed) to the child's name, e.g. Á-Pálad "Palad's father", Í-Pálad "Palad's mother". Therefore, Ídianale is a surname of a female anito.[54]
  • Lacambini/Lacandaytan (Lakambini = calm/repose/modest lord;[137] Lakang Daitan = lord of attachment[138]) – The protector of the throat, and the advocate in case of throat ailment.[86] Some author wrongly transcribed his name as Lacambui, and according to them he is the god of the ancient Tagalogs who fed.[139] Isabelo de los Reyes also referred to this anito as Lakan-busog and equates him with the Visayan diwata named Makabosog; and the kibaan of Ilocanos that gives his friend a pot that produces all kinds of food.[140] The Tagalog title "laka" (lakan) come from Java "raka" "lord" found in the Kalasan inscription dated S'ka 700/22 March 779 (Juan Francisco 1971:151) [Potet, T customs, 37]. According to Francisco Colin (1663), the title "Lacan or Gat" is the equivalent to the Spanish "Don", and that the Don (Doña) of women is not Lacan or Gat but "Dayang".[88] This indicate that the gender of this anito is "male". In contemporary Tagalog Dictionaries, the meaning of this term is given as "a muse , a charming beautiful lady".[141]
  • La Campinay (Lakampinay) – The Old Midwife.[80][81] The Tagalog title "laka" (lakan) come from Java "raka" "lord" found in the Kalasan inscription dated S'ka 700/22 March 779 (Juan Francisco 1971:151).[142] According to Francisco Colin (1663), the title "Lacan or Gat" is the equivalent to the Spanish "Don", and that the Don (Doña) of women is not Lacan or Gat but "Dayang".[88] This indicates that La Campinay is a "male midwife", which is not uncommon in southeast Asia.[143]
  • Lacan Balingasay (Lakang Balingasay) – Father Juan de Oliver in his Declaracion de la Doctrina Christiana en idioma tagalog (1599). While preaching in Batangas, he mentioned Lakan Balingasay and compared him to Beelzebub: "malaking anito ang pangalang Belzebu, na kun baga dito Lakan Balingasay."[144] Balingasay is a wood derived from Buchanania arborescens, a type of fruit bearing species that is commonly found in Luzon.
  • Lacapati (Lakapati, from Sanskrit Locapati = Lord of the world) – The major fertility deity, fittingly represented by an image of a man and a woman joined together (androgyne) that signifies the procreative power of heterosexual union.[89][145] He was the advocate of sowed fields,[86] of husbandry,[77] and of vagrants and waifs.[80] Sacrifices of food and words are made to him by the ancient Tagalogs, asking for water for their fields and for him to give them fish when they go fishing in the sea, saying if they do not do this, they would have no water for their field and much less would they catch any fish when they go fishing.[109] During rituals and offerings—known as maganito—in the fields and during the planting season, farmers would hold a child up in the air while invoking Lakapati and chant "Lakapati, pakanin mo yaring alipin mo; huwag mo gutumin." (Translation: Lakapati, feed this thy slave; let him not hunger).[86] Other authors described him as a hemaphrodite devil who satisfies his carnal appetite with men and women.[139][146] This could be a misinterpretation of Lacapati's relation to the catalonas (shamans). In Ngaju Dayak religion, the shaman's altered state of consciousness is likened to male/female sexual intercourse: the shaman work in an embodiment transtate that is considered feminine or receptive; the deity, is considered masculine or the dynamic, entering force.[147] Unlike the name "Lacambini" (Lakambini) or Lacan Baliñgasay (Lakang Balingasay), the linker (e.g. m, ng, n) between laka and pati is not used because this name has a different origin: Sanskrit loka-pati = "lord of the world" (an epithet of "Brahman the Creator" and "Vishnu the Preserver"); Sans. loka = location, the earth, field + Sans. pati = lord.[142][148][149]
  • Lachanbacor (Lakhang Bakod = lacquered fence) – An ithyphallic deity. The anito of the fruits of the earth and protector of swiddens. His image or wooden statue is described as having gold eyes and teeth and a gilded genitalia as long as a rice stalk; its body is completely hollow. When the people needed his help, they hold a banquet and revel in the fields under a canopy that they construct there for this purpose and where they erect a kind of altar. On this altar they place his wooden statue. And those making the sacrifice form a ring and eat and feast. And they have the priests (catalona) place some of the food they are to eat in the mouth of the statue; they also give him some of the beverage they are to drink. And they are convinced that by reciting some superstitious words he will give them the very good and abundant fruits asked of him.[89][109][150] He was offered eels when fencing swiddens—because, they said, his were the strongest  of all fences, "linalachan niya ang bacor nang bucqir" ("He lacquered the fences of the field").[151] Lacha (Lakha) means "red lacquer".[148] Some authors say he is the god who cured diseases,[139] for this reason Isabelo de los Reyes compared him with the kibaans of Ilocanos that nests in the plants that serve as fences (living fences) and cured illnesses.[140]
  • Laho (from the Asura named Rahu) – The serpent or dragon who was believed to devour the moon and cause lunar eclipse.[152] When the moon is eclipsed, the people of various districts generally go out into the street or into the open fields, with bells, panastanes, etc. They strike them with great force and violence in order that they might thereby protect the moon which they say is being eaten or swallowed by the dragon, tiger, or crocodile. If they wish to say "the eclipse of the moon" it is very common among them to use this locution, saying "Linamon laho bovan" ("Laho is swallowing the moon"). The Spaniards believed that the Tagalogs learned this practice from the Sangley (Chinese).[153][154]
  • Lampinsaca (Lampinsákà = cripple) – The advocate of the lame and the cripple.[80][81]
  • Linğa (Linggá = from Sanskrit "lingam", the phallic symbol of the Hindu god "Shiva the Destroyer") – The anito who was invoked in case of sickness.[86] Like his contemporaries, the Spanish lexicographer who recorded this term did not have the necessary knowledge to identify it.[155] In early Sanskrit medical texts, linga means "symptom, signs" and plays a key role in the diagnosis of a sickness, the disease.[156][157][158]
  • Macapulao (Makapúlaw = watcher) – The advocate of sailors.[80][81]
  • Macatalubhay (Makatalubháy) – The anito of bananas.[80][81]
  • Mancocotor (Mangkukutud) – The advocate of manunuba (tuba tappers/coconut wine makers) and protector of coconut palm trees.[86][159] Offering is made to him by the manunubas before climbing a tree, lest they ran the risk of a fall from the trunk.[144]
  • Magináong Sungmásandāl (Maginúoñg Sungmásandāl = Lord "the one that keeps close")[80][81]
  • Maguinoong Campongan (Maginúoñg Kampungán = lord supporter) – The anito of harvest and sown fields.[80][81]
  • Mapolon (Mapúlon = Pleiades)[77]
  • Quinon sana (Kinunsánà) – The name of the supreme deity among mountaineers (Boxer 2016:66/67). Schol. This is an -in-derivative of *kunsánà, itself a kun- derivative of sánà "abundance". The prefix kun- is also found in wárì "opinion" < kunwárì "fake".[160][78] The god of the fields and of the jungles to whom sacrifices of food are made by the priests called catalona, beseeching him to do them no harm or injury while they are in their fields or the jungle. They perform this sacrifice and hold this banquet for him in order to keep him satisfied and benevolent.[109] The Tagalogs should have no native word for 'forest' is no less surprising than their lack of terms for 'volcano' and 'lava'. ZORC (1993) is of the opinion that there must have existed native Tagalog terms, and that they disappeared from the language because they were taboo: uttering them would have called the attention of the corresponding wrathful gods.[161]
  • Paalolong (Paalúlong = barker) – The advocate of the sick and the dead.[80][81]
  • Paglingñalan (Paglingniyalán) – The advocate of hunters.[80][81]
  • Pagvaagan (Pagwaagán) – the anito of the winds.[80][81]
  • Pilipit (Spiral) – the ancient Tagalogs swear their oaths to a statuette of a deity or monstrous beast, they called Pilipit, that would devour a perjurer. San Buenaventura (1613:369) describes the Pilipit as a devil figure; a ceramic cat apparently made in China. The oath could also be taken on a substitute – a snail bearing the same name, both having a twisted appearance. According to Francisco Colin, when the chiefs of Manila and Tondo swore allegiance to the Catholic sovereigns, in the year one thousand five hundred and seventy-one, they confirmed the peace agreements and the subjection with an oath, asking "the sun to pierce them through the middle, the crocodiles to eat them, and the women not to show them any favor or wish them well, if they broke their word." Sometimes they performed the pasambahan for greater solemnity and confirmation of the oath. That consisted in bringing forward the figure of some monstrous beast asking that they might be broken into pieces by it if they failed in their promise.[88] According to Father Noceda and Blumentritt , the Tagalogs called Pasambahan the place where they took oath before the figure of a very ugly animal.[162]
  • Posor-lupa (Púsod-Lúpā = earth navel) – the anito of the fields.[80][81]
  • Sayc (Sayik, from Arabic shaykh = sheikh. This name was wrongly transcribed as Hayc in the English translation of the Boxer Codex.[163]) – The anito of the sea. Seamen before they set sail sponsored a major ceremony (maganito) wherein sacrifices of banquets and food are offerered to him, through a catalona, asking him to protect them from tempests and storms when traveling by sea, and to grant them good weather and favorable calm winds.[109]
  • Siac Matanda (Siyák Matandâ = old sheikh) – The advocate of merchants and second-hand dealers.[80][81]
  • Siukuy (Siyokoy = from Chinese Mandarin "shuǐguǐ" which means "water ghost") – the anito of the rivers [Era el dios de los ríos de los tágalos antiguos].[164][165] In modern Tagalog folklore, siyokoy are sea monsters, an anthropoid whose body is covered in glistening brown or green fish scales and webbet feet; some description also give them long, green tentacles and gill slits; they drown fishermen and consume them for food.[166]
  • Tala (the plane Venus)[77]
  • Tauong Damo (Tawong Damo) – Wicked anitos or savaged mountain gods believed to be responsible for the abortion.[167] According to Blumentritt, the anitos that inspired so much fear among the Tagalogs, such as those that lived in the forest, seem to be the anitos of the old owners or natives of the regions that was occupied by the immigrant Tagalogs.[168] Linguists such as David Zorc and Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.[169][170]
  • The first midwife in the world – An unnamed deity, mentioned in the Boxer Codex (1590), called "the first midwife in the world"; to whom the midwives, when they do their job, prayed to saying: "Oh you, first midwife, whose office I now do by your will, please give me so that through my help this creature may come to light ".[109] They could be referring to Lacampinay, the old midwife.
  • Unnamed anito of the house – whose favor they implored whenever an infant was born, and when it was suckled and the breast offered to it.[171]
  • Unnamed ferryman of the dead – The ancient Tagalogs believed that when a man died, his soul was obliged to pass a river or lake where there was a boat rowed by an old boatman; and to pay his passage they fastened some money on the arm of the dead man (Aduarte 1640).[172][173] The unnamed ferryman could be Paalolong, the god of the sick and of the dead.
  • Unnamed husband-and-wife deities – In the Pardo inquisition report (1686), the inquisitor found bamboo goblets, pebbles, and skeins of hair, and a one-piece stone statue representing husband-and-wife deities.[174]
  • Unnamed serpent deity – The priestesses and her acolytes of the town of Santo Tomas, Laguna de Bay, interrogated by the Dominican inquisitors from the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, answered that, when they performed a ceremony in a cave, used as a temple, a deity would appear to them in the shape of a python (sawa).[175] Usually, it is reported that the spirit—whether that of a deity or an ancestor—took the form of a shadow (aníno) to enter the body of the shaman. The sound of a flute was heard when the spirit was present (Boxer 2016:82/83). In their dreams, the shaman saw these spirits as a black man (itím na laláki) or a wild water buffalo (anwáng). Similarly, a mountain spirit called tigbálang was perceived as a black ghost, hence Anáki'ý ikáw ay tigbálang "You look like a mountain spirit." Said to a person dressed in black attires. The spirit appearing as a python to the congregation is an exception.[175][176]

Tagalog pantheon from "Notes on Philippine Divinities" by F. Landa Jocano

  • Bathala or Abba – The highest ranking deity and creator of all things. He had three daughters to a mortal wife – Mayari, Hana, and Tala. In classical Tagalog, the term "bathala" is a title attributed not only to the supreme being but also to personal tutelary anitos (Badhala catotobo), omen birds (Tigmamanuquin), the mountain which is the abode of Tigmamanuquin (Tigmamanukin), comets and other heavenly bodies which the early Tagalog people believed predicted events.[115][116] Abba is the name of the god in the sky worshipped by the people of Limasawa.[177]
  • Idianali – The goddess of labor and good deeds. Wife of Dumangan, mother of Dumakulem.
  • Dumangan – The god of good harvest. Husband of Idianali, father of Dumakulem. Dumangan is the Sambal god of harvest and giver of grain.[178]
  • Amanikabli – The husky, ill-tempered ruler of the sea. He is the syncretization of Amanikable (the anito of hunters) and  Kablay, a rich, old man in Zambales legend who owned several fishing boats. In this legend, Kablay refused to give alms to a spirit of the sea in the guise of an old beggar man. For his punishment he was transformed into a shark.[179]
  • Dumakulem – A strong, agile hunter who became the guardian of created mountains. Son of Idianali and Dumangan. He was derived from Domakolen, the god of the Bagobos who created mountains.[180]
  • Anitun Tabu – The fickle-minded goddess of the wind and rain. She was derived from the Sambal deity Anitun Tauo.[181]
  • Mayari – The goddess of the moon. Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife. She was derived from the Kapampangan lunar goddess of the same name.[182] Mayari could also be derived from the Sambal deity Malayari.
  • Hana – The goddess of the morning. Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife. She was derived from Hanan a Visayan hero god who gave the morning dawn.[183]
  • Tala – The goddess of the stars. Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife. 
  • Ikapati – The goddess of cultivated land. Wife of Mapulon, mother of Anagolay. She was derived from the Sambal goddess of the same name.[178] The Tagalog deity Lacapati was first documented in the Boxer Codex (1590) as possibly male, whose pronoun are he/him. Then as a "figure of man and woman joined together" (androgyne) in Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1613).
  • Mapulon – The god of season. Husband of Ikapati, father of Anagolay.
  • Anagolay – The goddess of loss things. Wife of Dumakulem, mother of Apolaki and Dian Masalanta. Possibly derived from either Anagaoley, the supreme god of the ancient Pangasineses; or Amanolay, a god of the Gaddanes.[184]
  • Apolaki – The god of the sun and patron of fighters. Son of Dumakulem and Anagolay, brother of Dian Masalanta. Apolaki is the supreme god of the ancient Pangasinenses whom they also referred to as Anagaoley or Amagaoley (Supreme Father).[185] In Kapampangan mythology, he is a son of Bathala and brother of Mayari.[182] The Bolinao manuscript mentions the Sambal priestess Bolindauan in 1684 who has Apolaqui as her patron anito.
  • Dian Masalanta – The goddess of lovers. Daughter of Dumakulem and Anagolay, sister of Apolaki.
  • Sitan – The chief deity of Kasanaan: the village of grief and affliction. He was assisted by many mortal agents such as: Mangagauay, Manisilat, Mankukulam, Hukluban. Sitan is mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs (1589) as "devils" inhabiting the Casanaan (hell).
  • Agents of Sitan:
    • Mangagauay – The one responsible for the occurrence of diseases. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
    • Manisilat – The goddess of broken homes. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
    • Mankukulam – Who often assumes human form and went around the villages, pretending to be a priest-doctor. Then he would wallow in the filth beneath the house of his victim and emit fire. If the fire was extinguished immediately, the victim would die. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
    • Hukluban – She had the power to change herself into any form she desired. She could kill anyone by simply raising her hand. However, if she wanted to heal those whom she had made ill by her charms, she could do so without any difficulty. It was also said of her that she could destroy a house by merely saying that she would do so. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest. Among the peasants of the province of Bulacan, Hokloban was a wise old man, almost a magician, who was consulted, and who came to an extremely advanced age, thus being a kind of Methuselah of the Tagalogs. The phrase "matandang Hokloban" (old Hokloban) that applies to the long-lived is still very common.[186]
  • Priestly agents of the environmental gods:
    • Silagan – Whose duty was to tempt people and to eat the liver of all those who wear white clothes during mourning and take their souls down to the depth of Kasanaan. Had a sister named Mananangal. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
    • Mananangal – Could be seen walking along dark trails and lonely paths without her head, hands or feet, because her work was to frighten people to death. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
    • Asuan – Who fly at night, murder men, eat their flesh and drink their blood. He has four brothers: Mangagayuma, Sunat, Pangatahuyan, Bayugin. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
    • Mangagayuma – Specialized in charms which, when used by lovers, had the power to infused the heart with love. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
    • Sunat – A well-known priest. Brother of Asuan. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest. According to Plasencia, a sonat is a high priest/priestess equivalent of that of a Bishop. In classical Tagalog, sonat also signified circumcision, it alluded to the ritual of circumcision of Filipino girls upon coming of age by the chief priestess. In suppressing the priestesses, the missionaries unwittingly made one of their greatest contributions to the welfare of Filipino women: the abolition of what is now known as "female genital mutilation" which, unfortunately, still survives in other developing countries.[187]
    • Pangatahuyan – a soothsayer. Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest.
    • Bayuguin – Whose work was to tempt women into a life of shame (prostitution). Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in "Customs of the Tagalogs" (1589) as a type of witch or class of priest. Bayoguin (Bayogin) or Bayog are transgender and transvestite priests or shaman of the indigenous religion of the ancient Tagalogs.

Anting-anting pantheon[188]

  • Infinito Dios - The highest god and the oldest being from whom everything emanated. The virtue (Birtud/Galing) residing in and empowering the anting-anting and agimat (amulets and talismans). He is also referred to as Nuno (Ancient One, earth deity), Animasola (Lonely Soul, air deity), Waksim (As water deity), and Atardar (His warrior or protective aspect). He is identified to Bathala Maykapal.
  • Infinita Dios - The female aspect of the Divine. She is said to be the first emanation of the Infinito Dios who sprang forth from his mind when he decided to have someone help him in his task of creation.  She is also referred to as Maria (which stands for: Maris, Amantisimo, Rexsum, Imperator, Altisima), Gumamela Celis (Flower of Heaven), Rosa Mundi (Flower of the World), and Dios Ina (God the Mother); she is also identified with Inang Pilipinas (Mother Philippines) or Inang Bayan (Motherland) similar to Ibu Pertiwi of Indonesia.
  • The first two elders (nuno) who reside in the two corners of the Earth and are the guardians of the Sun and the Moon:
    • UPH MADAC - She is the first spirit of the twenty-four Ancianos, except for guarding the first hour after midnight. She designed the Sun in accordance with the task given to her by the Infinito Dios. She made many designs and presented them to her companions and to the Lord, and they chose and all agreed on the shape or appearance of the sun which gives light to the world from then until now and into the future.
    • ABO NATAC - He is the second spirit, who designed the Moon which gives us light during the night. He did the same, many were also created and these were presented to his companions and to the Infinito Dios, and they agreed on the shape of the moon that is present today.
  • The following six spirits do not receive any other office. What they did was just wander out into the world, and be God's watchmen:
    • ELIM – The watchman from 3 a.m. to 3:59 AM.
    • BORIM – The watchman from 4:00 AM to 4:59 AM.
    • MORIM – The watchman from 5:00 AM to 5:59 AM.
    • BICAIRIM – The watchman from 6:00 AM to 6:59 AM.
    • PERSALUTIM - The watchman from 7:00 AM to 7:59 AM.
    • MITIM - The watchman from 8:00 AM to 8:59 AM.
  • The Siete Arkanghelis:
    • AMALEY - He is the president and first minister of the archangel warriors. He is San Miguel Arcanghel, on his shoulders rests the fight against the wicked to have security on earth and in heaven. San Miguel is assigned as the watchman from 9:00 AM to 9:59 AM on each day, he is also the watchman on the first day of each week, which is Sunday, so he is the one to call on these days to avoid any disasters or events that do not occur. He is also the spirit messenger and messenger of the Infinito Dios throughout the heavens.
    • ALPACOR – He is the one made secretary by the Siete Arkanghelis of the whole universe, he is San Gabriel who is the recorder of all the hidden wonders in the whole universe and galaxy. San Gabriel is the watchman from 10:00 AM to 10:59 AM of each day, He is also the watchman every Monday, therefore it is good to call him on this day to be saved from all disasters .
    • AMACOR - He is the prince of the angelic justice and also the giver of heavenly grace for which he is also the Butler of the Infinito Dios. This angel is well known by the name San Rafael, he is the watchman at 11:00 AM of each day and of Tuesdays. He is the one to be called on these days for salvation from calamities.
    • APALCO - He is the angel who was made Justicia mayor in heaven. Chief Ruler of heavenly things and recommender to God of the punishment to be inflicted, he is also the giver of wisdom to be used by the soul and earthly body of man. This angel is identified as San Uriel who is assigned to watch at 12 noon and he is also the watchman on Wednesdays, so he must be called on this day to be saved from any disaster.
    • ALCO - This is the spirit that offers or prays to God of any good work of man, he is also the receiver and informer of human needs, regarding God. This angel is San Seatiel who is the watchman on Thursdays and the time of the first hour of the afternoon of each day, so he should be the one to be called on these days:
    • ARACO - This is the spirit who was made the keeper of treasures and graces. He holds the key to giving the riches and glory of God. This angel is San Judiel, the benefactor and giver of God's mercy. He is also the assigned watchman on Fridays, so he should be the one to be called on these days.
    • AZARAGUE - This is the guardian spirit of Heaven and Earth, and he is the helper and protector of all spirits under the Infinito Dios. He is San Baraquiel the watchman at 3 pm of each day and is also assigned as the watchman of every Saturdays, so he is the one to be called on these days. San Baraquiel is the last of the Seven Archangels to be known as the seven warriors of God the Father.
  • LUXBEL – He is the youngest of the 16 spirits first created by the Infinito Dios. His name means "Light of Heaven" because he is the closest to God. When God began his creation, he was baptized with the name BECCA, but he disobeyed the Infinito Dios so he renamed him LUXQUER or LUCIFER. The history of Luxbel can be found in a book entitled DIEZ MUNDOS (Ten Planets). In this book you will find various types of illicit wisdom such as hexes (kulam), glamour (malik mata), philters (gayuma) and many more. Anyone is discouraged to have a copy of this book because it is the cause of unforgivable sin to the Lord.
  • The following five spirits were not baptized and did not accept the calling. When the Lord Jesus Christ was currently hanging on the cross, they came to be baptized, but it did not happen because at that time our Lord Jesus breathed his last. They are:
    • ISTAC - The watchman from 5:00 PM to 5:59 PM.
    • INATAC - The watchman from 6:00 PM to 6:59 PM.
    • ISLALAO - The watchman from 7:00 PM to 7:59 PM.
    • TARTARAO - The watchman from 8:00 PM to 8:59 PM.
    • SARAPAO - The watchman from 9:00 PM to 9:59 PM.
  • The last three are the Santisima Trinidad, to whom the Infinito Dios gave authority to create the world and its inhabitants.:
    • MAGUGAB - This spirit presents himself as Dios Ama (God the Father), who some say is the first person of the Santisima Trinidad. But as Dios Ama, he is not the Infinito Dios, but only given him the right and duty to identify himself as God the Father. He was given the design of the world and all its contents such as the various types of flying creatures in the air or those crawling on the ground, especially man. He is the watchman from 9:00 PM to 9:59 PM.
    • MARIAGUB - This spirit is the second person in the Santisima Trinidad, he has the fullness of Dios Anak (God the Son) and the power to fulfill the mysteries wrought by the Lord Jesus Christ. He is the spirit who incarnates in order to save those who receive and believe in him. This spirit is the one who, in every age, enters the body of the people commanded by God, which was then called the "Lamb of God." He is the watchman from 10:00 PM to 10:59 PM.
    • MAGUB - This is the third person of the Santisima Trinidad as the Espiritu Santo (Holy Spirit), he is the one who acts to accomplish the thing that must happen in the present. Through his power the promises of the Infinito Dios to the People are formed and fulfilled. He is watchman from 11:00 PM to midnight or 12: 00MN.

other mythological figures

  • Bernardo Carpio – The Hispanized avatar of the gigantic underworld crocodile that cause earthquake in pre-colonial Tagalog mythology, and of Palangíyi the mythical King of the Tagalog people. Legend has it that the Tagalogs have a giant king—a messianic figure—named Bernardo Carpio, squeezed between two mountains or two great rocks in the Mountains of Montalban, and who causes earthquakes whenever he tries to free himself. Once the last link on the chains binding him is broken, the enslavement and oppression of his people will be replaced with freedom and happiness. Filipino revolutionary heroes Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio are said to have paid homage to the Bernardo Carpio legend – the former by making a pilgrimage to Montalban, and the latter making the caves of Montalban the secret meeting place for the Katipunan movement.[189][190][191]
  • Maria Makiling – The diwata of Mt. Makiling.
  • Palangíyi (from Malay Palángi = rainbow) – The mythical king of the Tagalog people.[192][190]
  • Balitóc (Balitók = gold) – An archetypal witch (manggagaway) of the ancient Tagalogs.[193] Probably the spirit of a famous priestess or a famous witch, perhaps legendary, e.g. Si Balitók ang gumáway sa bátang yarí = It is Balitok who has bewitched the child [SB 1613: 284].[194]
  • Primordial Kite – caused the sky and the sea to war, which resulted in the sky to throw boulders at the sea, creating islands; built a nest on an island and left the sky and sea in peace[195]
  • Unnamed God – the god of vices mentioned as a rival of Bathala[1]
  • Sidapa – god of war who settles disputes among mortals.[8] He also appeared in the Tagalog tale "Why the Cock Crows at Dawn" in Damiana Eugenio's The Myths where said deity is portrayed as a war god who turns a servant into a rooster after failing to wake him early in the morning many times. This tale seems to be derived from the story of Alectryon, a youth whom the war god Ares, placed as a guardian at the door when he visited Aphrodite. The youth, however, fell asleep, and their lovemaking was discovered by Helios (sun). As punishment Alectryon was changed into a rooster, which since then unceasingly announces the arrival of the sun.
  • Amansinaya – goddess of fishermen[8]
  • Amihan – a primordial deity who intervened when Bathala and Amansinaya were waging a war;[196] a gentle wind deity, daughter of Bathala, who plays during half of the year, as playing together with her brother, Habagat, will be too much for the world to handle[197]
  • Habagat – an active wind deity, son of Bathala, who plays during half of the year, as playing together with his sister, Amihan, will be too much for the world to handle[197]
  • Sinukan – tasked her lover Bayani to complete a bridge[198]
  • Bayani – lover of Sinukan who failed to complete a bridge; engulfed by a stream caused by the wrath of Sinukan[198]
  • Ulilangkalulua – a giant snake that could fly; enemy of Bathala, who was killed during their combat[73][199]
  • Galangkalulua – winged god who loves to travel; Bathala's companion who perished due to an illness, where his head was buried in Ulilangkalulua's grave, giving birth to the first coconut tree, which was used by Bathala to create the first humans[73][199]
  • Bighari – the flower-loving goddess of the rainbow; a daughter of Bathala[200]
  • Liwayway – the goddess of dawn; a daughter of Bathala[200]
  • Tag-ani – the god of harvest; a son of Bathala[200]
  • Kidlat – the god of lightning; a son of Bathala[200]
  • Hangin – the god of wind; a son of Bathala[200]
  • Bulan-hari – one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak; can command rain to fall; married to Bitu-in[201]
  • Bitu-in – one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak[201]
  • Alitaptap – daughter of Bulan-hari and Bitu-in; has a star on her forehead, which was struck by Bulan-hari, resulting to her death; her struck star became the fireflies[201]
  • Sawa – a deity who assumed the form of a giant snake when he appeared to a priestess in a cave-temple[202]
  • Rajo – a giant who stole the formula for creating wine from the gods; tattled by the night watchman who is the moon; his conflict with the moon became the lunar eclipse[203]
  • Unnamed Moon God -  the night watchman who tattled on Rajo's theft, leading to an eclipse[203]
  • Nuno – the owner of the mountain of Taal, who disallowed human agriculture at Taal's summit[198]
  • Hari sa Bukid – a king who disallowed the people from planting at the summit of his kingdom's mountain; unless his people showed their industry and hard work, he remains smoking tobacco in the center of the earth[57]
  • Great Serpent of Pasig – a giant serpent who created the Pasig river after merchants wished to the deity; in exchange for the Pasig's creation, the souls of the merchants would be owned by the serpent[204]
  • Golden Calf of Banahaw – an enormous golden calf who serve as guardian of Mount Banahaw[57]
  • Doce Pares – the twelve brave young men who embarked on a quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Banahaw, headed by the culture-hero Rizal; said to return to the people as giants, together with the Golden Calf, to aid their people in war[57]
  • Rizal – a culture-hero who led the quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Banahaw; traditions state that once a world war breaks, he and the Doce Pares will come down from the mountain with the Golden Calf to aid his people in their struggle; another versions states he will aid the people, arriving through a ship[57]
  • Pablo Maralit – an epic hero who became the ruler of Lipa; has various powers and amulets[142]
  • Catalina – wife of Pablo Maralit[142]
  • Balo-na – a wise old woman who foresaw the arrival of the warriors of La-ut that would conquer and ransack the land of Pinak[201]
  • Dana – a princess who revered the sun god through dances at the Rock of Bathala; impregnated by the sun god and banished from the kingdom, causing the flowers of the rivers to wither; she was later asked to return and continue her sun worship[204]
  • Loku – a ruler from Quiapo who started to believe in a foreign god; when his people were attacked by foreigners, he was defeated as he could not ask the help of the anitos[204]

Tau-buid Mangyan (Batangan)

Immortals

  • Rawtit: the ancient and gigantic matriarch who wields a huge knife, wears a lycra, and has magical power to leap miles in one bound; she brings peace to the forest and all its inhabitants[205]
  • Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked deities, composed of two gods who come from the sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates[206]

Buhid Mangyan

Immortals

  • Sayum-ay and Manggat: the ancestral ancient couple who named all trees, animals, lakes, rocks, and spirits[207]
  • Labang: evil spirits which manifests in animal forms whose bites are fatal, as the bite marks on humans can become channels for bad spirits[208]
  • Lahi: spirits which are potential allies and protectors against the Labang[208]
    • Afo Daga: owner of the earth;[207] can cast earthquakes, typhoons, and disease outbreaks when mankind defies the moral codes; appeased though the igluhodan ritual[208]
    • Afo Fungsu: owner of mountain peaks[207]
    • Afo Sapa: owner of rivers[207]
  • Falad: souls of the dead[207]
  • Malawan: spirits that live in the springs in the deep forest[207]
  • Taw Gubat: jungle men who live deep in the forest[207]
  • Bulaw: those who live in mountain peaks; depicted as shooting stars because they fly from one peak to another and lights its way with a torch made from human bone[207]

Mortals

  • Bulang: a man who got stuck underwater during a torrential rain, resulting to his body become a rock called Bato Bulang; his rock serves as a stopper to a hole beneath it at the Binagaw river, where if it is to be removed, the whole area will be submerged in water[207]

Hanunoo Mangyan

Immortals

  • Mahal na Makaako: the supreme deity who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them[175]
  • Binayo: owner of a garden where all spirits rest[175]
  • Binayi: a sacred female spirit who is the caretaker of the Kalag Paray; married to Balingabong[175]
  • Balungabong: spirit who is aided by 12 fierce dogs; erring souls are chased by these dogs and are eventually drowned in a cauldron of boiling water; married to Binayi[175]
  • Kalag Paray: rice spirits; appeased to ensure a bountiful harvest[175]
  • Labang: evil spirits who can take the form of animals and humans[175]
  • Apu Dandum: spirit living in the water[175]
  • Apu Daga: spirit living in the soil[175]
  • Daniw: spirit residing in the stone cared for by the healers[175]

Mortals

  • Anay and Apog: the only two humans who survived the great flood which killed every other human; lived on top of Mount Naapog[209]
  • Inabay: wife of Amalahi; met a ghoul, who she requested betel nuts to chew on, as per custom; later turned into a ghoul due to the ghoul's betel nuts[209]
  • Amalahi: husband of Inabay; killed by his wife, who had turned into a ghoul[209]
  • Daga-daga: eldest child of Inabay and Amalahi; sister of Palyos; called on the help of the Timawa to escape from her mother, and took care of her child brother in the forest[209]
  • Palyos: younger child of Ibanay and Amalahi; brother of Daga-daga; befriended a wild chicken who he became friends with until he became tall; eventually, his friend chicken left the world of the living, leaving on its two wings, which when Palyos planted, sprouted and fruited rice, clothing, beads, and many others, which he and his sister shared with others[209]
  • Timawa: the elves who aided the child Daga-daga and her small brother Palyos to escape from their mother, Inabay, who had turned into a ghoul[209]
  • Amalahi: a grinning man who tricked the giant Amamangan and his family, which led to their death[209]
  • Amamangan: a giant whose entire family were tricked by Amalahi, leading to death[209]
  • Daldali: the fast one, who is always in a hurry, which usually results into deplorable things; cousin of Malway-malway[209]
  • Malway-malway: the slow one, whose acts are normal and proper; cousin of Daldali[209]
  • Monkey and Crocodile: two characters where Monkey always outwits[209]
  • Juan Pusong: a trickster character[209]

Bicolano

Immortals

  • Gugurang: the supreme god; causes the pit of Mayon volcano to rumble when he is displeased; cut Mt. Malinao in hald with a thunderbolt;[210] the god of good[211]
  • Asuang: brother of Gugurang; an evil god who wanted Gugurang's fire, and gathered evil spirits and advisers to cause immortality and crime to reign; vanquished by Gugurang but his influence still lingers[210]
  • Assistants of Gugurang
    • Linti: controls lightning[210]
    • Dalodog: controls thunder[210]
  • Unnamed Giant: supports the world; movement from his index finger causes a small earthquake, while movement from his third finger causes strong ones; if he moves his whole body, the earth will be destroyed[212]
  • Languiton: the god of the sky[212]
  • Tubigan: the god of the water[212]
  • Dagat: goddess of the sea[212]
  • Paros: god of the wind; married to Dagat[212]
  • Daga: son of Dagat and Paros; inherited his father'control of the wind; instigated an unsuccessfully rebellion against his grandfather, Languit, and died; his body became the earth[212]
  • Adlao: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the sun;[212] in another myth, he was alive and during a battle, he cut one of Bulan's arm and hit Bulan's eyes, where the arm was flattened and became the earth, while Bulan's tears became the rivers and seas[213]
  • Bulan: son of Dagat and Paros; joined Daga's rebellion and died; his body became the moon;[212] in another myth, he was alive and from his cut arm, the earth was established, and from his tears, the rivers and seas were established[213]
  • Bitoon: daughter of Dagat and Paros; accidentally killed by Languit during a rage against his grandsons' rebellion; her shattered body became the stars[212]
  • Unnamed God: a sun god who fell in love with the mortal, Rosa; refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage; he afterwards visited Rosa, but forgetting to remove his powers over fire, he accidentally burned Rosa's whole village until nothing but hot springs remained[214]
  • Magindang: the god of fishing who leads fishermen in getting a good fish catch through sounds and signs[215]
  • Okot: the forest god whose whistle would lead hunters to their prey[215]
  • Bakunawa: a serpent that seeks to swallow the moon[215]
  • Haliya: the goddess of the moon[211]
  • Apolaki: a mountain monster[51]
  • Batala: a good god who battled against Kalaon[215]
  • Kalaon: an evil god of destruction[215]
  • Son of Kalaon: son of Kalaon who defied his evil father's wishes[215]
  • Onos: freed the great flood that changed the land's features[216]
  • Oryol: a wily serpent who appeared as a beautiful maiden with a seductive voice; admired the hero Handyong's bravery and gallantry, leading her to aid the hero in clearing the region of beasts until peace came into the land[216]

Mortals

  • Baltog: the hero who slew the giant wild boar Tandayag[216]
  • Handyong: the hero who cleared the land of beasts with the aid of Oryol; crafted the people's first laws, which created a period for a variety of human inventions[216]
  • Bantong: the hero who single-handedly slew the half-man half-beast Rabot[216]
  • Dinahong: the first potter; a pygmy who taught the people how to cook and make pottery
  • Ginantong: made the first plow, harrow, and other farming tools[217]
  • Hablom: the inventor of the first weaving loom and bobbins[218]
  • Kimantong: the first person to fashion the rudder called timon, the sail called layag, the plow called arado, the harrow called surod, the ganta and other measures, the roller, the yoke, the bolo, and the hoe[218]
  • Sural: the first person to have thought of a syllabry; carved the first writing on a white rock-slab from Libong[218]
  • Gapon: polished the rock-slab where the first writing was on[218]
  • Takay: a lovely maiden who drowned during the great flood; transformed into the water hyacinth in Lake Bato[218]
  • Rosa: a sun god's lover, who perished after the sun god accidentally burned her entire village[214]
  • Malinay: a fearless girl who explored the forests and caves filled with spirits; known in the tale of the origin of bananas[218]

Waray

Immortals

  • Makapatag-Malaon: the supreme deity with both male and female aspect; the male aspect is Makapatag, the leveler who is fearful and destructive, while the female aspect is Malaon, the ancient understanding goddess[8][49]
  • Badadum: a guide of the dead; gathers the souls of the newly dead to meet their relatives at the mouth of a river in the lower world[8]
  • Hamorawan Lady: the deity of the Hamorawan spring in Borongan, who blesses the waters with healing properties[219]
  • Berbinota: the beautiful goddess who rules the island of Biri, whose formations were made during the battle of the gods[220]
  • Maka-andog: an epic giant-hero who was friends with the sea spirits and controlled wildlife and fish; first inhabitant and ruler of Samar who lived for five centuries; later immortalized as a deity of fishing[221]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who is prophesied to someday return to aid his people in their struggle[57]

Mortals

  • Igsabod: one of the 10–11 giant siblings of Maka-andog; friends with the sea spirits[222]
  • Paula Tomaribo: giant wife and, in some tales, the sibling of Maka-andog; in another tale, she was of Moro origin[222]
  • Banogbarigos: brother of Maka-andog; became the first aswang[222]
  • Pagsabihon: one who punishes those who speak of him[222]
  • Delbora: the one who kaingin farmers offer food; wife of Delalaman[222]
  • Sanghid: wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed; has the power to move back the sun[222]
  • Mother of Maka-andog: a gigantic being whose head alone is as large as a hill; lived in Mt. Hurao[222]
  • Father of Maka-andog: lived in Mt. Hurao in the middle of Samar; more powerful than his sons, including Maka-andog[222]
  • Tigalhong: brother of Maka-andog; first inhabitant of Leyte[222]
  • Delalaman: a giant who defeated a priest in a challenge; remained faithful to the old faith, and was never baptised, just like Maka-andog and the other ancestors[222]
  • Dawisan: one of 9–12 children of Maka-andog who inherited his father's strength and magic[222]
  • Yugang: a wife of Maka-andog associated with the gold loom[222]

Eskaya

Immortals

  • Ai Suno: the supreme child deity also called Salvador Suno; later conflated with the Child Jesus due to Christian influence[223]
  • Baroko: the bird who aided in the retrieval of the Lingganay nga Ugis (silver bell), which it dropped at Kamayaan river and can only be retrieved by Ai Suno when he returns on land, free his people from bondage and give them their second bodies; if the bell is retrieved by someones else, a great deluge will occur[223]

Mortals

  • Pinay: the founder of the Eskaya language and script; in some sources, Datahan, a historical person who founded an Eskaya school, is said to be a reincarnation of Pinay[224]
  • Tumud Babaylan: custodian of a sacred silver bell who was stolen by a Spanish priest named Prayleng Vicente; retrieved the stolen by through the aid of a bird called Baroko, who flew with the bell[225]
  • Humabad: a priest-ruler of Opon, known for his treachery of welcoming the foreigner Magellan and conducting a blood compact with him[225]
  • Umanad: the epic hero and ruler of Cortes who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan; he allied himself with Lapu-Lapu of Mactan and bravely waged war against Humanad upon his return to Bohol, which ended with Humabad's death and a mortally wounded Umanad[225]
  • Daylinda: wife of Umanad who was baptized by Magellan; was afterwards gently cast away by Umanad; committed ritual suicide due to the death of her husband[225]
  • Dangko: the ruler of Talibon who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan[225]
  • Iriwan: an aide provided by Lapu-lapu to Umanad; became a good friend of Umanad; aided Umanad in his battle against Humabad; sailed Umanad's mortally-wounded body to Cortes through the mystical snaking river Abatan-Waji[225]

Bisaya

Immortals

  • Kaptan: the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened; ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan; controls the wind and lightning;[226] in some myths, is married to Maguyaen;[1] also referred as Bathala in one myth;[227] also referred as Abba in one chronicle[228]
  • Maguayan: the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom; father of Lidagat; brother of Kaptan[229]
  • Messengers of Kaptan
    • Dalagan: the swiftest winged giant, armed with long spears and sharp swords[229]
    • Guidala: the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords[229]
    • Sinogo: the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords; best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the sea[229]
  • Maguyaen: the goddess of the winds of the sea[1]
  • Magauayan: fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened[226]
  • Manaul: the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan, creating islands[226]
  • Helpers of Manaul
  • Lidagat: the sea married to the wind; daughter of Maguayan[229]
  • Lihangin: the wind married to the sea; son of Kaptan[229]
  • Licalibutan: the rock-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; inherited the control of the wind from his father; initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers, Kaptan; killed by Kaptan's rage; his body became the earth[229]
  • Liadlao: the gold-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the sun[229]
  • Libulan: the copper-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; killed by Kaptan's rage during the great revolt; his body became the moon[229]
  • Lisuga: the silver-bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin; accidentally killed by Kaptan's rage during her brothers' revolt; her body fragments became the stars[229]
  • Adlaw: the sun deity worshiped by the good[227]
  • Bulan: the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night[227]
  • Bakunawa: the serpent deity who can coil around the world; sought to swallow the seven "Queen" moons, successfully eating the six, where the last is guarded by bamboos[227]
  • Divities under Kaptan
    • Makilum-sa-twan: the god of plains and valleys[1]
    • Makilum-sa-bagidan: the god of fire[1]
    • Makilum-sa-tubig: the god of the sea[1]
    • Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the god of streams[1]
    • Magdan-durunoon: the god of hidden lakes[1]
    • Sarangan-sa-bagtiw: the god of storms[1]
    • Suklang-malaon: the goddess of happy homes[1]
    • Alunsina: the goddess of the sky[1]
    • Abyang: another deity under Kaptan[1]
  • Maka-ako: also called Laon; the creator of the universe[8]
  • Linok: the god of earthquakes[8]
  • Makabosog: a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungry[8]
  • Sidapa: the goddess of death; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Makaptan[1]
  • Makaptan: the god of sickness; co-ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan, together with Sidapa; he is a brother of Magyan and Sumpoy[1]
  • Deities under Sidapa and Makaptan
    • Danapolay: the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and Makaptan[1]
    • Tagusirangan[1]
    • Duwindihan[1]
    • Dalongdongan[1]
    • Tagabititlakan-ka-adlaw[1]
    • Suta[1]
    • Agta[1]
    • Tabukuun[1]
  • Sappia: the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds, giving the origin of white rice; when milk ran out, blood came out from her breast, giving the origin of red rice[1]
  • Tan Mulong: guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned; has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitals[8]
  • Pandaque: messenger of Sidapa; sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld, Kahilwayan, from the lower world, Kasakitan; lives in Kasakitan, despite being a messenger of Sidapa, who lives in the middleworld, Kamaritaan;[1] also referred as Pandagoy[228]
  • Magyan: carries the souls of the dead to the lower world, Kasakitan, on his boat called balanday; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Sumpoy; he is a brother of Makaptan and Sumpoy[1]
  • Sumpoy: takes the souls from Magyan's balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu-nituhan; co-ruler of the lower world Kasakitan, together with Magyan; he is a brother of Magyan and Makaptan[1]
  • Sisiburanen: ruler of Kanitu-nituhan, a sub-realm of the lower world, Kasakitan; acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld; feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu-nituhan for years[1]
  • Kuruntang
    • Simuran: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan[1]
    • Siguinarugan: one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu-nituhan;[1] also referred as Siginarugan and Siginarungan[228]
  • Other inhabitants of Kasakitan
    • Abyang Durunuun: the goddess of charms[1]
    • Saragnayan: the god of darkness who protected his wife, Nagmalitong Yawa Sinagmaling, from all adversaries in Panay mythologies; his source of immortality was inputted on a wild boar, and upon the killing of the boar, he became mortal and was killed by Buyung Baranugon[230][1]
    • Pinganun-pinganun: the god of enchanted places[1]
    • Unmagad Palinti[1]
    • Sumpay Pako-Pako[1]
  • Gods of War
  • Lalahon: the goddess of fire, volcanoes, and the harvest;[232] also referred as Laon[228]
  • Santonilyo: a deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at sea;[233] deity of the white men, referring to Spanish colonizers[228]
  • Gunung: a deity of volcanoes[228]
  • Magbibaya: a deity similar to the god Magbabaya of the Bukidnon[228]
  • Lumawig: a deity mentioned in the Aginid[228]
  • Linug: a deity of earthquakes[228]
  • Cacao: the goddess of Mount Lantoy who sells her products through a golden ship which can flood rivers[234]
  • Mangao: husband of Cacao[234]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who is said to return in favor of his people's struggle for genuine freedom; based on a historical person[57]
  • Leon Kilat: a hero who is said will return to the people together with Rizal and Bonifacio in Cebu; based on a historical person, Pantaleon Villegas[57]
  • Buhawi: also called Kano, a hero who will someday return to aid his people in their struggle in Negros; based on the historical person, Ponciano Elopre[57]

Mortals

  • Sicabay: the first woman[229]
  • Sicalac: the first man[229]
  • Libo: the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[229]
  • Saman: the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac; was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a brown-skinned race[229]
  • Pandaguan: a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac; a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark; father of Arion; challenged to overpower the gods, and was punished by zapping[229]
  • Arion: son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a white-skinned race[229]
  • Son of Saman and Sicalac: was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan; became the ancestor of a yellow-skinned race[229]
  • Lapulapu: a ruler of Mactan who is valorous, strong, and noble, as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict; in one account, he is also a mangatang (pirate); bested Humabon in politics, trade, and ocean territory in most accounts, while in one account, Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu;[228] defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature; a verified historical person[235]
  • Humabon: a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly respected, but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict; a verified historical person[228]
  • Sri Lumay Bataugong: the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra[228]
  • Sri Bantug: a ruler of Sugbo[228]
  • Binibini Anduki: sister of Sri Lumay[228]
  • Bulakna: wife of Lapulapu; in other epics, Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children[228]
  • Sawili: son of Lapulapu and Bulakna[235]
  • Zula: a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler's affection towards Bulakna[228]
  • Datu Mangal: father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before Lapulapu;[228] in other versions, he is Lapulapu's uncle or friend and right-hand man; has supernatural powers, various amulets of whirlpools and oil, and a flying horse[235]
  • Matang Mataunas: mother of Lapulapu; in another tale, the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang Matana;[228] also called Matang Mantaunas or Bauga[235]
  • Malingin: daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of Lapulapu[235]
  • Sri Mohammed: paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one tale[228]
  • Sri Lamaraw Dula: brother of Humabon[228]
  • Bali-Alho: chief of Bo. Maribago; can break pestles with his bare hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[235]
  • Tindak-Bukid: chief of Bo. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[235]
  • Umindig: chief of Bo. Ibo, a champion wrestler; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[235]
  • Sagpang-Baha: also called Sampong-Baha; can slap back an onrushing flood; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[235]
  • Bugto-Pasan: can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal[235]
  • Silyo: a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal; he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing; was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse; before turning a stone completely, he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone; another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stone[235]
  • Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who wanted to continue controlling the people so he wished for horns to frighten them; his wish backfired, with the people withdrawing their support, which later led to his death[53]

Ati

Immortals

  • Magwala: also called Magdili, the supreme spirit[236]
  • Abog: chief herdsman of wild pigs and deer; the daga or diwata ritual is offered to invite the herdsmen spirits, headed by Abog[236]
  • Assistants of Abog
  • Spirits of the Forest: the first-fruits sacrifices of the hunt are offered to them through bits of meat, which would bring good luck to the people[236]
  • Taglugar: also called Tagapuyo; spirits inhabiting certain places[237]

Mortals

  • Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[238]
  • Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[238]
  • Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo and an excellent negotiator; came from a commoner family[238]

Ilonggo (Hiligaynon)

Immortals

  • Laon: the supreme goddess and creator residing in Mount Kanlaon; governs the harvest, pestilence, and locusts;[231] also referred to as the god Lalaon[57]
  • Makaako: the creator and the most powerful god[231]
  • Kaptan: god of the earth[231]
  • Magyawan: god of the sea[231]
  • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[231]
  • Sidapa: god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia-as; determines the day of a person's death by marking every newborn's lifespan on a very tall tree on Madya-as[231]
  • Pandaque: god who is given ritual offerings so that a soul of the deceased will not be taken by the gods responsible for torment in the afterlife[231]
  • Gods of Torment
  • Bulalakaw: god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia-as;[231] malevolent deity in the form of a bird with a flaming tail[239]
  • Mama Guayen: a god that carries the souls of the dead in a boat to the ends of the earth;[8] also called Maguayen[231]
  • Sumpoy: god who guides the soul toward a very high mountain[231]
  • Sisiburanen: the god who rules the mountain where Sumpoy drops off the souls of the dead[231]
  • Mangalos: the spirits who eat the insides of children; takes away young lives[231]
  • Hangin: the spirits of the death wind; takes the life of the elderly[231]
  • Sitaho: also called Sibo Malabag; the god of the early migrants from Borneo[240]
  • Cabus-Cabus: deified shaman[240]
  • Dangse: deified shaman[240]
  • Estrella Bangotbanwa: deified shaman from the 19th century[240]
  • Gods of War
  • Canla and Ona: the couple hidden under a clod of earth thrown down by the god Lalaon as punishment to the people who showed malice towards the couple; said to go forth onto the world only after the people become good and envy in the world disappear[57]
  • Hari-sa-Boqued: an emissary of Canla and Ona; Mount Canlaon is said to burst whenever word has been sent from Canla and Ona to Hair-sa-Baqued, asking if the people have become good and envy is no longer in this world; in other versions, he is also a king of a prosperous kingdom, where his followers are humans, but in one case, he also has loyal dwarfs as followers; disallowed the people from planting tobacco near the summit, but was disobeyed, resulting in an eruption[57]

Mortals

  • Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[238]
  • Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[238]
  • Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family[238]
  • Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea[238]
  • Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay[238]
  • Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao[238]
  • Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan[238]
  • Lumbay: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan[238]
  • Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik[238]
  • Damangsil: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Dalugdog: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong[238]
  • Padohinog: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Dumocsol: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Kalengsusu: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Horned Presidente: a presidente of a town who yearned to have more power to control the people; he wished for horns to frighten his constituents, which instead led to the people withdrawing their support; died while still wanting to keep his power[53]

Capiznon

Immortals

  • Laon: the supreme deity; a goddess said to reside in the mountain at the neighboring island of Negros[241]
  • Bulalakaw: a bird god who looks like a peacock and can cause illnesses; lives in Mount Madja-as[241]
  • Mediators to the Gods
    • Bangutbanwa: ensures good harvests and an orderly universe[241]
    • Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons; punishes enemies[241]
    • Soliran: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies[241]
    • Solian: one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies[241]
    • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[241]
  • Tungkung Langit: the god of the sky who brings famine, drought, storms, and floods[241]
  • Lulid-Batang: the god of the earth, responsible for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions[241]
  • Linting Habughabug: the god of lightning, whose look kills people and who shouts in anger[241]
  • Launsina: the goddess of the sun, moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her[241]
  • Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan: the goddess of greed to whom people pray when they want to get rich[241]
  • Saragnayan: the god of darkness who has the power to replace brightness with darkness[241]
  • Lubay-lubyuk Hanginun si Mahuyuk-huyukun: the goddess of the evening breeze; cools people, especially during the summer[241]
  • Suklang Malayun: the guardian of happy homes[241]
  • Maklilum-sa-twan: the god of the plains and valleys.[241]
  • Agurang: the good spirit who fought against Asuwang[242]
  • Asuwang: the malevolent spirit who fought against Asuwang[242]

Aklanon

Immortals

  • Gamhanan: the supreme deity and giver of life, security, and livelihood; lives with many other gods in Mount Daeogdog, where he gives life and punishes errant mortals; used to have a loyal deer-like pet and messenger called Panigotlo, which bleated as a sign of abundance to mortals or foretells floods and despairs to alert the people[243]
  • Bululakaw: lived in the island's sacred mountain called Madya-as[241]
  • Laon: a chief goddess[241]
  • Mediators to the Gods
    • Bangutbanwa: deity who is prayed to for a good harvests and an orderly universe[241]
    • Mangindalon: intercedes for sick persons and punishes enemies[241]
    • Soliran: performs marriage ceremonies[241]
    • Solian: performs marriage ceremonies[241]
    • Manunubo: the good spirit of the sea[241]

Mortals

  • Damhanan: the hunter who killed Panigotlo, the sacred deer-like pet of Gamhanan[243]
  • Daeogdog: a man with violent temper whose name means thunder; married to Mabuot; wanted to force a marriage between his daughter Agahon and a man named Maeopig[244]
  • Mabuot: a woman who was kind and gentle, married to Daeogdog; tried to prevent the marriage of Agahon with the hot-tempered Maeopig[244]
  • Agahon: daughter of Daeogdog and Mabuot; said to be as lovely as the dawn; was to be married to Maeopig even though she rejected the proposal; killed herself before the marriage; from her burial, grew the mango tree[244]
  • Maeopig: suitor of Agahon; had an uncontrollable anger and was chosen by Daeogdog to marry his daughter[244]

Karay-a

Immortals

  • Maka-ako: the supreme deity residing on the uppermost level of the cosmic universe's seven layers[245]
  • Alunsina: the mother goddess of the Hinilawod epic heroes; aided in the battle against Saragnayon[246]
  • Laonsina: a sky goddess and grandmother of Nagmalitung Yawa[247]
  • Unnamed Sky God: a sky god who prevented Balanakon from traveling to Labaw Donggon's territory[247]
  • Tagna-an: the creator god and a busalian shaman; the most powerful and versatile of all ma-aram shamans[245]
  • Hugna-an: the first man; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an[245]
  • Humihinahon: the first woman; a ma-aram shaman and child of Tagna-an[245]
  • Kapapu-an: the pantheon of ancestral spirits from whom the supernatural powers of shamans originated from; their aid enables specific types of shamans to gush water from rocks, leap far distances, create oil shields, become invisible, or pass through solid matter[245]
  • Papu Estrella Bangotbanwa: a deified shaman who controlled the forces of nature[245]
  • Sidapa: god who establishes a person's lifespan through a very tall tree on Mount Madia-as[231]
  • Pandaque: god who allows the souls of the dead to enter Mount Madya-as, the home of the dead, if a proper mag-anito ritual is held[231]
  • Simuran: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions[231]
  • Siginarugan: a god who takes the souls to the lower regions[231]
  • Bangle: carries the non-liquefied soul across the water; the way he carries the soul differs depending on the soul's answers to his questions[248]
  • Bagubu: deity of the stream which follows after the crossing with Bangle[248]

Mortals

  • Labaw Donggon: an epic hero who journeyed to many lands[246]
  • Gimbitinan: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Asu Mangga[246]
  • Anggoy Doronoon: a wife of Labaw Donggon; mother of the hero Buyung Baranugun[246]
  • Yawa Sinagmaling: the wife of the lord, Saragnayon; Labaw Donggon fell in love with her, leading to the battle between Labaw Donggon and Saragnayon[246]
  • Saragnayon: husband of Yawa Sinagmaling; became a mortal after the wild boar which safeguards his immortality was defeated[246]
  • Asu Mangga: hero son of Gimbitinan and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father[246]
  • Buyung Baranugun: hero son of Anggoy Doronoon and Labaw Donggon; fought Saragnayon for the release of his father[246]
  • Humadapnon: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon and husband of Nagmalitung Yawa;[246] aided by an enchanted tree and three messengers birds in the courting of Nagmaliyung Yawa[247]
  • Nagmalitung Yawa: a powerful binukot who rescued her husband by transforming herself into a man named Buyung Sunmasakay;[246] defeated the thousand army in Tarangban; when her mother Matan-ayon was in old age, a ritual was conducted where Nagmalitung Yawa found out about Humadapnon's promiscuity; Matan-ayon's powers were transferred to her, and she ascended into heaven with the aid of her grandmother Laonsina[247]
  • Malubay Hanginon: a powerful binukot who captured and imprisoned by Humadapnon; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa under her male form[246]
  • Paglambuhan: a warrior who was keeping the Timpara Alimuon sacred boat in his fortress; defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap[246]
  • Matan-ayon: mother of Nagmalitung Yawa; thinking that Humadapnon has died, makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant to compel to her marriage with the revived Paglambuhan; Humadapnon later kills the couple, but is reunited with the revived Nagmalitung Yawa;[246] in the Sugidanon epic, she married the reluctant Labaw Donggon[247]
  • Dumalapdap: an epic hero; brother of Labaw Donggon[246]
  • Tikim Kadlum: an enchanted dog that rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting[247]
  • Datu Paiburong: owner of Tikim Kadlum[247]
  • Amburukay: married to Labaw Donggon after she consented her golden pubic hair to be used in Labaw Donggon's kudyapi[247]
  • Pahagunon: an underworld being who abducts one of Labaw Donggon's wife, Ayon[247]
  • Ayon: abducted by Pahagunon after Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea turtle[247]
  • Giant Crab Master: a master who has a giant crab follower, who aids in the abduction of one of Labaw Donggon's wives; his loyal crab can transform into an island with betel-nut trees[247]
  • Sanagnayan: a being whose life-force is in an egg in a lion's heart; the sister of Matan-ayon is rescued by Labaw Donggon from Sanagnayan[247]
  • Balanakon: prevented by the god of the sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon's territory, resulting in a long-drawn battle[247]
  • Polpulan: father of Marikudo, and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son[238]
  • Marikudo: the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus, who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people; married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler[238]
  • Maniuantiuan: the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang; came from a commoner family[238]
  • Mambusay: son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea[238]
  • Makatunao: a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay[238]
  • Puti: the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay; returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao[238]
  • Pinampang: wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan[238]
  • Lumbay: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Bankaya: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Aklan[238]
  • Sumakuel: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Hamtik[238]
  • Damangsil: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Dalugdog: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Paiburong: one of the ten Bornean datus; settled at Irong-Irong[238]
  • Padohinog: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Dumocsol: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]
  • Kalengsusu: one of the ten Bornean datus[238]

Suludnon (Panay-Bukidnon)

Immortals

  • Tungkung Langit: the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata; he is of unknown origin, coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheon[249]
  • Assistants of Tungkung Langit
    • Bangun Bangun: the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements[249]
    • Pahulangkug: the deity who changes the seasons[249]
    • Ribung Linti: the deity of lightning and thunderstorms[249]
    • Sumalongsong: the deity of the rivers and seas[249]
    • Santonil.vo: the deity of good graces[249]
    • Munsad Burulakaw: the deity who has direct power over men; most respected and feared in the upperworld[249]
  • Bayi: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things; caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earth[250]
  • Laki: one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things[250]
  • Primordial Earthworm: an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess, Bayi[250]
  • The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul
    • Mangganghaw: keeps track over man's affairs immediately after marriage; keeps track of pregnancy; he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother, peeping in the houses to see the child being born, which he then reports to Manglaegas[251]
    • Manglaegas: enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive, then reports to Patag'aes[251]
    • Patag'aes: awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant; if he discovers someone is eavesdropping, he will choke the child to death; their conversation creates the fate of the child, on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die, where the child will always get to choose the answers; once done, Patag'aes takes out his measuring stick, computes the child's life span, and then departs, sealing the child's fate[251]
  • Bangla'e: ferries the souls across Lim'awaen, a deep lake in the underworld; asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth, where the soul is ferried and talked to differently, depending on the answer and the gender of the soul; the soul cannot lie to Bangla'e, as he will summon the tuma, a body louse and the incarnation of the soul's conscience[251]
  • Unnamed God: another god that asks questions to the soul[251]
  • Balagu: guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen; asks the same question as Bangla'e to the soul[251]

Cuyonon and Agutaynen

Immortals

  • Diwata ng Kagubatan: goddess of the forest honored on top of Mount Caimana in Cuyo island[252]
  • Neguno: the god of the sea that cursed a selfish man by turning him into the first shark[253]

Pala'wan (Palawano)

Immortals

  • Empuq: the supreme deity, lord, and owner; the creator of all things in the world;[254] also referred as Ampu, the master who wove the world and created several kinds of humanity, hence, he is also called Nagsalad (the weaver); he is a protective watching presence who lives in his abode Andunawan[255]
  • Diwata: benevolent and protective deity who stays in the median space called Lalangaw; the mediator between humans and the supreme deity[255]
  • Beljan: the spirits of all beljan (shamans); able to travel to the vertical universe, divided into fourteen different layers, in order to heal the world and to re-establish cosmic balance;[254] also referred to as Balyan[255]
  • Lenggam: demon-like beings of the forest who act as the caretakers of poisonous and biting animals such as scorpions and snakes;[254] also called Langgam or Saytan, they can be harmful to humans but also benevolent bringers of inspiration and knowledge[255]
  • Ampu at Paray: the master of rice[255]
  • Linamin at Barat: the lady-goddess of the monsoon winds[255]
  • Linamin at Bulag: the lady-goddess of the dry season[255]
  • Upu Kuyaw: the grandfather god of thunder[255]

Batak

Immortals

  • Maguimba: the god in the remotests times, lived among the people, having been summoned by a powerful babaylan (shaman); provided all the necessities of life, as well as all cures for illnesses; has the power to bring the dead back to life[256]
  • Diwata: a benevolent god who provides for the needs of women and men, and gives out rewards for good deeds[256]
  • Angoro: a deity who lives in Basad, a place beyond this world, where the souls find out whether they will enter the heavens called Lampanag, or be cast into the depths of Basad[256]
  • Deities of Strength
  • Batungbayanin: spirit of the mountains[256]
  • Paglimusan: spirit of the small stones[256]
  • Balungbunganin: spirit of the almaciga trees[256]
  • Sulingbunganin: spirit of the big rocks[256]
  • Esa’: an ancestor whose movements created the landscapes, which he named during a hunting journey with his dogs, who were after wild pigs[257]
  • Baybay: the goddess and master of rice who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Ungaw[258]
  • Ungaw: the god and master of bees who originated from Gunay Gunay, the edge of the universe; married to Baybay[258]
  • Panya’en: mystic entities who control certain wild trees and various animals[258]
  • Kiudalan: in charge of forest pigs[258]
  • Napantaran: in charge of forest pigs[258]

Tagbanwa

Immortals

  • Mangindusa: also referred as Nagabacaban, the highest-ranking deity who lives in Awan-awan, the region beyond the Langit; the god of the heavens and the punisher of crime;[259] also referred as Magindusa, the deity who gives humans their true souls called the kyaraluwa at birth, through the nose of the baby emerging from the vulva; never descends from Awan awan; he is depicted as sitting and swinging back and forth in a bintayawan[260]
  • Bugawasin: wife of Mangindusa[260]
  • Dibuwatanin: the messengers of Mangindusa[260]
  • Tungkuyanin: deity who sits on the edge of this sky-cover with his feet dangling into the universe; also sits looking down at the earth; if he were to raise his head and look up, he would fall into the nothingness[260]
  • Magrakad: a god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the sun; gives the warmth which sustains life and, when the people are ill, carries away sickness[260]
  • Bangkay: spirits of the cloud region called Dibuwat; spirits of the people who have been killed by violence, poison, or those who died in giving birth[260]
  • Bulalakaw: also called Diwata kat Dibuwat; they fly-travel throughout the cloud regions to help the people[260]
  • Polo: the benevolent god of the sea whose help is invoked during times of illness[259]
  • Sedumunadoc: the god of the earth, whose favor is sought in order to have a good harvest[259]
  • Tabiacoud: the god of the underworld in the deep bowels of the earth[259]
  • Diwata Kat Sidpan: a deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan;[261] controls the rains[260]
  • Diwata Kat Libatan: a deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan;[261] controls the rain[260]
  • Tumangkuyun: wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics; the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset[260]
  • Amyan: the hot, dry northeast winds[260]
  • Diwata katamyan: invoked when the wet period lasts too long and these Amyan hot-dry winds are needed[260]
  • Salakap: the spirits of epidemic sickness which arrive on earth through the northwest winds; initially were humans who were forced, thru a discriminatory decree or through their comrade's trick, to consume either the feces or flesh of a dead human, which turned them into Salakap[260]
  • Tumungkuyan: leaders of the Salakap who paint tree trunks the support the sky using the blood of the epidemic-dead[260]
  • Sumurutun: captain of the outrigger which transports the dead to Kiyabusan[260]
  • Fuku: deity of smallpox[260]
  • Lumalayag: warriors who challenge and fight the Salakap[260]
  • Tandayag: a deity who lives in Kiyabusan; sent by the supreme deity to live with the Salakap in order to prevent them from sailing except during the northeast winds, as per an agreement between the Salakap and the supreme deity[260]
  • Taliyakud: chief god of the underworld who tends a fire between two tree trunks; asks the souls of the dead questions, where the soul's louse acts as the conscience that answers the questions truthfully; if the soul is wicked, it is pitched and burned, but if it is good, it passes on to a happier place with abundant food[262]
  • Diwata: general term for deities; they created the first man made from earth and gave him the elements of fire, the flint-like stones, iron, and tinder, as well as rice and most importantly, rice-wine, which humans could use to call the deities and the spirits of their dead[260]

Surigaonon

Immortals

  • God of Animals: the deity of animals who allowed the creatures to speak but forbade them from dancing; when a king heard of an island filled with dogs, he ordered a captain to get some of them; the captain ordered the dogs which they did, angering the god of animals who struck their ship with lightning, killing the captain and turning the dogs and ship into an island called Tagbayanga, which now protects the town of Pilar from strong winds and waves[263]
  • Mount Diwata Deities: a group of deities (diwata) at the Diwata Mountains, whose privacy was subjugated by the noise created by the hornbills (kalaw); the oldest among them used her wooden staff and tapped in on the ground three times, which made their home flew up and became the island of Camiguin; a crater was left, which became Lake Mainit[263]
  • Pikit Octopus: a small octopus at the Pikit river who was raised by the fivider Sario, until grew massive; inflicted illness to anyone who it has stung; when Sario died, the octopus left the river[263]
  • Rizal: a culture-hero who in the future, will return to aid his people in their struggle[57]

Mortals

  • Sario: a diviner who raised the giant octopus in the Pikit river[263]

Mamanwa

Immortals

  • Tahaw: supreme deity who is give prayers of supplications and petitions[264]
  • True: deity of the forest and herder of hunting animals[264]

Subanon

Immortals

  • Diwata Magbabaya: the supreme deity and creator of heaven and earth;[265] also referred to as Diwata-sa-Langit, who lives in the sky;[1] also referred as Bathala; can turn anyone into stone through his lightning[263]
  • Palmot: one of trusted heavenly messenger of the supreme deity; an angel[265]
  • Tagma-sa-Dagat: the god of the sea[1]
  • Tagma-sa-Yuta: the god of the earth[1]
  • Tagma-sa-Manguabungud: the god of the woods[1]
  • Tagma-sa-uba: the god of the rivers[1]
  • Tagma-sa-langit: the god who protects the sick[1]
  • Jobrael: also called Jobraim; son of a human and a supernatural; stayed on earth for a thousand years, and was taken back to heaven by Palmot after he failed to raise the divine kettle provided by the supreme deity[265]

Mortals

  • Son of Jobrael: was to be taken back to heaven seven years after his father, Jobrael, was called back; retained his earthly status due to a seven-year plan initiated by his wife[265]
  • Wife of Jobrael's Son: devised the creation of the entire buklog rituals and its instruments, resulting to her husband's permanent residence on earth[265]
  • Gomotan Raja: an ancient leader who settled at the banks of Lapuyan river[265]
  • Gomotan Sangira: an ancient leader who settled in Megusan[265]
  • Palaganding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Rainding; a brave and proficient swordsman[265]
  • Rainding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Palaganding; a brave and proficient swordsman[265]
  • Gomeed: son of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordsman[265]
  • Bulaw: daughter of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordswoman[265]
  • Rajah Humabon: a Subanon who migrated to Cebu and became a ruler there[228]

Manuvu

Immortals

  • Manama: the supreme deity also referred as Sigalungan, meaning all seeing; created the diwatas to assist him in creation; created the earth from his fingernail scrapings[266]
  • Assistants in Manama's creation: all were given katusan (precognition and power); their bodies were life fingernails, smooth and shiny and only their joints have skin[266]
  • Ogassi: brother of Manama; incorporated abaca strans into the clay that would become humans, causing mankind's mortality[8]

Bukidnon

Immortals

  • Diwata na Magbabaya: simply referred as Magbabaya; the good supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called Banting;[267] holds up the serpent deities Intumbangol so they won't fall off the world;[268] also referred to as Bathala
  • Dadanhayan ha Sugay: the evil lord from whom permission is asked; depicted as the evil deity with a human body and ten heads that continuously drools sticky saliva, which is the source of all waters; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting[267]
  • Agtayabun: the adviser and peace maker deity with a hawk-like head, wings, and a human body; tempers the heads of Diwata na Magbabaya and Dadanhayan ha Sugay whenever the two argue; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting, where he holds the other two in a suspending fashion, while maintaining the balanace of Banting; the beating of his wings produce the wind[267]
  • Incantus: six of the seven original figures initially created by the three supreme deities; became guardian spirits and divinities when they were finished by Dadanhayan ha Sugay; they are both good and evil, but they take care of nature and will give its fruits if given respect through offerings; if offended, they can send droughts, flood, pestilence, or sickness[267]
    • Talagbugta: look after the soil[267]
    • Ibabagsuk: take care of nature and grow plants[267]
    • Bulalakaw: guards the water and all the creatures living in it[267]
    • Mamelig: watch over the forest[267]
    • Lalawig: watch over the bees and honey[267]
    • Mamahandi: guards over the material wealth that men acquire[267]
  • First Human: one of the seven original figures created by the three supreme deities; became the first human when finished by Diwata na Magbabaya; endowed with intelligence, and entrusted with the Haldan ta Paraiso[267]
  • Magbabaya (general): general term for the gods of the universe living at the points where the world's concavities meet; usually referred simply to the supreme deity named Diwata na Magbabaya[268]
  • Intumbangol: a pair of serpent deities who support the earth from the underworld; one is male, the other female; their movement causes earthquakes, their breathing causes winds, and their panting causes violent storms[268]
  • Miyaw-Biyaw: the deity who breathes the makatu (soul) into humans at birth[267]
  • Andalapit: leads the soul from the banquet in Kumbirahan into the foot of Mount Balatucan, where the gods of the seas are assembled to judge the soul[8]
  • Mangilala: god of temptation that haunts the seventh tier of the underworld; brother of Magbabaya, who he aided in the creation of humans, although when Mangilala breathed into the figures, humans became tempted to evil things[8]
  • Assistants of Magbabaya
    • Domalongdong: god of the north wind[1]
    • Ognaaling: god of the south wind[1]
    • Tagaloambung: god of the east wind[1]
    • Magbaya: god of the west wind[1]
  • Agents of Magbabaya
    • Tagumbanwa: guardian of the fields[1]
    • Ibabasag: goddess of pregnant women[1]
    • Ipamahandi: goddess of accidents[1]
    • Pamahandi: protector of carabaos and horses[1]
    • Tao-sa-sulup: god of material goods[1]
    • Tigbas: god of good government[1]
    • Busao: god of calamity[1]
    • Talagbusao: bloodthirsty god of war[1]
  • Camiguin: a mountain goddess who lived peacefully until the noisy kalaw disturbed her; sank and established Lake Mainit, and rose to sea, moving westward until she became the island of Camiguin[263]
  • Python of Pusod Hu Dagat: the gigantic python living at the center of the sea; caused a massive flood when it coiled its body at sea

Mortals

  • Agyu: subdued the Intumbangol[268]
  • Tuluyan: son of Agyu, who gave him the source of traditional authority called Takalub, composed of the boar-tusk bracelet Baklaw and the black stick Gilling, which gave its owner Kalaki (talent and power) to settle disputes[263]
  • Gahemen: a widow who survived the flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat[263]
  • Teheban: son of Gahemen after the great flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat[263]
  • Pabulusen: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of power[263]
  • A-ayawa-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of religious customs[263]
  • Tataun-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people often experienced hunger[263]
  • Bala-ol: brother of Mampolompon; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[263]
  • Mampolompon: brother of Bala-ol; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[263]
  • Tibolon: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[263]
  • Managdau: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[263]

Higaonon

Immortals

  • Halangdong Magbabaya: the supreme deity;[269] simply referred as Magbabaya, the creator of all things[270]
  • Diwata: became a friend of the carpenter, David[270]
  • Limokan: a pigeon who when cooed at, ensures a bountiful harvest[270]
  • Ibabasok: the good spirit of the harvest[270]

Mortals

  • Datu Indulum: formulated the laws of Mt. Sinakungan[270]
  • David: a carpenter who gained the ability to design and make houses after he buried a shining stone from the body of a huge spider into his muscles[270]

Talaandig

Immortals

  • Magbabaya: the supreme deity;[271] the sinebugan ritual is offered to the deity for the protection of those who enter the forest[272]
  • Dadagunan hu Suguy: deity who guards of the lawn of the house[271]
  • Anilaw ha Sumagda: deity who guards the door[271]
  • Sinyuda Kahibunan: deity who keeps the hall[271]
  • Diwata ha Manilib: deity who records the activity of people inside the house[271]
  • Diwata Pinatanlay: deity who guards the house at the ridge of the roof[271]
  • Lalawag: deity who safeguards wild pigs[272]
  • Mangumanay: deity who safeguards wild chickens[272]
  • Mangusal: deity who safeguards the honeybees; the palayag ritual is performed to honor the deity[272]
  • Bulalakaw: deity who safeguards the creatures in the rivers; the lalayon ritual is offered to the deity[272]

Manobo

Immortals

  • Tagbusan: the supreme deity who rules over the destinies of all other gods and mortals[1]
  • Dagau: the goddess of creation living at the world's four pillars; established the world according to the version from Argawan and Hibung rivers; when human blood is spilled upon the face of the earth, she makes the great python wrap itself around the pillars, creating earthquakes[273]
  • Makalindung: the god of creation who set up the world on iron posts; lives in the center with a python; created the world according to the version from around Talakogan in Agusan valley[273]
  • Unnamed deities: in a third version of the creation myth, the world is a giant mushroom and unnamed deities are said to shake its core when angered by humans[273]
  • Ibu: the goddess who rulers over the land of the dead, where under her governance, there are no worries or troubles and souls in the underworld continue to eat, work, and marry[273]
  • Diwata: a group of divinities that shamans call to for signs of the future[1]
  • Umli: divinities who assist mortals with help from the Diwata[1]
  • Pamdiya: divinities who have purview over war; initiate war[1]
  • Panaiyung: divinities who have purview over madness; force madness upon men[1]
  • Agkui: divinities who have purview over sexual excess[1]
  • Tagbayaw: the goddess that incites incest and adultery in mortals[1]
  • Sugudun: also called Sugujun; the god of hunters and trappers[1]
  • Apila: the god of wrestling and sports[1]
  • Kakiadan: the goddess of rice[1]
  • Taphagan: the goddess of the harvest who guards rice in the granary[1]
  • Anit: also called Anitan; the guardian of the thunderbolt[1]
  • Inaiyau: the god of storms[1]
  • Tagbanua: the god of rain[1]
  • Umouiri: the god of clouds[1]
  • Libtakan: the god of sunrise, sunset, and good weather[1]
  • Yumud: the god of water[1]
  • Manduyapit: the god who ferries departed souls across the red river before going to the afterworld[1]
  • Datu Ali (Mampuroc): a hero who fought the Spanish and became a deity; his reincarnation, Mampuroc, is a shaman-hero who is said to one day return to the people to aid them in their struggle; based on a historical person[57]

Mandaya

Immortals

  • Unnamed Woman: the woman who pressed the earth, creating mountains[268]
  • Primordial Eel: a great eel whose back holds the earth; its movements cause earthquakes if crabs and small animals annoy it[268]

Mansaka

Immortals

  • Taganlang: the creator god who has a helper bird named Oribig[274] also called Magbabaya, the creator of mankind[275]
  • Oribig: the celestial helper bird of Taganlang; flew to the far corner of the universe under the behest of Taganlang to get soil, which became the materials used by Taganlang to create earth[274]

Kalagan

Mortals

  • Kawlan: an epic hero and baylan (shaman) who defeated the monster Datu Waytiyap; husband of Bodi[263]
  • Ibang: father of Kawlan; a gifted baylan (shaman)[263]
  • Salma: mother of Kawlan[263]
  • Datu Waytiyap: a giant monster who can shapeshift into a human leader; defeated by Kawlan[263]
  • Father of Bodi: an old man who rescued Kawland from a monster monkey[263]
  • Bodi: wife of Kawlan[263]
  • Datu of the East: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the West; worked in the morning; allowed the other datu to gain more from harvest season due to the afternoon heat[263]
  • Datu of the West: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the East; worked in the afternoon; requested to have more share from the harvest due to the afternoon heat[263]

Bagobo

Immortals

  • Pamulak Manobo: supreme deity and creator of the world, including the land, sea, and the first humans; throws water from the sky, causing rain, while his spit are the showers;[276] controls good harvest, rain, wind, life, and death; in some myths, the chief deity is simply referred as the male deity, Diwata[1]
  • Melu: another name of the supreme deity, who created humans, aided by his brother Fun Tao Tana[8]
  • Manama: another name of the supreme deity who created the world and human beings[263]
  • Fun Tao Tana: aided Melu in the creation of humans; put on the noses of humans upside down, which Melu corrected[8]
  • Assistants of Pamulak Manobo
    • Tigyama: the god of protection;[1] visited Lumabet, which resulted in the hero's journey[263]
    • Malaki t’ohu A’wig: the hero who destroyed sickness[1]
    • Tarabumo: deity for whom the rice ceremony is held[1]
    • Panayaga: the god of brass casters[1]
    • Abog: the god of hunters[1]
    • Tonamaling: a deity who may be benevolent or malevolent[1]
  • Lumbat: a divinity of the skyworld who became a diwata when the chief deity cut out his intestines; eventually became the greatest of all Diwata[1]
  • Diwata (general): a class of deities; also a name associated with the chief deity[1]
    • Salamiwan[1]
    • Ubnuling[1]
    • Tiun[1]
    • Biat’odan[1]
    • Biakapusad-an-Langit[1]
    • Kadeyuna[1]
    • Makali Lunson[1]
    • Tolus ka balakat: the dweller of the ritual hanger[1]
  • Unnamed Gods: gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow[276]
  • Unnamed Divinities: each realm in the skyrealms are ruled by a lesser divinity[277]
  • Darago: god of warriors married to Mandarangan[8]
  • Mandarangan: god of warriors married to Darago; resides at Mount Apo's summit; human sacrifices to him are rewarded with health, valor in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth[8]
  • Mebuyan: the underworld goddess who governs Banua Mebuyan, a special place reserved for children who died at their mother's breast; she nourishes the souls of dead infants, until they no longer need nursing[8]
  • Taragomi: the god of crops[1]
  • Tolus ka Gomanan: the god of smiths[1]
  • Bait Pandi: the goddess of weavers who taught women weaving[1]
  • Sky Goddess: the sky herself; debated with Lumabet, until an agreement was reached, so that Lumabet and his people may enter the sky, except for the last man[263]
  • Lumabet: a hero who guided his people into the sky, where they became immortals[263]
  • Father of Lumabet: was cut into many pieces many times under Lumabet's order, until he became a small child[263]
  • Tagalion: son of Lumabet and searched for his father in Lumabet's abode underground; aided by white bees in finding his father in the sky[263]
  • Eels of Mount Apo: two giant eels, where one went east and arrived at sea, begetting all the eels of the world; the other went west, and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo[263]
  • Toglai: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death[22]
  • Toglibon: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death[22]
  • Limocan: a venerated omen bird, who warned a chief about the dangers during the rescue of the chief's kidnapped daughter[278]

Mortals

  • Lakivot: a giant civet who pursued the flowers of gold guarded by the one-eyed ogassi and witches called busaw; turned into a young man after his eyebrows were shaved[263]
  • Girl Companion of Lakivot: requested Lakivot to bring the flowers of gold, which later resulted into their marriage[263]

Blaan

Immortals

  • Melu: the creator deity whose teeth are pure gold and whose skin is pure white; created humans with the god Tau Tana[8]
  • Tau Tana: created humans with the god Melu amidst a great argument; put people's noses upside down, a mistake corrected by Melu;[8] also called Tau Dalom Tana[263]
  • Tasu Weh: creator of humans in another myth, where humans had male sexual organs on one knee, and female sexual organs on the other[279]
  • Fiu Weh: the god who created modern humans by separating the sexual organs;[279] also called Fiuwe[263]
  • Sawe: goddess who joined Melu to live in the world[280]
  • Diwata: goddess who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky[280]
  • Baswit: a primordial bird who lived on the first island as small as a hat called Salnaon; by the order of the gods, it brought earth, a fruit of rattan, and fruits of trees to Melu, who used the materials to create the world[263]
  • Fon Kayoo: spirit of the trees[280]
  • Fon Eel: spirit of water[280]
  • Fon Batoo: spirit of rocks and stones[280]
  • Tau Dalom Tala: spirit who lives in the underworld[280]
  • Loos Klagan: the most feared deity, uttering his name is considered a curse[280]

Mortals

T'boli

Immortals

  • Bulon La Mogoaw: one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[281]
  • Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[281]
  • Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword and shield; married to Boi’Kafil[281]
  • Boi’Kafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul[281]
  • Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to S’fedat; could not bear children[281]
  • S’fedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land on which plants spout from[281]
  • D’wata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of S’fedat onto the sea[281]
  • Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[281]
  • Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[281]
  • Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to S’lel[281]
  • S’lel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik[281]
  • B’lomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule[281]
  • Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to B’lomi[281]
  • Loos K’lagan: son of the supreme deities; married both La Fun and Datu B’noling[281]
  • La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[281]
  • Datu B’noling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[281]
  • Children of D’wata and Hyu We
  • Children of D’wata and Sedek We
  • Fu: spirits that inhabit and own the natural environment[283]
    • Fu El: the spirit of water[283]
    • Fu El Melel: the spirit of the river[283]
  • D’wata (general): the general term for the gods;[284] guard lives and determine fate and destiny[283]
  • Fu Dalu: the goddess of the abaca; speak and guide weavers on how to create patterns and designs, which are remembered in dreams[285]
  • Muhen: a bird god of fate whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune; any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen sing[286]
  • Glinton: the god of metalwork[286]

Teduray (Tiruray)

Immortals

  • Tulus: referred as the Great Spirit, who was neither male nor female and created all things, including the forest, those that we see (such as humans), and those that we can't see (such as spirits) from mud; created and re-created humans four times, first due to the non-existence of humans, second due to birthing issues, the third due to Lageay Lengkuos's initiation of the ascending of mankind into the Great Spirit's realm which resulted into the absence of humans on earth, and the last due to another initiation of mankind's ascending to the sky world which made the same effect as the third;[287] another name for Meketefu, but also a general term used to apply to the highest deity in each of the layers of the upper regions[288]
  • Minaden: creator of mankind, which was made from mud; creator of the earth put at the middle of daylight; provided mankind with their clothes and languages; her house welcomes living women who managed to arrive in the upper most level of the upper worlds[288]
  • Meketefu: the unapproachable brother of Minaden; also called Tulus, he corrected the sexual organs and noses of mankind; gave one group of people the monkey clothing which can turn anyone into monkeys, while gave another group bows and arrows[288]
  • Monkey Leader: also called Little Moneky, he is a culture hero who went to Tulus to intercede for his people, which resulted in his group to ascend the upper regions; two non-believer of his group were left on earth, but he returned to give them earth and a piece of iron which extended from earth to sky, which became the source of all iron[288]
  • Biaku: the magic bird who furnished the clothes and beads initiated by Minaden; when a neighboring people attacked the Teduray to take wealth, Biaku fled[288]
  • Metiatil: married to the hero Lageay Lengkuos;[288] also referred to as Metiyatil Kenogan[289]
  • Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the sun, and made the water into land and land into water;[288] also known as Lagey Lengkuwos, was impressed by the beauty of the region where the Great Spirit lives, and decided to take up his people there to live with the Great Spirit, leaving earth without humans[287]
  • Matelegu Ferendam: son of Lageay Lengkuos and Metiatil, although in some tales, he was instead birthed by Metiatil's necklace, Tafay Lalawan, instead[289]
  • Lageay Seboten: a poor breechcloth-wearing culture hero who carried a basket of camote and followed by his pregnant wife; made a sacred pilgrimage to Tulus, and awaits the arrival of a Teduray who would lead his people[288]
  • Mo-Sugala: father of Legeay Seboten who did not follow his son; loved to hunt with his dogs, and became a man-eater living in a cave
  • Saitan: evil spirits brought by foreign priests[288]
  • Guru: leader of the Bolbol, a group of humans who can change into birds or whose spirits can fly at night to hunt humans[288]
  • Damangias: a spirit who would test righteous people by playing tricks on them[289]
  • Male Beliyan (Shamans)
  • Female Beliyan (Shamans)
  • Segoyong: guardians of the classes of natural phenomena; punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards; many of them specialize in a class, which can be water, trees, grasses, caves behind waterfalls, land caves, snakes, fire, nunuk trees, deers, and pigs;[288] there were also Segoyang of bamboo, rice, and rattan; caretakers of various aspects of nature[287]
    • Segoyong of Land Caves: take the form of a feared snake known a humanity's grandparent; cannot be killed for he is the twin of the first people who was banished for playfully roughly with his sibling[288]
    • Segoyong of Pigs: takes its share of butterflies in the forest; feared during night hunts[288]
    • Segoyong of Deers: can change humans into deers and man-eaters; feared during night hunts[288]
    • Segoyong of Sickness: sends sickness to humans because in the early years, humans were not nice to him; talking about him is forbidden and if one should refer to him, a special sign of surrender is conducted[288]
  • Woman at Bonggo: the woman at Bonggo who gathers the spirits at the land of the dead in the sky; keeps the spirit of the body[288]
  • Woman beyond Bonggo: the woman beyond Bonggo who keeps the spirit of the umbilical cord[288]
  • Brother of Tulus: lives in the highest abode in the land of the dead, where those who died in battle reside[288]
  • Maginalao: beings of the upper regions who can aid someone to go up in the upper worlds without dying, where usually a female aids a person first, followed by her brother; they sometimes come to earth to aid the poor and the suffering[288]
  • Giant of Chasms: the first one to guard the chasms between the layers of the upper regions; a man-eating giant[288]
  • Spirit of Lightning and Thunder: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors[288]
  • Spirit Who Turns Earth into Water: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors[288]
  • One Who Forces the Truth[288]
  • One of Oratory[288]
  • Settlers of the Mountains: each of the eight layers of the upper regions have eight spirits referred as Settlers of the Mountains; they are four men and four women who are appealed to for pity in order to get to the highest ranking spirit in a layer[288]
  • Spirit of the Stars: a spirit higher in rank than the Settlers of the Mountains[288]
  • Spirit of the Umbilical Cord: the woman beside the deity Meketefu (Tulus); hardest to get pity from as the people were once unkind to her[288]
  • Malang Batunan: a giant who had a huge house; keep the souls of any false shamans from passing through the region of the Great Spirit[287]
  • Major constellation deities: six constellations asked by the hero Lagey Lingkuwus to remain in the sky to aid in the people's farming[290]
    • Fegeferafad: the leader of the constellations; actual name is Keluguy, the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; shaped like a human, the deity has a headcloth and chicken wings on his head, symbolizing courage[290]
    • Kufukufu: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[290]
    • Baka: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[290]
    • Seretar: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[290]
    • Singkad: spouse of Kenogon; another fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar[290]
    • Kenogon: spouse of Singkad; has a comb, which is always near Singkad[290]

Mortals

  • Flood Couple: after the great flood, a Teduray boy and Dulungan girl survived and married; their offspring who took after their father became the Teduray, while those who took after their mother became the Dulungan, who were later absorbed by the Manobo[288]
  • Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao[288]
  • Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray[288]
  • First Humans: the first couple's child died and from the infant's body, sprouted various plants and lime[288]
  • Pounding Woman: a woman who was pounding rice one day that she hit the sky with her pestle, which shamed the sky, causing it to go higher[288]
  • Alagasi: giant humans from western lands who eat smaller humans[288]
  • Tigangan: giants who take corpses, and transform these corpse into whatever they want to eat[288]
  • Siring: dwarfs of the nunuk trees[288]

Maguindanao

Immortals

  • Supreme Being: the supreme deity who is far way, and so lesser divinities and spirits hear people's prayers instead; was also later called as Allah by Muslim converts[291]
  • Malaykat: each person is protected by these angelic beings from illness; they also guide people in work, making humans active, diligent, and good; they do not talk nor borrow a voice from humans, and they don't treat sick persons[291]
  • Tunung: spirits who live in the sky, water, mountain, or trees; listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium; protects humans from sickness and crops from pests[291]
  • Cotabato Healer Monkey: a monkey who lived near a pond outside Cotabato city; it heals those who touch it and those who give it enough offerings[291]
  • Patakoda: a giant stallion whose presence at the Pulangi river is an omen for an unfortunate event[263]
  • Datu na Gyadsal: the chief adversary, who was also later called as Satan by Muslim converts;[291] also called as Iblis by Muslim converts; offering are given to this spirit to appease and prevent it from performing calamities[292]
  • Saitan: possessing spirits[291]
  • Spirit of the Rainbow: a spirit who may cut the finger of those who use their index finger to point at the rainbow[291]
  • Jinn: a group of celestial beings[292]
  • Bantugen: an epic hero-god and the god of forefathers who the masses look up to and trust[291]
  • Leping: the twin-spirit of an infant[291]
  • Apo: anestral spirits who take the role of intermediaries who overcome evil spirits[291]
  • Pagari: also called Inikadowa, the twin-spirit who is sometimes in the form of a crocodile; if a person is possessed by them, the person will attain the gift of healing[291]

Mortals

  • Tarabusao: a half-man, half-horse giant monster who rules Mindanao and feasted on male human flesh, which caused many to escape into the island of Mantapuli; beheaded by Skander[263]
  • Skander: the ruler of Mantapuli and an epic hero who went on a quest to slay the monster Tarabusao[263]
  • Bai Labi Mapanda: the fairest lady of Mantapuli who is married to Skander[263]
  • Kalanganan Kapre: a good giant who provided the people of Kalanganan I with security, guarding them against bad elements; eventually left Kalanganan when his home near the Pulangi river was cut down due to a surge in human population[263]
  • Rajah Indarapatra: brother of Rajah Solayman; gave his ring and sword called Jurul Pakal to his brother, who went on a quest to defeat the monsters in Maguindanao; also planted a tree which would only die if Rajah Solayman dies; searched for his brother, who he revived using heaven-sent waters at Mount Gurayn; he afterwards went into his own quest, where he slayed a seven-headed monster; he eventually returned to Mantapoli[263]
  • Rajah Solayman: brother of Rajah Indarapatra; went on a quest to defeat various monsters; slayed Kurita, Tarabusar, and Pah, but died when Pah's weight crushed him; revived when Rajah Indarapatra poured heaven-sent waters onto his bones, where afterwards, Rajah Solayman returned to Mantapoli[263]
  • Kurita: an amphibious animal with several limbs and lived on land and sea; haunts Mount Kabalalan, and slayed by Rajah Solayman;[263] sometimes depicted as an octopus[291]
  • Tarabusar: a humongous human-like creature who lived in Mount Matutum; slayed by Rajah Solayman[263]
  • Pah: a bird of prey as big as a house and whose wings caused darkness on the ground; lives in Mount Bita and slayed by Rajah Solayman at Mount Gurayn[263]
  • Monster of Mount Gurayn: a seven-headed monster at Mount Gurayn, who was slayed by Rajah Indarapatra[263]
  • Wife of Rajah Indarapatra: daughter of a local ruler who hid in a cave due to the number of monsters in Maguindanao; married to Rajah Indarapatra and gave birth to their children; they were entrusted to her father, the local ruler, after Rajah Indarapatra returned to Mantapoli[263]
  • Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray[288]
  • Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao[288]

Maranao

Immortals

  • Tohan: the supreme deity who is perfect, having no defect; can cause and stop earthquakes and pestilence; later also called as Allah by Muslim converts[293]
  • Sun Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers[293]
  • Moon Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman; angels serve as her charioteers[293]
  • Jinn: beings who live in the atmosphere which serves as a buffer zone between the skyworld and the earth, called Oraonan a Lantoy, known for possessing a garden of flowers and vegetables[293]
  • Walain sa Letingan: the princess-goddess living in a skyworld region called Magoyeda a Selegen[294]
  • Papanok sa Aras: children who died prematurely and were transformed into birds of paradise living in the skyworld region called Sorga[293]
  • Houris: heavenly maidens blessed with eternal beauty and perpetual virginity[295]
  • Lumpong: a large animal who carries the earth; accompanied by a small shrimp that sometimes claws on the earth-holder from time to time, causing the phenomena of earthquakes[296]
  • Sakar: a monster in the underworld where disrespectful children are trapped in its belly[293]
  • Walain Katolosan: the goddess who owns the amulet Sikag a Makaombaw[293]
  • Tonong: divine spirits who often aid heroes; often lives in nonok trees, seas, lakes, and the sky realm[293]
    • Apo: benign tornado and waterspout spirits; a classification of tonong; they are the ancestral spirits tasked to kill or drive away evil spirits[293]
    • Sakit: maligant harmful spirits responsible for diseases; a classification of tonong[293]
    • Saitan: malignant possessing spirits; a classification of tonong[293]
    • Inikadowa: the benign spirit double or guardian of a person, who is with the person when the baby is born; a classification of tonong; the placenta is their manifestation[293]
    • Tolos: a class of tonong who inhabit the sky realms; prayed to, especially in times of battle and protection for quests; referred to as gods[293]
  • Pinatola’ a Tonong: the ancestor of all unseen benevolent spirits; a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile at sea, a garuda in air, and a giant on land; a guardian spirit of Diwata Ndaw Gibon[293]
  • Pinatoli i Kilid: a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile; the guardian spirit of the king of Bemberan, Diwata Ndaw Gibon; clashed with Ladalad a Madali, grandson of Gibon; later gave valuable information to Madali; during the battle of Madali and Pirimbingan, Madali was aided by Pinatoli i Kilid against Pirimbingan's spirit guardian, Magolaing sa Ragat[293]
  • Magolaing sa Ragat: a tonong of the enchantress Walain Pirimbangan; took the form of a gigantic crocodile[293]
  • Sikag a Makaombaw: the intelligent and independent tonong (spirit) living within the Sikag a Makaombaw amulet, regarded as the most powerful amulet of all due to its ability to grant its wielder authority over all tonong[293]
  • Salindagaw Masingir: a tonong of the hero Awilawil o Ndaw; acts as the guardian-spirit of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan[293]
  • Walain sa Lekepen: a goddess courted by the hero Bantogen[293]
  • Diwata ko sa Magaw: spirit of destruction; a tolos or deity[293]
  • Mino’aw a Minepen: powerful spirit of the sky; a tolos or deity[293]
  • Naga: dragons who repel evil spirits; a specific huge Naga is said to encircle the world[293]
  • Sarimanok: sacred omen birds[293]
  • Arimaonga: a giant lion who causes lunar eclipses[293]
  • Gabriel: an angel who reported to the supreme deity the overpopulation of the kingdom of Mantapoli, which resulted in its transfer and the creation of Lake Lanao[293]
  • Malakal Maut: the angel of death; takes the souls of someone after three to seven days from the falling of the person's leaf from the sacred Sadiarathul Montaha tree in the realm called Sorga; appears either a handsome prince or a grotesque monsters, depending if the soul he is getting comed from a sinner or a virtuous person; punishes the souls of sinners until final judgment, while lifting up the souls of the good onto heaven[293]
  • Tonong of Lake Lanao: there are many tonong of Lake Lanao, who are invoked during certain rituals such as the kashawing rice ritual[293]

Mortals

  • Aya Diwata Mokom sa Kaadiong a Lopa: father of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-tonong and a half-human[293]
  • Daromoyod an Olan: mother of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-jinn and a half-human[293]
  • Rulers of the Three Main Kingdoms from the Darangen: all three are siblings[293]
    • Diwata Ndaw Gibon: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Iliyan a Bembaran, which was a favord abode of the tonong; had two sons with his head-wife Aya Panganay Bai, and a total of five daughters from five other wives[293]
    • Awilawil o Ndaw: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan[293]
    • Dalondong a Mimbantas: a semi-divine hero ruled the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong, which possessed the enchanted river Pagayawan that refuses to flow without the presence of thunder[293]
  • Aya Panganay Bai: married to Diwata Ndaw Gibon, who she has two sons; came from a place known as Minango’aw a Ronong[293]
  • Tominaman sa Rogong: firstborn son of Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; succeeded his father as ruler of Iliyan a Bembaran[293]
  • Magondaya’ Boisan: secondborn son Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; expanded the kingdom of Bembaran together with his brother-king, Tominaman sa Rogong[293]
  • Pasandalan a Rogong: son of Tominaman sa Rogong[293]
  • Bantogen: son of Tominaman sa Rogong; he courted the goddess Walain sa Lekepen, and was assumed missing by his people, leading to a search journey; returned with Madali to their kingdom[293]
  • Ladalad a Madali: son of Magondaya’ Boisan; went into a journey to rescue his cousin Bantugen, and all those who first came to find Bantugen; can become invisible with the aided of his guardian spirits; aided by his grandfather's guardian spirit Pinatoli i Kilid who clashed with the Walain Pirimbangan's guardian spirit; shapeshifted into a woman to take the amulet of the goddess Walain Katolosan, foiling the plan of Pirimbangan[293]
  • Walain Pirimbangan: an enchantress from Danalima’ a Rogong who imprisoned Bantugen and all the leaders of Bembaran who rescued him; aided by her guardian spirit, Magolaing sa Ragat[293]
  • Maharadia Lawana: a man with eight heads who was banished for his bad mouth; tried to kill himself, but failed upon the intervention of the angel Gabriel[293]
  • Kapmadali: a hero who battled Pinatola’ a Tonong[293]
  • Pilandok: a cunning man who tricked various people from a blind man to a kingdom's ruler[263]
  • Rajah Indarapatra: ancestor of both tonong and the Maranao; a child of heaven who chose to be reincarnated as a mortal son of the ruler Nabi Bakaramat;[293] brother of Rajah Solaiman; before Rajah Solaiman went into a journey, Rajah Indarapatra planted a kilala sapling whose vitality is interpreted as Rajah Solaiman's life; when the plant died, Rajah Solaiman avenged his brother's death and slayed Omakaan without cutting the monster[263]
  • Rajah Solaiman: went into a journey to slay Omakaan, but was killed by Omakaan[263]
  • Laughing Woman: a woman who told Rajah Indarapatra what not to do to kill Omakaan[263]
  • Omakaan: a man-eating monster who multiplies when cut into pieces[263]
  • Kalalanagan: also called Princess Condor; all her previous husbands except Inodang died because she is the source of mosquitoes, which come from her nose[263]
  • Inodang: the last husband of Kalalanagan; burned Kalalanagan to prevent more deaths, but some of Kalalanagan's mosquitoes escaped, which means Kalalanagan still lives[263]
  • Turtle and Snake: friends who went into a race, where the patient turtle won[263]
  • Lapindig: husband of Orak and Odang; upon finding his wives' death, he tightened his waist to stave off hunger and became the wasp[263]
  • Orak: wife of Lapindig, killed herself after Odang's death[263]
  • Odang: wife of Lapindig, accidentally died due to a quarrel with Orak about cooking and transporting food for Lapindig[263]
  • Semsem sa Alongan: a magician; husband of Anak[263]
  • Anak: wife of Semsem sa Alongan and youngest daughter of Sultan sa Agamaniyog; died due to a plan of Potre Bunso, where Anak was grounded by stone doors due to her failure to ask permission from Ring of Fire, Sharp and Pointed Metals, and Flowing River; her long hair became the leaves of the sapinit[263]
  • Potre Bunso: jealous sister of Anak's good fortune[263]
  • Tingting a Bulawan: sister of Anak[263]

Sama-Bajau

Immortals

  • Dayang Dayang Mangilai: the goddess of the forest and one of the two supreme deities; married to Umboh Tuhan[297]
  • Umboh Tuhan: also called Umboh Dilaut, the god of the sea and one of the two supreme deities; married to Dayang Dayang Mangilai;[297] creator deity who made humans equal with animals and plants;[298] also simply called as Tuhan[299]
  • Umboh: a term sometimes used to encompass Umboh, Saitan, and Jinn spirits[300]
    • Umboh: ancestral spirits[300]
    • Saitan: nature spirits[300]
    • Jinn: familiar spirits[300]
  • Umboh Baliyu: spirits of wind and storms[301]
  • Umboh Payi: also called Umboh Gandum, the spirits of the first rice harvest[301]
  • Umboh Summut: totem of ants[301]
  • Umboh Kamun: totem of mantis shrimp[301]
  • Sumangâ: spirit of sea vessels; the guardian who deflects attacks[302]
  • Bansa: ancestral ghosts[297]
  • Kasagan: unseen spirits[303]
  • Omboh Adam: later associated as the highest male spirit of dead ancestors due to Muslim influences; messenger of the supreme deity[303]
  • Awa: later associated as the highest female spirit of dead ancestors dye to Muslim influences[303]
  • Niyawa: spirits[299]

Mortals

  • Abak: the king of a people who inhabited Balabac; led his people's migration to Capul island, where their descendants now reside[304]

Footnotes

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list, philippine, mythological, figures, contents, overview, ivatan, immortals, mortals, isneg, immortals, mortals, tinguian, itneg, immortals, mortals, kalinga, immortals, ibanag, immortals, invisible, beings, masingan, mortals, gaddang, immortals, mortals, b. Contents 1 Overview 2 Ivatan 2 1 Immortals 2 2 Mortals 3 Isneg 3 1 Immortals 3 2 Mortals 4 Tinguian Itneg 4 1 Immortals 4 2 Mortals 5 Kalinga 5 1 Immortals 6 Ibanag 6 1 Immortals 6 2 Invisible Beings Y Ari na Masingan 6 3 Mortals 7 Gaddang 7 1 Immortals 7 2 Mortals 8 Bontok 8 1 Immortals 8 2 Mortals 9 Ifugao 9 1 Immortals 9 2 Mortals 10 Kalanguya Ikalahan 10 1 Immortals 11 Kankanaey 11 1 Immortals 12 Ibaloi 12 1 Immortals 12 2 Mortals 13 Bugkalot Ilongot 13 1 Immortals 14 Ilocano 14 1 Immortals 14 2 Mortals 15 Pangasinense 15 1 Immortals 15 2 Mortals 16 Sambal 16 1 Immortals 17 Aeta Agta Ayta 17 1 Immortals 18 Kapampangan 18 1 Immortals 18 2 Mortals 19 Tagalog 19 1 Ancient Tagalog deities documented by the Spaniards 19 2 Tagalog pantheon from Notes on Philippine Divinities by F Landa Jocano 19 3 Anting anting pantheon 188 19 4 other mythological figures 20 Tau buid Mangyan Batangan 20 1 Immortals 21 Buhid Mangyan 21 1 Immortals 21 2 Mortals 22 Hanunoo Mangyan 22 1 Immortals 22 2 Mortals 23 Bicolano 23 1 Immortals 23 2 Mortals 24 Waray 24 1 Immortals 24 2 Mortals 25 Eskaya 25 1 Immortals 25 2 Mortals 26 Bisaya 26 1 Immortals 26 2 Mortals 27 Ati 27 1 Immortals 27 2 Mortals 28 Ilonggo Hiligaynon 28 1 Immortals 28 2 Mortals 29 Capiznon 29 1 Immortals 30 Aklanon 30 1 Immortals 30 2 Mortals 31 Karay a 31 1 Immortals 31 2 Mortals 32 Suludnon Panay Bukidnon 32 1 Immortals 33 Cuyonon and Agutaynen 33 1 Immortals 34 Pala wan Palawano 34 1 Immortals 35 Batak 35 1 Immortals 36 Tagbanwa 36 1 Immortals 37 Surigaonon 37 1 Immortals 37 2 Mortals 38 Mamanwa 38 1 Immortals 39 Subanon 39 1 Immortals 39 2 Mortals 40 Manuvu 40 1 Immortals 41 Bukidnon 41 1 Immortals 41 2 Mortals 42 Higaonon 42 1 Immortals 42 2 Mortals 43 Talaandig 43 1 Immortals 44 Manobo 44 1 Immortals 45 Mandaya 45 1 Immortals 46 Mansaka 46 1 Immortals 47 Kalagan 47 1 Mortals 48 Bagobo 48 1 Immortals 48 2 Mortals 49 Blaan 49 1 Immortals 49 2 Mortals 50 T boli 50 1 Immortals 51 Teduray Tiruray 51 1 Immortals 51 2 Mortals 52 Maguindanao 52 1 Immortals 52 2 Mortals 53 Maranao 53 1 Immortals 53 2 Mortals 54 Sama Bajau 54 1 Immortals 54 2 Mortals 55 Footnotes 56 References The following is a list of gods goddesses deities and many other divine semi divine and important figures from classical Philippine mythology and indigenous Philippine folk religions collectively referred to as Anito whose expansive stories span from a hundred years ago to presumably thousands of years from modern times The list does not include creatures for these see list of Philippine mythological creatures Overview EditSee also Indigenous Philippine folk religions and Philippine mythology The mythological figures including deities anitos and diwatas heroes and other important figures in Anitism vary among the many ethnic groups in the Philippines Each ethnic group has their own distinct pantheon of deities Some deities of ethnic groups have similar names or associations but remain distinct from one another 1 The diversity in these important figures is exhibited in many cases of which a prime example is the Ifugao pantheon where in a single pantheon deities alone are calculated to number at least 1 500 There are over a hundred distinct pantheons in the Philippines 2 Some ethnic groups have pantheons ruled by a supreme deity or deities while others revere ancestor spirits and or the spirits of the natural world where there is a chief deity but consider no deity supreme among their divinities 3 Each ethnic group has their own general term used to refer to all deities or a sub set of deities of which the most widespread term among the ethnic groups in the country is anito 4 The term itself can be further divided into ninuno ancestral spirits and diwata gods goddesses and deities although in many cases the meaning of the terms differ depending on their ethnic association 5 6 7 The following figures continue to exist and prevail among the collective memory and culture of Filipinos today especially among adherents to the native and sacred Filipino religions despite centuries of persecution beginning with the introduction of non native and colonial Abrahamic religions which sought to abolish all native faiths in the archipelago beginning in the late 14th century and intensified during the middle of the 16th century to the late 20th century This contact between native and foreign faiths later accumulated more stories which also became part of both faiths with some alterations Deity spirit and hero figures continue to be viewed as important and existing among native faiths and the general Filipino culture These perceptions of existence towards gods goddesses deities and spirits in the sacred native Filipino religions is the same way how Christians perceive the existence of their god they refer as God and the same way Muslims perceive the existence of their god they refer as Allah 8 9 10 There have been proposals to revitalize the indigenous Philippine folk religions and make them the national religion of the country during the First Philippine Republic but the proposal did not prosper as the focus at the time was the war against Spanish and later American colonizers 11 Ivatan EditImmortals Edit Supreme Being referred to as Mayo in one account 12 probably regarded as remote as fear and meticulous ritual care are often related instead towards the Anitu 13 Mayo a fisherfolk hero who introduced the yuyus used to catch flying fishes called dibang which are in turn used to catch the summertime fish arayu 12 The Giver the entity who provides all things the souls of the upper class travel to the beings s abode in heaven and become stars 12 Anitu refers to the souls of the dead place spirits and wandering invisibles not identified nor tied down to any particular locale or thing 13 Anitu between Chavidug and Chavayan place spirit Anitus who were reported to create sounds when the gorge between Chavidug and Chavayan were being created through dynamite explosions believed to have shifted their residences after the construction of the passage 13 Rirryaw Anitu place spirit Anitus who played music and sang inside a cave in Sabtang while lighting up fire believed to have change residences after they were disturbed by a man 13 ji Rahet Anitu a grinning place spirit Anitu who lived in an old tree a man later cut the tree and found an earthen pot believed to have been owned by the Anitu 13 Nuvwan Anitu good place spirit Anitus who saved a woman from a falling tree they are offered rituals through the vivyayin 13 ji P Supwan Anitu good place spirit Anitus who became friends and allies of a mortal woman named Carmen Acido sometimes taking in the form of dogs they aided her and guided her in many of her tasks until her death from old age despite their kindness towards Carmen most people avoided the farm where they live 13 Mayavusay Anitu place spirit Anitus living in a parcel of land in Mayavusay sometimes take in the form of piglets and can return cut vegetation parts into the mother vegetation 13 Cairn dwelling Anitu place spirit Anitus who lived in cairns and put a curse towards a man who destroyed their home appearing as humans the shaman Balaw conversed with them to right the wrong made by the man against their home 13 Mayuray Anitu a wandering Anitu who expanded and was filled with darkness encountered by a young boy who the spirit did not harm referred as a kapri Anitus who walk around and grow as tall as the height for their surroundings 13 Dayanak Anitu a type of very small Anitu with red eyes and gold ornaments accepting their gold ornaments will cause misfortune 13 Mortals Edit Benita a mortal woman who was visited by her deceased husband in the form of an Anitu which led to the return of three parcels of land to their rightful owner in another story she was visited by her deceased goddaughter which led to proper rituals which appeased her goddaughter s soul 13 Maria a mortal woman who was visited by the silent Anitu of her husband s relative the spirit was later appeased through prayers 13 Juanito a mortal man who was visited in a dream by his deceased father s Anitu which led to him relenting to give more share of the family inheritance to his half sister Maring 13 Wife of Leoncio Cabading visited by her deceased husband s Anitu who told her to stop the prayers for it will do nothing as he was killed by a violent landslide the spirit offered her to join him to which she rejected 13 Carmen Acido a mortal woman who became friends and allies of the Anitu from ji P Supwan she lived to over 80 years old 13 Balaw a medicine man and shaman who communicated and controlled certain Anitus 13 Maria Barios a woman whose back basket was ridden by a wandering Anitu who she carried until she arrived at the town center 13 Juan Galarion a man who saw a giant wandering Anitu as large as the church of Mahataw he believed it was a kapri 13 Tita a girl who was kidnapped and later returned by wandering Anitus while being carried by the Anitus she menstruated which made the Anitus flee the site where she landed is known as Ranum ni Tita 13 Isneg EditImmortals Edit Chief Spirits may take the form of human beings former mortals who mix with the living and reside in bathing places 14 Anlabban looks after the general welfare of the people special protector of hunters 14 Bago the spirit of the forest 14 Sirinan the spirit of the river 14 Landusan responsible for some cases of extreme poverty like all evil spirits Landusan can also be countered by the rare tagarut herb amulet 14 Helpful Harvest Spirits Abad 14 Aglalannawan 14 Anat 14 Binusilan 14 Dawiliyan 14 Dekat 14 Dumingiw 14 Imbanon 14 Gimbanonan 14 Ginalinan 14 Sibo 14 llanit a group of sky dwellers 14 Spirits Who Harm the Harvest Alupundan causes the reapers toes to get sore all over and swell 14 Arurin deity who sees to it that the harvest is bad if farmers fail to offer to her a share of the harvest 14 Dagdagamiyan a female spirit who causes sickness in children for playing in places where the harvest is being done 14 Darupaypay devours the palay stored in the hut before it is transferred to the granary 14 Ginuudan comes to measure the containers of palay and causes it to dwindle 14 Sildado resembles a horse and kills children who play noisily outside the house 14 Inargay kills people during harvest time the inapugan ritual of offered to the deity to appease him not to kill anyone 14 Alipugpug spirit of the little whirlwind from the burned field who portends a good harvest 15 Pilay spirit of the rice who resides on the paga a shelf above the hearth the pisi ritual is offered to the deity to ensure that children won t get hungry 14 Unnamed Man held the world on his hands produced a spark using a flint and a steel causing Sal it lightning in contrast Addug thunder is the water roaring in the sky 16 Mortals Edit Man Who Caused Birds to Attack a man who was aided by birds by giving him seeds that he was tasked to plant and share with other birds reneged on his promise resulting to the never ending attacks of birds on the seeds planted by mankind 16 Man Who Hates Flies a man whose cow was killed by a fly which resulted into a law that allowed the killing of flies 17 Tinguian Itneg EditImmortals Edit Bagatulayan the supreme deity who directs the activities of the world including the celestial realms 18 referred also as the Great Anito 19 Gomayen mother of Mabaca Binongan and Adasin 19 Mabaca one of the three founders of the Tinguian s three ancient clans daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity 19 Binongan one of the three founders of the Tinguian s three ancient clans daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity 19 Adasin one of the three founders of the Tinguian s three ancient clans daughter of Gomayen and the supreme deity 19 Emlang servant of the supreme deity 19 Kadaklan deity who is second in rank taught the people how to pray harvest their crops ward off evil spirits and overcome bad omens and cure sicknesses 20 Apadel Kalagang guardian deity and dweller of the spirit stones called pinaing 21 Init init the god of the sun married to the mortal Aponibolinayen during the day he leaves his house to shine light on the world 22 Gaygayoma the star goddess who lowered a basket from heaven to fetch the mortal Aponitolau who she married 22 Bagbagak father of Gaygayoma 22 Sinang mother of Gaygayoma 22 Takyayen child of Gaygayoma and Aponitolaul popped out between Gaygayoma s last two fingers after she asked Aponitolau to prick there 22 Makaboteng the god and guardian of deer and wild hogs 8 Mortals Edit Aponibolinayen mortal spouse of the sun god Init init 22 Aponitolau mortal who was fetched by the star goddess Gaygayoma despite him being already married 22 Kalinga EditImmortals Edit Kabunyan the supreme deity 23 also called Kadaklan the Greatest who drives bad spirits away making the soil suitable for good crops 24 KiDul the god of thunder 3 24 KiLat the god of lightning 24 DumaNig a demon which possesses the moon Bolan and causes her to devour her husband the sun Ageo 24 NamBisayunan the howl or shriek that is heard during a storm 24 Libo o d Ngatu the clouds of the skyworld which cause sickness 24 Maman beings derived from a second death of souls in the afterworld they are perceptible in red light as on a rainy day near sunset may cause sickness 24 Bungun the god of the rainbow 24 Mamlindao hunting spirits 24 Bulaiyao live in big rocks hot springs and volcanoes have a fiery appearance which they can turn on or turn off capture or devour souls 24 Gulilingob ud Tangob the strongest of all the bulaiyao 24 Dumabag the god of the volcano at Balatok 24 Lumawig the local god of the Mangali Lubo Tinglaiyan district 24 Angako d Ngato demons that afflict with sickness 24 Angtan goddesses or demons that depress men bring worry and bad luck 24 ALan cannibal or ghoul spirits that figure largely in myths and folktales as carrying away or devouring souls and as producing many kinds of transformations in men and in themselves 24 Anitu the souls of the dead 24 Pinading extraordinary souls of the dead that have attained a superior power and existence 24 Gittam a giant who established himself in the realm called Daya after killing many humans lives in an island out in a big lake 23 Python of Gittam protects the habitat of Gittam swallowed a boy who was rescued by a hero by killing the giant python 23 Iyu water creatures who swim in the lakes of Lagud depicted as a whale an eel a dragon or in some cases a python also called Malaga 23 Ibanag EditImmortals Edit Makapangwa The supreme being also known as Yafu 25 Invisible Beings Y Ari na Masingan Edit Aran Tiny human like beings that reside in trees anthills dark spaces and are neither evil nor good 25 Aggirigira Invisible beings that cause mischief diseases and misfortunes 25 Anitu Ancestor Spirits 25 Mortals Edit Biuag a culture hero who possessed a golden lace amulet 26 Malana a culture hero who possessed a golden axe amulet 26 Gaddang EditImmortals Edit Nanolay creator of all things a culture hero and a beneficent deity never inflicts pain or punishment on the people responsible for the origin and development of the world 27 Ofag cousin of Nanolay personification of evil 27 Talanganay a male god spirit enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance 27 Menalam a female goddess spirit enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance 27 Bunag god of the earth 28 Limat god of the sea 28 Mortals Edit Biuag a culture hero ally of Malana 28 Malana a culture hero ally of Biuag 28 Magat a culture hero 28 Battalan a culture hero 28 Bayun a culture hero 28 Bontok EditImmortals Edit Intutungcho Kabunian the supreme deity living above 29 also referred to as Kabunian 30 father of Lumawig and two other sons 31 Lumawig also referred as the supreme deity and the second son of Kabunian an epic hero who taught the Bontoc their five core values for an egalitarian society 31 First Son of Kabunian 31 Third Son of Kabunian 31 Chal chal the god of the sun whose son s head was cut off by Kabigat 32 aided the god Lumawig in finding a spouse Kabigat the goddess of the moon who cut of the head of Chal chal s son her action is the origin of headhunting 32 Son of Chal chal his head was cut off by Kabigat revived by Chal chal who bear no ill will against Kabigat 32 Ob Obanan a deity whose white hair is inhabited by insects ants centipedes and all the vermins that bother mankind punished a man for his rudeness by giving him a basket filled with all the insects and reptiles in the world 33 Chacha the god of warriors 34 Ked Yem the god of blacksmiths who cut off the heads of the two sons of Chacha because they were destroying his work was later challenged by Chacha which eventually led into a pechen pact to stop the fighting 34 Two Sons of Chacha beheaded by Ked Yem because they were destroying his work 34 Mortals Edit Fucan younger of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao married to Lumawig later adopted the name Cayapon died after dancing in a taboo way which led to death being the norm among mortals 31 Two Sons of Cayapon the two children of Lumawig and Fucan helped the people of Caneo who afterwards killed by the two brothers 31 Batanga father of the two girls met by Lumawig in Lanao 31 Ifugao EditImmortals Edit Kabunian supreme deity and chief among the high ranking deities above the skyworld 1 also referred to as Mah nongan chief god generally referred to as the honorary dead and creator of all things 3 in specific communities both the names Mah nongan and Kabunian also Afunijon are understood as the name of one chief deity while in others they are used to refer to many deities 35 Afunijon also a general term referred to the deities of heaven which is also called Afunijon 35 Mah nongan also a general term for deities who are given animal sacrifices 35 Ampual the god of the fourth skyworld who bestowed animals and plants on the people controls the transplanting of rice 3 Bumingi in charge of worms one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests 3 Liddum the only deity who inhabits the realm called Kabunian communicates directly with humans on earth 30 chief mediator between the people and other gods 3 Lumadab has the power to dry up the rice leaves one of the eleven beings importuned to stamp out rice pests 3 Mamiyo the stretcher of skeins one of the twenty three deities presiding over the art of weaving 3 Monlolot the winder of thread on the spindle one of the twenty three deities presiding over the art of weaving 3 Puwok controls the dread typhoons 3 Yogyog a causer of earthquakes dwells in the underworld 3 Alyog a causer of earthquakes dwells in the underworld 3 Kolyog the god of earthquakes 3 Makalun spirits that serve the function as messengers of the gods 1 Namtogan the paraplegic god of good fortune whose presence made rice harvests and community livestock bountiful when the humans he was staying with at Ahin began neglecting the bulul he left causing a curse of misfortunes the people persuaded him to return where he responded by teaching the people how to create bululs and how to do the rituals for the statues effectively lifting the curse 36 Bulol household divinities that are the souls of departed ancestors 1 usually depicted as carved wooden statues stored in the rice granary the ancestral images guard the crops make the rice harvest plentiful and protects the rice from pests and thieves and from being too quickly consumed 37 Nabulul spouse of Bugan a god who possesses or lives in Bulul figures guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful 37 Bugan spouse of Nabulul a goddess who possesses or lives in Bulul figures guards the rice and make the rice harvest plentiful 37 Gatui divinities associated with practical jokes but have a malevolent side that feast on souls and cause miscarriages 1 Tagbayan divinities associated with death that feast on human souls that are guarded by two headed monsters called kikilan 1 Imbayan also called Lingayan divinities who guide souls after they die 1 Himpugtan an Imbayan divinity who can terminate those that displease him 1 Munduntug divinities from the mountains who cause hunters to be lost 1 Banig spirits of the hillsides and caves 1 among the Mayayao the Banig take in the form of an animal who does not harm anyone despite the people being afraid of their manifestation 35 Mun apoh deified ancestral spirits who are guardians and sources of blessings provided by the living they are respected however their blessings could also be turned into a curse 35 Mahipnat great spirits of sacred places 1 Bibao spirits of ordinary places 1 Halupi divinities of remembrance 1 Fili divinities of property 1 Dadungut divinities who dwell in graveyards and tombs 1 Makiubaya divinities who watch over the gates of the village 1 Spirits of sickness Libligayu 1 Hibalot 1 Binudbud spirits that are invoked during feasts to quell the passions of men 1 Kolkolibag spirits who cause difficult labor 1 Indu spirits that make omens 1 Hidit divinities who give punishments to those that break taboos 1 Puok a kind of Hidit who use winds to destroy the dwellings of miners that break taboos 1 Hipag spirits of war that give soldiers courage on the field of war but are ferocious and cannibalistic 1 Llokesin the god of rats who figures in the myth of the first orange tree 1 Bumabakal the rejected corpse divinity of the skyworld his dead body resides on top of Mount Dukutan where his bodily fluids cause boils 38 Kabigat the god who sent a deluge which flooded the earth married to the goddess Bugan 30 Bugan a goddess married to Kabigat her children are a son named Wigan and a daughter also named Bugan 30 Bugan daughter of Bugan and Kabigat stranded on earth after the great deluge and became one of the two ancestors of mankind 30 Wigan son of Bugan and Kabigat stranded on earth after the great deluge and became one of the two ancestors of mankind 30 Wigan the god of good harvest 3 Dumagid a god who lived among the people of Benguet married a mortal woman named Dugai and had a son named Ovug 30 Ovug son of Dumagid and Dugai was cut in half by his father where one of his halves was reanimated in the skyworld and the other on earth the voice of the skyworld s Ovug is the source of lightning and sharp thunder while the voice of the earth s Ovug is the source of low thunder 30 Bangan the god who accompanied Dumagid in claiming Ovug from the earth 30 Aninitud chalom deity of the underworld whose anger is manifested in a sudden shaking of the earth 35 Aninitud angachar deity of the sky world causes lightning and thunder when unsatisfied with offerings 35 Mapatar the sun deity of the sky in charge of daylight 35 Bulan the moon deity of the night in charge of nighttime 35 Mi lalabi the star and constellation deities 35 Pinacheng a group or class of deities usually living in caves stones creeks rocks and in every place mislead and hide people 35 Fulor a wood carved into an image of a dead person seated on a death chair an antique which a spirit in it who bring sickness death and unsuccessful crops when sacrifices are not offered 35 Inamah a wooden plate and a home of spirits destroying or selling it will put the family in danger 35 Mortals Edit Dugai the mortal mother of the split god Ovug wife of the god Dumagid 30 Humidhid the headman of a village in the upstream region of Daya who carved the first bulul statues from the haunted or supernatural tree named Bongbong 37 Unnamed Shaman prayed to the deities Nabulul and Bugan to possess or live in the bulul statues carved by Humidhid 37 Wife of Namtogan a mortal woman who the god Namtogan married when he stayed at the village of Ahin 36 Kalanguya Ikalahan EditImmortals Edit Kabunyan the almighty creator also referred to as Agmattebew the spirit who could not be seen the mabaki ritual is held in the deity s honor during planting harvesting birth and death of the people and other activities for livelihood 39 Kankanaey EditImmortals Edit Lumawig the supreme deity creator of the universe and preserver of life 1 Bugan married to Lumawig 1 Bangan the goddess of romance a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig 1 Obban the goddess of reproduction a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig 1 Kabigat one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits 1 Balitok one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits 1 Wigan one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits 1 Timugan two brothers who took their sankah handspades and kayabang baskets and dug a hole into the lower world Aduongan interrupted by the deity Masaken one of the two agreed to marry one of Masaken s daughters but they both went back to earth when the found that the people of Aduongan were cannibals 40 Masaken ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers 40 Ibaloi EditImmortals Edit Kabunian the supreme deity and the origin of rice 41 Kabunian is also the general term for deities 42 Moon Deity the deity who teased Kabunian for not yet having a spouse 41 Child of Kabunian the child of Kabunian with a mortal woman split in half where one part became lightning and the other became thunder 41 Matono a brave woman who adventured into the underworld and saw the causes of poor crops and earthquakes she afterwards reported her studies to the people of the earth during the kosdey the people pray to her to not permit the rice camotes and other things to grow down but to cause them to grow up 41 Kabigat of where the water rises journeyed into the underworld to retrieve trees which became the forests of the middle world 41 Kabigat of where the water empties taught Kabigat of where the water empties how to safely get trees from the underworld 41 Maseken ruler of the underworld with green eyebrows red eyes and a tail 41 Kabigat of the east a large man in the east who adopted Bangan 41 Bangan son of Otot and adopted by Kabigat a kind young man who loved both his father and foster father shared gold to the world though Kabigat 41 Otot a large man in the west who perished due to an accident while travelling with his son Bangan a tree of gold rose from his burial where Kabunian fell the tree and all gold on earth scattered from it 41 Sun God the deity who pushed up the skyworld and pushed down the underworld creating earth after he was hit by a man s arrow during the war between the peoples of the skyworld and the underworld 41 Mortals Edit Labangan a man who was got the first grain of rice used by mankind from Kabunian 41 Wife of Kabunian the spouse of Kabunian who bore their child which was split into two and revived into lightning and thunder 41 Two Blind Women two kind blind beggars in hunger who were driven away by their neighbors fed by a woman who came from a rock and an old woman one was given a sack or rice while the other was given a bottle of water when they returned home they decided to replant the rice and distribute it to the people while the bottle of water gushed out streams which also aided mankind 41 Bugkalot Ilongot EditImmortals Edit Delan deity of the moon worshiped with the sun and stars congenial with Elag during quarrels Elag sometimes covers Delan s face causing the different phases of the moon giver of light and growth 43 Elag deity of the sun worshiped with the moon and stars has a magnificent house in the sky realm called Gacay retreats to his home during nights giver of light and growth 43 Pandac deity of the stars worshiped with the sun and moon giver of light and growth 43 Cain the headhunter creator of mankind gave customs to the people lived together with Abel in the sky but separated due to a quarrel 43 Abel prayed to when wishing long lives for children lived together with Cain in the sky but separated due to a quarrel 43 Keat personification of lightning depicted as the road of Cain and Abel 43 Kidu personification of thunder which follows Keat 43 Gemang guardian of wild beasts 43 Oden deity of the rain worshiped for its life giving waters 43 Tawen personification of the sky 43 Kalao spirit birds 43 depicted as red hornbills who guide and protect hunters and their soul 44 Be tang unpredictable shape shifting spirit creatures living in the forests or wilderness called Gongot youth and softness are their properties while they can also alter a human s sense of time they may take the form of a white dog a large deer a horse with a hanging tongue a naked woman or beings with grotesque shapes whose attributes range from long arms and legs small heads oversized feet fur bodies to hairless bodies they may also enter a person s dreams or paralyze a human 45 Ga ek Spirits spirits in the Ga ek magic plant used in relation to hunting and fishing the naw naw prayer is given to them 45 Ilocano EditImmortals Edit Unnamed Supreme God the supreme god who tasked the primordial giants to initiate the creation of many things 46 Buni possibly the name of the supreme god 47 Parsua the creator deity 47 Primordial Giants Anglao also called Angalo dug the earth and made the mountains urinated into the holes in the earth and made the rivers and lakes and put up the sky the sun the moon and arranged the stars at the behest of the supreme god 46 Aran one of the two primordial giants tasked with the creation of many things 46 Apo Langit the deity of heaven 47 Apo Angin the deity of wind 47 Apo Init the deity of the sun 47 Apo Tudo the deity of the rain 47 Abra an old god who controls the weather married to Makiling the elder 48 Makiling the elder the goddess gave birth to Cabuyaran 48 Cabuyaran the goddess of healing daughter of Abra and Makiling the elder she eloped with Anianihan 48 Anianihan the god of harvest who eloped with Cabuyaran 48 He was chosen by Cabuyaran as her spouse instead of her father s preferences such as Saguday god of wind or Revenador god of thunder and lightning 49 Saguday the god of the wind who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to be his daughter s spouse 48 Revenador the god of thunder and lightning who is one of the two gods preferred by Abra to his daughter s spouse 48 Bulan the god of peace who comforted the grieving Abra 48 Amman the god of the sun where the sun is his eye 48 Makiling the younger granddaughter of Makiling the elder she is guarded by the dog god Lobo in the underworld 48 Lobo a god who was punished to become a large dog guarding the entrance to the underworld 48 Unnamed God the underworld god who punished Lobo 48 Dal lang the goddess of beauty 3 Sipnget the goddess of darkness who requested Ang ngalo to build her a mansion 50 Asin ruler of the kingdom of salt who aided Ang ngalo in the building of a white mansion 50 Ocean Deity the goddess of the ocean whose waters slammed the ediface of salt being built by Ang ngalo and Asin causing the sea s water to become salty 50 Apolaki the name of a deity which later was used to refer to the supreme deity of Christian converts 51 Mortals Edit Lam ang an epic hero who journeyed to avenge his father and court Ines Kannoyan aided by the dog and the rooster and in some versions the cat as well 52 Namongan mother of Lam ang 52 Don Juan father of Lam ang 52 Ines Kannoyan beautiful maiden who became the lover of Lam ang aided the resurrection of Lam ang 52 Horned Presidente a presidente of a town who wished to have horns to frighten the people under his rule and keep them under his control his wish backfired as the people perceived him as worse than an animal he continued to demand to be the ruler despite his people withdrawing their support which eventually led to his death 53 Pangasinense EditImmortals Edit Ama Gaolay the supreme deity 54 simply referred as Ama the ruler of others and the creator of mankind sees everything through his aerial abode father of Agueo and Bulan 26 Agueo the morose and taciturn sun god who is obedient to his father Ama lives in a palace of light 26 Bulan the merry and mischievous moon god whose dim palace was the source of the perpetual light which became the stars guides the ways of thieves 26 Apolaqui a war god 55 also called Apolaki his name was later used to refer to the god of Christian converts 51 Anito spirits who lurk everywhere capable of inflicting pain and suffering or of granting rewards 54 Gods of the Pistay Dayat gods who are pacified through the Pistay Dayat ritual where offerings are given to the spirits of the waters who pacify the gods 54 Mortals Edit Urduja a warrior princess who headed a supreme fleet 56 Rizal a culture hero who according to tradition will return to aid his people in their struggle for victory and genuine freedom 57 Sambal EditImmortals Edit Malayari also called Apo Namalyari the supreme deity and creator 1 Akasi the god of health and sickness sometimes seen at the same level of power as Malayari 1 Kayamanan the goddess of wealth in Sambal mythology with Kainomayan the goddess of plenty she aided a farmer by bringing him good fortune however the farmer became greedy as punishment she transformed the farmer into a swarm of locusts 58 59 Deities in Charge of the Rice Harvest Dumangan god of good harvest 1 Kalasakas god of early ripening of rice stalks 1 Kalasokus god of turning grain yellow and dry 1 Damulag also called Damolag god of protecting fruiting rice from the elements 1 Manglubar the god of peaceful living 1 Mangalagar the goddess of good grace 1 Anitun Tauo the goddess of wind and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit 1 Apolaqui personal deity of a priestess 60 Aeta Agta Ayta EditImmortals Edit Great Creator the god who created all things used to come down and talk to people before the great flood rules the earth through Tigbalog Lueve Amas and Binangewan 61 Gutugutumakkan the supreme deity possibly the name of the Great Creator 62 Apu Namalyari a deity who lives in Mount Pinatubo 63 also called Apo Pinatubo and Apo na Malyari 64 also referred as the supreme deity 65 Tigbalog gives life and directs activities 61 Lueve directs production and growth 61 Amas moves to pity love unity and peace of heart 61 Binangewan spirits who bring change sickness and death as punishment 61 Matusalem the creator s representatives who act as mediators between the creator and humans since after the great flood 61 Algao the sun god who battled Bacobaco 66 Bacobaco an ancient turtle who burrowed on top of Mount Pinatubo after its battle with Algao eruptions occur when it resurfaces 66 Kedes god of the hunt 62 Pawi god of the forest 62 Sedsed god of the sea 62 Kapampangan EditImmortals Edit Mangetchay also called Mangatia the supreme deity who created life on earth in remembrance of his dead daughter lives in the sun 67 in other versions she is the creator and net weaver of the heavens 68 Daughter of Mechetchay a daughter of Mangetchay whose beauty sparked the great war between the gods leading to the formation of the earth through stones thrown by the deities lived on the planet Venus 69 Wife of Mangetchay wife of Mangetchay who gave birth to their daughter whose beauty sparked the great war lives in the moon 69 Suku also called Sinukwan a gigantic being who radiated positive traits 70 Makiling a goddess who married Suku 70 Malagu goddess of beauty who married a mortal daughter of Makiling and Suku 70 Mahinhin goddess of modesty who married a mortal daughter of Makiling and Suku 70 Matimtiman goddess of charm who married a mortal daughter of Makiling and Suku 70 Aring Sinukuan sun god of war and death taught the early inhabitants the industry of metallurgy wood cutting rice culture and even waging war 68 lives in Mount Arayat and later included a female form 71 rules over Arayat together with the deity Mingan 72 Mingan a deity who rules with Sinukuan over Arayat also called Kalaya and Alaya 72 Apolaqui sun god who battled his sister Mayari 73 Mayari the moon goddess who battled her brother Apolaqui 73 Apung Malyari moon god who lives in Mt Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers 68 Tala the bright star the one who introduced wet rice culture 68 Munag Sumala the golden serpent child of Aring Sinukuan represents dawn 68 Lakandanup son of Aring Sinukuan the god of gluttony and represents the sun at noon time 68 Gatpanapun son of Aring Sinukuan the noble who only knew pleasure and represents the afternoon 68 Sisilim child of Apung Malyari she represents the dusk and is greeted by the songs of the cicada upon her arrival 68 Galura winged assistant of Aring Sinukuan a giant eagle and the bringer of storms 68 Naga serpent deities known for their protective nature their presence in structures are talismans against fire 68 Lakandanum variant of the Naga known to rule the waters 68 Lakandanup serpent goddess who comes during total eclipses followed by famine eats a person s shadow which will result in withering and death daughter of Aring Sinukuan and Dapu 74 Apung Iru Lord of the River was depicted as gigantic cosmic crocodile that supported the earth on its back and was located under the great World River If angered Apung Iru caused the rivers to flood hence this is the origin of libad or the water procession during the full moon nearest to the summer solstice which takes place in the yearly celebration called Bayung Danum New Water to appease the deity 75 Dapu crocodile deity who holds the earth on her back a nunu or earth goddess and known as the mother ocean 74 Lawu a giant creature similar to a mixture of a bird a serpent and a crocodile who seeks to swallow Aldo and Bulan the soul of Dapu who does her bidding as Dapu has been weakened when her belly burst in another less common version Lawu is the ghost of Dapu while in another Lawu is the descendant of Dapu seeking revenge for the deity s mother 74 Batala kingfisher deity known as the father sky known as Salaksak he was swallowed by Dapu where he dissolved and his two souls came out bursting out of Dapu s belly 74 Souls of Batala Aldo the white fiery bird 74 Bulan the red fiery bird 74 Rizal a culture hero who will return through resurrection to aid his people in their struggle 57 Felipe Salvador a hero who will someday return to the people to help them in their struggle based on a historical person 57 Mortals Edit Piriang a prideful maiden who would rather marry a demon than a poor man 76 Guanchiango a man who was deceived by a demon who he released from a jar 76 Tagalog EditAncient Tagalog deities documented by the Spaniards Edit Arao Araw sun According to Juan de Plasencia the ancient Tagalogs worshiped the sun on account of its beauty 77 When it rains with sunshine and the sky is somewhat red they say that the anitos get together to give them war And they are and with great fear and neither women nor children allow them to come down from the houses until it clears and the sky becomes clear 78 During solar eclipse limlim the sun was said to cover its face no special ceremony is reported unlike in the case of lunar eclipse 79 Alagaca Alagaka The protector of hunters 80 81 Alpriapo The priapus An idol mentioned by an anonymous contemporary of Plasencia 82 They worshiped idols which were called Alpriapo Lacapati and Meilupa but God has in His goodness enlightened them with the grace of His divine gospel and they worship the living God in spirit 83 The Spanish term Alpriapo the priapus is left untranslated Apparently the Spanish chronicler did not know the Tagalog name of this deity 84 They could be referring to Dian Masalanta 85 Amanicable Ama ni Kable father of Kable The advocate and protector of hunters 86 87 In ancient Tagalog customs the first son or daughter gave the surname to the parents e g Amani Maliuag Ynani Malacas the father of Maliuag the mother of Malacas 54 88 Therefore Amanicable could be the surname of either Paglingnalan or Alagaca or both if they are identical Amansinaya Amang Sinaya father of Sinaya The advocate of fishermen who is said to be the inventor of fishing gear Before casting their nets or fishing lines the fishermen would first whistle and then pray to Amansinaya saying Kasumpa ako naway diriyan which meant I am your sworn friend let it be there in reference to the fish 86 89 According to San Buenaventura dictionary 1613 the meaning of Amansinaya is Father of sinaya Padre de sinaya In ancient Tagalog customs the first son or daughter gave the surname to the parents e g Amani Maliuag Ynani Malacas the father of Maliuag the mother of Malacas 88 The connector ni could be replaced by the linker e g lt Amang Juan gt Amang Suwan Mag 1679 3 Juan s father 54 The term sinaya means the first catch of a fishnet fishtrap or a hunting dog Pasinaya is a term used as an invitation to share a first catch 90 According to Francisco Colin fishermen would not make use of the first cast of the net or a new fish corral for they thought that they would get no more fish if they did the opposite Neither must one talk in the fisherman s house of his new nets or in that of the hunter of dogs recently purchased until they had made a capture or had some good luck for if they did not observe that the virtue was taken from the nets and the cunning from the dogs 91 Badhala Catotobo Bathala katutubo fellow native conborn bathala A sort of twin spirit called katutubo fellow native was born along with a person and was in charge of protecting them during all their life Catholic missionaries will use the term to refer to the guardian angel 92 Balacbac Balakbak amp Balantay The two guardians of Tanguban the abode of the souls of the dead 80 81 Tanguban is divided into two regions one is Maca or kasanaan ng tuwa a thousand joys where the good souls temporarily stays pending resurrection and the other is the kasanaan ng hirap a thousand pains or simply Casanaan Kasanaan where the souls of the wicked went which is said to be inhabited by devils called sitan 93 In classical Tagalog the term sana could either mean abundance or destruction It is possible that the term sana abundance was borrowed from Arabic jannaţ garden paradise while the term sana destruction was borrowed from Arabic jahannam hell 94 The soul was said to be ferried on a boat by a Charon like figure to the other shore ibayo of an expanse of water now regarded as a wide river ilog now as a lake or a sea dagat The other world is probably deemed to be located where the sun was supposed to drown lunod every evening hence tha name for the west kanlunuran gt kanluran 95 Balangao Balangau Balangaw rainbow According to Francisco Colin the ancient Tagalogs attributed to the rainbow its kind of divinity 96 Colin also states that the bird Tigmamanuquin derived its interpretation as a divinity from the rainbow 97 The rainbow was regarded as a divine sign and it is considered blasphemy to point finger at it 98 The rainbow was believed to be either Bathala s bridge balaghari 99 or loincloth bahaghari 100 The souls of those who perished by the sword were devoured by crocodiles or sharks and killed by lightning immediately ascends to Kaluwalhatian glory by means of the rainbow balangaw 101 102 103 In classical Tagalog the proper name for the rainbow is Balangaw while bahaghari was only a poetic term referring to Balangaw 98 Other terms for rainbow are balantok and bahagsubay 104 The rainbow is sometimes referred to as bathala or badhala a title also attributed to heavenly bodies which predicted events 105 This deity should not be confused with Varangao Barangaw the Visayan god of rainbow war and plundering expedition 106 Balatic the Crossbow the Eagle a constellation of three stars near the celestial equator called Marineras or Tres Marias in Renaissance Spanish 77 107 Balo The anitos that haunts deserted places otros anitos de los despoblados 108 Bathala mei Capal Bathala Maykapal God the Creator The transcendent supreme being the creator and ruler of the universe Known under several names titles and epithets such as Anatala 80 Molayare Mulayari source origin of power being 109 110 Dioata Diwata divinity remote very distant 109 111 112 Meylupa Maylupa owner of the earth 113 etc He had many agents under him whom he sent to this world to produce in behalf of men what is yielded here These beings were called anitos ancestral spirits and each anito had a special office Some of them were for the fields and some for those who journey by sea some for those who went to war and some for diseases 114 The term bathala is a title attributed not only to the supreme being but also to personal tutelary anitos Badhala catotobo omen birds Tigmamanuquin the mountain which is the abode of Tigmamanuquin comets and other heavenly bodies which the early Tagalog people believed predicted events 115 116 For this reason some Spanish chroniclers had been lost in their account about Bathala Maykapal and promptly asserted that he is an alligator a crow a bird called tigmamanukin a rainbow etc 117 118 Bibit Generally diseases are attributed to a deity called Bibit A strange belief because the deity is not presented as a malevolent one but as being sick itself If someone was sick they would make offerings of food to Bibit because the catalona had first to cure the deity before she was able to act as a physician and for the patient to recover 86 119 Bingsol The advocate of ploughmen 80 81 Biso Holeless Eared The police officer of heaven 80 81 Boking Bokong an anito 120 Buan Colalaiyng Buwan moon Kulalaying Jew s harp According to the Spanish chroniclers the ancient Tagalogs revered the moon Buwan as a deity especially when it was new the first sliver of the moon at which time they held great rejoicings adoring it and bidding it welcome asking it to provide them with a lot of gold others for a lot of rice others that it give them a beautiful wife or a noble husband who is well mannered and rich others that it bestow on them health and long life in short everyone asks for what they most desire because they believe and are convinced it can give it to them abundantly 121 77 122 San Buenaventura dictionary lists a prayer dedicated to the moon that was recited during the new moon Buwang Panginoon ko payamanin mo ako which translates to Moon my Lord Lady make me rich When one is on a mission no matter how important it is well to desist from accomplishing the mission if a lunar eclipse occurs A ring which appears around the moon is an indication of the demise of some chief 123 In these cases the moon is referred to as bathala a title attributed to heavenly bodies which the early Tagalog people believed predicted events 124 Another name for the moon or the proper name for the anito of the moon is Colalaiyng N amp S 1754 151 152 Colalaiyng pc Asi llamaban a la luna o a una doncella en la luna segun sus consejas The Tagalogs from Laguna called her Dalagang nasa Buwan Maiden in the Moon in reference to the image formed by the shadow on the moon which they see as a face sangmukti of a young maid doncella 80 125 126 127 128 129 Ceremonies of her cult were regularly performed at the new moon and the full moon with offerings of roosters made to fly in her direction She was also referred to as Dalagang Binubukot Cloistered Maiden In ancient Tagalog society some virgins were cloistered like nuns or as amongst Muslims the term used to refer to them were binukot SB 1613 279 N amp S 1860 266 and kinali N amp S 1860 266 Pang 1972 287 The reason for this custom is not explained but may have been a Muslim one 130 131 Bulac pandan Bulak Pandan Flower of Pandan 80 81 Bulactala Bulak Tala Flower of Tala i e the planet Venus 80 81 The anito of the planet Venus tala Capiso Pabalita Kapiso Pabalita News giving The protector of travelers 80 81 Cirit Zirit Sirit Snake s hiss A servant of the anitos 80 81 Dian Masalanta Diyan Masalanta the blind deity the devastating deity The advocate of lovers and of generation procreation 77 The meaning of the name Dian Masalanta is not provided but according to the author Jean Paul G Potet Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs 2018 the meaning could be the blind deity dian deity ma adj prefic salanta blindness 85 Masalanta devastating comes from the root word salanta which in the Noceda and Sanlucar Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala 1754 and the San Buenaventura dictionary 1613 lists the meaning as poor needy crippled and blind Generally magsalanta and nasalanta which means is destroyed devastated is used when there is a calamity such as a typhoon flood or earthquake 132 Therefore Dian Masalanta could also mean devastating deity Dingali A particular type of family anitos 133 Guinarawan Ginarawan an evil spirit 134 Guinoong Dalaga Ginuong Dalaga lady maiden The anito of the crops 80 81 Guinoong Ganay Ginuong Ganay lady old maid According to Luciano P R Santiago Guinoong Ganay is the advocate of single women that inhabit the Calumpang tree 80 81 135 Guinoong Panay Ginuong Panay lady syzygium tuffy the anito of kalumpang tree Sterculia foetida 80 81 Guinoong Pagsohotan Ginuong Pagsuotan clothing lady The protectress of women in travail 80 81 Hasangan Hasanggan A terrible anito 80 81 Huya Tumanor Tumanod warden an ill famed idol that crept under houses On hearing it people threw ashes and struck the floor while saying Iri iri ya si Huya SB 1613 36 Take that Huya his name is apparently assimilated to the marriage pancake called madhuya maruya and the ashes being a parody for flour 136 87 Idianale I diyanale mother of Diyanale Lacapati and Idianale were the patrons of cultivated lands and of husbandry 77 In ancient Tagalog customs the first son or daughter gave the surname to the parents e g Amani Maliuag Ynani Malacas the father of Maliuag the mother of Malacas 88 Ama and ina could be respectively reduced to a and i and used as prefixes probably stressed to the child s name e g A Palad Palad s father I Palad Palad s mother Therefore Idianale is a surname of a female anito 54 Lacambini Lacandaytan Lakambini calm repose modest lord 137 Lakang Daitan lord of attachment 138 The protector of the throat and the advocate in case of throat ailment 86 Some author wrongly transcribed his name as Lacambui and according to them he is the god of the ancient Tagalogs who fed 139 Isabelo de los Reyes also referred to this anito as Lakan busog and equates him with the Visayan diwata named Makabosog and the kibaan of Ilocanos that gives his friend a pot that produces all kinds of food 140 The Tagalog title laka lakan come from Java raka lord found in the Kalasan inscription dated S ka 700 22 March 779 Juan Francisco 1971 151 Potet T customs 37 According to Francisco Colin 1663 the title Lacan or Gat is the equivalent to the Spanish Don and that the Don Dona of women is not Lacan or Gat but Dayang 88 This indicate that the gender of this anito is male In contemporary Tagalog Dictionaries the meaning of this term is given as a muse a charming beautiful lady 141 La Campinay Lakampinay The Old Midwife 80 81 The Tagalog title laka lakan come from Java raka lord found in the Kalasan inscription dated S ka 700 22 March 779 Juan Francisco 1971 151 142 According to Francisco Colin 1663 the title Lacan or Gat is the equivalent to the Spanish Don and that the Don Dona of women is not Lacan or Gat but Dayang 88 This indicates that La Campinay is a male midwife which is not uncommon in southeast Asia 143 Lacan Balingasay Lakang Balingasay Father Juan de Oliver in his Declaracion de la Doctrina Christiana en idioma tagalog 1599 While preaching in Batangas he mentioned Lakan Balingasay and compared him to Beelzebub malaking anito ang pangalang Belzebu na kun baga dito Lakan Balingasay 144 Balingasay is a wood derived from Buchanania arborescens a type of fruit bearing species that is commonly found in Luzon Lacapati Lakapati from Sanskrit Locapati Lord of the world The major fertility deity fittingly represented by an image of a man and a woman joined together androgyne that signifies the procreative power of heterosexual union 89 145 He was the advocate of sowed fields 86 of husbandry 77 and of vagrants and waifs 80 Sacrifices of food and words are made to him by the ancient Tagalogs asking for water for their fields and for him to give them fish when they go fishing in the sea saying if they do not do this they would have no water for their field and much less would they catch any fish when they go fishing 109 During rituals and offerings known as maganito in the fields and during the planting season farmers would hold a child up in the air while invoking Lakapati and chant Lakapati pakanin mo yaring alipin mo huwag mo gutumin Translation Lakapati feed this thy slave let him not hunger 86 Other authors described him as a hemaphrodite devil who satisfies his carnal appetite with men and women 139 146 This could be a misinterpretation of Lacapati s relation to the catalonas shamans In Ngaju Dayak religion the shaman s altered state of consciousness is likened to male female sexual intercourse the shaman work in an embodiment transtate that is considered feminine or receptive the deity is considered masculine or the dynamic entering force 147 Unlike the name Lacambini Lakambini or Lacan Balingasay Lakang Balingasay the linker e g m ng n between laka and pati is not used because this name has a different origin Sanskrit loka pati lord of the world an epithet of Brahman the Creator and Vishnu the Preserver Sans loka location the earth field Sans pati lord 142 148 149 Lachanbacor Lakhang Bakod lacquered fence An ithyphallic deity The anito of the fruits of the earth and protector of swiddens His image or wooden statue is described as having gold eyes and teeth and a gilded genitalia as long as a rice stalk its body is completely hollow When the people needed his help they hold a banquet and revel in the fields under a canopy that they construct there for this purpose and where they erect a kind of altar On this altar they place his wooden statue And those making the sacrifice form a ring and eat and feast And they have the priests catalona place some of the food they are to eat in the mouth of the statue they also give him some of the beverage they are to drink And they are convinced that by reciting some superstitious words he will give them the very good and abundant fruits asked of him 89 109 150 He was offered eels when fencing swiddens because they said his were the strongest of all fences linalachan niya ang bacor nang bucqir He lacquered the fences of the field 151 Lacha Lakha means red lacquer 148 Some authors say he is the god who cured diseases 139 for this reason Isabelo de los Reyes compared him with the kibaans of Ilocanos that nests in the plants that serve as fences living fences and cured illnesses 140 Laho from the Asura named Rahu The serpent or dragon who was believed to devour the moon and cause lunar eclipse 152 When the moon is eclipsed the people of various districts generally go out into the street or into the open fields with bells panastanes etc They strike them with great force and violence in order that they might thereby protect the moon which they say is being eaten or swallowed by the dragon tiger or crocodile If they wish to say the eclipse of the moon it is very common among them to use this locution saying Linamon laho bovan Laho is swallowing the moon The Spaniards believed that the Tagalogs learned this practice from the Sangley Chinese 153 154 Lampinsaca Lampinsaka cripple The advocate of the lame and the cripple 80 81 Linga Lingga from Sanskrit lingam the phallic symbol of the Hindu god Shiva the Destroyer The anito who was invoked in case of sickness 86 Like his contemporaries the Spanish lexicographer who recorded this term did not have the necessary knowledge to identify it 155 In early Sanskrit medical texts linga means symptom signs and plays a key role in the diagnosis of a sickness the disease 156 157 158 Macapulao Makapulaw watcher The advocate of sailors 80 81 Macatalubhay Makatalubhay The anito of bananas 80 81 Mancocotor Mangkukutud The advocate of manunuba tuba tappers coconut wine makers and protector of coconut palm trees 86 159 Offering is made to him by the manunubas before climbing a tree lest they ran the risk of a fall from the trunk 144 Maginaong Sungmasandal Maginuong Sungmasandal Lord the one that keeps close 80 81 Maguinoong Campongan Maginuong Kampungan lord supporter The anito of harvest and sown fields 80 81 Mapolon Mapulon Pleiades 77 Quinon sana Kinunsana The name of the supreme deity among mountaineers Boxer 2016 66 67 Schol This is an in derivative of kunsana itself a kun derivative of sana abundance The prefix kun is also found in wari opinion lt kunwari fake 160 78 The god of the fields and of the jungles to whom sacrifices of food are made by the priests called catalona beseeching him to do them no harm or injury while they are in their fields or the jungle They perform this sacrifice and hold this banquet for him in order to keep him satisfied and benevolent 109 The Tagalogs should have no native word for forest is no less surprising than their lack of terms for volcano and lava ZORC 1993 is of the opinion that there must have existed native Tagalog terms and that they disappeared from the language because they were taboo uttering them would have called the attention of the corresponding wrathful gods 161 Paalolong Paalulong barker The advocate of the sick and the dead 80 81 Paglingnalan Paglingniyalan The advocate of hunters 80 81 Pagvaagan Pagwaagan the anito of the winds 80 81 Pilipit Spiral the ancient Tagalogs swear their oaths to a statuette of a deity or monstrous beast they called Pilipit that would devour a perjurer San Buenaventura 1613 369 describes the Pilipit as a devil figure a ceramic cat apparently made in China The oath could also be taken on a substitute a snail bearing the same name both having a twisted appearance According to Francisco Colin when the chiefs of Manila and Tondo swore allegiance to the Catholic sovereigns in the year one thousand five hundred and seventy one they confirmed the peace agreements and the subjection with an oath asking the sun to pierce them through the middle the crocodiles to eat them and the women not to show them any favor or wish them well if they broke their word Sometimes they performed the pasambahan for greater solemnity and confirmation of the oath That consisted in bringing forward the figure of some monstrous beast asking that they might be broken into pieces by it if they failed in their promise 88 According to Father Noceda and Blumentritt the Tagalogs called Pasambahan the place where they took oath before the figure of a very ugly animal 162 Posor lupa Pusod Lupa earth navel the anito of the fields 80 81 Sayc Sayik from Arabic shaykh sheikh This name was wrongly transcribed as Hayc in the English translation of the Boxer Codex 163 The anito of the sea Seamen before they set sail sponsored a major ceremony maganito wherein sacrifices of banquets and food are offerered to him through a catalona asking him to protect them from tempests and storms when traveling by sea and to grant them good weather and favorable calm winds 109 Siac Matanda Siyak Matanda old sheikh The advocate of merchants and second hand dealers 80 81 Siukuy Siyokoy from Chinese Mandarin shuǐguǐ which means water ghost the anito of the rivers Era el dios de los rios de los tagalos antiguos 164 165 In modern Tagalog folklore siyokoy are sea monsters an anthropoid whose body is covered in glistening brown or green fish scales and webbet feet some description also give them long green tentacles and gill slits they drown fishermen and consume them for food 166 Tala the plane Venus 77 Tauong Damo Tawong Damo Wicked anitos or savaged mountain gods believed to be responsible for the abortion 167 According to Blumentritt the anitos that inspired so much fear among the Tagalogs such as those that lived in the forest seem to be the anitos of the old owners or natives of the regions that was occupied by the immigrant Tagalogs 168 Linguists such as David Zorc and Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas 169 170 The first midwife in the world An unnamed deity mentioned in the Boxer Codex 1590 called the first midwife in the world to whom the midwives when they do their job prayed to saying Oh you first midwife whose office I now do by your will please give me so that through my help this creature may come to light 109 They could be referring to Lacampinay the old midwife Unnamed anito of the house whose favor they implored whenever an infant was born and when it was suckled and the breast offered to it 171 Unnamed ferryman of the dead The ancient Tagalogs believed that when a man died his soul was obliged to pass a river or lake where there was a boat rowed by an old boatman and to pay his passage they fastened some money on the arm of the dead man Aduarte 1640 172 173 The unnamed ferryman could be Paalolong the god of the sick and of the dead Unnamed husband and wife deities In the Pardo inquisition report 1686 the inquisitor found bamboo goblets pebbles and skeins of hair and a one piece stone statue representing husband and wife deities 174 Unnamed serpent deity The priestesses and her acolytes of the town of Santo Tomas Laguna de Bay interrogated by the Dominican inquisitors from the University of Santo Tomas Manila answered that when they performed a ceremony in a cave used as a temple a deity would appear to them in the shape of a python sawa 175 Usually it is reported that the spirit whether that of a deity or an ancestor took the form of a shadow anino to enter the body of the shaman The sound of a flute was heard when the spirit was present Boxer 2016 82 83 In their dreams the shaman saw these spirits as a black man itim na lalaki or a wild water buffalo anwang Similarly a mountain spirit called tigbalang was perceived as a black ghost hence Anaki y ikaw ay tigbalang You look like a mountain spirit Said to a person dressed in black attires The spirit appearing as a python to the congregation is an exception 175 176 Tagalog pantheon from Notes on Philippine Divinities by F Landa Jocano Edit Bathala or Abba The highest ranking deity and creator of all things He had three daughters to a mortal wife Mayari Hana and Tala In classical Tagalog the term bathala is a title attributed not only to the supreme being but also to personal tutelary anitos Badhala catotobo omen birds Tigmamanuquin the mountain which is the abode of Tigmamanuquin Tigmamanukin comets and other heavenly bodies which the early Tagalog people believed predicted events 115 116 Abba is the name of the god in the sky worshipped by the people of Limasawa 177 Idianali The goddess of labor and good deeds Wife of Dumangan mother of Dumakulem Dumangan The god of good harvest Husband of Idianali father of Dumakulem Dumangan is the Sambal god of harvest and giver of grain 178 Amanikabli The husky ill tempered ruler of the sea He is the syncretization of Amanikable the anito of hunters and Kablay a rich old man in Zambales legend who owned several fishing boats In this legend Kablay refused to give alms to a spirit of the sea in the guise of an old beggar man For his punishment he was transformed into a shark 179 Dumakulem A strong agile hunter who became the guardian of created mountains Son of Idianali and Dumangan He was derived from Domakolen the god of the Bagobos who created mountains 180 Anitun Tabu The fickle minded goddess of the wind and rain She was derived from the Sambal deity Anitun Tauo 181 Mayari The goddess of the moon Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife She was derived from the Kapampangan lunar goddess of the same name 182 Mayari could also be derived from the Sambal deity Malayari Hana The goddess of the morning Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife She was derived from Hanan a Visayan hero god who gave the morning dawn 183 Tala The goddess of the stars Daughter of Bathala to a mortal wife Ikapati The goddess of cultivated land Wife of Mapulon mother of Anagolay She was derived from the Sambal goddess of the same name 178 The Tagalog deity Lacapati was first documented in the Boxer Codex 1590 as possibly male whose pronoun are he him Then as a figure of man and woman joined together androgyne in Vocabulario de la lengua tagala 1613 Mapulon The god of season Husband of Ikapati father of Anagolay Anagolay The goddess of loss things Wife of Dumakulem mother of Apolaki and Dian Masalanta Possibly derived from either Anagaoley the supreme god of the ancient Pangasineses or Amanolay a god of the Gaddanes 184 Apolaki The god of the sun and patron of fighters Son of Dumakulem and Anagolay brother of Dian Masalanta Apolaki is the supreme god of the ancient Pangasinenses whom they also referred to as Anagaoley or Amagaoley Supreme Father 185 In Kapampangan mythology he is a son of Bathala and brother of Mayari 182 The Bolinao manuscript mentions the Sambal priestess Bolindauan in 1684 who has Apolaqui as her patron anito Dian Masalanta The goddess of lovers Daughter of Dumakulem and Anagolay sister of Apolaki Sitan The chief deity of Kasanaan the village of grief and affliction He was assisted by many mortal agents such as Mangagauay Manisilat Mankukulam Hukluban Sitan is mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as devils inhabiting the Casanaan hell Agents of Sitan Mangagauay The one responsible for the occurrence of diseases Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Manisilat The goddess of broken homes Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Mankukulam Who often assumes human form and went around the villages pretending to be a priest doctor Then he would wallow in the filth beneath the house of his victim and emit fire If the fire was extinguished immediately the victim would die Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Hukluban She had the power to change herself into any form she desired She could kill anyone by simply raising her hand However if she wanted to heal those whom she had made ill by her charms she could do so without any difficulty It was also said of her that she could destroy a house by merely saying that she would do so Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Among the peasants of the province of Bulacan Hokloban was a wise old man almost a magician who was consulted and who came to an extremely advanced age thus being a kind of Methuselah of the Tagalogs The phrase matandang Hokloban old Hokloban that applies to the long lived is still very common 186 Priestly agents of the environmental gods Silagan Whose duty was to tempt people and to eat the liver of all those who wear white clothes during mourning and take their souls down to the depth of Kasanaan Had a sister named Mananangal Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Mananangal Could be seen walking along dark trails and lonely paths without her head hands or feet because her work was to frighten people to death Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Asuan Who fly at night murder men eat their flesh and drink their blood He has four brothers Mangagayuma Sunat Pangatahuyan Bayugin Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Mangagayuma Specialized in charms which when used by lovers had the power to infused the heart with love Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Sunat A well known priest Brother of Asuan Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest According to Plasencia a sonat is a high priest priestess equivalent of that of a Bishop In classical Tagalog sonat also signified circumcision it alluded to the ritual of circumcision of Filipino girls upon coming of age by the chief priestess In suppressing the priestesses the missionaries unwittingly made one of their greatest contributions to the welfare of Filipino women the abolition of what is now known as female genital mutilation which unfortunately still survives in other developing countries 187 Pangatahuyan a soothsayer Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Bayuguin Whose work was to tempt women into a life of shame prostitution Mentioned by Juan de Plasencia in Customs of the Tagalogs 1589 as a type of witch or class of priest Bayoguin Bayogin or Bayog are transgender and transvestite priests or shaman of the indigenous religion of the ancient Tagalogs Anting anting pantheon 188 Edit Infinito Dios The highest god and the oldest being from whom everything emanated The virtue Birtud Galing residing in and empowering the anting anting and agimat amulets and talismans He is also referred to as Nuno Ancient One earth deity Animasola Lonely Soul air deity Waksim As water deity and Atardar His warrior or protective aspect He is identified to Bathala Maykapal Infinita Dios The female aspect of the Divine She is said to be the first emanation of the Infinito Dios who sprang forth from his mind when he decided to have someone help him in his task of creation She is also referred to as Maria which stands for Maris Amantisimo Rexsum Imperator Altisima Gumamela Celis Flower of Heaven Rosa Mundi Flower of the World and Dios Ina God the Mother she is also identified with Inang Pilipinas Mother Philippines or Inang Bayan Motherland similar to Ibu Pertiwi of Indonesia The first two elders nuno who reside in the two corners of the Earth and are the guardians of the Sun and the Moon UPH MADAC She is the first spirit of the twenty four Ancianos except for guarding the first hour after midnight She designed the Sun in accordance with the task given to her by the Infinito Dios She made many designs and presented them to her companions and to the Lord and they chose and all agreed on the shape or appearance of the sun which gives light to the world from then until now and into the future ABO NATAC He is the second spirit who designed the Moon which gives us light during the night He did the same many were also created and these were presented to his companions and to the Infinito Dios and they agreed on the shape of the moon that is present today The following six spirits do not receive any other office What they did was just wander out into the world and be God s watchmen ELIM The watchman from 3 a m to 3 59 AM BORIM The watchman from 4 00 AM to 4 59 AM MORIM The watchman from 5 00 AM to 5 59 AM BICAIRIM The watchman from 6 00 AM to 6 59 AM PERSALUTIM The watchman from 7 00 AM to 7 59 AM MITIM The watchman from 8 00 AM to 8 59 AM The Siete Arkanghelis AMALEY He is the president and first minister of the archangel warriors He is San Miguel Arcanghel on his shoulders rests the fight against the wicked to have security on earth and in heaven San Miguel is assigned as the watchman from 9 00 AM to 9 59 AM on each day he is also the watchman on the first day of each week which is Sunday so he is the one to call on these days to avoid any disasters or events that do not occur He is also the spirit messenger and messenger of the Infinito Dios throughout the heavens ALPACOR He is the one made secretary by the Siete Arkanghelis of the whole universe he is San Gabriel who is the recorder of all the hidden wonders in the whole universe and galaxy San Gabriel is the watchman from 10 00 AM to 10 59 AM of each day He is also the watchman every Monday therefore it is good to call him on this day to be saved from all disasters AMACOR He is the prince of the angelic justice and also the giver of heavenly grace for which he is also the Butler of the Infinito Dios This angel is well known by the name San Rafael he is the watchman at 11 00 AM of each day and of Tuesdays He is the one to be called on these days for salvation from calamities APALCO He is the angel who was made Justicia mayor in heaven Chief Ruler of heavenly things and recommender to God of the punishment to be inflicted he is also the giver of wisdom to be used by the soul and earthly body of man This angel is identified as San Uriel who is assigned to watch at 12 noon and he is also the watchman on Wednesdays so he must be called on this day to be saved from any disaster ALCO This is the spirit that offers or prays to God of any good work of man he is also the receiver and informer of human needs regarding God This angel is San Seatiel who is the watchman on Thursdays and the time of the first hour of the afternoon of each day so he should be the one to be called on these days ARACO This is the spirit who was made the keeper of treasures and graces He holds the key to giving the riches and glory of God This angel is San Judiel the benefactor and giver of God s mercy He is also the assigned watchman on Fridays so he should be the one to be called on these days AZARAGUE This is the guardian spirit of Heaven and Earth and he is the helper and protector of all spirits under the Infinito Dios He is San Baraquiel the watchman at 3 pm of each day and is also assigned as the watchman of every Saturdays so he is the one to be called on these days San Baraquiel is the last of the Seven Archangels to be known as the seven warriors of God the Father LUXBEL He is the youngest of the 16 spirits first created by the Infinito Dios His name means Light of Heaven because he is the closest to God When God began his creation he was baptized with the name BECCA but he disobeyed the Infinito Dios so he renamed him LUXQUER or LUCIFER The history of Luxbel can be found in a book entitled DIEZ MUNDOS Ten Planets In this book you will find various types of illicit wisdom such as hexes kulam glamour malik mata philters gayuma and many more Anyone is discouraged to have a copy of this book because it is the cause of unforgivable sin to the Lord The following five spirits were not baptized and did not accept the calling When the Lord Jesus Christ was currently hanging on the cross they came to be baptized but it did not happen because at that time our Lord Jesus breathed his last They are ISTAC The watchman from 5 00 PM to 5 59 PM INATAC The watchman from 6 00 PM to 6 59 PM ISLALAO The watchman from 7 00 PM to 7 59 PM TARTARAO The watchman from 8 00 PM to 8 59 PM SARAPAO The watchman from 9 00 PM to 9 59 PM The last three are the Santisima Trinidad to whom the Infinito Dios gave authority to create the world and its inhabitants MAGUGAB This spirit presents himself as Dios Ama God the Father who some say is the first person of the Santisima Trinidad But as Dios Ama he is not the Infinito Dios but only given him the right and duty to identify himself as God the Father He was given the design of the world and all its contents such as the various types of flying creatures in the air or those crawling on the ground especially man He is the watchman from 9 00 PM to 9 59 PM MARIAGUB This spirit is the second person in the Santisima Trinidad he has the fullness of Dios Anak God the Son and the power to fulfill the mysteries wrought by the Lord Jesus Christ He is the spirit who incarnates in order to save those who receive and believe in him This spirit is the one who in every age enters the body of the people commanded by God which was then called the Lamb of God He is the watchman from 10 00 PM to 10 59 PM MAGUB This is the third person of the Santisima Trinidad as the Espiritu Santo Holy Spirit he is the one who acts to accomplish the thing that must happen in the present Through his power the promises of the Infinito Dios to the People are formed and fulfilled He is watchman from 11 00 PM to midnight or 12 00MN other mythological figures Edit Bernardo Carpio The Hispanized avatar of the gigantic underworld crocodile that cause earthquake in pre colonial Tagalog mythology and of Palangiyi the mythical King of the Tagalog people Legend has it that the Tagalogs have a giant king a messianic figure named Bernardo Carpio squeezed between two mountains or two great rocks in the Mountains of Montalban and who causes earthquakes whenever he tries to free himself Once the last link on the chains binding him is broken the enslavement and oppression of his people will be replaced with freedom and happiness Filipino revolutionary heroes Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio are said to have paid homage to the Bernardo Carpio legend the former by making a pilgrimage to Montalban and the latter making the caves of Montalban the secret meeting place for the Katipunan movement 189 190 191 Maria Makiling The diwata of Mt Makiling Palangiyi from Malay Palangi rainbow The mythical king of the Tagalog people 192 190 Balitoc Balitok gold An archetypal witch manggagaway of the ancient Tagalogs 193 Probably the spirit of a famous priestess or a famous witch perhaps legendary e g Si Balitok ang gumaway sa batang yari It is Balitok who has bewitched the child SB 1613 284 194 Primordial Kite caused the sky and the sea to war which resulted in the sky to throw boulders at the sea creating islands built a nest on an island and left the sky and sea in peace 195 Unnamed God the god of vices mentioned as a rival of Bathala 1 Sidapa god of war who settles disputes among mortals 8 He also appeared in the Tagalog tale Why the Cock Crows at Dawn in Damiana Eugenio s The Myths where said deity is portrayed as a war god who turns a servant into a rooster after failing to wake him early in the morning many times This tale seems to be derived from the story of Alectryon a youth whom the war god Ares placed as a guardian at the door when he visited Aphrodite The youth however fell asleep and their lovemaking was discovered by Helios sun As punishment Alectryon was changed into a rooster which since then unceasingly announces the arrival of the sun Amansinaya goddess of fishermen 8 Amihan a primordial deity who intervened when Bathala and Amansinaya were waging a war 196 a gentle wind deity daughter of Bathala who plays during half of the year as playing together with her brother Habagat will be too much for the world to handle 197 Habagat an active wind deity son of Bathala who plays during half of the year as playing together with his sister Amihan will be too much for the world to handle 197 Sinukan tasked her lover Bayani to complete a bridge 198 Bayani lover of Sinukan who failed to complete a bridge engulfed by a stream caused by the wrath of Sinukan 198 Ulilangkalulua a giant snake that could fly enemy of Bathala who was killed during their combat 73 199 Galangkalulua winged god who loves to travel Bathala s companion who perished due to an illness where his head was buried in Ulilangkalulua s grave giving birth to the first coconut tree which was used by Bathala to create the first humans 73 199 Bighari the flower loving goddess of the rainbow a daughter of Bathala 200 Liwayway the goddess of dawn a daughter of Bathala 200 Tag ani the god of harvest a son of Bathala 200 Kidlat the god of lightning a son of Bathala 200 Hangin the god of wind a son of Bathala 200 Bulan hari one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak can command rain to fall married to Bitu in 201 Bitu in one of the deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak 201 Alitaptap daughter of Bulan hari and Bitu in has a star on her forehead which was struck by Bulan hari resulting to her death her struck star became the fireflies 201 Sawa a deity who assumed the form of a giant snake when he appeared to a priestess in a cave temple 202 Rajo a giant who stole the formula for creating wine from the gods tattled by the night watchman who is the moon his conflict with the moon became the lunar eclipse 203 Unnamed Moon God the night watchman who tattled on Rajo s theft leading to an eclipse 203 Nuno the owner of the mountain of Taal who disallowed human agriculture at Taal s summit 198 Hari sa Bukid a king who disallowed the people from planting at the summit of his kingdom s mountain unless his people showed their industry and hard work he remains smoking tobacco in the center of the earth 57 Great Serpent of Pasig a giant serpent who created the Pasig river after merchants wished to the deity in exchange for the Pasig s creation the souls of the merchants would be owned by the serpent 204 Golden Calf of Banahaw an enormous golden calf who serve as guardian of Mount Banahaw 57 Doce Pares the twelve brave young men who embarked on a quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Banahaw headed by the culture hero Rizal said to return to the people as giants together with the Golden Calf to aid their people in war 57 Rizal a culture hero who led the quest to retrieve the Golden Calf of Banahaw traditions state that once a world war breaks he and the Doce Pares will come down from the mountain with the Golden Calf to aid his people in their struggle another versions states he will aid the people arriving through a ship 57 Pablo Maralit an epic hero who became the ruler of Lipa has various powers and amulets 142 Catalina wife of Pablo Maralit 142 Balo na a wise old woman who foresaw the arrival of the warriors of La ut that would conquer and ransack the land of Pinak 201 Dana a princess who revered the sun god through dances at the Rock of Bathala impregnated by the sun god and banished from the kingdom causing the flowers of the rivers to wither she was later asked to return and continue her sun worship 204 Loku a ruler from Quiapo who started to believe in a foreign god when his people were attacked by foreigners he was defeated as he could not ask the help of the anitos 204 Tau buid Mangyan Batangan EditImmortals Edit Rawtit the ancient and gigantic matriarch who wields a huge knife wears a lycra and has magical power to leap miles in one bound she brings peace to the forest and all its inhabitants 205 Quadruple Deities the four childless naked deities composed of two gods who come from the sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates 206 Buhid Mangyan EditImmortals Edit Sayum ay and Manggat the ancestral ancient couple who named all trees animals lakes rocks and spirits 207 Labang evil spirits which manifests in animal forms whose bites are fatal as the bite marks on humans can become channels for bad spirits 208 Lahi spirits which are potential allies and protectors against the Labang 208 Afo Daga owner of the earth 207 can cast earthquakes typhoons and disease outbreaks when mankind defies the moral codes appeased though the igluhodan ritual 208 Afo Fungsu owner of mountain peaks 207 Afo Sapa owner of rivers 207 Falad souls of the dead 207 Malawan spirits that live in the springs in the deep forest 207 Taw Gubat jungle men who live deep in the forest 207 Bulaw those who live in mountain peaks depicted as shooting stars because they fly from one peak to another and lights its way with a torch made from human bone 207 Mortals Edit Bulang a man who got stuck underwater during a torrential rain resulting to his body become a rock called Bato Bulang his rock serves as a stopper to a hole beneath it at the Binagaw river where if it is to be removed the whole area will be submerged in water 207 Hanunoo Mangyan EditImmortals Edit Mahal na Makaako the supreme deity who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them 175 Binayo owner of a garden where all spirits rest 175 Binayi a sacred female spirit who is the caretaker of the Kalag Paray married to Balingabong 175 Balungabong spirit who is aided by 12 fierce dogs erring souls are chased by these dogs and are eventually drowned in a cauldron of boiling water married to Binayi 175 Kalag Paray rice spirits appeased to ensure a bountiful harvest 175 Labang evil spirits who can take the form of animals and humans 175 Apu Dandum spirit living in the water 175 Apu Daga spirit living in the soil 175 Daniw spirit residing in the stone cared for by the healers 175 Mortals Edit Anay and Apog the only two humans who survived the great flood which killed every other human lived on top of Mount Naapog 209 Inabay wife of Amalahi met a ghoul who she requested betel nuts to chew on as per custom later turned into a ghoul due to the ghoul s betel nuts 209 Amalahi husband of Inabay killed by his wife who had turned into a ghoul 209 Daga daga eldest child of Inabay and Amalahi sister of Palyos called on the help of the Timawa to escape from her mother and took care of her child brother in the forest 209 Palyos younger child of Ibanay and Amalahi brother of Daga daga befriended a wild chicken who he became friends with until he became tall eventually his friend chicken left the world of the living leaving on its two wings which when Palyos planted sprouted and fruited rice clothing beads and many others which he and his sister shared with others 209 Timawa the elves who aided the child Daga daga and her small brother Palyos to escape from their mother Inabay who had turned into a ghoul 209 Amalahi a grinning man who tricked the giant Amamangan and his family which led to their death 209 Amamangan a giant whose entire family were tricked by Amalahi leading to death 209 Daldali the fast one who is always in a hurry which usually results into deplorable things cousin of Malway malway 209 Malway malway the slow one whose acts are normal and proper cousin of Daldali 209 Monkey and Crocodile two characters where Monkey always outwits 209 Juan Pusong a trickster character 209 Bicolano EditImmortals Edit Gugurang the supreme god causes the pit of Mayon volcano to rumble when he is displeased cut Mt Malinao in hald with a thunderbolt 210 the god of good 211 Asuang brother of Gugurang an evil god who wanted Gugurang s fire and gathered evil spirits and advisers to cause immortality and crime to reign vanquished by Gugurang but his influence still lingers 210 Assistants of Gugurang Linti controls lightning 210 Dalodog controls thunder 210 Unnamed Giant supports the world movement from his index finger causes a small earthquake while movement from his third finger causes strong ones if he moves his whole body the earth will be destroyed 212 Languiton the god of the sky 212 Tubigan the god of the water 212 Dagat goddess of the sea 212 Paros god of the wind married to Dagat 212 Daga son of Dagat and Paros inherited his father control of the wind instigated an unsuccessfully rebellion against his grandfather Languit and died his body became the earth 212 Adlao son of Dagat and Paros joined Daga s rebellion and died his body became the sun 212 in another myth he was alive and during a battle he cut one of Bulan s arm and hit Bulan s eyes where the arm was flattened and became the earth while Bulan s tears became the rivers and seas 213 Bulan son of Dagat and Paros joined Daga s rebellion and died his body became the moon 212 in another myth he was alive and from his cut arm the earth was established and from his tears the rivers and seas were established 213 Bitoon daughter of Dagat and Paros accidentally killed by Languit during a rage against his grandsons rebellion her shattered body became the stars 212 Unnamed God a sun god who fell in love with the mortal Rosa refused to light the world until his father consented to their marriage he afterwards visited Rosa but forgetting to remove his powers over fire he accidentally burned Rosa s whole village until nothing but hot springs remained 214 Magindang the god of fishing who leads fishermen in getting a good fish catch through sounds and signs 215 Okot the forest god whose whistle would lead hunters to their prey 215 Bakunawa a serpent that seeks to swallow the moon 215 Haliya the goddess of the moon 211 Apolaki a mountain monster 51 Batala a good god who battled against Kalaon 215 Kalaon an evil god of destruction 215 Son of Kalaon son of Kalaon who defied his evil father s wishes 215 Onos freed the great flood that changed the land s features 216 Oryol a wily serpent who appeared as a beautiful maiden with a seductive voice admired the hero Handyong s bravery and gallantry leading her to aid the hero in clearing the region of beasts until peace came into the land 216 Mortals Edit Baltog the hero who slew the giant wild boar Tandayag 216 Handyong the hero who cleared the land of beasts with the aid of Oryol crafted the people s first laws which created a period for a variety of human inventions 216 Bantong the hero who single handedly slew the half man half beast Rabot 216 Dinahong the first potter a pygmy who taught the people how to cook and make pottery Ginantong made the first plow harrow and other farming tools 217 Hablom the inventor of the first weaving loom and bobbins 218 Kimantong the first person to fashion the rudder called timon the sail called layag the plow called arado the harrow called surod the ganta and other measures the roller the yoke the bolo and the hoe 218 Sural the first person to have thought of a syllabry carved the first writing on a white rock slab from Libong 218 Gapon polished the rock slab where the first writing was on 218 Takay a lovely maiden who drowned during the great flood transformed into the water hyacinth in Lake Bato 218 Rosa a sun god s lover who perished after the sun god accidentally burned her entire village 214 Malinay a fearless girl who explored the forests and caves filled with spirits known in the tale of the origin of bananas 218 Waray EditImmortals Edit Makapatag Malaon the supreme deity with both male and female aspect the male aspect is Makapatag the leveler who is fearful and destructive while the female aspect is Malaon the ancient understanding goddess 8 49 Badadum a guide of the dead gathers the souls of the newly dead to meet their relatives at the mouth of a river in the lower world 8 Hamorawan Lady the deity of the Hamorawan spring in Borongan who blesses the waters with healing properties 219 Berbinota the beautiful goddess who rules the island of Biri whose formations were made during the battle of the gods 220 Maka andog an epic giant hero who was friends with the sea spirits and controlled wildlife and fish first inhabitant and ruler of Samar who lived for five centuries later immortalized as a deity of fishing 221 Rizal a culture hero who is prophesied to someday return to aid his people in their struggle 57 Mortals Edit Igsabod one of the 10 11 giant siblings of Maka andog friends with the sea spirits 222 Paula Tomaribo giant wife and in some tales the sibling of Maka andog in another tale she was of Moro origin 222 Banogbarigos brother of Maka andog became the first aswang 222 Pagsabihon one who punishes those who speak of him 222 Delbora the one who kaingin farmers offer food wife of Delalaman 222 Sanghid wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed has the power to move back the sun 222 Mother of Maka andog a gigantic being whose head alone is as large as a hill lived in Mt Hurao 222 Father of Maka andog lived in Mt Hurao in the middle of Samar more powerful than his sons including Maka andog 222 Tigalhong brother of Maka andog first inhabitant of Leyte 222 Delalaman a giant who defeated a priest in a challenge remained faithful to the old faith and was never baptised just like Maka andog and the other ancestors 222 Dawisan one of 9 12 children of Maka andog who inherited his father s strength and magic 222 Yugang a wife of Maka andog associated with the gold loom 222 Eskaya EditImmortals Edit Ai Suno the supreme child deity also called Salvador Suno later conflated with the Child Jesus due to Christian influence 223 Baroko the bird who aided in the retrieval of the Lingganay nga Ugis silver bell which it dropped at Kamayaan river and can only be retrieved by Ai Suno when he returns on land free his people from bondage and give them their second bodies if the bell is retrieved by someones else a great deluge will occur 223 Mortals Edit Pinay the founder of the Eskaya language and script in some sources Datahan a historical person who founded an Eskaya school is said to be a reincarnation of Pinay 224 Tumud Babaylan custodian of a sacred silver bell who was stolen by a Spanish priest named Prayleng Vicente retrieved the stolen by through the aid of a bird called Baroko who flew with the bell 225 Humabad a priest ruler of Opon known for his treachery of welcoming the foreigner Magellan and conducting a blood compact with him 225 Umanad the epic hero and ruler of Cortes who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan he allied himself with Lapu Lapu of Mactan and bravely waged war against Humanad upon his return to Bohol which ended with Humabad s death and a mortally wounded Umanad 225 Daylinda wife of Umanad who was baptized by Magellan was afterwards gently cast away by Umanad committed ritual suicide due to the death of her husband 225 Dangko the ruler of Talibon who refused to be baptized and subjugated by Magellan 225 Iriwan an aide provided by Lapu lapu to Umanad became a good friend of Umanad aided Umanad in his battle against Humabad sailed Umanad s mortally wounded body to Cortes through the mystical snaking river Abatan Waji 225 Bisaya EditImmortals Edit Kaptan the supreme god and sky god who fought against Magauayan for eons until Manaul intervened ruler of the skyworld called Kahilwayan controls the wind and lightning 226 in some myths is married to Maguyaen 1 also referred as Bathala in one myth 227 also referred as Abba in one chronicle 228 Maguayan the god who rules of the waters as his kingdom father of Lidagat brother of Kaptan 229 Messengers of Kaptan Dalagan the swiftest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords 229 Guidala the bravest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords 229 Sinogo the handsomest winged giant armed with long spears and sharp swords best loved by Kaptan but betrayed his master and was imprisoned under the sea 229 Maguyaen the goddess of the winds of the sea 1 Magauayan fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened 226 Manaul the great bird who dropped great rocks upon the battle of Kaptan and Magauayan creating islands 226 Helpers of Manaul Kanauay 226 Amihan 226 Lidagat the sea married to the wind daughter of Maguayan 229 Lihangin the wind married to the sea son of Kaptan 229 Licalibutan the rock bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin inherited the control of the wind from his father initiated the revolt against one of his grandfathers Kaptan killed by Kaptan s rage his body became the earth 229 Liadlao the gold bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin killed by Kaptan s rage during the great revolt his body became the sun 229 Libulan the copper bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin killed by Kaptan s rage during the great revolt his body became the moon 229 Lisuga the silver bodied son of Lidagat and Lihangin accidentally killed by Kaptan s rage during her brothers revolt her body fragments became the stars 229 Adlaw the sun deity worshiped by the good 227 Bulan the moon deity who gives light to sinners and guides them in the night 227 Bakunawa the serpent deity who can coil around the world sought to swallow the seven Queen moons successfully eating the six where the last is guarded by bamboos 227 Divities under Kaptan Makilum sa twan the god of plains and valleys 1 Makilum sa bagidan the god of fire 1 Makilum sa tubig the god of the sea 1 Kasaray sarayan sa silgan the god of streams 1 Magdan durunoon the god of hidden lakes 1 Sarangan sa bagtiw the god of storms 1 Suklang malaon the goddess of happy homes 1 Alunsina the goddess of the sky 1 Abyang another deity under Kaptan 1 Maka ako also called Laon the creator of the universe 8 Linok the god of earthquakes 8 Makabosog a deified chieftain who provides food for the hungry 8 Sidapa the goddess of death co ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan together with Makaptan 1 Makaptan the god of sickness co ruler of the middleworld called Kamaritaan together with Sidapa he is a brother of Magyan and Sumpoy 1 Deities under Sidapa and Makaptan Danapolay the god who supervises the other deities who answer to Sidapa and Makaptan 1 Tagusirangan 1 Duwindihan 1 Dalongdongan 1 Tagabititlakan ka adlaw 1 Suta 1 Agta 1 Tabukuun 1 Sappia the goddess of mercy originating from the island of Bohol who empties the milk from her breasts onto weeds giving the origin of white rice when milk ran out blood came out from her breast giving the origin of red rice 1 Tan Mulong guardian of a spirit cave where souls may be imprisoned has a spirit dog with one mammary gland and two genitals 8 Pandaque messenger of Sidapa sacrifice is offered to the deity so that a soul can be admitted to the skyworld Kahilwayan from the lower world Kasakitan lives in Kasakitan despite being a messenger of Sidapa who lives in the middleworld Kamaritaan 1 also referred as Pandagoy 228 Magyan carries the souls of the dead to the lower world Kasakitan on his boat called balanday co ruler of the lower world Kasakitan together with Sumpoy he is a brother of Makaptan and Sumpoy 1 Sumpoy takes the souls from Magyan s balanday and carries them to a place in Kasakitan called Kanitu nituhan co ruler of the lower world Kasakitan together with Magyan he is a brother of Magyan and Makaptan 1 Sisiburanen ruler of Kanitu nituhan a sub realm of the lower world Kasakitan acts as slaver of the souls of those who cannot and have yet go into the skyworld feeds the souls to Simuran and Siguinarugan after the souls stay in Kanitu nituhan for years 1 Kuruntang Simuran one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu nituhan 1 Siguinarugan one of the two giant guards of the gates of Kanitu nituhan 1 also referred as Siginarugan and Siginarungan 228 Other inhabitants of Kasakitan Abyang Durunuun the goddess of charms 1 Saragnayan the god of darkness who protected his wife Nagmalitong Yawa Sinagmaling from all adversaries in Panay mythologies his source of immortality was inputted on a wild boar and upon the killing of the boar he became mortal and was killed by Buyung Baranugon 230 1 Pinganun pinganun the god of enchanted places 1 Unmagad Palinti 1 Sumpay Pako Pako 1 Gods of War Balangaw the rainbow 231 Inaginid 231 Makanduk 231 Lalahon the goddess of fire volcanoes and the harvest 232 also referred as Laon 228 Santonilyo a deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at sea 233 deity of the white men referring to Spanish colonizers 228 Gunung a deity of volcanoes 228 Magbibaya a deity similar to the god Magbabaya of the Bukidnon 228 Lumawig a deity mentioned in the Aginid 228 Linug a deity of earthquakes 228 Cacao the goddess of Mount Lantoy who sells her products through a golden ship which can flood rivers 234 Mangao husband of Cacao 234 Rizal a culture hero who is said to return in favor of his people s struggle for genuine freedom based on a historical person 57 Leon Kilat a hero who is said will return to the people together with Rizal and Bonifacio in Cebu based on a historical person Pantaleon Villegas 57 Buhawi also called Kano a hero who will someday return to aid his people in their struggle in Negros based on the historical person Ponciano Elopre 57 Mortals Edit Sicabay the first woman 229 Sicalac the first man 229 Libo the first child and son of Sicabay and Sicalac was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan became the ancestor of a brown skinned race 229 Saman the first daughter and second child of Sicabay and Sicalac was taken south after the defeat of Pandaguan became the ancestor of a brown skinned race 229 Pandaguan a younger son of Sicabay and Sicalac a clever man who invented the fish trap which caught a giant shark father of Arion challenged to overpower the gods and was punished by zapping 229 Arion son of Pandaguan who was taken north after the defeat of Pandaguan became the ancestor of a white skinned race 229 Son of Saman and Sicalac was taken east after the defeat of Pandaguan became the ancestor of a yellow skinned race 229 Lapulapu a ruler of Mactan who is valorous strong and noble as well as driven and fearless especially in times of armed conflict in one account he is also a mangatang pirate bested Humabon in politics trade and ocean territory in most accounts while in one account Humabon managed to overcome Lapulapu 228 defeated the Spanish forces including Magellan with aid from the forces of nature a verified historical person 235 Humabon a ruler of Sugbo who is cautious and highly respected but also brave and courageous especially in times of armed conflict a verified historical person 228 Sri Lumay Bataugong the legendary founder of Sugbo who was said to have come from Sumatra 228 Sri Bantug a ruler of Sugbo 228 Binibini Anduki sister of Sri Lumay 228 Bulakna wife of Lapulapu in other epics Lapulapu instead has three wives and eleven children 228 Sawili son of Lapulapu and Bulakna 235 Zula a ruler that Lapulapu had an enmity with due to both ruler s affection towards Bulakna 228 Datu Mangal father of Lapulapu in most versions of the story and ruler of Mactan before Lapulapu 228 in other versions he is Lapulapu s uncle or friend and right hand man has supernatural powers various amulets of whirlpools and oil and a flying horse 235 Matang Mataunas mother of Lapulapu in another tale the mother of Lapulapu is instead named Matang Matana 228 also called Matang Mantaunas or Bauga 235 Malingin daughter of Datu Mangal and sister of Lapulapu 235 Sri Mohammed paternal grandfather of Lapulapu in one tale 228 Sri Lamaraw Dula brother of Humabon 228 Bali Alho chief of Bo Maribago can break pestles with his bare hands one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal 235 Tindak Bukid chief of Bo Marigondon can level a mountain with a kick one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal 235 Umindig chief of Bo Ibo a champion wrestler one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal 235 Sagpang Baha also called Sampong Baha can slap back an onrushing flood one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal 235 Bugto Pasan can snap the sturdiest vines with his hands one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal 235 Silyo a chief who borrowed an amulet from Datu Mangal he never returned the amulet and was caught by Datu Mangal fleeing was turned into a stone along with his crew by Datu Mangal through a curse before turning a stone completely he also uttered a curse to turn Datu Mangal into stone another tale tells that Matang Mataunas and Malingin were also turned into stone 235 Horned Presidente a presidente of a town who wanted to continue controlling the people so he wished for horns to frighten them his wish backfired with the people withdrawing their support which later led to his death 53 Ati EditImmortals Edit Magwala also called Magdili the supreme spirit 236 Abog chief herdsman of wild pigs and deer the daga or diwata ritual is offered to invite the herdsmen spirits headed by Abog 236 Assistants of Abog Makalisang 236 Kangil iran 236 Spirits of the Forest the first fruits sacrifices of the hunt are offered to them through bits of meat which would bring good luck to the people 236 Bakero 236 Tawo nga talonon 236 Taglugar also called Tagapuyo spirits inhabiting certain places 237 Mortals Edit Polpulan father of Marikudo and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son 238 Marikudo the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler 238 Maniuantiuan the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo and an excellent negotiator came from a commoner family 238 Ilonggo Hiligaynon EditImmortals Edit Laon the supreme goddess and creator residing in Mount Kanlaon governs the harvest pestilence and locusts 231 also referred to as the god Lalaon 57 Makaako the creator and the most powerful god 231 Kaptan god of the earth 231 Magyawan god of the sea 231 Manunubo the good spirit of the sea 231 Sidapa god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia as determines the day of a person s death by marking every newborn s lifespan on a very tall tree on Madya as 231 Pandaque god who is given ritual offerings so that a soul of the deceased will not be taken by the gods responsible for torment in the afterlife 231 Gods of Torment Simuran 231 Siginarugan 231 Bulalakaw god who lives in the sacred Mount Madia as 231 malevolent deity in the form of a bird with a flaming tail 239 Mama Guayen a god that carries the souls of the dead in a boat to the ends of the earth 8 also called Maguayen 231 Sumpoy god who guides the soul toward a very high mountain 231 Sisiburanen the god who rules the mountain where Sumpoy drops off the souls of the dead 231 Mangalos the spirits who eat the insides of children takes away young lives 231 Hangin the spirits of the death wind takes the life of the elderly 231 Sitaho also called Sibo Malabag the god of the early migrants from Borneo 240 Cabus Cabus deified shaman 240 Dangse deified shaman 240 Estrella Bangotbanwa deified shaman from the 19th century 240 Gods of War Balangaw the rainbow 231 Inaginid 231 Makanduk 231 Canla and Ona the couple hidden under a clod of earth thrown down by the god Lalaon as punishment to the people who showed malice towards the couple said to go forth onto the world only after the people become good and envy in the world disappear 57 Hari sa Boqued an emissary of Canla and Ona Mount Canlaon is said to burst whenever word has been sent from Canla and Ona to Hair sa Baqued asking if the people have become good and envy is no longer in this world in other versions he is also a king of a prosperous kingdom where his followers are humans but in one case he also has loyal dwarfs as followers disallowed the people from planting tobacco near the summit but was disobeyed resulting in an eruption 57 Mortals Edit Polpulan father of Marikudo and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son 238 Marikudo the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler 238 Maniuantiuan the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang came from a commoner family 238 Mambusay son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea 238 Makatunao a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay 238 Puti the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao 238 Pinampang wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan 238 Lumbay one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Bankaya one of the ten Bornean datus settled at Aklan 238 Sumakuel one of the ten Bornean datus settled at Hamtik 238 Damangsil one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Dalugdog one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Paiburong one of the ten Bornean datus settled at Irong Irong 238 Padohinog one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Dumocsol one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Kalengsusu one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Horned Presidente a presidente of a town who yearned to have more power to control the people he wished for horns to frighten his constituents which instead led to the people withdrawing their support died while still wanting to keep his power 53 Capiznon EditImmortals Edit Laon the supreme deity a goddess said to reside in the mountain at the neighboring island of Negros 241 Bulalakaw a bird god who looks like a peacock and can cause illnesses lives in Mount Madja as 241 Mediators to the Gods Bangutbanwa ensures good harvests and an orderly universe 241 Mangindalon intercedes for sick persons punishes enemies 241 Soliran one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies 241 Solian one of two performers of the marriage ceremonies 241 Manunubo the good spirit of the sea 241 Tungkung Langit the god of the sky who brings famine drought storms and floods 241 Lulid Batang the god of the earth responsible for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions 241 Linting Habughabug the god of lightning whose look kills people and who shouts in anger 241 Launsina the goddess of the sun moon stars and seas and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her 241 Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan the goddess of greed to whom people pray when they want to get rich 241 Saragnayan the god of darkness who has the power to replace brightness with darkness 241 Lubay lubyuk Hanginun si Mahuyuk huyukun the goddess of the evening breeze cools people especially during the summer 241 Suklang Malayun the guardian of happy homes 241 Maklilum sa twan the god of the plains and valleys 241 Agurang the good spirit who fought against Asuwang 242 Asuwang the malevolent spirit who fought against Asuwang 242 Aklanon EditImmortals Edit Gamhanan the supreme deity and giver of life security and livelihood lives with many other gods in Mount Daeogdog where he gives life and punishes errant mortals used to have a loyal deer like pet and messenger called Panigotlo which bleated as a sign of abundance to mortals or foretells floods and despairs to alert the people 243 Bululakaw lived in the island s sacred mountain called Madya as 241 Laon a chief goddess 241 Mediators to the Gods Bangutbanwa deity who is prayed to for a good harvests and an orderly universe 241 Mangindalon intercedes for sick persons and punishes enemies 241 Soliran performs marriage ceremonies 241 Solian performs marriage ceremonies 241 Manunubo the good spirit of the sea 241 Mortals Edit Damhanan the hunter who killed Panigotlo the sacred deer like pet of Gamhanan 243 Daeogdog a man with violent temper whose name means thunder married to Mabuot wanted to force a marriage between his daughter Agahon and a man named Maeopig 244 Mabuot a woman who was kind and gentle married to Daeogdog tried to prevent the marriage of Agahon with the hot tempered Maeopig 244 Agahon daughter of Daeogdog and Mabuot said to be as lovely as the dawn was to be married to Maeopig even though she rejected the proposal killed herself before the marriage from her burial grew the mango tree 244 Maeopig suitor of Agahon had an uncontrollable anger and was chosen by Daeogdog to marry his daughter 244 Karay a EditImmortals Edit Maka ako the supreme deity residing on the uppermost level of the cosmic universe s seven layers 245 Alunsina the mother goddess of the Hinilawod epic heroes aided in the battle against Saragnayon 246 Laonsina a sky goddess and grandmother of Nagmalitung Yawa 247 Unnamed Sky God a sky god who prevented Balanakon from traveling to Labaw Donggon s territory 247 Tagna an the creator god and a busalian shaman the most powerful and versatile of all ma aram shamans 245 Hugna an the first man a ma aram shaman and child of Tagna an 245 Humihinahon the first woman a ma aram shaman and child of Tagna an 245 Kapapu an the pantheon of ancestral spirits from whom the supernatural powers of shamans originated from their aid enables specific types of shamans to gush water from rocks leap far distances create oil shields become invisible or pass through solid matter 245 Papu Estrella Bangotbanwa a deified shaman who controlled the forces of nature 245 Sidapa god who establishes a person s lifespan through a very tall tree on Mount Madia as 231 Pandaque god who allows the souls of the dead to enter Mount Madya as the home of the dead if a proper mag anito ritual is held 231 Simuran a god who takes the souls to the lower regions 231 Siginarugan a god who takes the souls to the lower regions 231 Bangle carries the non liquefied soul across the water the way he carries the soul differs depending on the soul s answers to his questions 248 Bagubu deity of the stream which follows after the crossing with Bangle 248 Mortals Edit Labaw Donggon an epic hero who journeyed to many lands 246 Gimbitinan a wife of Labaw Donggon mother of the hero Asu Mangga 246 Anggoy Doronoon a wife of Labaw Donggon mother of the hero Buyung Baranugun 246 Yawa Sinagmaling the wife of the lord Saragnayon Labaw Donggon fell in love with her leading to the battle between Labaw Donggon and Saragnayon 246 Saragnayon husband of Yawa Sinagmaling became a mortal after the wild boar which safeguards his immortality was defeated 246 Asu Mangga hero son of Gimbitinan and Labaw Donggon fought Saragnayon for the release of his father 246 Buyung Baranugun hero son of Anggoy Doronoon and Labaw Donggon fought Saragnayon for the release of his father 246 Humadapnon an epic hero brother of Labaw Donggon and husband of Nagmalitung Yawa 246 aided by an enchanted tree and three messengers birds in the courting of Nagmaliyung Yawa 247 Nagmalitung Yawa a powerful binukot who rescued her husband by transforming herself into a man named Buyung Sunmasakay 246 defeated the thousand army in Tarangban when her mother Matan ayon was in old age a ritual was conducted where Nagmalitung Yawa found out about Humadapnon s promiscuity Matan ayon s powers were transferred to her and she ascended into heaven with the aid of her grandmother Laonsina 247 Malubay Hanginon a powerful binukot who captured and imprisoned by Humadapnon defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa under her male form 246 Paglambuhan a warrior who was keeping the Timpara Alimuon sacred boat in his fortress defeated by Nagmalitung Yawa Humadapnon and Dumalapdap 246 Matan ayon mother of Nagmalitung Yawa thinking that Humadapnon has died makes Nagmalitung Yawa pregnant to compel to her marriage with the revived Paglambuhan Humadapnon later kills the couple but is reunited with the revived Nagmalitung Yawa 246 in the Sugidanon epic she married the reluctant Labaw Donggon 247 Dumalapdap an epic hero brother of Labaw Donggon 246 Tikim Kadlum an enchanted dog that rouses the ire of the monster Makabagting 247 Datu Paiburong owner of Tikim Kadlum 247 Amburukay married to Labaw Donggon after she consented her golden pubic hair to be used in Labaw Donggon s kudyapi 247 Pahagunon an underworld being who abducts one of Labaw Donggon s wife Ayon 247 Ayon abducted by Pahagunon after Labaw Donggon transformed into a sea turtle 247 Giant Crab Master a master who has a giant crab follower who aids in the abduction of one of Labaw Donggon s wives his loyal crab can transform into an island with betel nut trees 247 Sanagnayan a being whose life force is in an egg in a lion s heart the sister of Matan ayon is rescued by Labaw Donggon from Sanagnayan 247 Balanakon prevented by the god of the sky from sailing into Labaw Donggon s territory resulting in a long drawn battle 247 Polpulan father of Marikudo and chief of Panay before the ascension of his son 238 Marikudo the ruler of Panay who welcomed the ten Bornean datus who settled on the island through discussions with Marikudo and his people married to Maniuantiuan and recognized by the ten Bornean datus as their ruler 238 Maniuantiuan the beautiful and graceful wife of Marikudo who negotiated with Pinampang came from a commoner family 238 Mambusay son of Marikudo who first spoke with the ten Bornean datus and hear their plea 238 Makatunao a tyrant ruler whose actions forced the ten Bornean datus to flee to Panay 238 Puti the leader of the ten Bornean datus who fled to Panay returned to Borneo and fought Makatunao 238 Pinampang wife of Puti who negotiated with Maniusntiuan 238 Lumbay one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Bankaya one of the ten Bornean datus settled at Aklan 238 Sumakuel one of the ten Bornean datus settled at Hamtik 238 Damangsil one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Dalugdog one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Paiburong one of the ten Bornean datus settled at Irong Irong 238 Padohinog one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Dumocsol one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Kalengsusu one of the ten Bornean datus 238 Suludnon Panay Bukidnon EditImmortals Edit Tungkung Langit the supreme deity and the most powerful male Diwata he is of unknown origin coming from somewhere foreign to the other beings of the Sulod pantheon 249 Assistants of Tungkung Langit Bangun Bangun the deity of universal time who regulates cosmic movements 249 Pahulangkug the deity who changes the seasons 249 Ribung Linti the deity of lightning and thunderstorms 249 Sumalongsong the deity of the rivers and seas 249 Santonil vo the deity of good graces 249 Munsad Burulakaw the deity who has direct power over men most respected and feared in the upperworld 249 Bayi one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things caught the primordial earthworm and gave birth to the wild animals that inhabit the earth 250 Laki one of the two primordial giants who appeared out of nowhere and were responsible for the creation of many things 250 Primordial Earthworm an ancient earthworm who excreted the earth after it was caught by the primordial giantess Bayi 250 The Three Brothers Watching Over the Soul Mangganghaw keeps track over man s affairs immediately after marriage keeps track of pregnancy he is the first to come to the house of a laboring mother peeping in the houses to see the child being born which he then reports to Manglaegas 251 Manglaegas enters the house to look for the child to make sure the infant was born alive then reports to Patag aes 251 Patag aes awaits until midnight then enters the house to have a conversation with the living infant if he discovers someone is eavesdropping he will choke the child to death their conversation creates the fate of the child on how long the child wants to live and how the child will eventually die where the child will always get to choose the answers once done Patag aes takes out his measuring stick computes the child s life span and then departs sealing the child s fate 251 Bangla e ferries the souls across Lim awaen a deep lake in the underworld asks the soul how many spouses it had on earth where the soul is ferried and talked to differently depending on the answer and the gender of the soul the soul cannot lie to Bangla e as he will summon the tuma a body louse and the incarnation of the soul s conscience 251 Unnamed God another god that asks questions to the soul 251 Balagu guards the bridge of a stream called Himbarawen asks the same question as Bangla e to the soul 251 Cuyonon and Agutaynen EditImmortals Edit Diwata ng Kagubatan goddess of the forest honored on top of Mount Caimana in Cuyo island 252 Neguno the god of the sea that cursed a selfish man by turning him into the first shark 253 Pala wan Palawano EditImmortals Edit Empuq the supreme deity lord and owner the creator of all things in the world 254 also referred as Ampu the master who wove the world and created several kinds of humanity hence he is also called Nagsalad the weaver he is a protective watching presence who lives in his abode Andunawan 255 Diwata benevolent and protective deity who stays in the median space called Lalangaw the mediator between humans and the supreme deity 255 Beljan the spirits of all beljan shamans able to travel to the vertical universe divided into fourteen different layers in order to heal the world and to re establish cosmic balance 254 also referred to as Balyan 255 Lenggam demon like beings of the forest who act as the caretakers of poisonous and biting animals such as scorpions and snakes 254 also called Langgam or Saytan they can be harmful to humans but also benevolent bringers of inspiration and knowledge 255 Ampu at Paray the master of rice 255 Linamin at Barat the lady goddess of the monsoon winds 255 Linamin at Bulag the lady goddess of the dry season 255 Upu Kuyaw the grandfather god of thunder 255 Batak EditImmortals Edit Maguimba the god in the remotests times lived among the people having been summoned by a powerful babaylan shaman provided all the necessities of life as well as all cures for illnesses has the power to bring the dead back to life 256 Diwata a benevolent god who provides for the needs of women and men and gives out rewards for good deeds 256 Angoro a deity who lives in Basad a place beyond this world where the souls find out whether they will enter the heavens called Lampanag or be cast into the depths of Basad 256 Deities of Strength Siabuanan 256 Bankakah 256 Paraen 256 Buengelen 256 Baybayen 256 Batungbayanin spirit of the mountains 256 Paglimusan spirit of the small stones 256 Balungbunganin spirit of the almaciga trees 256 Sulingbunganin spirit of the big rocks 256 Esa an ancestor whose movements created the landscapes which he named during a hunting journey with his dogs who were after wild pigs 257 Baybay the goddess and master of rice who originated from Gunay Gunay the edge of the universe married to Ungaw 258 Ungaw the god and master of bees who originated from Gunay Gunay the edge of the universe married to Baybay 258 Panya en mystic entities who control certain wild trees and various animals 258 Kiudalan in charge of forest pigs 258 Napantaran in charge of forest pigs 258 Tagbanwa EditImmortals Edit Mangindusa also referred as Nagabacaban the highest ranking deity who lives in Awan awan the region beyond the Langit the god of the heavens and the punisher of crime 259 also referred as Magindusa the deity who gives humans their true souls called the kyaraluwa at birth through the nose of the baby emerging from the vulva never descends from Awan awan he is depicted as sitting and swinging back and forth in a bintayawan 260 Bugawasin wife of Mangindusa 260 Dibuwatanin the messengers of Mangindusa 260 Tungkuyanin deity who sits on the edge of this sky cover with his feet dangling into the universe also sits looking down at the earth if he were to raise his head and look up he would fall into the nothingness 260 Magrakad a god found at exactly noontime on the other side of the sun gives the warmth which sustains life and when the people are ill carries away sickness 260 Bangkay spirits of the cloud region called Dibuwat spirits of the people who have been killed by violence poison or those who died in giving birth 260 Bulalakaw also called Diwata kat Dibuwat they fly travel throughout the cloud regions to help the people 260 Polo the benevolent god of the sea whose help is invoked during times of illness 259 Sedumunadoc the god of the earth whose favor is sought in order to have a good harvest 259 Tabiacoud the god of the underworld in the deep bowels of the earth 259 Diwata Kat Sidpan a deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan 261 controls the rains 260 Diwata Kat Libatan a deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan 261 controls the rain 260 Tumangkuyun wash and keep clean the trunks of the two sacred cardinal trees in Sidpan and Babatan by using the blood of those who have died in epidemics the blood he uses causes the colors of the sunrise and sunset 260 Amyan the hot dry northeast winds 260 Diwata katamyan invoked when the wet period lasts too long and these Amyan hot dry winds are needed 260 Salakap the spirits of epidemic sickness which arrive on earth through the northwest winds initially were humans who were forced thru a discriminatory decree or through their comrade s trick to consume either the feces or flesh of a dead human which turned them into Salakap 260 Tumungkuyan leaders of the Salakap who paint tree trunks the support the sky using the blood of the epidemic dead 260 Sumurutun captain of the outrigger which transports the dead to Kiyabusan 260 Fuku deity of smallpox 260 Lumalayag warriors who challenge and fight the Salakap 260 Tandayag a deity who lives in Kiyabusan sent by the supreme deity to live with the Salakap in order to prevent them from sailing except during the northeast winds as per an agreement between the Salakap and the supreme deity 260 Taliyakud chief god of the underworld who tends a fire between two tree trunks asks the souls of the dead questions where the soul s louse acts as the conscience that answers the questions truthfully if the soul is wicked it is pitched and burned but if it is good it passes on to a happier place with abundant food 262 Diwata general term for deities they created the first man made from earth and gave him the elements of fire the flint like stones iron and tinder as well as rice and most importantly rice wine which humans could use to call the deities and the spirits of their dead 260 Surigaonon EditImmortals Edit God of Animals the deity of animals who allowed the creatures to speak but forbade them from dancing when a king heard of an island filled with dogs he ordered a captain to get some of them the captain ordered the dogs which they did angering the god of animals who struck their ship with lightning killing the captain and turning the dogs and ship into an island called Tagbayanga which now protects the town of Pilar from strong winds and waves 263 Mount Diwata Deities a group of deities diwata at the Diwata Mountains whose privacy was subjugated by the noise created by the hornbills kalaw the oldest among them used her wooden staff and tapped in on the ground three times which made their home flew up and became the island of Camiguin a crater was left which became Lake Mainit 263 Pikit Octopus a small octopus at the Pikit river who was raised by the fivider Sario until grew massive inflicted illness to anyone who it has stung when Sario died the octopus left the river 263 Rizal a culture hero who in the future will return to aid his people in their struggle 57 Mortals Edit Sario a diviner who raised the giant octopus in the Pikit river 263 Mamanwa EditImmortals Edit Tahaw supreme deity who is give prayers of supplications and petitions 264 True deity of the forest and herder of hunting animals 264 Subanon EditImmortals Edit Diwata Magbabaya the supreme deity and creator of heaven and earth 265 also referred to as Diwata sa Langit who lives in the sky 1 also referred as Bathala can turn anyone into stone through his lightning 263 Palmot one of trusted heavenly messenger of the supreme deity an angel 265 Tagma sa Dagat the god of the sea 1 Tagma sa Yuta the god of the earth 1 Tagma sa Manguabungud the god of the woods 1 Tagma sa uba the god of the rivers 1 Tagma sa langit the god who protects the sick 1 Jobrael also called Jobraim son of a human and a supernatural stayed on earth for a thousand years and was taken back to heaven by Palmot after he failed to raise the divine kettle provided by the supreme deity 265 Mortals Edit Son of Jobrael was to be taken back to heaven seven years after his father Jobrael was called back retained his earthly status due to a seven year plan initiated by his wife 265 Wife of Jobrael s Son devised the creation of the entire buklog rituals and its instruments resulting to her husband s permanent residence on earth 265 Gomotan Raja an ancient leader who settled at the banks of Lapuyan river 265 Gomotan Sangira an ancient leader who settled in Megusan 265 Palaganding son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Rainding a brave and proficient swordsman 265 Rainding son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Palaganding a brave and proficient swordsman 265 Gomeed son of Gomotan Sangira a brave and proficient swordsman 265 Bulaw daughter of Gomotan Sangira a brave and proficient swordswoman 265 Rajah Humabon a Subanon who migrated to Cebu and became a ruler there 228 Manuvu EditImmortals Edit Manama the supreme deity also referred as Sigalungan meaning all seeing created the diwatas to assist him in creation created the earth from his fingernail scrapings 266 Assistants in Manama s creation all were given katusan precognition and power their bodies were life fingernails smooth and shiny and only their joints have skin 266 Pammaong na Diwata 266 Paong na Katusan 266 Panayangan 266 Tumanud 266 Anitu 266 Ogassi brother of Manama incorporated abaca strans into the clay that would become humans causing mankind s mortality 8 Bukidnon EditImmortals Edit Diwata na Magbabaya simply referred as Magbabaya the good supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man created the earth and the first eight elements namely bronze gold coins rock clouds rain iron and water using the elements he also created the sea sky moon and stars also known as the pure god who wills all things one of three deities living in the realm called Banting 267 holds up the serpent deities Intumbangol so they won t fall off the world 268 also referred to as Bathala Dadanhayan ha Sugay the evil lord from whom permission is asked depicted as the evil deity with a human body and ten heads that continuously drools sticky saliva which is the source of all waters one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting 267 Agtayabun the adviser and peace maker deity with a hawk like head wings and a human body tempers the heads of Diwata na Magbabaya and Dadanhayan ha Sugay whenever the two argue one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting where he holds the other two in a suspending fashion while maintaining the balanace of Banting the beating of his wings produce the wind 267 Incantus six of the seven original figures initially created by the three supreme deities became guardian spirits and divinities when they were finished by Dadanhayan ha Sugay they are both good and evil but they take care of nature and will give its fruits if given respect through offerings if offended they can send droughts flood pestilence or sickness 267 Talagbugta look after the soil 267 Ibabagsuk take care of nature and grow plants 267 Bulalakaw guards the water and all the creatures living in it 267 Mamelig watch over the forest 267 Lalawig watch over the bees and honey 267 Mamahandi guards over the material wealth that men acquire 267 First Human one of the seven original figures created by the three supreme deities became the first human when finished by Diwata na Magbabaya endowed with intelligence and entrusted with the Haldan ta Paraiso 267 Magbabaya general general term for the gods of the universe living at the points where the world s concavities meet usually referred simply to the supreme deity named Diwata na Magbabaya 268 Intumbangol a pair of serpent deities who support the earth from the underworld one is male the other female their movement causes earthquakes their breathing causes winds and their panting causes violent storms 268 Miyaw Biyaw the deity who breathes the makatu soul into humans at birth 267 Andalapit leads the soul from the banquet in Kumbirahan into the foot of Mount Balatucan where the gods of the seas are assembled to judge the soul 8 Mangilala god of temptation that haunts the seventh tier of the underworld brother of Magbabaya who he aided in the creation of humans although when Mangilala breathed into the figures humans became tempted to evil things 8 Assistants of Magbabaya Domalongdong god of the north wind 1 Ognaaling god of the south wind 1 Tagaloambung god of the east wind 1 Magbaya god of the west wind 1 Agents of Magbabaya Tagumbanwa guardian of the fields 1 Ibabasag goddess of pregnant women 1 Ipamahandi goddess of accidents 1 Pamahandi protector of carabaos and horses 1 Tao sa sulup god of material goods 1 Tigbas god of good government 1 Busao god of calamity 1 Talagbusao bloodthirsty god of war 1 Camiguin a mountain goddess who lived peacefully until the noisy kalaw disturbed her sank and established Lake Mainit and rose to sea moving westward until she became the island of Camiguin 263 Python of Pusod Hu Dagat the gigantic python living at the center of the sea caused a massive flood when it coiled its body at sea Mortals Edit Agyu subdued the Intumbangol 268 Tuluyan son of Agyu who gave him the source of traditional authority called Takalub composed of the boar tusk bracelet Baklaw and the black stick Gilling which gave its owner Kalaki talent and power to settle disputes 263 Gahemen a widow who survived the flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat 263 Teheban son of Gahemen after the great flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat 263 Pabulusen son of Gahemen and Teheban his people became keepers of power 263 A ayawa en son of Gahemen and Teheban his people became keepers of religious customs 263 Tataun en son of Gahemen and Teheban his people often experienced hunger 263 Bala ol brother of Mampolompon survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon 263 Mampolompon brother of Bala ol survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon 263 Tibolon survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon 263 Managdau survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon 263 Higaonon EditImmortals Edit Halangdong Magbabaya the supreme deity 269 simply referred as Magbabaya the creator of all things 270 Diwata became a friend of the carpenter David 270 Limokan a pigeon who when cooed at ensures a bountiful harvest 270 Ibabasok the good spirit of the harvest 270 Mortals Edit Datu Indulum formulated the laws of Mt Sinakungan 270 David a carpenter who gained the ability to design and make houses after he buried a shining stone from the body of a huge spider into his muscles 270 Talaandig EditImmortals Edit Magbabaya the supreme deity 271 the sinebugan ritual is offered to the deity for the protection of those who enter the forest 272 Dadagunan hu Suguy deity who guards of the lawn of the house 271 Anilaw ha Sumagda deity who guards the door 271 Sinyuda Kahibunan deity who keeps the hall 271 Diwata ha Manilib deity who records the activity of people inside the house 271 Diwata Pinatanlay deity who guards the house at the ridge of the roof 271 Lalawag deity who safeguards wild pigs 272 Mangumanay deity who safeguards wild chickens 272 Mangusal deity who safeguards the honeybees the palayag ritual is performed to honor the deity 272 Bulalakaw deity who safeguards the creatures in the rivers the lalayon ritual is offered to the deity 272 Manobo EditImmortals Edit Tagbusan the supreme deity who rules over the destinies of all other gods and mortals 1 Dagau the goddess of creation living at the world s four pillars established the world according to the version from Argawan and Hibung rivers when human blood is spilled upon the face of the earth she makes the great python wrap itself around the pillars creating earthquakes 273 Makalindung the god of creation who set up the world on iron posts lives in the center with a python created the world according to the version from around Talakogan in Agusan valley 273 Unnamed deities in a third version of the creation myth the world is a giant mushroom and unnamed deities are said to shake its core when angered by humans 273 Ibu the goddess who rulers over the land of the dead where under her governance there are no worries or troubles and souls in the underworld continue to eat work and marry 273 Diwata a group of divinities that shamans call to for signs of the future 1 Umli divinities who assist mortals with help from the Diwata 1 Pamdiya divinities who have purview over war initiate war 1 Panaiyung divinities who have purview over madness force madness upon men 1 Agkui divinities who have purview over sexual excess 1 Tagbayaw the goddess that incites incest and adultery in mortals 1 Sugudun also called Sugujun the god of hunters and trappers 1 Apila the god of wrestling and sports 1 Kakiadan the goddess of rice 1 Taphagan the goddess of the harvest who guards rice in the granary 1 Anit also called Anitan the guardian of the thunderbolt 1 Inaiyau the god of storms 1 Tagbanua the god of rain 1 Umouiri the god of clouds 1 Libtakan the god of sunrise sunset and good weather 1 Yumud the god of water 1 Manduyapit the god who ferries departed souls across the red river before going to the afterworld 1 Datu Ali Mampuroc a hero who fought the Spanish and became a deity his reincarnation Mampuroc is a shaman hero who is said to one day return to the people to aid them in their struggle based on a historical person 57 Mandaya EditImmortals Edit Unnamed Woman the woman who pressed the earth creating mountains 268 Primordial Eel a great eel whose back holds the earth its movements cause earthquakes if crabs and small animals annoy it 268 Mansaka EditImmortals Edit Taganlang the creator god who has a helper bird named Oribig 274 also called Magbabaya the creator of mankind 275 Oribig the celestial helper bird of Taganlang flew to the far corner of the universe under the behest of Taganlang to get soil which became the materials used by Taganlang to create earth 274 Kalagan EditMortals Edit Kawlan an epic hero and baylan shaman who defeated the monster Datu Waytiyap husband of Bodi 263 Ibang father of Kawlan a gifted baylan shaman 263 Salma mother of Kawlan 263 Datu Waytiyap a giant monster who can shapeshift into a human leader defeated by Kawlan 263 Father of Bodi an old man who rescued Kawland from a monster monkey 263 Bodi wife of Kawlan 263 Datu of the East entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the West worked in the morning allowed the other datu to gain more from harvest season due to the afternoon heat 263 Datu of the West entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the East worked in the afternoon requested to have more share from the harvest due to the afternoon heat 263 Bagobo EditImmortals Edit Pamulak Manobo supreme deity and creator of the world including the land sea and the first humans throws water from the sky causing rain while his spit are the showers 276 controls good harvest rain wind life and death in some myths the chief deity is simply referred as the male deity Diwata 1 Melu another name of the supreme deity who created humans aided by his brother Fun Tao Tana 8 Manama another name of the supreme deity who created the world and human beings 263 Fun Tao Tana aided Melu in the creation of humans put on the noses of humans upside down which Melu corrected 8 Assistants of Pamulak Manobo Tigyama the god of protection 1 visited Lumabet which resulted in the hero s journey 263 Malaki t ohu A wig the hero who destroyed sickness 1 Tarabumo deity for whom the rice ceremony is held 1 Panayaga the god of brass casters 1 Abog the god of hunters 1 Tonamaling a deity who may be benevolent or malevolent 1 Lumbat a divinity of the skyworld who became a diwata when the chief deity cut out his intestines eventually became the greatest of all Diwata 1 Diwata general a class of deities also a name associated with the chief deity 1 Salamiwan 1 Ubnuling 1 Tiun 1 Biat odan 1 Biakapusad an Langit 1 Kadeyuna 1 Makali Lunson 1 Tolus ka balakat the dweller of the ritual hanger 1 Unnamed Gods gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds while the sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow 276 Unnamed Divinities each realm in the skyrealms are ruled by a lesser divinity 277 Darago god of warriors married to Mandarangan 8 Mandarangan god of warriors married to Darago resides at Mount Apo s summit human sacrifices to him are rewarded with health valor in war and success in the pursuit of wealth 8 Mebuyan the underworld goddess who governs Banua Mebuyan a special place reserved for children who died at their mother s breast she nourishes the souls of dead infants until they no longer need nursing 8 Taragomi the god of crops 1 Tolus ka Gomanan the god of smiths 1 Bait Pandi the goddess of weavers who taught women weaving 1 Sky Goddess the sky herself debated with Lumabet until an agreement was reached so that Lumabet and his people may enter the sky except for the last man 263 Lumabet a hero who guided his people into the sky where they became immortals 263 Father of Lumabet was cut into many pieces many times under Lumabet s order until he became a small child 263 Tagalion son of Lumabet and searched for his father in Lumabet s abode underground aided by white bees in finding his father in the sky 263 Eels of Mount Apo two giant eels where one went east and arrived at sea begetting all the eels of the world the other went west and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo 263 Toglai one of the two ancestors of mankind became a spirit after death 22 Toglibon one of the two ancestors of mankind became a spirit after death 22 Limocan a venerated omen bird who warned a chief about the dangers during the rescue of the chief s kidnapped daughter 278 Mortals Edit Lakivot a giant civet who pursued the flowers of gold guarded by the one eyed ogassi and witches called busaw turned into a young man after his eyebrows were shaved 263 Girl Companion of Lakivot requested Lakivot to bring the flowers of gold which later resulted into their marriage 263 Blaan EditImmortals Edit Melu the creator deity whose teeth are pure gold and whose skin is pure white created humans with the god Tau Tana 8 Tau Tana created humans with the god Melu amidst a great argument put people s noses upside down a mistake corrected by Melu 8 also called Tau Dalom Tana 263 Tasu Weh creator of humans in another myth where humans had male sexual organs on one knee and female sexual organs on the other 279 Fiu Weh the god who created modern humans by separating the sexual organs 279 also called Fiuwe 263 Sawe goddess who joined Melu to live in the world 280 Diwata goddess who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky 280 Baswit a primordial bird who lived on the first island as small as a hat called Salnaon by the order of the gods it brought earth a fruit of rattan and fruits of trees to Melu who used the materials to create the world 263 Fon Kayoo spirit of the trees 280 Fon Eel spirit of water 280 Fon Batoo spirit of rocks and stones 280 Tau Dalom Tala spirit who lives in the underworld 280 Loos Klagan the most feared deity uttering his name is considered a curse 280 Mortals Edit Adnato the first man 263 Adwani the first woman 263 Tapi child of Adnato and Adwani 263 Lakarol child of Adnato and Adwani 263 Descendants of Tapi and Lakarol Sinudal 263 Moay 263 Limbay 263 Madinda 263 Sinnamoway 263 Kamansa 263 Gilay 263 Gomayau 263 Salau 263 Slayen 263 Baen 263 Kanial 263 Latara 263 T boli EditImmortals Edit Bulon La Mogoaw one of the two supreme deities married to Kadaw La Sambad lives in the seventh layer of the universe 281 Kadaw La Sambad one of the two supreme deities married to Bulon La Mogoaw lives in the seventh layer of the universe 281 Cumucul son of the supreme deities has a cohort of fire a sword and shield married to Boi Kafil 281 Boi Kafil daughter of the supreme deities married to Cumucul 281 Bong Libun daughter of the supreme deities married to S fedat could not bear children 281 S fedat son of the supreme deities married to Bong Libun could not bear children asked Bong Libun to instead kill him where his body became the land on which plants spout from 281 D wata son of the supreme deities married to both Sedek We and Hyu We placed the land body of S fedat onto the sea 281 Sedek We daughter of the supreme deities married to D wata 281 Hyu We daughter of the supreme deities married to D wata 281 Blotik son of the supreme deities married to S lel 281 S lel daughter of the supreme deities married to Blotik 281 B lomi daughter of the supreme deities married to Mule 281 Mule son of the supreme deities married to B lomi 281 Loos K lagan son of the supreme deities married both La Fun and Datu B noling 281 La Fun daughter of the supreme deities married to Loos K lagan 281 Datu B noling daughter of the supreme deities married to Loos K lagan 281 Children of D wata and Hyu We L tik 281 B langa 281 Temo Lus 281 T dolok 281 Ginton 281 L mugot M ngay 281 Fun Bulol 281 the owner of wild animals 282 Children of D wata and Sedek We Kayung 281 Slew 281 S mbleng 281 Nagwawang 281 Nga Hule 281 S ntan 281 Fu spirits that inhabit and own the natural environment 283 Fu El the spirit of water 283 Fu El Melel the spirit of the river 283 D wata general the general term for the gods 284 guard lives and determine fate and destiny 283 Fu Dalu the goddess of the abaca speak and guide weavers on how to create patterns and designs which are remembered in dreams 285 Muhen a bird god of fate whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen sing 286 Glinton the god of metalwork 286 Teduray Tiruray EditImmortals Edit Tulus referred as the Great Spirit who was neither male nor female and created all things including the forest those that we see such as humans and those that we can t see such as spirits from mud created and re created humans four times first due to the non existence of humans second due to birthing issues the third due to Lageay Lengkuos s initiation of the ascending of mankind into the Great Spirit s realm which resulted into the absence of humans on earth and the last due to another initiation of mankind s ascending to the sky world which made the same effect as the third 287 another name for Meketefu but also a general term used to apply to the highest deity in each of the layers of the upper regions 288 Minaden creator of mankind which was made from mud creator of the earth put at the middle of daylight provided mankind with their clothes and languages her house welcomes living women who managed to arrive in the upper most level of the upper worlds 288 Meketefu the unapproachable brother of Minaden also called Tulus he corrected the sexual organs and noses of mankind gave one group of people the monkey clothing which can turn anyone into monkeys while gave another group bows and arrows 288 Monkey Leader also called Little Moneky he is a culture hero who went to Tulus to intercede for his people which resulted in his group to ascend the upper regions two non believer of his group were left on earth but he returned to give them earth and a piece of iron which extended from earth to sky which became the source of all iron 288 Biaku the magic bird who furnished the clothes and beads initiated by Minaden when a neighboring people attacked the Teduray to take wealth Biaku fled 288 Metiatil married to the hero Lageay Lengkuos 288 also referred to as Metiyatil Kenogan 289 Lageay Lengkuos the greatest of heroes and a shaman beliyan who made the earth and forests the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans inverted the directions where east became west inverted the path of the sun and made the water into land and land into water 288 also known as Lagey Lengkuwos was impressed by the beauty of the region where the Great Spirit lives and decided to take up his people there to live with the Great Spirit leaving earth without humans 287 Matelegu Ferendam son of Lageay Lengkuos and Metiatil although in some tales he was instead birthed by Metiatil s necklace Tafay Lalawan instead 289 Lageay Seboten a poor breechcloth wearing culture hero who carried a basket of camote and followed by his pregnant wife made a sacred pilgrimage to Tulus and awaits the arrival of a Teduray who would lead his people 288 Mo Sugala father of Legeay Seboten who did not follow his son loved to hunt with his dogs and became a man eater living in a cave Saitan evil spirits brought by foreign priests 288 Guru leader of the Bolbol a group of humans who can change into birds or whose spirits can fly at night to hunt humans 288 Damangias a spirit who would test righteous people by playing tricks on them 289 Male Beliyan Shamans Endilayag Belala 289 Endilayag Kerakam 289 Lagey Bidek Keroon 289 Lagey Fegefaden 289 Lagey Lindib Lugatu 289 Lagey Titay Beliyan 289 Omolegu Ferendam 289 Female Beliyan Shamans Kenogon Enggulon 289 Bonggo Solo Delemon 289 Kenogon Sembuyaya 289 Kenogon Dayafan 289 Bonggo Matir Atir 289 Kenogon Enggerayur 289 Segoyong guardians of the classes of natural phenomena punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards many of them specialize in a class which can be water trees grasses caves behind waterfalls land caves snakes fire nunuk trees deers and pigs 288 there were also Segoyang of bamboo rice and rattan caretakers of various aspects of nature 287 Segoyong of Land Caves take the form of a feared snake known a humanity s grandparent cannot be killed for he is the twin of the first people who was banished for playfully roughly with his sibling 288 Segoyong of Pigs takes its share of butterflies in the forest feared during night hunts 288 Segoyong of Deers can change humans into deers and man eaters feared during night hunts 288 Segoyong of Sickness sends sickness to humans because in the early years humans were not nice to him talking about him is forbidden and if one should refer to him a special sign of surrender is conducted 288 Woman at Bonggo the woman at Bonggo who gathers the spirits at the land of the dead in the sky keeps the spirit of the body 288 Woman beyond Bonggo the woman beyond Bonggo who keeps the spirit of the umbilical cord 288 Brother of Tulus lives in the highest abode in the land of the dead where those who died in battle reside 288 Maginalao beings of the upper regions who can aid someone to go up in the upper worlds without dying where usually a female aids a person first followed by her brother they sometimes come to earth to aid the poor and the suffering 288 Giant of Chasms the first one to guard the chasms between the layers of the upper regions a man eating giant 288 Spirit of Lightning and Thunder advises humans about good and bad to not tease animals and to respect elders and ancestors 288 Spirit Who Turns Earth into Water advises humans about good and bad to not tease animals and to respect elders and ancestors 288 One Who Forces the Truth 288 One of Oratory 288 Settlers of the Mountains each of the eight layers of the upper regions have eight spirits referred as Settlers of the Mountains they are four men and four women who are appealed to for pity in order to get to the highest ranking spirit in a layer 288 Spirit of the Stars a spirit higher in rank than the Settlers of the Mountains 288 Spirit of the Umbilical Cord the woman beside the deity Meketefu Tulus hardest to get pity from as the people were once unkind to her 288 Malang Batunan a giant who had a huge house keep the souls of any false shamans from passing through the region of the Great Spirit 287 Major constellation deities six constellations asked by the hero Lagey Lingkuwus to remain in the sky to aid in the people s farming 290 Fegeferafad the leader of the constellations actual name is Keluguy the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu Baka and Seretar shaped like a human the deity has a headcloth and chicken wings on his head symbolizing courage 290 Kufukufu one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures 290 Baka one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures 290 Seretar one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures 290 Singkad spouse of Kenogon another fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu Baka and Seretar 290 Kenogon spouse of Singkad has a comb which is always near Singkad 290 Mortals Edit Flood Couple after the great flood a Teduray boy and Dulungan girl survived and married their offspring who took after their father became the Teduray while those who took after their mother became the Dulungan who were later absorbed by the Manobo 288 Mamalu an ancestor of the Teduray the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith brother of Tambunaoway ancestor of the Maguindanao 288 Tambunaoway an ancestor of the Maguindanao the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith brother of Mamalu ancestor of the Teduray 288 First Humans the first couple s child died and from the infant s body sprouted various plants and lime 288 Pounding Woman a woman who was pounding rice one day that she hit the sky with her pestle which shamed the sky causing it to go higher 288 Alagasi giant humans from western lands who eat smaller humans 288 Tigangan giants who take corpses and transform these corpse into whatever they want to eat 288 Siring dwarfs of the nunuk trees 288 Maguindanao EditImmortals Edit Supreme Being the supreme deity who is far way and so lesser divinities and spirits hear people s prayers instead was also later called as Allah by Muslim converts 291 Malaykat each person is protected by these angelic beings from illness they also guide people in work making humans active diligent and good they do not talk nor borrow a voice from humans and they don t treat sick persons 291 Tunung spirits who live in the sky water mountain or trees listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium protects humans from sickness and crops from pests 291 Cotabato Healer Monkey a monkey who lived near a pond outside Cotabato city it heals those who touch it and those who give it enough offerings 291 Patakoda a giant stallion whose presence at the Pulangi river is an omen for an unfortunate event 263 Datu na Gyadsal the chief adversary who was also later called as Satan by Muslim converts 291 also called as Iblis by Muslim converts offering are given to this spirit to appease and prevent it from performing calamities 292 Saitan possessing spirits 291 Spirit of the Rainbow a spirit who may cut the finger of those who use their index finger to point at the rainbow 291 Jinn a group of celestial beings 292 Bantugen an epic hero god and the god of forefathers who the masses look up to and trust 291 Leping the twin spirit of an infant 291 Apo anestral spirits who take the role of intermediaries who overcome evil spirits 291 Pagari also called Inikadowa the twin spirit who is sometimes in the form of a crocodile if a person is possessed by them the person will attain the gift of healing 291 Mortals Edit Tarabusao a half man half horse giant monster who rules Mindanao and feasted on male human flesh which caused many to escape into the island of Mantapuli beheaded by Skander 263 Skander the ruler of Mantapuli and an epic hero who went on a quest to slay the monster Tarabusao 263 Bai Labi Mapanda the fairest lady of Mantapuli who is married to Skander 263 Kalanganan Kapre a good giant who provided the people of Kalanganan I with security guarding them against bad elements eventually left Kalanganan when his home near the Pulangi river was cut down due to a surge in human population 263 Rajah Indarapatra brother of Rajah Solayman gave his ring and sword called Jurul Pakal to his brother who went on a quest to defeat the monsters in Maguindanao also planted a tree which would only die if Rajah Solayman dies searched for his brother who he revived using heaven sent waters at Mount Gurayn he afterwards went into his own quest where he slayed a seven headed monster he eventually returned to Mantapoli 263 Rajah Solayman brother of Rajah Indarapatra went on a quest to defeat various monsters slayed Kurita Tarabusar and Pah but died when Pah s weight crushed him revived when Rajah Indarapatra poured heaven sent waters onto his bones where afterwards Rajah Solayman returned to Mantapoli 263 Kurita an amphibious animal with several limbs and lived on land and sea haunts Mount Kabalalan and slayed by Rajah Solayman 263 sometimes depicted as an octopus 291 Tarabusar a humongous human like creature who lived in Mount Matutum slayed by Rajah Solayman 263 Pah a bird of prey as big as a house and whose wings caused darkness on the ground lives in Mount Bita and slayed by Rajah Solayman at Mount Gurayn 263 Monster of Mount Gurayn a seven headed monster at Mount Gurayn who was slayed by Rajah Indarapatra 263 Wife of Rajah Indarapatra daughter of a local ruler who hid in a cave due to the number of monsters in Maguindanao married to Rajah Indarapatra and gave birth to their children they were entrusted to her father the local ruler after Rajah Indarapatra returned to Mantapoli 263 Tambunaoway an ancestor of the Maguindanao the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith brother of Mamalu ancestor of the Teduray 288 Mamalu an ancestor of the Teduray the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith brother of Tambunaoway ancestor of the Maguindanao 288 Maranao EditImmortals Edit Tohan the supreme deity who is perfect having no defect can cause and stop earthquakes and pestilence later also called as Allah by Muslim converts 293 Sun Deity divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man angels serve as his charioteers 293 Moon Deity divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman angels serve as her charioteers 293 Jinn beings who live in the atmosphere which serves as a buffer zone between the skyworld and the earth called Oraonan a Lantoy known for possessing a garden of flowers and vegetables 293 Walain sa Letingan the princess goddess living in a skyworld region called Magoyeda a Selegen 294 Papanok sa Aras children who died prematurely and were transformed into birds of paradise living in the skyworld region called Sorga 293 Houris heavenly maidens blessed with eternal beauty and perpetual virginity 295 Lumpong a large animal who carries the earth accompanied by a small shrimp that sometimes claws on the earth holder from time to time causing the phenomena of earthquakes 296 Sakar a monster in the underworld where disrespectful children are trapped in its belly 293 Walain Katolosan the goddess who owns the amulet Sikag a Makaombaw 293 Tonong divine spirits who often aid heroes often lives in nonok trees seas lakes and the sky realm 293 Apo benign tornado and waterspout spirits a classification of tonong they are the ancestral spirits tasked to kill or drive away evil spirits 293 Sakit maligant harmful spirits responsible for diseases a classification of tonong 293 Saitan malignant possessing spirits a classification of tonong 293 Inikadowa the benign spirit double or guardian of a person who is with the person when the baby is born a classification of tonong the placenta is their manifestation 293 Tolos a class of tonong who inhabit the sky realms prayed to especially in times of battle and protection for quests referred to as gods 293 Pinatola a Tonong the ancestor of all unseen benevolent spirits a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile at sea a garuda in air and a giant on land a guardian spirit of Diwata Ndaw Gibon 293 Pinatoli i Kilid a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile the guardian spirit of the king of Bemberan Diwata Ndaw Gibon clashed with Ladalad a Madali grandson of Gibon later gave valuable information to Madali during the battle of Madali and Pirimbingan Madali was aided by Pinatoli i Kilid against Pirimbingan s spirit guardian Magolaing sa Ragat 293 Magolaing sa Ragat a tonong of the enchantress Walain Pirimbangan took the form of a gigantic crocodile 293 Sikag a Makaombaw the intelligent and independent tonong spirit living within the Sikag a Makaombaw amulet regarded as the most powerful amulet of all due to its ability to grant its wielder authority over all tonong 293 Salindagaw Masingir a tonong of the hero Awilawil o Ndaw acts as the guardian spirit of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan 293 Walain sa Lekepen a goddess courted by the hero Bantogen 293 Diwata ko sa Magaw spirit of destruction a tolos or deity 293 Mino aw a Minepen powerful spirit of the sky a tolos or deity 293 Naga dragons who repel evil spirits a specific huge Naga is said to encircle the world 293 Sarimanok sacred omen birds 293 Arimaonga a giant lion who causes lunar eclipses 293 Gabriel an angel who reported to the supreme deity the overpopulation of the kingdom of Mantapoli which resulted in its transfer and the creation of Lake Lanao 293 Malakal Maut the angel of death takes the souls of someone after three to seven days from the falling of the person s leaf from the sacred Sadiarathul Montaha tree in the realm called Sorga appears either a handsome prince or a grotesque monsters depending if the soul he is getting comed from a sinner or a virtuous person punishes the souls of sinners until final judgment while lifting up the souls of the good onto heaven 293 Tonong of Lake Lanao there are many tonong of Lake Lanao who are invoked during certain rituals such as the kashawing rice ritual 293 Taraka 293 Babowa 293 Mipesandalan of Masiu 293 Mortals Edit Aya Diwata Mokom sa Kaadiong a Lopa father of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen a half tonong and a half human 293 Daromoyod an Olan mother of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen a half jinn and a half human 293 Rulers of the Three Main Kingdoms from the Darangen all three are siblings 293 Diwata Ndaw Gibon a semi divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Iliyan a Bembaran which was a favord abode of the tonong had two sons with his head wife Aya Panganay Bai and a total of five daughters from five other wives 293 Awilawil o Ndaw a semi divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan 293 Dalondong a Mimbantas a semi divine hero ruled the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong which possessed the enchanted river Pagayawan that refuses to flow without the presence of thunder 293 Aya Panganay Bai married to Diwata Ndaw Gibon who she has two sons came from a place known as Minango aw a Ronong 293 Tominaman sa Rogong firstborn son of Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai succeeded his father as ruler of Iliyan a Bembaran 293 Magondaya Boisan secondborn son Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai expanded the kingdom of Bembaran together with his brother king Tominaman sa Rogong 293 Pasandalan a Rogong son of Tominaman sa Rogong 293 Bantogen son of Tominaman sa Rogong he courted the goddess Walain sa Lekepen and was assumed missing by his people leading to a search journey returned with Madali to their kingdom 293 Ladalad a Madali son of Magondaya Boisan went into a journey to rescue his cousin Bantugen and all those who first came to find Bantugen can become invisible with the aided of his guardian spirits aided by his grandfather s guardian spirit Pinatoli i Kilid who clashed with the Walain Pirimbangan s guardian spirit shapeshifted into a woman to take the amulet of the goddess Walain Katolosan foiling the plan of Pirimbangan 293 Walain Pirimbangan an enchantress from Danalima a Rogong who imprisoned Bantugen and all the leaders of Bembaran who rescued him aided by her guardian spirit Magolaing sa Ragat 293 Maharadia Lawana a man with eight heads who was banished for his bad mouth tried to kill himself but failed upon the intervention of the angel Gabriel 293 Kapmadali a hero who battled Pinatola a Tonong 293 Pilandok a cunning man who tricked various people from a blind man to a kingdom s ruler 263 Rajah Indarapatra ancestor of both tonong and the Maranao a child of heaven who chose to be reincarnated as a mortal son of the ruler Nabi Bakaramat 293 brother of Rajah Solaiman before Rajah Solaiman went into a journey Rajah Indarapatra planted a kilala sapling whose vitality is interpreted as Rajah Solaiman s life when the plant died Rajah Solaiman avenged his brother s death and slayed Omakaan without cutting the monster 263 Rajah Solaiman went into a journey to slay Omakaan but was killed by Omakaan 263 Laughing Woman a woman who told Rajah Indarapatra what not to do to kill Omakaan 263 Omakaan a man eating monster who multiplies when cut into pieces 263 Kalalanagan also called Princess Condor all her previous husbands except Inodang died because she is the source of mosquitoes which come from her nose 263 Inodang the last husband of Kalalanagan burned Kalalanagan to prevent more deaths but some of Kalalanagan s mosquitoes escaped which means Kalalanagan still lives 263 Turtle and Snake friends who went into a race where the patient turtle won 263 Lapindig husband of Orak and Odang upon finding his wives death he tightened his waist to stave off hunger and became the wasp 263 Orak wife of Lapindig killed herself after Odang s death 263 Odang wife of Lapindig accidentally died due to a quarrel with Orak about cooking and transporting food for Lapindig 263 Semsem sa Alongan a magician husband of Anak 263 Anak wife of Semsem sa Alongan and youngest daughter of Sultan sa Agamaniyog died due to a plan of Potre Bunso where Anak was grounded by stone doors due to her failure to ask permission from Ring of Fire Sharp and Pointed Metals and Flowing River her long hair became the leaves of the sapinit 263 Potre Bunso jealous sister of Anak s good fortune 263 Tingting a Bulawan sister of Anak 263 Sama Bajau EditImmortals Edit Dayang Dayang Mangilai the goddess of the forest and one of the two supreme deities married to Umboh Tuhan 297 Umboh Tuhan also called Umboh Dilaut the god of the sea and one of the two supreme deities married to Dayang Dayang Mangilai 297 creator deity who made humans equal with animals and plants 298 also simply called as Tuhan 299 Umboh a term sometimes used to encompass Umboh Saitan and Jinn spirits 300 Umboh ancestral spirits 300 Saitan nature spirits 300 Jinn familiar spirits 300 Umboh Baliyu spirits of wind and storms 301 Umboh Payi also called Umboh Gandum the spirits of the first rice harvest 301 Umboh Summut totem of ants 301 Umboh Kamun totem of mantis shrimp 301 Sumanga spirit of sea vessels the guardian who deflects attacks 302 Bansa ancestral ghosts 297 Kasagan unseen spirits 303 Omboh Adam later associated as the highest male spirit of dead ancestors due to Muslim influences messenger of the supreme deity 303 Awa later associated as the highest female spirit of dead ancestors dye to Muslim influences 303 Niyawa spirits 299 Mortals Edit Abak the king of a people who inhabited Balabac led his people s migration to Capul island where their descendants now reside 304 Footnotes Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea Jocano F L 1969 Philippine Mythology Quezon City Capitol Publishing House Inc Barton R F 1946 The Religion of the Ifugaos Volumes 65 68 American Anthropological Assn a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zaide S M 1999 The Philippines A Unique Nation All Nations Publishing Guillermo A R 2012 Historical Dictionary of the Philippines Scarecrow Press Scott W H 1994 Barangay Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society Quezon City Ateneo de Manila University Press Hislop S K 1971 Anitism a survey of religious beliefs native to the Philippines Asian Studies Halili M C N 2004 Philippine History Rex Bookstore Inc a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Demetrio F R Cordero Fernando G amp Zialcita F N 1991 The Soul Book Quezon City GCF Books Garcia J N C 2008 Precolonial Gender Crossing and the Babaylan Chronicles Philippine Gay Culture Binabae to Bakla Silahis to MSM The University of the Philippines Press Limos M A 2019 The Fall of the Babaylan Esquire Kenno L W V 1901 The Katipunan of the Philippines The North American Review a b c Hornedo F H 1994 Philippine Studies Vol 42 No 4 Death and After Death Ivatan Beliefs and Practices Ateneo de Manila University a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Hornedo F H 1980 Philippine Studies Vol 28 No 1 The World and The Ways of the Ivatan Anitu Ateneo de Manila University a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Vanoverbergh M 1941 The Isneg Farmer Catholic Anthropologist Conference Vol III No 4 Casal G 1986 Kayamanan Ma i Panoramas of Philippine Primeval Manila Central Bank of the Philippines and Ayala Museum a b Eugenio D L 1989 Philippine Folk Literature The Folktales Quezon City The University of the Philippines Folklorists Inc Vanoverbergh M 1955 Isneg Tales Asian Folklore Studies Vol XIV Washington Catholic Anthropological Conference Gaioni D T 1985 The Tingyans of Northern Philippines and Their Spirit World Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH a b c d e f Peraren A A 1966 Tinguian Folklore and how it Mirrors Tinguian Culture and Folklife University of San Carlos Millare F D 1955 Philippine Studies Vol 3 No 4 The Tinguians and Their Old Form of Worship Ateneo de Manila University Apostol V M 2010 Way of the Ancient Healer Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions North Atlantic Books a b c d e f g h i Cole M C 1916 Philippine Folk Tales Chicago A C McClurg and Co a b c d Lambrecht F H 1981 Ultimate Reality and Meaning The Kalinga and Ifugaw Universe UTP Journals a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Barton R F 1949 The Kalingas Their Institutions and Customs Laws The University of Chicago Press a b c d Marino 1981 Ibanag Indigenous Religious Beliefs a study in culture and education a b c d e Eugenio D L 2007 Philippine Folk Literature An Anthology University of the Philippines Press a b c d Katutubo Gaddang of Isabela 2009 National Commission on Culture and the Arts a b c d e f g Lumicao Lora M L 1984 Gaddang Literature New Day Publishers Bacwaden J O C 1997 Philippine Studies Vol 45 No 1 The Lumawig Bontoc Myths Ateneo de Manila University a b c d e f g h i j Beyer H O 1913 Origin Myths Among the Mountain Peoples of the Philippines Philippine Journal of Science 85 117 a b c d e f g Cawed C 1972 The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot MCS Enterprises a b c Jenks A 1905 The Bontoc Igorot Manila Bureau of Printing Almendral E C 1972 Talubin Folklore Bontoc Mountain Province Baguio City Lyceum of Baguio a b c Cawed C 1972 The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot Manila MCS Enterprises a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bimmolog H Sallong L Montemayor L 2005 The Deities of the Animistic Religion of Mayaoyao Ifugao a b Karlston L 2018 Indigenous paraplegic divinity The story of Namtogan Philippine Daily Inquirer a b c d e Dancel M M 1989 The Ifugao Wooden Idol SPAFA Digest Barton R F 1955 December A Collection of Igorot Legends Sagada Social Studies Cayat G C Manuscript on Kalanguya Cultural Communities National Commission for Culture and the Arts a b Wilson L L 1947 Apayao Life and Legends Baugio City Private a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Moss C R 1924 Nabaloi Tales University of California Publications in American Archaeology 227 353 Peoples of the Philippines Ibaloi National Commission for Culture and the Arts a b c d e f g h i j k Wilson L L 1947 Ilongot Life and Legends Southeast Asia Institute Carlson S E 2014 From the Philippines to The Field Museum A Study of Ilongot Bugkalot Personal Adornment Illinois Wesleyan University a b Mikkelsen H H 2016 Chaosmology Shamanism and personhood among the Bugkalot HAU Journal of Ethnographic Theory a b c Yabes L Y 1932 January The Tale of a Philippine Gomorrah Philippine Magazine p 405 a b c d e f Llamzon Teodoro A 1978 Handbook of Philippine language groups Quezon City Philippines Ateneo de Manila University Press a b c d e f g h i j k Alacacin C 1952 The Gods and Goddesses Historical and Cultural Data of Provinces a b Myths of the Philippines Gaverza J K 2014 University of the Philippines Diliman a b c Yabes L Y 1958 Folklore Studies Vol 17 The Adam and Eve of the Ilocanos Nanzan University a b c Kroeber A L 1918 The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature New York American Museum of Natural History a b c d Jamias N F 1947 A study on Biag ni Lam ang the Ilocano epic University of the Philippines a b c Rahmann R 1974 Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol 2 No 3 The Horn Motif in Mythology and Folklore with Special Reference to the Philippines University of San Carlos Publications a b c d e f Andico F L The Lowland Cultural Community of Pangasinan National Commission for Culture and the Arts Aduerte D 2014 The Philippine Islands 1493 1898 Volume XXXII 1640 CreateSpace Independent Publishing Magno R M 1992 Urduja Beleaguered And Other Essays on Pangasinan Language Literature and Culture Quezon City Kalikasan Press a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Mojares R B 1974 Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol 2 No 3 The Myth of the Sleeping Hero Three Philippine Cases University of San Carlos Publications Fansler Filipino Popular Tales pp 400 401 Re written in Philippine Folk Literature An Anthology by Damiana L Eugenio The Bolinao Manuscript 1684 a b c d e f Arbues L R 1960 Philippine Sociological Review Vol 8 No 1 2 The Negritos as a Minority Group in the Philippines Philippine Sociological Society a b c d Noche D 2019 A reclamation of one s heritage Manila Standard De Leon A M Luangsa ard J J Karunarathna S C Hyde K D Reyes R G dela Cruz T E E 2013 Species listing distribution and molecular identification of macrofungi in six Aeta tribal communities in Central Luzon Philippines Mycosphere Schebesta P 1952 Die Negrito Asiens ien ing St Gabriel Verlag Explore Case Studies Maalagay Dogal Matilo Philippines 2013 ICCA Registry a b Beyer H O 1915 Philippine Ethnographic Series Jose V R 1974 Creation and Flood Myths in Philippine Folk Literature University of the Philippines a b c d e f g h i j k Nicdao A 1917 Pampangan Folklore Manila a b Jose V R 1974 Creation and Flood Myths in Philippine Folk Literature UP a b c d e Mallari J C 2009 King Sinukwan Mythology and the Kapampangan Psyche Coolabah 3 Aguilar M D 2001 Women in Philippine Folktales Holy Angel University a b Yasuda S Razaq Raj R Griffin K A 2018 Religious Tourism in Asia Tradition and Change Through Case Studies and Narratives CABI a b c d Fansler D S 1921 1965 Filipino Popular Tales Hatboro Pennsylvania Folklore Assosciates Inc a b c d e f Pangilinan M 2014 2020 An Introduction to the Kapampangan Language Interview on Lawu Sinupan Singsing Center for Kapampangan Cultural Heritage Apostol Virgil Mayor 2010 Way of the Ancient Healer Sacred Teachings from the Philippine Ancestral Traditions North Atlantic Books 2010 ISBN 978 1 55643 941 4 Page 79 a b Burton J W 1977 Filipino Heritage The Making of a Nation Volume 5 Myths Shared With Mexico Lahing Pilipino Publication a b c d e f g h Plasencia Juan de 1589 Customs of the Tagalogs two relations a b Donoso Isaac 2016 Boxer Codex Edicion moderna POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 28 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Felipe Pardo archbishop of Manila 1686 1688 Carta sobre la idolatria de los naturales de la provincia de Zambales y de los del pueblo de Santo Tomas y otros circunvecinos a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 166 Asiaweek Limited 1986 Asiaweek Volume 12 Issues 1 13 Indiana University Page 33 Blair Helen Emma amp Robetson James Alexander The Philippine Islands 1493 1898 Cachos Hermanos 1605 Volume 34 Page 378 Potet Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 155 a b Potet Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 264 a b c d e f g h San Buenaventura Fr Pedro de 1613 Vocabulario de lengua tagala El romance castellano puesto primero a b Bowring John 1858 A Visit to the Philippine Islands Smith Elder amp Company 1859 Page 158 a b c d e f Colin SJ Francisco 1663 Native races and their customs Madrid 1663 a b c Scott William Henry 1994 Barangay Sixteenth century Philippine Culture and Society Ateneo University Press 1994 ISBN 978 971 550 135 4 Page 234 Noceda Sanclucar 1754 Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala Francisco Colin 1663 Labor Evangelica POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 41 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 44 POTET Jean Paul G 2013 Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog Lulu com 2013 ISBN 978 1 291 45726 1 Page 277 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 45 Storch Tanya 2017 Religions and Missionaries around the Pacific 1500 1900 Routledge 2017 ISBN 978 1 351 90478 0 Scientific American Supplement Volume 51 Munn and Company 1901 Page 21255 a b Potet Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 28 Eugenio Damiana L 1993 Philippine Folk Literature The Myths Issue 2 of Philippine folk literature series University of the Philippines Press 1993 ISBN 978 971 542 019 8 Page 254 University of Manila 1956 University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies Volume 5 Page 40 University of Manila 1956 University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies Volumes 5 6 Page 331 Blumentritt Ferdinand 1895 Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas Madrid 1895 Page 12 San Antonio Juan Francisco de 1738 The native peoples and their customs Potet Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 194 Reyes y Florentino Isabelo de los History of Ilocos Volume 1 University of the Philippines Press 2014 ISBN 978 971 542 729 6 Page 82 Teh Ming Wang Sino Filipino Historico cultural Relations University of the Philippines 1967 Page 358 POTET Jean Paul G 2013 Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog Lulu com 2013 ISBN 978 1 291 45726 1 Page 391 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 200 a b c d e f g The Boxer Codex Manuscript 1590 Potet Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 433 Marsden William 1784 The History of Sumatra Containing An Account Of The Government Laws Customs And Manners Of The Native Inhabitants Good Press 2019 Philippine Center for Advanced Studies Asian Studies Volumes 21 30 Philippine Center for Advanced Studies University of the Philippines System 1983 Page 26 Potet Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 22 amp 30 Loarca Miguel de 1582 Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas a b Far Eastern University 1967 Far Eastern University Faculty Journal Volume 12 Page 168 a b University of Manila 1956 University of Manila Journal of East Asiatic Studies Volume 5 p 52 Teresita Alcantara y Antonio Views on Philippine Revolution Volume 1 University of the Philippines 2002 Page 275 Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino Religion of the Katipunan National Historical Institute 1993 ISBN 978 971 538 052 2 Page 3 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 128 129 Blumentritt Ferdinand 1895 Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas Madrid 1895 Page 16 The Boxer Codex Manuscript c 1590 using the English translation by Souza amp Turley Jesus Pablo de 1580 Letter to Gregory XIII Far Eastern University 1967 Far Eastern University Faculty Journal Volume 12 Page 192 Reyes y Florentino Isabelo de los 1909 La religion antigua de los Filipinos Manila Impr de el Renacimiento 1909 Page 33 34 113 Noceda Juan Jose de amp Sanlucar Pedro de 1754 Vocabulario de la lengua tagala Page 151 152 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 27 28 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 166 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 371 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 516 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 73 POTET Jean Paul G 2016 Genitality in Tagalog Lulu com 2016 ISBN 978 1 326 72537 2 Page 14 15 Noceda Juan Jose de amp Sanlucar Pedro de 1754 Vocabulario de la lengua tagala compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves y coordinado Ramirez y Giraudier 1860 Blumentritt Ferdinand 1895 Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas Madrid 1895 Page 19 Blumentritt Ferdinand 1895 Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas Madrid 1895 Page 22 Santiago Luciano P R 2005 To Love and to Suffer The Development of the Religious Congregations for Women in the Spanish Philippines 1565 1898 Ateneo University Press 2005 ISBN 978 971 550 478 2 Page 10 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 33 Noceda Juan de 1754 Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala Imprenta de la compania de Jesus 1754 Page 82 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 387 a b c Blumentritt Ferdinand 1895 Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas Madrid 1895 Page 29 a b Reyes y Florentino Isabelo de los 1909 La religion antigua de los Filipinos Manila Impr de el Renacimiento 1909 Page 114 Manila University University of Manila 1958 University of Manila Journal Of East Asiatic Studies Volumes 7 8 University of Manila 1958 Page 251 a b c d POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 37 Gianno Rosemary 2004 Women are not brave enough Semelai male midwives in the context of Southeast Asian cultures Bijdragen tot de Taal Land en Volkenkunde 160 1 31 71 doi 10 1163 22134379 90003734 JSTOR 27868101 a b Scott William Henry 1994 Barangay Sixteenth century Philippine Culture and Society Ateneo University Press 1994 ISBN 978 971 550 135 4 Page 236 University of Santo Tomas 2002 Philippiniana Sacra Volume 37 Issues 109 111 University of Santo Tomas 2002 Page 476 Guadalupe Fores Ganzon Luis Maneru Fundacion Santiago Manila Philippines La Solidaridad Volume 5 Fundacion Santiago 1995 ISBN 978 971 91655 4 5 Page 531 Christina Pratt 2007 An Encyclopedia of Shamanism Volume 1 Volume 1 The Rosen Publishing Group Inc 2007 ISBN 978 1 4042 1140 7 Page 55 a b Potet Jean Paul G 2016 Tagalog Borrowings and Cognates Lulu com 2016 ISBN 978 1 326 61579 6 Page 287 Monier Williams Monier 1872 A Sanskrit English Dictionary Clarendon 1872 Page 872 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 114 San Buenaventura Fr Pedro de 1613 Vocabulario de lengua tagala El romance castellano puesto primero Page 361 University of Manila 1956 University of Manila Journal of 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POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 35 Lach Donald Frederick 1968 Southeast Asia in the Eyes of Europe The Sixteenth Century University of Chicago Press 1968 Page 630 a b Alvina Corazon S 1989 Halupi Essays on Philippine Culture Capital Publishing House 1989 Page 201 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 156 Guadalupe Fores Ganzon Luis Maneru Fundacion Santiago Manila Philippines La Solidaridad Volume 5 Fundacion Santiago 1995 ISBN 978 971 91655 4 5 Page 412 F Landa Jocano Outline of Philippine Mythology Centro Escolar University Research and Development Center 1969 Page 13 a b Ramos Maximo D 1990 Philippine Myths Legends and Folktales Phoenix Publishing House Inc reprint 1998 Galang Zoilo M 1950 Encyclopedia of the Philippines Literature E Floro 1950 Page 28 Blumentritt Ferdinand 1895 Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas Madrid 1895 Page 6 Cultural Center of the Philippines 1994 CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art Peoples of the Philippines Kalinga to Yakan ISBN 978 971 8546 36 9 Page 231 Blumentritt Ferdinand 1895 Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas Madrid 1895 Page 22 23 Santiago Luciano P R 2005 To Love and to Suffer The Development of the Religious Congregations for Women in the Spanish Philippines 1565 1898 Ateneo University Press 2005 ISBN 978 971 550 478 2 Page 8 Pambid Nenita D 2000 Anting anting o kung bakit nagtatago sa loob ng bato si bathala University of the Philippines Press 2000 ISBN 978 971 542 069 3 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 34873 1 Page 36 38 a b Juan Jose de Noceda Pedro de Sanlucar Vocabulario de la lengua tagala trabajado por varios sugetos doctos y graves y ultimamente anadido corregido y coordinado H Roldan 1832 Page 280 Ocampo 2007 POTET Jean Paul G 2018 Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs Lulu com 2018 ISBN 978 0 244 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