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Curtiss JN Jenny

January 01, 1970

The Curtiss JN "Jenny" was a series of biplanes built by the Glenn Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport, New York, later the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company. Although the Curtiss JN series was originally produced as a training aircraft for the US Army, the "Jenny" (the common nickname derived from "JN") continued after World War I as a civilian aircraft, as it became the "backbone of American postwar [civil] aviation".[1]

JN "Jenny"
Curtiss JN-4 Jenny, 1918
Role Trainer
Manufacturer Curtiss
Designer Benjamin D. Thomas
Introduction 1915
Retired 1927
Primary users U.S. Army Air Service
Royal Flying Corps
Number built 6,813
Variants Curtiss N-9
Curtiss JN-6H
Curtiss Twin JN

Thousands of surplus Jennys were sold at bargain prices to private owners in the years after the war, and became central to the barnstorming era that helped awaken the US to civil aviation through much of the 1920s.[2]

Design and development edit

Curtiss combined the best features of the model J and model N trainers, built for the US Army and US Navy, and began producing the JN or "Jenny" series of aircraft in 1915.[3] Curtiss built only a limited number of the JN-1 and JN-2 biplanes. The design was commissioned by Glenn Curtiss from Englishman Benjamin Douglas Thomas, formerly of the Sopwith Aviation Company.[4]

The JN-2 was an equal-span biplane with ailerons controlled by a shoulder yoke in the aft cockpit.[5] It was deficient in performance, particularly climbing, because of excessive weight. The improved JN-3 incorporated unequal spans with ailerons only on the upper wings, controlled by a wheel. In addition, a foot bar was added to control the rudder.[6]

 
Curtiss JN-3, the progenitor of the JN-4, deployed to Mexico, around 1916[7]

The 1st Aero Squadron of the Aviation Section, US Signal Corps received eight JN-2s at San Diego in July 1915. The squadron was transferred to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, in August to work with the Field Artillery School, during which one JN-2 crashed, resulting in a fatality.[8] The pilots of the squadron met with its commander, Capt. Benjamin Foulois, to advise that the JN-2 was unsafe because of low power, shoddy construction, lack of stability, and overly sensitive rudder. Foulois and his executive officer Capt. Thomas D. Milling disagreed, and flights continued until a second JN-2 crashed in early September, resulting in the grounding of the six remaining JN-2s until mid-October. When two new JN-3s were delivered, the grounded aircraft were then upgraded in accordance with the new design. In March 1916, these eight JN-3s were deployed to Mexico for aerial observation during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916–1917.[7]

After the successful deployment of the JN-3, Curtiss produced a development, known as the JN-4, with orders from both the US Army and an order in December 1916 from the Royal Flying Corps for a training aircraft to be based in Canada.[a] The Canadian version, the JN-4 (Canadian), also known as the "Canuck", had some differences from the American version, including a lighter airframe, ailerons on both wings, a bigger and more rounded rudder, and differently shaped wings, stabilizer, and elevators.[9]

As many as 12 JN-4 aircraft were fitted with an aftermarket Sikorsky wing by the then-fledgling company in the late 1920s.[10]

Operational history edit

 
Curtiss JN-4Ds at Camp Taliaferro, Texas, circa 1918

The Curtiss JN-4 is possibly North America's most famous World War I aircraft. It was widely used during World War I to train beginning pilots, with an estimated 95% of all trainees having flown a JN-4.[11] The US version was called "Jenny", a derivation from its official designation. It was a twin-seat (student in front of instructor), dual-control biplane. Its tractor propeller and maneuverability made it ideal for initial pilot training with a 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 V8 engine giving a top speed of 75 mph (121 km/h) and a service ceiling of 6,500 ft (2,000 m).[6][12] The British used the JN-4 (Canadian), along with the Avro 504, for their primary World War I trainer using the Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd. indigenous variant.[13] Many Royal Flying Corps pilots earned their wings on the JN-4, both in Ontario and later in winter facilities at Camp Taliaferro, Texas.[14]

 
Converted JN-4 ambulance, operated by the Camp Taliaferro medical teams, around 1918

Although ostensibly a training aircraft, the Jenny was extensively modified while in service to undertake additional roles. Due to its robust but easily adapted structure able to be modified with ski undercarriage, the Canadian Jenny was flown year-round, even in inclement weather.[15] The removable turtle deck behind the cockpits allowed for conversion to stretcher or additional supplies and equipment storage, with the modified JN-4s becoming the first aerial ambulances, carrying out this role both during wartime and in later years.[16] Most of the 6,813 Jennys built were unarmed, although some had machine guns and bomb racks for advanced training. With deployment limited to North American bases, none saw combat service in World War I.

The Curtiss factory in Buffalo, New York, was the largest such facility in the world, but due to production demands, from November 1917 to January 1919, six different manufacturers were involved in production of the definitive JN-4D.[11] Production from spare or reconditioned parts continued sporadically until 1927, although most of the final orders were destined for the civilian market in Canada and the United States.[17]

Like the re-engined JN-4H version of the most-produced JN-4 subtype, the final production version of the aircraft was the JN-6, powered by a Wright Aeronautical license-built, 150 hp (112 kW) Hispano-Suiza 8 V-8, first ordered in 1918 for the US Navy. A floatplane version was built for the navy, which was so modified, it was essentially a different airframe. This was designated the N-9. In US Army Air Service usage, the JN-4s and JN-6s were configured to the JNS ("S" for "standardized") model. The Jenny remained in service with the US Army until 1927.[11]

 
One of the many daredevil stunts performed by JN-4 pilots was to work with a "wingwalker".

After World War I, thousands were sold on the civilian market, including one to Charles Lindbergh in May 1923, in which he then soloed.[18][19] Surplus US Army aircraft were sold (some still in their unopened packing crates) for as little as $50, flooding the market.[11][b] With private and commercial flying in North America unhampered by regulations concerning their use, pilots found the Jenny's stability and slow speed made it ideal for stunt flying and aerobatic displays in the barnstorming era between the world wars, with the nearly identical Standard J-1 aircraft often used alongside it.[c] Some were still flying into the 1930s.[17][d]

JN-4 airframes were used to produce early Weaver Aircraft Company/Advance Aircraft Company/Waco aircraft, such as the Waco 6.[17]

Notable firsts edit

Between 1917 and 1919, the JN-4 type accounted for several significant aviation firsts while in service with the US Army Signal Corps Aviation Section and the United States Marine Corps (USMC), including flying the first US Air Mail in May 1918.

In a series of tests conducted at the US Army's Langley Field in Hampton, Virginia, in July and August 1917, the world's first "plane-to-plane" and "ground-to-plane, and vice versa" communications by radiotelephony (as opposed to radiotelegraphy which had been developed earlier) were made to and from modified US Army JN-4s[e] by Western Electric Company (Bell Labs) design engineers Lewis M. Clement and Raymond Heising, the developers of the experimental wind generator-powered airborne wireless voice transmitter and receiver equipment.[21][22]

In early 1919, a USMC JN-4 was also credited with what is believed to be the first successful dive-bombing attack during the United States occupation of Haiti. USMC pilot Lt Lawson H. Sanderson mounted a carbine barrel in front of the windshield of his JN-4 (previously, an unarmed trainer that had a machine gun mounted in the rear cockpit) as an improvised bomb sight that was lined up with the long axis of his aircraft, loaded a bomb in a canvas mail bag that was attached to the JN-4's belly, and launched a single-handed raid at treetop level, in support of a USMC unit that had been trapped by Haitian Cacos rebels.[23] Although the JN-4 almost disintegrated in the pullout, the attack was effective and led to Sanderson in 1920 developing further dive-bombing techniques to provide Marine pilots with close aerial support to infantry comrades.[24]

Variants edit

 
A JN-4 C227 "Canuck" (USAAS #39158) operated by the US Air Army Air Service in 1918, is now restored and on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum.

Although the first series of JN-4s was virtually identical to the JN-3, the JN-4 series was based on production orders from 1915 to 1919.[25]

  • JN-1 — possibly unofficial designation of the second Model J, which served as the prototype for the Model JN.[26]
    • JN-1W — Two aircraft that appear in US Navy records, which may have been confused with the Models S-4 and S-5.
  • JN-2 — first production version, 8 built
  • JN-3 — variant with new unequal-span wings and improved flight controls, 97 built for the RNAS (some sources indicate 91, but serial numbers total 97; 12 built in Canada) plus 2 for the US Army. The six surviving JN-2s were modified to this standard.[27]
  • JN-4A — production version of the JN-4, 781 built
  • JN-4B — This version was powered by an OX-2 piston engine; 76 were built for the US Army, and nine for the US Navy.
  • JN-4C — experimental version, only two were built
  • JN-4 (Canadian) Canuck — Canadian-built version, 1,260 built by Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd. for the RFC in Canada/RAF in Canada and USAAC: Independently derived from the JN-3, it had a lighter airframe, ailerons on both wings, a bigger and more rounded rudder, and differently shaped wings, stabilizer, and elevators. Its use by the USAAC was curtailed as the lighter structure was claimed to cause more accidents than the US-built aircraft, although no air fatalities were attributed to the structural integrity of the type.[28]
  • JN-4D — improved version, adopting the control stick from the JN-4 (Canadian) 2,812 built
    • JN-4D-2 — One prototype only, the engine mount was revised to eliminate the down thrust position.[29]
  • JN-4H — two-seat advanced trainer biplane with ailerons on both wings, 929 built for the US Army, notable for introducing the use of the Wright Aeronautical license-built Hispano-Suiza 8 V-8 engine for greater power and reliability
    • JN-4HT — two-seat, dual-control trainer version
    • JN-4HB — bombing trainer version
    • JN-4HG — gunnery trainer version
    • JN-4HM — communications conversion of JN-4HT, powered by Wright-Hisso E 150-hp (112-kW), six converted, used to fly the first US Air Mail (May–August, 1918)
  • JN-5H — advanced trainer biplane, only one built
  • JN-6 — improved version of JN-5 trainer biplane series, notably used four ailerons, 1,035 built for the US Army and five for the US Navy[30]
  • JN-6H — improved version of the JN-6
    • JN-6BH — bomber trainer version
    • JN-6HG-1 — two-seat, dual-control trainer version, 560 built from JN-6 production, 34 for US Navy
    • JN-6HG-2 — single-control gunnery trainer. 90 delivered
    • JN-6HO — single-control observer trainer version, 106 delivered[30]
    • JN-6HP — single-control pursuit fighter trainer version
  • JNS ("standardized")  — During the postwar years of the early 1920s, between 200 and 300 US Army aircraft were upgraded to a common standard of equipment and modernized.

"Specials" edit

 
The most radical development of the Curtiss JN-4 was the Twin JN (or "Twin Jenny") in limited production and service with the US military.
  • Allison Monoplane — conversion of JN-4 (Can) G-CAJL by the Allison Company, Kansas, that mounted a parasol wing in place of the biplane configuration, only one conversion made[31]
  • Curtiss Stinson Special (1918) — a custom-built, single-seat aircraft for Katherine Stinson, constructed from the fuselage of a Curtiss Model S plus new biplane wings and JN-4 tail surfaces, powered by a 100-hp (74.5-kW) OXX-6[32]: 136 [33] [f]
  • Ericson Special Three — Some reconditioned aircraft built by Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd. were fitted with a third cockpit.[11]
  • Hennessey Monoplane — [34] a 1926 monoplane conversion by James R. Hennessey, three-place transport, 90-hp Curtiss OX-5, span: 36 ft (11 m) length: 25 ft (7.6 m)[35][citation needed]
  • Severski 1926 biplane  — a JN-4 modified with a roller/ski undercarriage, one experimental aircraft converted by the Seversky company[36][g]
  • Sperry Monoplane — conversion offered by the Sperry Company that mounted a parasol wing in place of the biplane configuration[37]
  • Twin JN — An enlarged twin-engined version of the JN-4, they were powered by two OXX-2 V-8 engines, built in 1916 as the JN-5 for an observation role; among the many other modifications was an enlarged wingspan and new rudder adapted from the Curtiss Model R-4. Two of the series saw action with the US Army on the Mexican border in 1916–1917. A total of eight Twin JNs were built, with two in US Navy service.[30]

Operators edit

 
Model of JN-4 used by the Republic of China

Military operators edit

  Argentina
  Australia
 
Drawing of the Curtiss JN-4 (Can) or "Canuck"
  Brazil
  Canada
  Cuba
  Nicaragua
  • Nicaraguan National Guard (1920)
  United Kingdom
  United States
  Republic of China

Civil operators edit

  Canada

Surviving aircraft edit

 
The JN-4D on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum
 
The JN-4D on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force
 
Curtiss JN-4D at the San Diego Air and Space Museum
 
1917 JN-4 on display at the Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB

Specifications (JN-4D) edit

 
Curtiss JN-4B

Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947,[32]: 156  The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft[104]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 27 ft 4 in (8.33 m)
  • Wingspan: 43 ft 7+3⁄4 in (13.30 m)
  • Height: 9 ft 10+1⁄2 in (3.01 m)
  • Wing area: 352 sq ft (32.7 m2)
  • Airfoil: Eiffel 36[105]
  • Empty weight: 1,390 lb (630 kg)
  • Gross weight: 1,920 lb (871 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Curtiss OX-5 V-8 air-cooled piston engine, 90 hp (67 kW)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 75 mph (121 km/h, 65 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 60 mph (97 km/h, 52 kn)
  • Service ceiling: 6,500 ft (2,000 m)
  • Time to altitude: 2,000 ft (610 m) in 7 minutes 30 seconds

Commemorations edit

An image of the Curtis Jenny appeared on the first airmail stamps issued by the U.S. Post Office in 1918

     

The "Inverted Jenny" stamp edit

 
"Inverted Jenny" (C-3a P57)

The "Inverted Jenny" (C-3a) is a 24-cent 1918 US Air Mail postage stamp printing error in which the blue central vignette of US Army Curtiss JN-4HM #38262, the nation's first mailplane, appeared as "inverted" on a single sheet of 100 stamps.[h]

Notable appearances in media edit

In 1921, Lee De Forest made a short film Flying Jenny Airplane in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The film depicted a JN-4 flying, and recorded the sound of the Jenny, as well. The short documentary was the first production of the De Forest Phonofilm company.[109]

 
This 1917 Curtiss Jenny still flies on occasion. Its home base is the Call Memorial Museum in Wichita Falls, Texas.

Among many later films depicting the barnstorming era when the Jennys "ruled supreme" and played a feature role, was The Spirit of St. Louis (1957) and The Great Waldo Pepper (1974).[110] In The Court Martial of Billy Mitchell (1955), authentic OX-5 Jennys were showcased as United States Army Air Service training aircraft.[111] Broadcast on April 15, 1987, by PBS, the National Geographic special entitled "Treasures from the Past" featured the restoration and first flight by Ken Hyde of a JN-4D that would go on to win the "Lindy Award" at the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh '87.[112]

The stamp also made an appearance in the 1985 film starring Richard Pryor, Brewster's Millions, in which the titular character mails an "Inverted Jenny" stamp as part of a ploy to very quickly and frivolously spend as much money as possible. [113]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Both the US Army version and the Canadian derivative for the Royal Flying Corps were known as JN-4s. To differentiate between the types, unofficially, the RFC designation was the JN-4 (Canadian).[9]
  2. ^ Surplus JN-4s typically fetched between $200 and $500, depending on condition.[11]
  3. ^ The front cockpit that was normally for the student in military training was usually used for passengers in postwar joy rides, so the pilot could keep an eye on his paying customer/s.[17]
  4. ^ The JN-4 Canuck was often chosen for barnstorming as the lighter, more responsive, and more economical variant was also in large supply.[17]
  5. ^ Quote: "A JN-4-d plane was used; speed was successful, transmitting about 3 miles from plane to plane and was also received from ground to plane, and vice versa."[20]
  6. ^ Stinson's aircraft built to her specifications was used for fundraising tours for the American Red Cross. During exhibition flights in Canada, she set a Canadian distance and endurance record, and made the second air mail flight in Canada between Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta. A replica is at the Alberta Aviation Museum.[33]
  7. ^ The name "Severski" was a play on designer Alexander P. de Seversky's name, emphasizing the use of skis.[36]
  8. ^ The printing error occurred when an operator of a hand-rolled spider press by printing the blue vignette impressions upside down after the red frames had previously been printed on the sheet.[106] As the Jenny vignette was only inverted on one sheet, this stamp represents the rarest and most valuable known USPOD printing error of all time. A single example (sheet position 57) sold at auction in 2007 for $977,500.00.[107] The stamp was reissued for a limited time as a $2 stamp in October 2013.[108]

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  6. ^ a b Donald 1997, pp. 279–280.
  7. ^ a b House 2003 p. 168.
  8. ^ Larson 2004, pp. 19–20.
  9. ^ a b Molson and Taylor 1982, p. 219.
  10. ^ Story of the Winged S by Igor I. Sikorsky
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  98. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Curtiss JN-4D Jenny, c/r N1563". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  99. ^ . Yanks Air Museum. 2017-05-10. Archived from the original on 2019-12-28. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
  100. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Curtiss JNS Jenny, c/n A-6, c/r N1104". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  101. ^ "Aircraft". Glenn H. Curtiss Museum. Glenn H. Curtiss Museum. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  102. ^ "Jenny | Museum | Museum of the North". www.uaf.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  103. ^ . Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome. Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  104. ^ Donald 1997, p. 280.
  105. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  106. ^ The 1918 24¢ Inverted “Jenny” (Siegel Auction catalogue, Sale 1010A, June 18, 2011), p. 8
  107. ^ "Robert A. Siegel Auction #946a." SiegelAuctions.com.
  108. ^ "USPS reissues America's most famous stamp".
  109. ^ "Flying Jenny Airplane" (1921). IMDB, Retrieved: 4 September 2011.
  110. ^ Harwick and Schnepf 1989, pp. 57, 60.
  111. ^ Harwick and Schnepf 1989, p. 55.
  112. ^ Chase, Gene. "From Jets to Jennies: Ken Hyde's Grand Champion Curtiss JN4D." Sport Aviation,Volume 36, No. 11, November 1987, p. 52.
  113. ^ "Stolen in 1955, famous "inverted Jenny" stamp resurfaces - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2023-07-19.

Bibliography edit

  • Angelucci, Enzo. Great Aeroplanes of the World. London: Hamlyn, 1973. ISBN 0-600-38663-5.
  • Auliard, Gilles. "Maiden of the Skies." Air Classics, Volume 45, No. 4, April 2009.
  • Bowers, Peter M. "Jenny's Younger Sister." Air Progress, Volume 18, No. 2, February/March 1966.
  • Chajkowsky, William E. Royal Flying Corps: Borden to Texas to Beamsville. Eden Prairie, Ontario, Canada: Boston Mills Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-919822-23-8.
  • Donald, David, ed. The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
  • Hagedorn, Dan (March–May 1992). "Curtiss Types in Latin America". Air Enthusiast. No. 45. pp. 61–77. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Harwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". The Making of the Great Aviation Films, General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
  • House, Kirk W. Hell-Rider to King of the Air. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 2003. ISBN 0-7680-0802-6.
  • Hurd, William W. and John G. Jernigan. Aeromedical Evacuation: Management of Acute and Stabilized Patients. New York: Springer Publishing, 2002. ISBN 978-0-387-98604-3.
  • Jones, A.D. Aerial Mail Service: A Chronology of the Early United States Government Air Mail, March–December, 1918. Mineola, New York: The American Air Mail Society, 1993. ISBN 978-0-939429-14-1.
  • Larson, Lt. Col. George A., USAF (Ret.). "Hunting Pancho: The 1st Aero Squadron's Air Operations in support of the Army's 1916 punitive expedition." Air Classics, Volume 40, no. 6, June 2004.
  • Lindbergh, Charles A. "WE" New York & London: G.P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), 1927.
  • Molson, Ken M. "The Canadian JN-4." Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, Volume 10, No. 3, March 1964.
  • Molson, K.M. Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport. Winnipeg: James Richardson & Sons, Ltd., 1974. ISBN 0-919212-39-5.
  • Molson, Ken M. and Harold A. Taylor. Canadian Aircraft Since 1909. Stittsville, Ontario: Canada's Wings, Inc., 1982. ISBN 0-920002-11-0.
  • Nowarra, Heinz J. Gezielter Sturz. Die Geschichte der Sturzkampfbomber aus aller Welt (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, 1982. ISBN 3-87943-844-7.
  • Roseberry, C.R. Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight, A Biography. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1972. ISBN 0-8156-0264-2.
  • United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
  • Winchester, Jim, ed. "Curtiss JN-4 'Jenny'." Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-641-3.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curtiss JN.
  • Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's page on its JN-4D 2019-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
  • Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's Curtiss JN-4H Page
  • Vintage Aircraft Collection: Glenn H. Curtiss Museum, Hammondsport, New York 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Machine
  • 1908-1921 USAAS Serial Numbers
  • Engine run-up and flight video of restored Texas-based OX-5 powered JN-4C Canuck Jenny
  • "A Lady Named Jenny: Pirep: Curtiss JN4D" (pilot report and aircraft history), Budd Davisson, mid-1970s, Air Progress, at Airbum.com
  • The Curtiss Standard JN4-B Military Tractor Hand Book

January 01, 1970
curtiss, jenny, curtiss, jenny, series, biplanes, built, glenn, curtiss, aeroplane, company, hammondsport, york, later, curtiss, aeroplane, motor, company, although, curtiss, series, originally, produced, training, aircraft, army, jenny, common, nickname, deri. The Curtiss JN Jenny was a series of biplanes built by the Glenn Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport New York later the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company Although the Curtiss JN series was originally produced as a training aircraft for the US Army the Jenny the common nickname derived from JN continued after World War I as a civilian aircraft as it became the backbone of American postwar civil aviation 1 JN Jenny Curtiss JN 4 Jenny 1918 Role Trainer Manufacturer Curtiss Designer Benjamin D Thomas Introduction 1915 Retired 1927 Primary users U S Army Air ServiceRoyal Flying Corps Number built 6 813 Variants Curtiss N 9Curtiss JN 6HCurtiss Twin JN Thousands of surplus Jennys were sold at bargain prices to private owners in the years after the war and became central to the barnstorming era that helped awaken the US to civil aviation through much of the 1920s 2 Contents 1 Design and development 2 Operational history 2 1 Notable firsts 3 Variants 3 1 Specials 4 Operators 4 1 Military operators 4 2 Civil operators 5 Surviving aircraft 6 Specifications JN 4D 7 Commemorations 7 1 The Inverted Jenny stamp 7 2 Notable appearances in media 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 Bibliography 12 External linksDesign and development editCurtiss combined the best features of the model J and model N trainers built for the US Army and US Navy and began producing the JN or Jenny series of aircraft in 1915 3 Curtiss built only a limited number of the JN 1 and JN 2 biplanes The design was commissioned by Glenn Curtiss from Englishman Benjamin Douglas Thomas formerly of the Sopwith Aviation Company 4 The JN 2 was an equal span biplane with ailerons controlled by a shoulder yoke in the aft cockpit 5 It was deficient in performance particularly climbing because of excessive weight The improved JN 3 incorporated unequal spans with ailerons only on the upper wings controlled by a wheel In addition a foot bar was added to control the rudder 6 nbsp Curtiss JN 3 the progenitor of the JN 4 deployed to Mexico around 1916 7 The 1st Aero Squadron of the Aviation Section US Signal Corps received eight JN 2s at San Diego in July 1915 The squadron was transferred to Fort Sill Oklahoma in August to work with the Field Artillery School during which one JN 2 crashed resulting in a fatality 8 The pilots of the squadron met with its commander Capt Benjamin Foulois to advise that the JN 2 was unsafe because of low power shoddy construction lack of stability and overly sensitive rudder Foulois and his executive officer Capt Thomas D Milling disagreed and flights continued until a second JN 2 crashed in early September resulting in the grounding of the six remaining JN 2s until mid October When two new JN 3s were delivered the grounded aircraft were then upgraded in accordance with the new design In March 1916 these eight JN 3s were deployed to Mexico for aerial observation during the Pancho Villa Expedition of 1916 1917 7 After the successful deployment of the JN 3 Curtiss produced a development known as the JN 4 with orders from both the US Army and an order in December 1916 from the Royal Flying Corps for a training aircraft to be based in Canada a The Canadian version the JN 4 Canadian also known as the Canuck had some differences from the American version including a lighter airframe ailerons on both wings a bigger and more rounded rudder and differently shaped wings stabilizer and elevators 9 As many as 12 JN 4 aircraft were fitted with an aftermarket Sikorsky wing by the then fledgling company in the late 1920s 10 Operational history edit nbsp Curtiss JN 4Ds at Camp Taliaferro Texas circa 1918 The Curtiss JN 4 is possibly North America s most famous World War I aircraft It was widely used during World War I to train beginning pilots with an estimated 95 of all trainees having flown a JN 4 11 The US version was called Jenny a derivation from its official designation It was a twin seat student in front of instructor dual control biplane Its tractor propeller and maneuverability made it ideal for initial pilot training with a 90 hp 67 kW Curtiss OX 5 V8 engine giving a top speed of 75 mph 121 km h and a service ceiling of 6 500 ft 2 000 m 6 12 The British used the JN 4 Canadian along with the Avro 504 for their primary World War I trainer using the Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd indigenous variant 13 Many Royal Flying Corps pilots earned their wings on the JN 4 both in Ontario and later in winter facilities at Camp Taliaferro Texas 14 nbsp Converted JN 4 ambulance operated by the Camp Taliaferro medical teams around 1918 Although ostensibly a training aircraft the Jenny was extensively modified while in service to undertake additional roles Due to its robust but easily adapted structure able to be modified with ski undercarriage the Canadian Jenny was flown year round even in inclement weather 15 The removable turtle deck behind the cockpits allowed for conversion to stretcher or additional supplies and equipment storage with the modified JN 4s becoming the first aerial ambulances carrying out this role both during wartime and in later years 16 Most of the 6 813 Jennys built were unarmed although some had machine guns and bomb racks for advanced training With deployment limited to North American bases none saw combat service in World War I The Curtiss factory in Buffalo New York was the largest such facility in the world but due to production demands from November 1917 to January 1919 six different manufacturers were involved in production of the definitive JN 4D 11 Production from spare or reconditioned parts continued sporadically until 1927 although most of the final orders were destined for the civilian market in Canada and the United States 17 Like the re engined JN 4H version of the most produced JN 4 subtype the final production version of the aircraft was the JN 6 powered by a Wright Aeronautical license built 150 hp 112 kW Hispano Suiza 8 V 8 first ordered in 1918 for the US Navy A floatplane version was built for the navy which was so modified it was essentially a different airframe This was designated the N 9 In US Army Air Service usage the JN 4s and JN 6s were configured to the JNS S for standardized model The Jenny remained in service with the US Army until 1927 11 nbsp One of the many daredevil stunts performed by JN 4 pilots was to work with a wingwalker After World War I thousands were sold on the civilian market including one to Charles Lindbergh in May 1923 in which he then soloed 18 19 Surplus US Army aircraft were sold some still in their unopened packing crates for as little as 50 flooding the market 11 b With private and commercial flying in North America unhampered by regulations concerning their use pilots found the Jenny s stability and slow speed made it ideal for stunt flying and aerobatic displays in the barnstorming era between the world wars with the nearly identical Standard J 1 aircraft often used alongside it c Some were still flying into the 1930s 17 d JN 4 airframes were used to produce early Weaver Aircraft Company Advance Aircraft Company Waco aircraft such as the Waco 6 17 Notable firsts edit Between 1917 and 1919 the JN 4 type accounted for several significant aviation firsts while in service with the US Army Signal Corps Aviation Section and the United States Marine Corps USMC including flying the first US Air Mail in May 1918 In a series of tests conducted at the US Army s Langley Field in Hampton Virginia in July and August 1917 the world s first plane to plane and ground to plane and vice versa communications by radiotelephony as opposed to radiotelegraphy which had been developed earlier were made to and from modified US Army JN 4s e by Western Electric Company Bell Labs design engineers Lewis M Clement and Raymond Heising the developers of the experimental wind generator powered airborne wireless voice transmitter and receiver equipment 21 22 In early 1919 a USMC JN 4 was also credited with what is believed to be the first successful dive bombing attack during the United States occupation of Haiti USMC pilot Lt Lawson H Sanderson mounted a carbine barrel in front of the windshield of his JN 4 previously an unarmed trainer that had a machine gun mounted in the rear cockpit as an improvised bomb sight that was lined up with the long axis of his aircraft loaded a bomb in a canvas mail bag that was attached to the JN 4 s belly and launched a single handed raid at treetop level in support of a USMC unit that had been trapped by Haitian Cacos rebels 23 Although the JN 4 almost disintegrated in the pullout the attack was effective and led to Sanderson in 1920 developing further dive bombing techniques to provide Marine pilots with close aerial support to infantry comrades 24 Variants edit nbsp A JN 4 C227 Canuck USAAS 39158 operated by the US Air Army Air Service in 1918 is now restored and on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum Although the first series of JN 4s was virtually identical to the JN 3 the JN 4 series was based on production orders from 1915 to 1919 25 JN 1 possibly unofficial designation of the second Model J which served as the prototype for the Model JN 26 JN 1W Two aircraft that appear in US Navy records which may have been confused with the Models S 4 and S 5 JN 2 first production version 8 built JN 3 variant with new unequal span wings and improved flight controls 97 built for the RNAS some sources indicate 91 but serial numbers total 97 12 built in Canada plus 2 for the US Army The six surviving JN 2s were modified to this standard 27 JN 4A production version of the JN 4 781 built JN 4B This version was powered by an OX 2 piston engine 76 were built for the US Army and nine for the US Navy JN 4C experimental version only two were built JN 4 Canadian Canuck Canadian built version 1 260 built by Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd for the RFC in Canada RAF in Canada and USAAC Independently derived from the JN 3 it had a lighter airframe ailerons on both wings a bigger and more rounded rudder and differently shaped wings stabilizer and elevators Its use by the USAAC was curtailed as the lighter structure was claimed to cause more accidents than the US built aircraft although no air fatalities were attributed to the structural integrity of the type 28 JN 4D improved version adopting the control stick from the JN 4 Canadian 2 812 built JN 4D 2 One prototype only the engine mount was revised to eliminate the down thrust position 29 JN 4H two seat advanced trainer biplane with ailerons on both wings 929 built for the US Army notable for introducing the use of the Wright Aeronautical license built Hispano Suiza 8 V 8 engine for greater power and reliability JN 4HT two seat dual control trainer version JN 4HB bombing trainer version JN 4HG gunnery trainer version JN 4HM communications conversion of JN 4HT powered by Wright Hisso E 150 hp 112 kW six converted used to fly the first US Air Mail May August 1918 JN 5H advanced trainer biplane only one built JN 6 improved version of JN 5 trainer biplane series notably used four ailerons 1 035 built for the US Army and five for the US Navy 30 JN 6H improved version of the JN 6 JN 6BH bomber trainer version JN 6HG 1 two seat dual control trainer version 560 built from JN 6 production 34 for US Navy JN 6HG 2 single control gunnery trainer 90 delivered JN 6HO single control observer trainer version 106 delivered 30 JN 6HP single control pursuit fighter trainer version JNS standardized During the postwar years of the early 1920s between 200 and 300 US Army aircraft were upgraded to a common standard of equipment and modernized Specials edit nbsp The most radical development of the Curtiss JN 4 was the Twin JN or Twin Jenny in limited production and service with the US military Allison Monoplane conversion of JN 4 Can G CAJL by the Allison Company Kansas that mounted a parasol wing in place of the biplane configuration only one conversion made 31 Curtiss Stinson Special 1918 a custom built single seat aircraft for Katherine Stinson constructed from the fuselage of a Curtiss Model S plus new biplane wings and JN 4 tail surfaces powered by a 100 hp 74 5 kW OXX 6 32 136 33 f Ericson Special Three Some reconditioned aircraft built by Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd were fitted with a third cockpit 11 Hennessey Monoplane 34 a 1926 monoplane conversion by James R Hennessey three place transport 90 hp Curtiss OX 5 span 36 ft 11 m length 25 ft 7 6 m 35 citation needed Severski 1926 biplane a JN 4 modified with a roller ski undercarriage one experimental aircraft converted by the Seversky company 36 g Sperry Monoplane conversion offered by the Sperry Company that mounted a parasol wing in place of the biplane configuration 37 Twin JN An enlarged twin engined version of the JN 4 they were powered by two OXX 2 V 8 engines built in 1916 as the JN 5 for an observation role among the many other modifications was an enlarged wingspan and new rudder adapted from the Curtiss Model R 4 Two of the series saw action with the US Army on the Mexican border in 1916 1917 A total of eight Twin JNs were built with two in US Navy service 30 Operators edit nbsp Model of JN 4 used by the Republic of China Military operators edit nbsp Argentina Argentine Naval Aviation nbsp Australia Australian Flying Corps No 3 Squadron AFC Used for training Central Flying School AFC at Point Cook Victoria nbsp Drawing of the Curtiss JN 4 Can or Canuck nbsp Brazil Brazilian Naval Aviation JN 4D variant nbsp Canada Royal Flying Corps Canada primarily JN 4 Can variant Royal Canadian Air Force nbsp Cuba Cuban Air Force nbsp Nicaragua Nicaraguan National Guard 1920 nbsp United Kingdom Royal Flying Corps No 24 Squadron RFC No 25 Squadron RFC Royal Naval Air Service nbsp United States United States Army Signal Corps Aviation Section 1915 United States Army Signal Corps Aeronautical Division 1915 1918 United States Army Air Service 1918 et seq United States Marine Corps United States Navy nbsp Republic of China National Revolutionary Army in the Northern Expedition Civil operators edit nbsp Canada Elliot Air Service Red Lake Ontario 38 Surviving aircraft edit nbsp The JN 4D on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum nbsp The JN 4D on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force nbsp Curtiss JN 4D at the San Diego Air and Space Museum nbsp 1917 JN 4 on display at the Museum of Aviation Robins AFB 396 JN 4D on static display at the San Diego Air and Space Museum in San Diego California 39 1282 JN 4D airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane amp Automobile Museum in Hood River Oregon 40 41 42 43 2805 JN 4D on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton Ohio It was obtained from Robert Pfiel of Taylor Texas in 1956 The aircraft is displayed in the Museum s Early Years gallery 44 45 3793 JN 4D on static display at the Alberta Aviation Museum in Edmonton Alberta 46 47 3805 JN 4D on static display in Terminal B at San Antonio International Airport in San Antonio Texas It is on loan from the Witte Museum 48 49 5368 JN 4D on static display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago Illinois It is displayed upside down next to a wraparound balcony and details of the cockpit can readily be seen This airframe was built in 1917 50 It was cleaned and reskinned by Century Aviation in 2006 51 6200 JN 4D being restored for flight by Ranger Airfield Foundation in Ranger Texas 8644 Airworthy at the Sonoma Valley Airport in Sonoma California 52 53 10875 JN 4C owned by John Shue in York Pennsylvania 54 MSN 65 JN 4D on static display at the Denver International Airport in Denver Colorado 55 MSN 450 JN 4D airworthy at Fagen Fighters WWII Museum in Granite Falls Minnesota 56 It was previously on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum in Richmond Virginia on loan from Ken Hyde of Warrenton Virginia This airframe was built in 1918 57 58 MSN 490 JN 4 on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola Florida 59 60 MSN 3712 JN 4D airworthy at the Flying Heritage Collection in Everett Washington This airframe was built in May 1918 and at one time served at March Field in Riverside California 61 62 63 MSN 4072 JN 4D on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas Texas 64 MSN 4983 JN 4D on static display at the Steven F Udvar Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly Virginia 65 MSN 8047 JN 4D airworthy at the Golden Age Air Museum in Bethel Pennsylvania 66 67 68 USMC A4160 On static display at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle Virginia 69 70 USASC 34094 JN 4D airworthy at the Owls Head Transportation Museum in Owls Head Maine This airframe was built in 1917 by the St Louis Airplane Company 71 72 USASC 34135 JN 4D airworthy at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach Virginia 73 74 75 USASC 38428 JN 4D on static display at The Henry Ford in Dearborn Michigan 76 77 USASC 39158 JN 4 Can on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa Ontario It is painted with the registration number C227 78 The airframe was acquired in 1962 and restoration was completed in May 1964 79 Replica JN 4 Can airworthy at the Eagle s Mere Air Museum in Eagles Mere Pennsylvania 80 81 It was formerly owned by Skeeter Carlson of Spokane Washington and is painted as C1122 82 Replica On display at the Combat Air Museum in Topeka Kansas 83 Reproduction JN 4D on display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle Washington The airframe was built up from parts 84 C1347 JN 4 Can on display at the Royal Alberta Museum in Edmonton Alberta on loan from the Reynolds Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin Alberta 85 failed verification Unknown ID JN 4 Can airworthy at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum in Maryland Heights Missouri 86 87 C308 JN 4 Can airworthy at the Pioneer Flight Museum in Kingsbury Texas 88 89 Unknown ID JN 4D on display at the Wichita Falls Municipal Airport in Wichita Falls Texas 90 91 Its last flight was to the airport to be put on display citation needed Unknown ID JN 4D on static display in partially unskinned condition at EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh Wisconsin 92 Unknown ID Airworthy with Friends of Jenny in Bowling Green Kentucky 93 Unknown ID JN 4 on static display at the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Garden City New York This airframe is the aircraft owned by Charles Lindbergh in which he barnstormed long before his transatlantic flight Lindbergh purchased this aircraft in Americus Georgia for 500 in May 1923 and sold it to his flying student in Iowa the following October It was restored by the late George Dade in the 1970s and is on loan from the Long Island Early Fliers Club 94 Unknown ID JN 4 on static display in unskinned condition at the Cradle of Aviation Museum in Garden City New York citation needed Unknown ID JN 4D on display at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City Florida 95 Unknown ID JN 4D on static display as SC5002 43 at the Hill Aerospace Museum in Roy Utah 96 Restored during the 1970s by Jim Nissen and flown with c r N5001 Unknown ID JN 4D on static display in unskinned condition at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino California 97 98 Unknown ID JN 4D on display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino California 99 100 Unknown ID JN 4D on static display at the Glenn H Curtiss Museum in Hammondsport New York 101 Unknown ID JN 4D on display at Fairbanks International Airport in Fairbanks Alaska 102 Unknown ID JN 4H airworthy at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in Red Hook New York It is painted as a US Navy Model 1E BuNo A6226 and is powered by a Hispano Suiza 8 engine 103 Specifications JN 4D edit nbsp Curtiss JN 4B Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907 1947 32 156 The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft 104 General characteristicsCrew 2 Length 27 ft 4 in 8 33 m Wingspan 43 ft 7 3 4 in 13 30 m Height 9 ft 10 1 2 in 3 01 m Wing area 352 sq ft 32 7 m2 Airfoil Eiffel 36 105 Empty weight 1 390 lb 630 kg Gross weight 1 920 lb 871 kg Powerplant 1 Curtiss OX 5 V 8 air cooled piston engine 90 hp 67 kW Propellers 2 bladed fixed pitch propeller Performance Maximum speed 75 mph 121 km h 65 kn Cruise speed 60 mph 97 km h 52 kn Service ceiling 6 500 ft 2 000 m Time to altitude 2 000 ft 610 m in 7 minutes 30 secondsCommemorations editAn image of the Curtis Jenny appeared on the first airmail stamps issued by the U S Post Office in 1918 nbsp nbsp nbsp The Inverted Jenny stamp edit nbsp Inverted Jenny C 3a P57 The Inverted Jenny C 3a is a 24 cent 1918 US Air Mail postage stamp printing error in which the blue central vignette of US Army Curtiss JN 4HM 38262 the nation s first mailplane appeared as inverted on a single sheet of 100 stamps h Notable appearances in media edit In 1921 Lee De Forest made a short film Flying Jenny Airplane in his Phonofilm sound on film process The film depicted a JN 4 flying and recorded the sound of the Jenny as well The short documentary was the first production of the De Forest Phonofilm company 109 nbsp This 1917 Curtiss Jenny still flies on occasion Its home base is the Call Memorial Museum in Wichita Falls Texas Among many later films depicting the barnstorming era when the Jennys ruled supreme and played a feature role was The Spirit of St Louis 1957 and The Great Waldo Pepper 1974 110 In The Court Martial of Billy Mitchell 1955 authentic OX 5 Jennys were showcased as United States Army Air Service training aircraft 111 Broadcast on April 15 1987 by PBS the National Geographic special entitled Treasures from the Past featured the restoration and first flight by Ken Hyde of a JN 4D that would go on to win the Lindy Award at the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 87 112 The stamp also made an appearance in the 1985 film starring Richard Pryor Brewster s Millions in which the titular character mails an Inverted Jenny stamp as part of a ploy to very quickly and frivolously spend as much money as possible 113 See also editAirmails of the United States John J Pershing Standard J the Jenny s primary competitor for both its military contract and in civilian barnstorming aviation exhibitions Early Bird Jenny a homebuilt kit aircraft replica of the JN 4Notes edit Both the US Army version and the Canadian derivative for the Royal Flying Corps were known as JN 4s To differentiate between the types unofficially the RFC designation was the JN 4 Canadian 9 Surplus JN 4s typically fetched between 200 and 500 depending on condition 11 The front cockpit that was normally for the student in military training was usually used for passengers in postwar joy rides so the pilot could keep an eye on his paying customer s 17 The JN 4 Canuck was often chosen for barnstorming as the lighter more responsive and more economical variant was also in large supply 17 Quote A JN 4 d plane was used speed was successful transmitting about 3 miles from plane to plane and was also received from ground to plane and vice versa 20 Stinson s aircraft built to her specifications was used for fundraising tours for the American Red Cross During exhibition flights in Canada she set a Canadian distance and endurance record and made the second air mail flight in Canada between Calgary and Edmonton Alberta A replica is at the Alberta Aviation Museum 33 The name Severski was a play on designer Alexander P de Seversky s name emphasizing the use of skis 36 The printing error occurred when an operator of a hand rolled spider press by printing the blue vignette impressions upside down after the red frames had previously been printed on the sheet 106 As the Jenny vignette was only inverted on one sheet this stamp represents the rarest and most valuable known USPOD printing error of all time A single example sheet position 57 sold at auction in 2007 for 977 500 00 107 The stamp was reissued for a limited time as a 2 stamp in October 2013 108 Citations edit Auliard 2009 p 44 Rumerman Judy The Curtiss JN 4 Jenny U S Centennial of Flight Commission 2003 Roseberry 1972 p 477 Angelucci 1973 p 41 Bowers 1966 p 7 a b Donald 1997 pp 279 280 a b House 2003 p 168 Larson 2004 pp 19 20 a b Molson and Taylor 1982 p 219 Story of the Winged S by Igor I Sikorsky a b c d e f Winchester 2004 p 88 The Engine that Saved Aviation OX 5 Air Classics Issue 3 Fall 1965 p 30 Molson and Taylor 1982 p 225 Chajkowsky 1979 p 55 Royal Flying Corps Starts Training in Toronto abheritage ca Retrieved 10 September 2011 Hurd and Jernigan 2002 p 7 a b c d e Winchester 2004 p 89 Lindbergh 1927 pp 39 43 Charles Lindbergh s First Solo Flight amp First Plane Charles Lindbergh official site Report of the Chief Signal Officer to the Secretary of War October 15 1919 Annual Report War Department 1919 pp 262 263 Handwritten letter dated August 18 1917 from Western Electric Co Bell Labs design engineer Lewis M Clement to Vesta L Clement his wife with a detailed first person account of the first successful test of plane to plane and plane to ground radiotelephony from JN 4 d airplanes in flight conducted that day at Langley Field VA The Cooper Collection of U S Aviation History Private collection original letter location Ardmore Pennsylvania Lewis Mason Clement Pioneer of Radio CPRR org September 2010 Retrieved 5 September 2011 Debunking dive bomber myths Archived 2012 07 22 at archive today Flightpath Volume 21 Number 4 17 April 2010 Nowarra 1982 p 8 Auliard 2009 pp 46 47 Curtiss Jenny Model JN www historyofwar org Retrieved 2021 06 28 Curtiss JN 3 www historyofwar org Retrieved 2021 06 29 Molson and Taylor 1982 pp 225 226 Auliard 2009 p 46 a b c Auliard 2009 p 47 Molson 1964 p 62 a b Bowers Peter M 1979 Curtiss aircraft 1907 1947 London Putnam ISBN 0370100298 a b Chalmers John You ve Got Mail an Alabaman Aviatrix in Alberta Katherine Stinson and the Curtiss Special Archived 2014 05 18 at the Wayback Machine Vintage News Retrieved 10 September 2011 Hennessey Monoplane San Diego Air and Space Museum Archives Retrieved 6 September 2011 Hennessey Aerofiles Retrieved 6 September 2011 a b Severski Aerofiles Retrieved 10 September 2011 Sperry Commercial Wing Flight 23 July 1921 Molson 1974 p 4 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny c n 396 c r N5391 Aerial Visuals Retrieved 14 November 2022 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum WAAAM Retrieved 29 September 2016 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny WAAAM s Crown Jewel Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum WAAAM Retrieved 30 September 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny s n 1282 USAAS c r N1282 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 30 September 2016 FAA Registry N1282 Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Retrieved 30 September 2016 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny National Museum of the US Air Force Retrieved 29 September 2016 Aircraft Drones and Missiles at the National Museum of the U S Air Force PDF June 2016 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Jack Johnson s Jenny gets a new home Alberta Aviation Museum 12 November 2018 Retrieved 5 May 2020 Stewart Anne October 1998 Jack amp Jenny PDF Aeroplane Monthly pp 24 26 Retrieved 5 May 2020 Moreno Julie 24 October 2017 1918 biplane on display at San Antonio Airport KSAT com Retrieved 5 May 2020 Restored Curtiss Jenny Debuts at San Antonio Airport Aerodynamic Media 7 November 2017 Retrieved 5 May 2020 1917 Curtiss JN 4D Museum of Science and Industry Museum of Science and Industry Chicago Retrieved 29 September 2016 1917 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Century Aviation Century Aviation Retrieved 30 September 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4 Jenny c r N3223 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 1 October 2016 FAA Registry N3223 Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Retrieved 1 October 2016 FAA Registry N25559 Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 Retrieved 1 October 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny s n SC1918 USAAC c n 65 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 1 October 2016 Curtiss JN 4 Jenny Fagen Fighters WWII Museum Retrieved 30 September 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny s n 2975 USAAS c n 450 c r N2975 2 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 30 September 2016 FAA Registry N2975 Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 Retrieved 30 September 2016 JN 4 JENNY National Naval Aviation Museum Naval Aviation Museum Foundation Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny s n A0995 USN c n 490 c r N75234 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 30 September 2016 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Flying Heritage Collection Friends of Flying Heritage Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 Retrieved 29 September 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny c n 3712 c r N3712 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 30 September 2016 FAA Registry 3712 Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Retrieved 30 September 2016 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Frontiers of Flight Museum Frontiers of Flight Museum Archived from the original on 9 October 2016 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum National Air and Space Museum Archived from the original on 7 December 2019 Retrieved 30 September 2016 1918 Curtiss JN4D Jenny Golden Age Air Museum Golden Age Air Museum Retrieved 29 September 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny c r N2946 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 30 September 2016 FAA Registry N2946 Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Archived from the original on 2016 10 02 Retrieved 2016 09 30 Leatherneck Gallery National Museum of the Marine Corps National Museum of the Marine Corps Archived from the original on 1 October 2016 Retrieved 30 September 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4HG Jenny s n A4160 USMC Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 30 September 2016 1917 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Original Owls Head Transportation Museum Maine Owls Head Transportation Museum Retrieved 29 September 2016 FAA Registry N2086 Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 Retrieved 30 September 2016 WWI Aircraft Military Aviation Museum Military Aviation Museum Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 Retrieved 29 September 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny c r N6898C Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 30 September 2016 FAA Registry N6898C Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Retrieved 30 September 2016 1917 Curtiss JN 4D Canuck Biplane The Henry Ford The Henry Ford Retrieved 1 October 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4C Jenny s n 38428 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 1 October 2016 Curtiss JN 4 Canuck Canada Aviation and Space Museum Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 Retrieved 29 September 2016 Curtiss JN 4 Canuck Canada Aviation and Space Museum Canada Science and Technology Museums Corporation Retrieved 29 September 2016 1917 Curtiss Jenny JN4 Eagles Mere Air Museum Eagles Mere Air Museum 30 August 2014 Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 Retrieved 29 September 2016 FAA Registry N11917 Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Retrieved 1 October 2016 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4C Jenny replica c n Replica c r N11917 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 1 October 2016 Curtiss JN 4D 2 Jenny Replica Combat Air Museum Combat Air Museum Retrieved 30 September 2016 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Reproduction The Museum Of Flight The Museum Of Flight Retrieved 30 September 2016 Aviation Reynolds Museum Retrieved 5 May 2020 Museum Hangar 4 Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum Retrieved 29 September 2016 FAA Registry N496C Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Retrieved 1 October 2016 Curtiss Canuck Pioneer Flight Museum Retrieved 29 September 2016 FAA Registry N308F Federal Aviation Administration U S Department of Transportation Retrieved 1 October 2016 Jenny to Jet Exhibit Museum of North Texas History Museum of North Texas History Retrieved 30 September 2016 The Journeys of Our Jenny Museum of North Texas History Retrieved 30 September 2016 1918 Curtiss JN4D Jenny EAA EAA Retrieved 29 September 2016 About FOJ Friends of Jenny Friends of Jenny Retrieved 1 October 2016 Curtiss JN 4 Jenny Cradle of Aviation Museum and Education Center Cradle of Aviation Museum Archived from the original on 24 October 2016 Retrieved 29 September 2016 1918 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Century Aviation Century Aviation Retrieved 30 September 2016 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Hill Air Force Base 24 September 2007 Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 Retrieved 5 May 2020 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Yanks Air Museum 2017 02 06 Retrieved 2019 12 28 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JN 4D Jenny c r N1563 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 1 October 2016 Curtiss JN 4D Jenny Yanks Air Museum 2017 05 10 Archived from the original on 2019 12 28 Retrieved 2019 12 28 Airframe Dossier Curtiss JNS Jenny c n A 6 c r N1104 Aerial Visuals AerialVisuals ca Retrieved 1 October 2016 Aircraft Glenn H Curtiss Museum Glenn H Curtiss Museum Retrieved 30 September 2016 Jenny Museum Museum of the North www uaf edu Retrieved 2023 09 23 Curtiss JN 4H Jenny Cole Palen s Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 Retrieved 29 September 2016 Donald 1997 p 280 Lednicer David The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage m selig ae illinois edu Retrieved 16 April 2019 The 1918 24 Inverted Jenny Siegel Auction catalogue Sale 1010A June 18 2011 p 8 Robert A Siegel Auction 946a SiegelAuctions com USPS reissues America s most famous stamp Flying Jenny Airplane 1921 IMDB Retrieved 4 September 2011 Harwick and Schnepf 1989 pp 57 60 Harwick and Schnepf 1989 p 55 Chase Gene From Jets to Jennies Ken Hyde s Grand Champion Curtiss JN4D Sport Aviation Volume 36 No 11 November 1987 p 52 Stolen in 1955 famous inverted Jenny stamp resurfaces CBS News www cbsnews com 2016 04 15 Retrieved 2023 07 19 Bibliography editAngelucci Enzo Great Aeroplanes of the World London Hamlyn 1973 ISBN 0 600 38663 5 Auliard Gilles Maiden of the Skies Air Classics Volume 45 No 4 April 2009 Bowers Peter M Jenny s Younger Sister Air Progress Volume 18 No 2 February March 1966 Chajkowsky William E Royal Flying Corps Borden to Texas to Beamsville Eden Prairie Ontario Canada Boston Mills Press 1979 ISBN 978 0 919822 23 8 Donald David ed The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft London Aerospace Publishing 1997 ISBN 1 85605 375 X Hagedorn Dan March May 1992 Curtiss Types in Latin America Air Enthusiast No 45 pp 61 77 ISSN 0143 5450 Harwick Jack and Ed Schnepf A Viewer s Guide to Aviation Movies The Making of the Great Aviation Films General Aviation Series Volume 2 1989 House Kirk W Hell Rider to King of the Air Warrendale Pennsylvania SAE International 2003 ISBN 0 7680 0802 6 Hurd William W and John G Jernigan Aeromedical Evacuation Management of Acute and Stabilized Patients New York Springer Publishing 2002 ISBN 978 0 387 98604 3 Jones A D Aerial Mail Service A Chronology of the Early United States Government Air Mail March December 1918 Mineola New York The American Air Mail Society 1993 ISBN 978 0 939429 14 1 Larson Lt Col George A USAF Ret Hunting Pancho The 1st Aero Squadron s Air Operations in support of the Army s 1916 punitive expedition Air Classics Volume 40 no 6 June 2004 Lindbergh Charles A WE New York amp London G P Putnam s Sons The Knickerbocker Press 1927 Molson Ken M The Canadian JN 4 Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal Volume 10 No 3 March 1964 Molson K M Pioneering in Canadian Air Transport Winnipeg James Richardson amp Sons Ltd 1974 ISBN 0 919212 39 5 Molson Ken M and Harold A Taylor Canadian Aircraft Since 1909 Stittsville Ontario Canada s Wings Inc 1982 ISBN 0 920002 11 0 Nowarra Heinz J Gezielter Sturz Die Geschichte der Sturzkampfbomber aus aller Welt in German Stuttgart Motorbuch Verlag 1982 ISBN 3 87943 844 7 Roseberry C R Glenn Curtiss Pioneer of Flight A Biography Garden City New York Doubleday amp Company 1972 ISBN 0 8156 0264 2 United States Air Force Museum Guidebook Wright Patterson AFB Ohio Air Force Museum Foundation 1975 Winchester Jim ed Curtiss JN 4 Jenny Biplanes Triplanes and Seaplanes Aviation Factfile London Grange Books plc 2004 ISBN 1 84013 641 3 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curtiss JN Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum s page on its JN 4D Archived 2019 12 07 at the Wayback Machine Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome s Curtiss JN 4H Page Vintage Aircraft Collection Glenn H Curtiss Museum Hammondsport New York Archived 2013 06 03 at the Wayback Machine Account of the 1st Aero Squadron in the pursuit of Pancho Villa 1908 1921 USAAS Serial Numbers Resurrection of a Jenny by Chet Peek Book covering the history of the Curtiss Jenny Engine run up and flight video of restored Texas based OX 5 powered JN 4C Canuck Jenny A Lady Named Jenny Pirep Curtiss JN4D pilot report and aircraft history Budd Davisson mid 1970s Air Progress at Airbum com The Curtiss Standard JN4 B Military Tractor Hand Book Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Curtiss JN Jenny amp oldid 1192919844, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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