Tianhe core module
Tianhe (Chinese: 天和; pinyin: Tiānhé; lit. 'Harmony of the Heavens'),[8][9] officially the Tianhe core module (Chinese: 天和核心舱), is the first module to launch of the Tiangong space station. It was launched into orbit on 29 April 2021,[1] as the first launch of the final phase of Tiangong program, part of the China Manned Space Program (Project 921).[3][5]
Rendering of Tianhe core module with the robotic arm at docking position | |
| Module statistics | |
|---|---|
| COSPAR ID | 2021-035A |
| Part of | Tiangong |
| Launch date | 29 April 2021, 03:23:15 UTC[1] |
| Launch vehicle | Long March 5B (Y2) |
| Mass | 22,500 kg (49,600 lb) [2][3][4][5][6] |
| Length | 16.6 m (54 ft) [7] |
| Width | 4.2 m (14 ft) [7] |
| Pressurised volume | 113m³[6] habitable: 51m³[6] |
| Tianhe | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 天和 | ||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Heaven-Peace (or Heavenly Harmony) | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
Tianhe follows the earlier projects Salyut, Skylab, Mir, International Space Station, Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2 space stations.[10] It is the first module of a third-generation Chinese modular space station. Other examples of modular station projects include the Soviet/Russian Mir and the International Space Station. Operations will be controlled from the Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center.[5]
In 2018, a fullscale mockup of Tianhe was publicly presented at China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai.[11][12] In October 2020, China selected 18 new astronauts ahead of the space station construction to participate in the country's space station project.[13]
Functions and systems edit
The core module provides life support and living quarters for three crew members, and provides guidance, navigation, and orientation control for the station. The module also provides the station's power, propulsion, and life support systems. The module consists of three sections: the habitable living quarter, the non-habitable service section, and a docking hub.[5] Overall, the living quarters has a volume of 50 cubic meters of habitable space for three people, compared to only 15 m3 for Tiangong-1.[14]
The living quarters will include a kitchen and toilet, fire control equipment, air processing and control equipment, computers, scientific apparatus, and ground communications equipment.[5] The station has a bigger robotic arm, so it can move subsequent modules or resupply vehicles to different ports of the core module as a backup.[5][15] Also, this ″Chinarm″ had modern mobility, can be elongated and features 7 axes of motion to crawl.[16] According to the latest reports, its ability is similar to Canadarm 2. [17]
Electrical power is provided by two steerable solar power arrays, which use photovoltaic cells to produce electricity. Energy is stored to power the station when it moves into the Earth's shadow. Tianzhou resupply ships will replenish fuel for the module's propulsion engines for station-keeping to counter the effects of atmospheric drag.[18] There are 4 ion engines for propulsion.[19]
Structure edit
Wang Wenbao, director of the human spaceflight agency China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), said China has established "a good working relationship" with space agencies in Russia, France, Germany and other countries.[20][21]
The forward docking hub allows the core module to be docked with four other space station visiting spacecraft, including two experimental modules, Wentian module and Mengtian module, a cargo ship Tianzhou spacecraft, and a Shenzhou spacecraft.[15] The axial (forward-facing) and nadir (Earth-facing) port of the module will be fitted with rendezvous equipment. A mechanical arm similar to the Russian Lyappa arm used on the Mir space station will be fitted to each of the future experiment modules. The axial port on the docking hub will be the primary docking port. When new modules arrive, they will first dock here, then the mechanical arm will attach and move the module to a radial port. Crew and supply ships from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center will dock to either of the axial ports of the module, as well as the nadir port. The zenith (space facing) port has been modified to act as the station’s extravehicular activity (EVA) hatch, as the spherical docking hub is also the EVA airlock.[15]
The first generation space stations such as Salyut 1 and NASA's Skylab stations were not designed for re-supply, while Salyut 6, Salyut 7 and Mir had more than one docking port and were designed to be resupplied routinely during crewed operation.[22] The TCM as a modular station can allow the mission to be changed over time, and new modules can be added or removed from the existing structure, allowing greater flexibility.[23] It is designed for replenishment of consumables and has a service life of at least 10 years.[15][24]
The length of the module is 16.6 m (54 ft). It is cylindrical with a maximum diameter of 4.2 m (14 ft) and an on-orbit mass of 22,500 kg (49,600 lb).[7][6]
Launch edit
On 14 January 2021, CMSA announced the beginning of the construction phase for China's three-module space station. The core module, Tianhe, passed a flight acceptance review. This core module provides living space and life support for astronauts and houses the outpost's power and propulsion elements.[25][26]
Tianhe launched on 29 April 2021, at 03:23:15 UTC atop a Long March 5B launch vehicle from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site.[7] After the core module was put into orbit, the empty first stage of its launch vehicle entered a temporary, uncontrolled failing orbit.[27] Some concerns were raised over possible damage from debris of the uncontrolled re-entry: observations showed the rocket was tumbling, which complicates predictions about an eventual landing area, although the most likely outcome was a maritime impact. Parallels were made with respect to a previous launch in May 2020[28] which reportedly caused some damage in the Côte d'Ivoire.[29] The rocket re-entered over the Arabian peninsula on 9 May at 02:24 UTC,[30] landing in the Indian Ocean west of the Maldives according to the CMSA, with much of it having reportedly burned up prior to impact.[note 1] United States Space Command confirmed the re-entry location.[31][note 2]
The first spacecraft scheduled that visited the Tianhe core module was the Tianzhou 2 cargo resupply spacecraft on 29 May 2021, followed by Shenzhou 12, carrying a crew of three to the station on 17 June 2021.[1] Tianzhou 3 and Shenzhou 13 were launched to the station on 20 September 2021 and 15 October 2021 respectively.[33][34]
Dockings edit
- All dates are UTC. Dates are the earliest possible dates and may change.
- Forward ports are at the front of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation (attitude). Aft is at the rear of the station, used by spacecraft to boost the station's orbit. Nadir is closest to the Earth, zenith is on top. Port is to the left if pointing one's feet towards the Earth and looking in the direction of travel; starboard to the right.
- Key
| Launch date (UTC) | Docking date (UTC) | Undocking date (UTC) | Result | Spacecraft/Module | Launch vehicle | Launch site | Launch provider | Docking/berthing port | Duration[a] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29 April 2021, 03:23:15[35] | N/A | N/A | Success | Tianhe | Long March 5B | Wenchang LC-1 | CASC | N/A | |
| 29 May 2021, 12:55:29[36] | 29 May 2021, 21:01[37] | 27 March 2022, 07:59 | Tianzhou 2 | Long March 7 | Wenchang LC-2 | CASC | Tianhe port[b] | 301 days, 10 hours and 58 minutes | |
| 17 June 2021, 01:22:27[38] | 17 June 2021, 07:54[38] | 16 September 2021, 00:56 [39] | Shenzhou 12 | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan SLS-1 | CASC | Tianhe forward | 90 days, 14 hours and 8 minutes | |
| 20 September 2021, 07:10:11[40][41] | 20 September 2021, 14:08[42] | 17 July 2022, 02:59 | Tianzhou 3 | Long March 7 | Wenchang LC-2 | CASC | Tianhe forward[c] | 299 days, 12 hours and 51 minutes | |
| 15 October 2021, 16:23:56[43][44] | 15 October 2021, 22:56[45] | 15 April 2022, 16:44[46] | Shenzhou 13 | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan SLS-1 | CASC | Tianhe nadir | 181 days, 14 hours and 46 minutes | |
| 9 May 2022, 17:56:37[47] | 10 May 2022, 00:54 | 9 November 2022, 06:55 | Tianzhou 4 | Long March 7 | Wenchang LC-2 | CASC | Tianhe aft | 183 days, 6 hours and 1 minute | |
| 5 June 2022, 02:44:10[48] | 5 June 2022, 09:42 | 4 December 2022, 03:01 | Shenzhou 14 | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan SLS-1 | CASC | Tianhe nadir | 181 days, 14 hours and 11 minutes | |
| 24 July 2022, 06:22:32[49][50] | 24 July 2022, 19:13[51] | N/A | Wentian | Long March 5B | Wenchang LC-1 | CASC | Tianhe starboard[d] | ||
| 31 October 2022, 07:37:23.191[50] | 31 October 2022, 20:27 | N/A | Mengtian | Long March 5B | Wenchang LC-1 | CASC | Tianhe port[e] | ||
| 12 November 2022, 02:03:12:374[52][53] | 12 November 2022, 04:10 | 11 September 2023 08:46 | Tianzhou 5 | Long March 7 | Wenchang LC-2 | CASC | Tianhe forward[f] | 303 days, 4 hours and 36 minutes | |
| 29 November 2022, 15:08:17[54] | 29 November 2022, 21:42[55] | 3 June 2023, 13:29 | Shenzhou 15 | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan SLS-1 | CASC | Tianhe forward | 185 days, 13 hours and 56 minutes | |
| 10 May 2023, 13:22:51:405[56] | 10 May 2023, 21:16 | 12 January 2024, 08:02 | Tianzhou 6 | Long March 7 | Wenchang LC-2 | CASC | Tianhe aft | 246 days, 10 hours and 46 minutes | |
| 30 May 2023, 01:31:13[56] | 30 May 2023, 08:29 | 30 October 2023 12:37[57] | Shenzhou 16 | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan LA-4 | CASC | Tianhe nadir | 153 days, 2 hours and 15 minutes | |
| 26 October 2023, 03:14:02[58] | 26 October 2023, 09:46 | TBD | Shenzhou 17 | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan LA-4 | CASC | Tianhe forward | ||
| 17 January 2024, 14:27:30:728[59] | 17 January 2024, 17:46 | TBD | Tianzhou 7 | Long March 7 | Wenchang LC-2 | CASC | Tianhe aft | ||
| April 2024, (TBD)[59] | April 2024, (TBD) | Planned | Shenzhou 18 | Long March 2F/G | Jiuquan SLS-1 | CASC | Tianhe nadir | ||
| 2025[60] | N/A | N/A | Xuntian | Long March 5B | Wenchang LC-1 | CASC | N/A |
Maneuvers edit
On 1 July 2021, the space station performed a maneuver in response to a possible close encounter with the Starlink-1095 communications satellite.[61] Another maneuver was carried out on 21 October of the same year in response to a possible collision with Starlink-2305.[61]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ China Manned Space Engineering Office (CMSEO) reported landing coordinates are 72.47 degrees of longitude east and 2.65 degrees of latitude north – 2°39′N 72°28′E / 2.65°N 72.47°E.[31][30]
- ^ 'Space-Track.org', on its Twitter feed, stated that based on data from the 18th Space Control Squadron of the United States Space Force, the CZ-5B core stage that launched the Tianhe core module fell into the Indian Ocean north of the Maldives.[32]
- ^ Duration of a spacecraft is calculated from the moment of docking with the Tianhe core module to the moment of undocking with the station.
- ^ Initially docked to aft port, moved to forward port on 18 Sep 2021, and then again to portside port on 6 Jan 2022
- ^ Initially docked to aft port, moved to forward port on 20 Apr 2022
- ^ Initially docked to forward port, it was moved to starboard port on 30 Sep 2022 by the Indexing Robot Arm
- ^ Initially docked to forward port, it was moved to Portside port on 3 Nov 2022 by the Indexing Robot Arm
- ^ Initially docked to aft port, from 5 May 2023, it was free-flying and co-orbiting the space station, then redocked to forward port on 5 June 2023
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from 19 April 2020, the Starlink-1095 satellite had … an average altitude of around 555 km. Between 16 May and 24 June 2021, … maneuvered continuously to an orbit of around 382 km … close encounter … on 1 July 2021. … the China Space Station took the initiative to conduct an evasive maneuver in the evening of that day … On 21 October 2021, the Starlink-2305 satellite had a subsequent close encounter … the maneuver strategy was unknown [so] the China Space Station performed an evasive manoeuvre
External links edit
- Chinese Manned Space Agency website by China Manned Space Engineering Office