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Confluentic acid

March 03, 2024

Confluentic acid is an organic compound belonging to the chemical class known as depsides. It serves as a secondary metabolite in certain lichens and plays a role in distinguishing closely related species within the genus Porpidia. Researchers typically identify the presence of confluentic acid using methods such as thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, an alternative visual detection method involves examining the lichen's thallus or apothecium (fruiting body) under a microscope on a slide treated with potassium hydroxide, which reveals oil droplets indicative of confluentic acid. Several structural analogues of confluentic acid have been isolated from a variety of lichen species.

Confluentic acid
Names
IUPAC name
4-[2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-(2-oxoheptyl)benzoyl]oxy-2-methoxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid
Other names
Confluentininc acid
Identifiers
  • 6009-12-7 Y
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:144140 Y
ChemSpider
  • 89998 Y
  • 99614
  • DTXSID70208834
  • InChI=1S/C28H36O8/c1-5-7-9-11-18-14-22(17-24(35-4)26(18)27(31)32)36-28(33)25-19(13-20(29)12-10-8-6-2)15-21(34-3)16-23(25)30/h14-17,30H,5-13H2,1-4H3,(H,31,32) Y
    Key: UANVCGQMNRTKGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
  • CCCCCC1=C(C(=CC(=C1)OC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2O)OC)CC(=O)CCCCC)OC)C(=O)O
Properties
C28H36O8
Molar mass 500.588 g·mol−1
Melting point 157 °C (315 °F; 430 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

History edit

In 1899, Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf reported isolating a substance from Lecidea confluens, which he named confluentin, characterised by a melting point of 147–148 °C (297–298 °F).[1] He also found that this substance turns litmus paper red, reacts with FeCl3 to produce a red-brown colour, and decomposes into carbon dioxide, a volatile substance, and a phenol-like compound with a melting point of 52°C upon interaction with alkali. Zopf initially proposed the formula C37H50O10 for this compound[1] before revising it to C26H36O7, noting the updated melting point as 154 °C (309 °F).[2]

In his 1962 report of his chemical investigations into the substance, German chemist Siegfried Huneck proposed naming it 'confluentinic acid' due to the presence of the carboxylic acid functional group, aligning with the naming conventions of other lichen products.[note 1] Huneck described the substance as optically inactive and noted its poor solubility in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and acetone, but found it readily soluble in ether, benzene, and methanol. He noted the following colour reactions: weak brownish with alcoholic FeCl3 solution, blue, green, and finally violet with potassium hydroxide and chloroform upon heating, orange to orange-red with tetrazotised benzidine, and gray-violet with p-phenylenediamine; no colouration was observed with barium hydroxide. Huneck used elemental analysis and molecular weight determination by titration to determine the molecular formula of confluentinic acid as C28H36O8. The Zeisel determination for methoxyl group analysis indicated two methoxyl groups per molecule.[2]

John Elix and Brian Ferguson's proposal for the total synthesis of confluentic acid in 1978 marked a significant advancement in understanding of this lichen substance, enabling scientists to better study and understand the compound's structure and biological activity without relying solely on natural extraction. The synthesis began with the direct condensation of suitably substituted aromatic carboxylic acids and phenols, using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Key precursors involved were specially prepared benzoic acids, with protective measures for reactive groups. The process included steps like bromination, alkylation, and the strategic use of protecting groups for the phenol and carboxyl functionalities. The synthesis culminated in the removal of protecting groups and hydrogenolysis over palladised carbon to yield the desired depsides including confluentic acid.[4] In 1993, G. Fegie and colleagues introduced a standardised high-performance liquid chromatographic that enabled the separation and detection of hundreds of lichen products, confluentic acid included.[5]

Properties edit

Confluentic acid is a member of the class of chemical compounds called depsides. Its IUPAC name is 4-[2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-(2-oxoheptyl)benzoyl]oxy-2-methoxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid. The ultraviolet absorbance maxima (λmax) has two peaks at 268 and 304 nm. In the infrared spectrum, peaks occur at 740, 800, 830, 855, 900, 950, 980, 1040, 1065, 1082, 1115, 1140, 1160, 1205, 1250, 1290, 1330, 1420, 1465, 1500, 1590, 1620, 1660, 1700, 2600, 2700, 2900, 2950, 3100, 3500 cm-1.[6] The broad band at 3100 is due to hydrogen bonding, while the peak at 3500 is the COOH stretching band.[2] Confluentic acid's molecular formula is C28H36O8; it has a molecular mass of 500.57 grams per mole. In its purified form, it exists as crystalline needles with a melting point of 157 °C (315 °F).[6]

Occurrence edit

The mycobiont (fungal partner) of the lichen Lecidea tessellata has been shown to produce confluentic acid when cultured without its algal photobiont partner.[7] Confluentic acid has also been reported from mycobiont cultures of Parmelina carporrhizans.[8] Confluentic acid is produced by almost all species of the genus Immersaria, which is usually accompanied by 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acid.[9] The absence of confluentic acid distinguishes Inoderma nipponicum, from others in genus Inoderma, which typically contain this chemical.[10] The only character reliably distinguishing Porpidia contraponenda and the morphologically similar Porpidia cinereoatra is their secondary chemistry: the former contains 2'-O-methylmicrophyllinate and the latter has confluentic acid.[11] A chemosyndrome is a set of biosynthetically related compounds produced by a lichen. The confluentic acid chemosyndrome was identified in several lichens in the family Lecideaceae; it contains confluentic acid as the major metabolite, and minor amounts of 2'-0-methylperlatolic acid, olivetonide monomethyl ether, and 2'-0-methylmicrophyllinic acid.[12]

Not just limited to lichen-forming fungi, confluentic acid has also been reported from the Brazilian plant Himatanthus sucuuba, highlighting the compound's broader biological distribution.[13]

 
Confluentic acid is a major lichen product in the crustose lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta.[14]

A study on Cryptothecia rubrocincta reveals distinct biochemical compositions in various parts of its thallus, suggesting specialised roles for the compounds present. Specifically, confluentic acid was found exclusively in localised brown flecks within the red and pink zones of the thallus, alongside calcium oxalate monohydrate. This distribution is in contrast to other thallus areas, such as the white zone containing only calcium oxalate dihydrate and the dark red zone with chiodectonic acid, chlorophyll, beta-carotene, and additional calcium oxalate dihydrate in the pink sub-zone. The presence of confluentic acid in specific areas without beta-carotene and chiodectonic acid—both known UV protectants—suggests that confluentic acid plays a different role in the lichen's survival strategy. While the exact function of confluentic acid in these localised brown flecks remains unclear, it is indicated that it is not required for radiation protection. The study also highlights a transition within the lichen from calcium oxalate dihydrate to the more stable monohydrate form, associated with the ageing process and possibly the metabolic activities involving confluentic acid.[14]

Detection edit

Alan Fryday (1991) outlined a technique for the detection of confluentic acid in lichen samples. This method involves placing a section of the lichen's thallus or apothecium (fruiting body) on a microscope slide, which is then saturated with a 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. When examined under a compound microscope at 40x magnification, a distinctive 'halo' of small oil droplets or bubbles emanating from the tissue section indicates the presence of confluentic acid.[15] The oil droplets generated during this detection process consist of 4-O-methylolivetonide, a compound that is insoluble in potassium hydroxide solution. This substance forms as a result of confluentic acid undergoing hydrolysis in the presence of potassium hydroxide.[16] This test is particularly useful in distinguishing between morphologically similar yet chemically distinct species within the genus Porpidia, aiding accurate identification and study.[17]

Related compounds edit

The chemical diversity within lichens includes a variety of compounds related to confluentic acid, reflecting the complex biosynthetic capabilities of these symbiotic organisms and their significance in lichen taxonomy and ecology. In 1987, Chicita Culberson and colleagues reported the use of high-performance liquid chromatography to isolate and identify additional higher-carbon analogue substances in the "confluentic series", including hyperconfluentic acid, superconfluentic acid, and subconfluentic acid. These substances were isolated from the lichen Pseudobaeomyces pachycarpa.[18] The structure of subconfluentic acid (4-[2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-6'-(2"-oxopentyl)benzoyloxy]-2-methoxy-6-pentylbenzoic acid) was later established by synthesis.[19] The compound 4-O-demethylsuperconfluentic acid, structurally similar to confluentic acid, was isolated from Stirtonia ramosa. Another analogue, 2-O-methylconfluentic acid, was identified from Lecidea fuscoatra.[6]

Gowan (1989) suggested a close chemical and biosynthetic relationship between methyl 2'-O-methylmicrophyllinate and confluentic acid, noting that the biosynthetic pathways leading to these compounds primarily differ in the length of the acetyl-polymalonyl segment. This means that the two compounds are synthesised through similar processes, differing mainly in the size of a specific chain within the molecule. Additionally, there is only a minor variation in their methylation patterns. Gowan further suggested that methyl 2'-O-methylmicrophyllinate likely originated from an ancestor that already produced confluentic acid.[12]

Notes edit

  1. ^ The name "confluentin" was later used in 2003 for a natural prenylphenol isolated from specimens of the mushroom-forming fungus Albatrellus confluens.[3]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Zopf, Wilhelm (1899). "Zur Kenntniss der Flechtenstoffe" [On the knowledge of lichen substances]. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 306 (3): 282–321. doi:10.1002/jlac.18993060304.
  2. ^ a b c Huneck, Siegfried (1962). "Über Flechteninhaltsstoffe, I. Konstitution der Confluentinsäure" [About Lichen Constituents, I. Constitution of Confluentinic Acid]. Chemische Berichte (in German). 95 (2): 328–332. doi:10.1002/cber.19620950206.
  3. ^ Hellwig, Veronika; Nopper, Reilinde; Mauler, Frank; Freitag, Joachim; Ji-Kai, Liu; Zhi-Hui, Ding; Stadler, Marc (2003). "Activities of prenylphenol derivatives from fruitbodies of Albatrellus spp. on the human and rat vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) and characterisation of the novel natural product, confluentin". Archiv der Pharmazie. 336 (2): 119–126. doi:10.1002/ardp.200390008. PMID 12761765.
  4. ^ Elix, John; Ferguson, B.A. (1978). "Synthesis of the lichen depsides, olivetoric acid, confluentic acid and 4-O-methylolivetoric acid". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 31 (5): 1041–1051. doi:10.1071/CH9781041.
  5. ^ Feige, G.B.; Lumbsch, H.T.; Huneck, S.; Elix, J.A. (1993). "Identification of lichen substances by a standardized high-performance liquid chromatographic method". Journal of Chromatography A. 646 (2): 417–427. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)83356-W.
  6. ^ a b c Huneck, Siegfried (1996). Identification of Lichen Substances. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 244–245. ISBN 978-3-642-85245-9. OCLC 851387266.
  7. ^ Namada, N.; Tanahashi, T.; Goldsmith, S.; Nash III, T.H. (1997). "Induction of Secondary products in isolated mycobionts from North American Lichens". Symbiosis. 23: 219–224.
  8. ^ Alors, David; Divakar, Pradeep Kumar; Calchera, Anjuli; Schmitt, Imke; Crespo, Ana; Molina, María Carmen (2023). "The temporal variation of secondary metabolites in the mycobiont culture and thallus of Parmelina carporrhizans and Parmelina quercina analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography". Separations. 10 (7): e399. doi:10.3390/separations10070399.
  9. ^ Xie, Cong-Miao; Wang, Li-Song; Zhao, Zun-Tian; Zhang, Yan-Yun; Wang, Xin-Yu; Zhang, Lu-Lu (2022). "Revision of Immersaria and a new lecanorine genus in Lecideaceae (lichenised Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes)". MycoKeys. 87: 99–132. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.87.72614. PMC 8863769. PMID 35210924.
  10. ^ Frisch, Andreas; Ohmura, Yoshihito; Ertz, Damien; Thor, Göran (2015). "Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia". The Lichenologist. 47 (4): 233–256. doi:10.1017/S0024282915000201.
  11. ^ Fryday, Alan M. (2005). "The genus Porpidia in northern and western Europe, with special emphasis on collections from the British Isles". The Lichenologist. 37 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0024282904014628.
  12. ^ a b Gowan, Sharon P. (1989). "A character analysis of the secondary products of the Porpidiaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina)". Systematic Botany. 14 (1): 77–90. doi:10.2307/2419052. JSTOR 2419052.
  13. ^ Endo, Yuichi; Hayashi, Hiroko; Sato, Toshitsugu; Maruno (M. Chin), Masao; Ohta, Tomihisa; Nozoe, Shigeo (1994). "Confluentic acid and 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid, monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in a Brazilian plant, Himatanthus sucuuba". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 42 (6): 1198–1201. doi:10.1248/cpb.42.1198. PMID 8069971.
  14. ^ a b Edwards, Howell G.M.; de Oliveira, Luiz F.C.; Seaward, Mark R.D. (2005). "FT-Raman spectroscopy of the Christmas wreath lichen, Cryptothecia rubrocincta (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Thor". The Lichenologist. 37 (2): 181–189. doi:10.1017/S0024282905014611.
  15. ^ Fryday, Alan (1991). "A microscopic test for confluentic acid" (PDF). British Lichen Society Bulletin. 70: 31.
  16. ^ Fryday, Alan (1992). "The chemistry of the new confluentic acid test" (PDF). British Lichen Society Bulletin. 71: 41.
  17. ^ Orange, A.; James, P.W.; White, F.J. (2001). Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-9540418-0-9.
  18. ^ Culberson, Chicita F.; Culberson, William Louis; Gowan, Sharon; Johnson, Anita (1987). "New depsides from lichens: microchemical methodologies applied to the study of new natural products discovered in herbarium specimens". American Journal of Botany. 74 (3): 403–414. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1987.tb08622.x.
  19. ^ Elix, J.A.; Wardlaw, J.H.; David, F. (1996). "The structure of subconfluentic acid, a depside from the lichen Lecidella cf. cyanosarca". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 49 (1): 159–161. doi:10.1071/CH9960159.

March 03, 2024
confluentic, acid, organic, compound, belonging, chemical, class, known, depsides, serves, secondary, metabolite, certain, lichens, plays, role, distinguishing, closely, related, species, within, genus, porpidia, researchers, typically, identify, presence, con. Confluentic acid is an organic compound belonging to the chemical class known as depsides It serves as a secondary metabolite in certain lichens and plays a role in distinguishing closely related species within the genus Porpidia Researchers typically identify the presence of confluentic acid using methods such as thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography Additionally an alternative visual detection method involves examining the lichen s thallus or apothecium fruiting body under a microscope on a slide treated with potassium hydroxide which reveals oil droplets indicative of confluentic acid Several structural analogues of confluentic acid have been isolated from a variety of lichen species Confluentic acid NamesIUPAC name 4 2 Hydroxy 4 methoxy 6 2 oxoheptyl benzoyl oxy 2 methoxy 6 pentylbenzoic acidOther names Confluentininc acidIdentifiersCAS Number 6009 12 7 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageChEBI CHEBI 144140 YChemSpider 89998 YPubChem CID 99614CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID70208834InChI InChI 1S C28H36O8 c1 5 7 9 11 18 14 22 17 24 35 4 26 18 27 31 32 36 28 33 25 19 13 20 29 12 10 8 6 2 15 21 34 3 16 23 25 30 h14 17 30H 5 13H2 1 4H3 H 31 32 YKey UANVCGQMNRTKGM UHFFFAOYSA N YSMILES CCCCCC1 C C CC C1 OC O C2 C C C C C2O OC CC O CCCCC OC C O OPropertiesChemical formula C 28H 36O 8Molar mass 500 588 g mol 1Melting point 157 C 315 F 430 K Except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa Infobox references Contents 1 History 2 Properties 3 Occurrence 4 Detection 5 Related compounds 6 Notes 7 ReferencesHistory editIn 1899 Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf reported isolating a substance from Lecidea confluens which he named confluentin characterised by a melting point of 147 148 C 297 298 F 1 He also found that this substance turns litmus paper red reacts with FeCl3 to produce a red brown colour and decomposes into carbon dioxide a volatile substance and a phenol like compound with a melting point of 52 C upon interaction with alkali Zopf initially proposed the formula C37H50O10 for this compound 1 before revising it to C26H36O7 noting the updated melting point as 154 C 309 F 2 In his 1962 report of his chemical investigations into the substance German chemist Siegfried Huneck proposed naming it confluentinic acid due to the presence of the carboxylic acid functional group aligning with the naming conventions of other lichen products note 1 Huneck described the substance as optically inactive and noted its poor solubility in petroleum ether ethyl acetate and acetone but found it readily soluble in ether benzene and methanol He noted the following colour reactions weak brownish with alcoholic FeCl3 solution blue green and finally violet with potassium hydroxide and chloroform upon heating orange to orange red with tetrazotised benzidine and gray violet with p phenylenediamine no colouration was observed with barium hydroxide Huneck used elemental analysis and molecular weight determination by titration to determine the molecular formula of confluentinic acid as C28H36O8 The Zeisel determination for methoxyl group analysis indicated two methoxyl groups per molecule 2 John Elix and Brian Ferguson s proposal for the total synthesis of confluentic acid in 1978 marked a significant advancement in understanding of this lichen substance enabling scientists to better study and understand the compound s structure and biological activity without relying solely on natural extraction The synthesis began with the direct condensation of suitably substituted aromatic carboxylic acids and phenols using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Key precursors involved were specially prepared benzoic acids with protective measures for reactive groups The process included steps like bromination alkylation and the strategic use of protecting groups for the phenol and carboxyl functionalities The synthesis culminated in the removal of protecting groups and hydrogenolysis over palladised carbon to yield the desired depsides including confluentic acid 4 In 1993 G Fegie and colleagues introduced a standardised high performance liquid chromatographic that enabled the separation and detection of hundreds of lichen products confluentic acid included 5 Properties editConfluentic acid is a member of the class of chemical compounds called depsides Its IUPAC name is 4 2 hydroxy 4 methoxy 6 2 oxoheptyl benzoyl oxy 2 methoxy 6 pentylbenzoic acid The ultraviolet absorbance maxima lmax has two peaks at 268 and 304 nm In the infrared spectrum peaks occur at 740 800 830 855 900 950 980 1040 1065 1082 1115 1140 1160 1205 1250 1290 1330 1420 1465 1500 1590 1620 1660 1700 2600 2700 2900 2950 3100 3500 cm 1 6 The broad band at 3100 is due to hydrogen bonding while the peak at 3500 is the COOH stretching band 2 Confluentic acid s molecular formula is C28H36O8 it has a molecular mass of 500 57 grams per mole In its purified form it exists as crystalline needles with a melting point of 157 C 315 F 6 Occurrence editThe mycobiont fungal partner of the lichen Lecidea tessellata has been shown to produce confluentic acid when cultured without its algal photobiont partner 7 Confluentic acid has also been reported from mycobiont cultures of Parmelina carporrhizans 8 Confluentic acid is produced by almost all species of the genus Immersaria which is usually accompanied by 2 O methylmicrophyllinic acid 9 The absence of confluentic acid distinguishes Inoderma nipponicum from others in genus Inoderma which typically contain this chemical 10 The only character reliably distinguishing Porpidia contraponenda and the morphologically similar Porpidia cinereoatra is their secondary chemistry the former contains 2 O methylmicrophyllinate and the latter has confluentic acid 11 A chemosyndrome is a set of biosynthetically related compounds produced by a lichen The confluentic acid chemosyndrome was identified in several lichens in the family Lecideaceae it contains confluentic acid as the major metabolite and minor amounts of 2 0 methylperlatolic acid olivetonide monomethyl ether and 2 0 methylmicrophyllinic acid 12 Not just limited to lichen forming fungi confluentic acid has also been reported from the Brazilian plant Himatanthus sucuuba highlighting the compound s broader biological distribution 13 nbsp Confluentic acid is a major lichen product in the crustose lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta 14 A study on Cryptothecia rubrocincta reveals distinct biochemical compositions in various parts of its thallus suggesting specialised roles for the compounds present Specifically confluentic acid was found exclusively in localised brown flecks within the red and pink zones of the thallus alongside calcium oxalate monohydrate This distribution is in contrast to other thallus areas such as the white zone containing only calcium oxalate dihydrate and the dark red zone with chiodectonic acid chlorophyll beta carotene and additional calcium oxalate dihydrate in the pink sub zone The presence of confluentic acid in specific areas without beta carotene and chiodectonic acid both known UV protectants suggests that confluentic acid plays a different role in the lichen s survival strategy While the exact function of confluentic acid in these localised brown flecks remains unclear it is indicated that it is not required for radiation protection The study also highlights a transition within the lichen from calcium oxalate dihydrate to the more stable monohydrate form associated with the ageing process and possibly the metabolic activities involving confluentic acid 14 Detection editAlan Fryday 1991 outlined a technique for the detection of confluentic acid in lichen samples This method involves placing a section of the lichen s thallus or apothecium fruiting body on a microscope slide which is then saturated with a 10 potassium hydroxide KOH solution When examined under a compound microscope at 40x magnification a distinctive halo of small oil droplets or bubbles emanating from the tissue section indicates the presence of confluentic acid 15 The oil droplets generated during this detection process consist of 4 O methylolivetonide a compound that is insoluble in potassium hydroxide solution This substance forms as a result of confluentic acid undergoing hydrolysis in the presence of potassium hydroxide 16 This test is particularly useful in distinguishing between morphologically similar yet chemically distinct species within the genus Porpidia aiding accurate identification and study 17 Related compounds editThe chemical diversity within lichens includes a variety of compounds related to confluentic acid reflecting the complex biosynthetic capabilities of these symbiotic organisms and their significance in lichen taxonomy and ecology In 1987 Chicita Culberson and colleagues reported the use of high performance liquid chromatography to isolate and identify additional higher carbon analogue substances in the confluentic series including hyperconfluentic acid superconfluentic acid and subconfluentic acid These substances were isolated from the lichen Pseudobaeomyces pachycarpa 18 The structure of subconfluentic acid 4 2 hydroxy 4 methoxy 6 2 oxopentyl benzoyloxy 2 methoxy 6 pentylbenzoic acid was later established by synthesis 19 The compound 4 O demethylsuperconfluentic acid structurally similar to confluentic acid was isolated from Stirtonia ramosa Another analogue 2 O methylconfluentic acid was identified from Lecidea fuscoatra 6 Gowan 1989 suggested a close chemical and biosynthetic relationship between methyl 2 O methylmicrophyllinate and confluentic acid noting that the biosynthetic pathways leading to these compounds primarily differ in the length of the acetyl polymalonyl segment This means that the two compounds are synthesised through similar processes differing mainly in the size of a specific chain within the molecule Additionally there is only a minor variation in their methylation patterns Gowan further suggested that methyl 2 O methylmicrophyllinate likely originated from an ancestor that already produced confluentic acid 12 Notes edit The name confluentin was later used in 2003 for a natural prenylphenol isolated from specimens of the mushroom forming fungus Albatrellus confluens 3 References edit a b Zopf Wilhelm 1899 Zur Kenntniss der Flechtenstoffe On the knowledge of lichen substances Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie in German 306 3 282 321 doi 10 1002 jlac 18993060304 a b c Huneck Siegfried 1962 Uber Flechteninhaltsstoffe I Konstitution der Confluentinsaure About Lichen Constituents I Constitution of Confluentinic Acid Chemische Berichte in German 95 2 328 332 doi 10 1002 cber 19620950206 Hellwig Veronika Nopper Reilinde Mauler Frank Freitag Joachim Ji Kai Liu Zhi Hui Ding Stadler Marc 2003 Activities of prenylphenol derivatives from fruitbodies of Albatrellus spp on the human and rat vanilloid receptor 1 VR1 and characterisation of the novel natural product confluentin Archiv der Pharmazie 336 2 119 126 doi 10 1002 ardp 200390008 PMID 12761765 Elix John Ferguson B A 1978 Synthesis of the lichen depsides olivetoric acid confluentic acid and 4 O methylolivetoric acid Australian Journal of Chemistry 31 5 1041 1051 doi 10 1071 CH9781041 Feige G B Lumbsch H T Huneck S Elix J A 1993 Identification of lichen substances by a standardized high performance liquid chromatographic method Journal of Chromatography A 646 2 417 427 doi 10 1016 0021 9673 93 83356 W a b c Huneck Siegfried 1996 Identification of Lichen Substances Berlin Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg pp 244 245 ISBN 978 3 642 85245 9 OCLC 851387266 Namada N Tanahashi T Goldsmith S Nash III T H 1997 Induction of Secondary products in isolated mycobionts from North American Lichens Symbiosis 23 219 224 Alors David Divakar Pradeep Kumar Calchera Anjuli Schmitt Imke Crespo Ana Molina Maria Carmen 2023 The temporal variation of secondary metabolites in the mycobiont culture and thallus of Parmelina carporrhizans and Parmelina quercina analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography Separations 10 7 e399 doi 10 3390 separations10070399 Xie Cong Miao Wang Li Song Zhao Zun Tian Zhang Yan Yun Wang Xin Yu Zhang Lu Lu 2022 Revision of Immersaria and a new lecanorine genus in Lecideaceae lichenised Ascomycota Lecanoromycetes MycoKeys 87 99 132 doi 10 3897 mycokeys 87 72614 PMC 8863769 PMID 35210924 Frisch Andreas Ohmura Yoshihito Ertz Damien Thor Goran 2015 Inoderma and related genera in Arthoniaceae with elevated white pruinose pycnidia or sporodochia The Lichenologist 47 4 233 256 doi 10 1017 S0024282915000201 Fryday Alan M 2005 The genus Porpidia in northern and western Europe with special emphasis on collections from the British Isles The Lichenologist 37 1 1 35 doi 10 1017 S0024282904014628 a b Gowan Sharon P 1989 A character analysis of the secondary products of the Porpidiaceae lichenized Ascomycotina Systematic Botany 14 1 77 90 doi 10 2307 2419052 JSTOR 2419052 Endo Yuichi Hayashi Hiroko Sato Toshitsugu Maruno M Chin Masao Ohta Tomihisa Nozoe Shigeo 1994 Confluentic acid and 2 O methylperlatolic acid monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in a Brazilian plant Himatanthus sucuuba Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 42 6 1198 1201 doi 10 1248 cpb 42 1198 PMID 8069971 a b Edwards Howell G M de Oliveira Luiz F C Seaward Mark R D 2005 FT Raman spectroscopy of the Christmas wreath lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta Ehrenb Fr Thor The Lichenologist 37 2 181 189 doi 10 1017 S0024282905014611 Fryday Alan 1991 A microscopic test for confluentic acid PDF British Lichen Society Bulletin 70 31 Fryday Alan 1992 The chemistry of the new confluentic acid test PDF British Lichen Society Bulletin 71 41 Orange A James P W White F J 2001 Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens British Lichen Society p 13 ISBN 978 0 9540418 0 9 Culberson Chicita F Culberson William Louis Gowan Sharon Johnson Anita 1987 New depsides from lichens microchemical methodologies applied to the study of new natural products discovered in herbarium specimens American Journal of Botany 74 3 403 414 doi 10 1002 j 1537 2197 1987 tb08622 x Elix J A Wardlaw J H David F 1996 The structure of subconfluentic acid a depside from the lichen Lecidella cf cyanosarca Australian Journal of Chemistry 49 1 159 161 doi 10 1071 CH9960159 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Confluentic acid amp oldid 1211356050, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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