Howell Cobb
Howell Cobb (September 7, 1815 – October 9, 1868) was an American and later Confederate political figure. A southern Democrat, Cobb was a five-term member of the United States House of Representatives and the speaker of the House from 1849 to 1851. He also served as the 40th governor of Georgia (1851–1853) and as a secretary of the treasury under President James Buchanan (1857–1860).
Howell Cobb | |
|---|---|
| President of the Confederate States Provisional Congress | |
| In office February 4, 1861 – February 18, 1862 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| 22nd United States Secretary of the Treasury | |
| In office March 7, 1857 – December 8, 1860 | |
| President | James Buchanan |
| Preceded by | James Guthrie |
| Succeeded by | Philip Thomas |
| 40th Governor of Georgia | |
| In office November 5, 1851 – November 9, 1853 | |
| Preceded by | George Towns |
| Succeeded by | Herschel Johnson |
| 19th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives | |
| In office December 22, 1849 [a] – March 3, 1851 | |
| Preceded by | Robert Winthrop |
| Succeeded by | Linn Boyd |
| Leader of the House Democratic Caucus | |
| In office December 4, 1843 – March 4, 1845 | |
| Preceded by | John Winston Jones |
| Succeeded by | Linn Boyd |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 6th district | |
| In office March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857 | |
| Preceded by | Junius Hillyer |
| Succeeded by | James Jackson |
| In office March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1851 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency established |
| Succeeded by | Junius Hillyer |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's at-large district | |
| In office March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845 Seat 5 | |
| Preceded by | James Meriwether |
| Succeeded by | Constituency abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 7, 1815 Cherry Hill, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | October 9, 1868 (aged 53) New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic (Before 1851; 1853–1868) Constitutional Union (1851–1853)[b] |
| Relatives |
|
| Education | University of Georgia (BA) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Confederate States |
| Branch/service | Confederate States Army |
| Years of service | 1861–1865 |
| Rank | Major General |
| Unit | Army of Northern Virginia |
| Commands | Cobb's Brigade District of Georgia and Florida |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
Cobb is, however, best known as one of the founders of the Confederacy, having served as the President of the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States where delegates of the Southern slave states declared that they had seceded from the United States and created the Confederate States of America.
Early life and education edit
Born in Jefferson County, Georgia in 1815, son of Sarah (née Rootes) and John A. Cobb.[2] Cobb was of Welsh American ancestry.[3] He was raised in Athens and attended the University of Georgia, where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and became solicitor general of the western judicial circuit of Georgia.[4]
Cobb was a presidential elector in the 1836 presidential election.[5]
He married Mary Ann Lamar on May 26, 1835. She was a daughter of Colonel Zachariah Lamar, of Milledgeville, from a prominent family with broad connections in the South.[6] Her relatives include Texas President Mirabeau B. Lamar and Georgia resident Gazaway Bugg Lamar.[citation needed] They would have eleven children, the first in 1838 and the last in 1861. Several did not survive childhood, including their last, a son who was named after Howell's brother, Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb.
Career edit
Congressman edit
Cobb was elected as Democrat to the 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st Congresses. He was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Mileage during the 28th Congress, and Speaker of the United States House of Representatives during the 31st Congress.
He sided with President Andrew Jackson on the question of nullification (i.e. compromising on import tariffs), and was an effective supporter of President James K. Polk's administration during the Mexican–American War. He was an ardent advocate of extending slavery into the territories, but when the Compromise of 1850 had been agreed upon, he became its staunch supporter as a Union Democrat.[4][7] He joined Georgia Whigs Alexander Stephens and Robert Toombs in a statewide campaign to elect delegates to a state convention that overwhelmingly affirmed, in the Georgia Platform, that the state accepted the Compromise as the final resolution to the outstanding slavery issues. On that issue, Cobb was elected governor of Georgia by a large majority.
Speaker of the House edit
After 63 ballots,[8] he became Speaker of the House on December 22, 1849, at the age of 34.[9] In 1850—following the July 9 death of Zachary Taylor and the accession of Millard Fillmore to the presidency—Cobb, as Speaker, would have been next in line to the presidency for two days due to the resultant vice presidential vacancy and a president pro tempore of the Senate vacancy, except he did not meet the minimum eligibility for the presidency of being 35 years old. The Senate elected William R. King as president pro tempore on July 11.
Governor of Georgia edit
In 1851, Cobb left the House to serve as the Governor of Georgia, holding that post until 1853. He published A Scriptural Examination of the Institution of Slavery in the United States: With its Objects and Purposes in 1856.[10]
Return to Congress and Secretary of the Treasury edit
He was elected to the 34th Congress before being appointed as Secretary of the Treasury in Buchanan's Cabinet. He served for three years, resigning in December 1860. At one time, Cobb was Buchanan's choice for his successor.[11]
A Founder of the Confederacy edit
In 1860, Cobb ceased to be a Unionist, and became a leader of the secession movement.[4] He was president of a convention of the seceded states that assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4, 1861. Under Cobb's guidance, the delegates drafted a constitution for the new Confederacy. He served as president of several sessions of the Confederate Provisional Congress, before resigning to join the military when war erupted.[12]
American Civil War edit
Cobb joined the Confederate army and was commissioned as colonel of the 16th Georgia Infantry. He was appointed a brigadier general on February 13, 1862, and assigned command of a brigade in what became the Army of Northern Virginia. Between February and June 1862, he represented the Confederate authorities in negotiations with Union officers for an agreement on the exchange of prisoners of war. His efforts in these discussions contributed to the Dix-Hill Cartel accord reached in July 1862.[13]
Cobb saw combat during the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battles. Cobb's brigade played a key role in the fighting during the Battle of South Mountain, especially at Crampton's Gap, where it arrived at a critical time to delay a Union advance through the gap, but at a bloody cost. His men also fought at the subsequent Battle of Antietam.
In October 1862, Cobb was detached from the Army of Northern Virginia and sent to the District of Middle Florida. He was promoted to major general on September 9, 1863, and placed in command of the District of Georgia and Florida. He suggested the construction of a prisoner-of-war camp in southern Georgia, a location thought to be safe from Union incursions. This idea led to the creation of the infamous Andersonville prison.
When William T. Sherman's armies entered Georgia during the 1864 Atlanta Campaign and subsequent March to the Sea, Cobb commanded the Georgia Reserve Corps as a general. In the spring of 1865, with the Confederacy clearly waning, he and his troops were sent to Columbus, Georgia to help oppose Wilson's Raid. He led the hopeless Confederate resistance in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865.
During Sherman's March to the Sea, the army camped one night near Cobb's plantation.[14] When Sherman discovered that the house he planned to stay in for the night belonged to Cobb, whom Sherman described in his Memoirs as "one of the leading rebels of the South, then a general in the Southern army," he dined in Cobb's slave quarters,[15] confiscated Cobb's property and burned the plantation,[16] instructing his subordinates to "spare nothing."[17]
In the closing days of the war, Cobb fruitlessly opposed General Robert E. Lee's eleventh hour proposal to enlist slaves into the Confederate Army. Fearing that such a move would completely discredit the Confederacy's fundamental justification of slavery, that black people were inferior, he said, "You cannot make soldiers of slaves, or slaves of soldiers. The day you make a soldier of them is the beginning of the end of the Revolution. And if slaves seem good soldiers, then our whole theory of slavery is wrong."[18]
Cobb surrendered to the U.S. at Macon, Georgia on April 20, 1865.
Later life and death edit
Following the end of the Civil War, Cobb returned home and resumed his law practice. Despite pressure from his former constituents and soldiers, he refused to make any public remarks on Reconstruction policy until he received a presidential pardon, although he privately opposed the policy. Finally receiving the pardon in early 1868, he began to vigorously oppose the Reconstruction Acts, making a series of speeches that summer that bitterly denounced the policies of Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress.
That autumn, Cobb vacationed in New York City, and died of a heart attack there. His body was returned to Athens, Georgia, for burial in Oconee Hill Cemetery.[19]
Legacy edit
As a former Speaker of the House, his portrait had been on display in the US Capitol. The portrait was removed from public display in the Speaker's Lobby outside the House Chamber after an order issued by the Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi on June 18, 2020, during the George Floyd protests.[20][21]
Cobb family edit
The Cobb family included many prominent Georgians from both before and after the Civil War era. Cobb's uncle and namesake, also Howell Cobb, had been a U.S. Congressman from 1807 to 1812, and then served as an officer in the War of 1812.
Cobb's younger brother, Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, was also a politician and soldier and was killed in the Civil War. Thomas Willis Cobb, a member of the United States Congress and namesake of Georgia's Cobb County, was a cousin. His niece Mildred Lewis "Miss Millie" Rutherford was a prominent educator, white supremacy advocate, and leader in the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Howell Cobb's daughter, Mrs. Alexander S. (Mary Ann Lamar Cobb) Erwin, was responsible for creating the United Daughters of the Confederacy's Southern Cross of Honor in 1899, which was awarded to Confederate Veterans.[22] His son, Andrew J. Cobb, served as a justice of the Georgia Supreme Court.[23]
See also edit
- List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession
- List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
Notelist
- ^ multi-ballot election; voting lasted 19 days (The total vacancy was over eight months; Congress simply didn't vote or do any work until December.)
- ^ Not to be confused with Constitutional Union Party of 1860, the Constitutional Union Party in Georgia was a brief merger of the Democratic and Whig state parties.[1]
Notes edit
- ^ Murray, Paul (1945). "Party Organization in Georgia Politics 1825-1853". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 29 (4): 206–207 – via JSTOR.
- ^ [John Cobb's brother Henry Cobb was the father of Susan Amanda Cobb first wife of Florida Civil War Governor John Milton (Florida politician).]
- ^ A memorial volume of the Hon. Howell Cobb, of Georgia, edited by Samuel Boykin, p. 14
- ^ a b c Chisholm 1911.
- ^ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. I. New York, N.Y.: James T. White & Co. 1898. p. 226 – via Google Books.
- ^ A Standard History of Georgia and Georgians, Volume 3, L. L. Knight, Lewis Publishing Co., 1917, p. 1339
- ^ Brooks, R. P. (December 1917). "Howell Cobb and the Crisis of 1850". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 4 (3): 279–298. doi:10.2307/1888593. JSTOR 1888593.
- ^ Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Stewart, Charles Haines (2012). Fighting for the speakership the House and the rise of party government. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9781400845460.
- ^ Hamilton, Holman (2015). Prologue to Conflict : The Crisis and Compromise of 1850. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 42. ISBN 978-0813191362.
- ^ NIE
- ^ Klein (1962), pp. 11.
- ^ Davis, Ruby Sellers (1962). "Howell Cobb, President of the Provisional Congress of the Confederacy". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 46 (1): 20–33. JSTOR 40578354.
- ^ Official Records, Series II, Vol. 3, pp. 338-340, 812-13, Vol. 4, pp. 31-32, 48.
- ^ Seibert, David. "Howell Cobb Plantation". GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (1999). The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny. New York City, New York: The Free Press. p. 211. ISBN 9780684845029. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
- ^ Mitchell, Robert B. (November 2014). "Terrible beyond endurance". America's Civil War. 27 (5): 37. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
- ^ "Memoirs, ch.21". William Tecumseh Sherman. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ "Howell Cobb", New Georgia Encyclopedia
- ^ "Portraits of Confederate House Speakers Removed From Capitol". slate.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ Snell, Kelsey (June 18, 2020). "Confederate Speaker Portraits To Be Removed From The U.S. Capitol On Juneteenth". www.npr.org. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ Alexander, David T. (November 30, 2012). "Southern Cross of Honor: Whitehead & Hoag wins contract". Coin World. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
- ^ "Judge Cobb Dies Of Heart Attack Following Stroke", The Atlanta Constitution (March 28, 1925), p. 1.
References edit
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cobb, Howell". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 606.
- This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- United States Congress. "Howell Cobb (id: C000548)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2009-04-17
- Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
- Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
- US Department of War (1880–1901). The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington: Government Printing Office.
- Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.
Further reading edit
- Montgomery, Horace, Howell Cobb's Confederate Career. (Tuscaloosa, Alabama: Confederate Publishing, 1959).
- Simpson, John E., Howell Cobb: the Politics of Ambition. (Chicago, Illinois: Adams Press, 1973).
External links edit
- Howell Cobb entry at the National Governors Association
- Howell Cobb (1815–1868) entry at The Political Graveyard
- Howell Cobb at Find a Grave
- Joseph Emerson Brown letters, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama.
- New Georgia Encyclopedia: Howell Cobb (1815-1868)
- "The Late Howell Cobb" March 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Southern Recorder, November 10, 1868. Atlanta Historic Newspaper Archive. Digital Library of Georgia
- U.S. Treasury - Biography of Secretary Howell Cobb
- Cobb, Howell. "[Letter] 1858 Jan. 20, Treasury Department [to] J[ames] W[harey] Terrell, Qualla Town [i.e., Quallatown], North Carolina". Southeastern Native American Documents, 1730-1842. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved February 21, 2018.[permanent dead link]