fbpx
Wikipedia

Phyllanthus

January 01, 1970

"Conami" redirects here. Not to be confused with Konami.
Not to be confused with Philanthus.

Phyllanthus is the largest genus in the plant family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the number of species in this genus vary widely, from 750[2] to 1200.[3] Phyllanthus has a remarkable diversity of growth forms including annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, climbers, floating aquatics, and pachycaulous succulents. Some have flattened leaflike stems called cladodes. It has a wide variety of floral morphologies and chromosome numbers and has one of the widest range of pollen types of any seed plant genus.

Phyllanthus
Phyllanthus mirabilis
Phyllanthus fluitans
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Subfamily: Phyllanthoideae
Tribe: Phyllantheae
Genus: Phyllanthus
L.
Diversity
About 800 species
Synonyms[1]
List
  • Anisonema A.Juss.
  • Aporosella Chodat
  • Arachnodes Gagnep.
  • Ardinghalia Comm. ex A.Juss.
  • Asterandra Klotzsch
  • Cathetus Lour.
  • Ceramanthus Hassk.
  • Chlorolepis Nutt.
  • Chorisandra Wight, nom. illeg.
  • Chorizonema Jean F.Brunel
  • Cicca L.
  • Clambus Miers
  • Conami Aubl.
  • Cycca Batsch
  • Dendrophyllanthus S.Moore
  • Dichelactina Hance
  • Dichrophyllum Klotzsch & Garcke
  • Dimorphocladium Britton
  • Emblica Gaertn.
  • Epistylium Sw.
  • Eriococcus Hassk.
  • Flueggeopsis K.Schum.
  • Geminaria Raf.
  • Genesiphyla Raf.
  • Genesiphylla L'Hér.
  • Hemicicca Baill.
  • Hemiglochidion (Müll.Arg.) K.Schum., nom. superfl.
  • Hexadena Raf.
  • Hexaspermum Domin
  • Kirganelia Juss.
  • Leichhardtia F.Muell.
  • Lomanthes Raf.
  • Macraea Wight
  • Maschalanthus Nutt., nom. illeg.
  • Meborea Aubl.
  • Menarda Comm. ex A.Juss.
  • Moeroris Raf.
  • Nellica Raf.
  • Niruri Adans.
  • Niruris Raf.
  • Nymania K.Schum.
  • Nymphanthus Lour.
  • Orbicularia Baill.
  • Oxalistylis Baill.
  • Pseudoglochidion Gamble
  • Ramsdenia Britton
  • Reidia Wight
  • Reverchonia A.Gray
  • Rhopium Schreb.
  • Roigia Britton
  • Scepasma Blume
  • Staurothyrax Griff.
  • Synexemia Raf.
  • Tephranthus Neck., opus utique oppr.
  • Tricarium Lour.
  • Uranthera Pax & K.Hoffm.
  • Urinaria Medik.
  • Williamia Baill.
  • Xylophylla L.
Plagiotropic shoots of Phyllanthus pulcher
Fruit of Phyllanthus acidus
Male and female flowers of Phyllanthus acidus
Flattened stems and flowers of Phyllanthus angustifolius
Leaves of Phyllanthus urinaria

Despite their variety, almost all Phyllanthus species express a specific type of growth called "phyllanthoid branching" in which the vertical stems bear deciduous, floriferous (flower-bearing), plagiotropic (horizontal or oblique) stems. The leaves on the main (vertical) axes are reduced to scales called "cataphylls", while leaves on the other axes develop normally.[4] Phyllanthus is distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions on Earth.

Phyllanthus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753,[5][6] but the type was not designated.[5]

Species edit

Main article: List of Phyllanthus species

The circumscription of this genus has been a cause of much confusion and disagreement. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic over Reverchonia, Glochidion, Sauropus, and Breynia. A 2006 revision of the family Phyllanthaceae has subsumed all four of these genera into Phyllanthus.[7] This enlarged version of Phyllanthus might eventually be divided into smaller genera,[8][9] including 32 Chinese (and northern Indochinese) species.[10] A complete overhaul of the genus, including a new classification is currently underway, following a recent indepth molecular treatment of major groups included.[11]

Selected species edit

Fossil record edit

Two fossil seeds of a Phyllanthus species have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland. The seeds are similar to seeds of the fossil species †Phyllanthus triquetra and †Phyllanthus compassica from the Oligocene and Miocene of West Siberia. Phyllanthus fossils are known from several Miocene and Pliocene sites in Poland.[15]

Pollination biology edit

Phyllanthus are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because some but not all species in the genus have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers. While ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds, the moths also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment.[16][17] Other species of Epicephala are pollinators of certain species of plants in the genera Glochidion[18][19] and Breynia,[20][21] both of which are phylogenetically nested within Phyllanthus.[22]

Research and traditional medicine edit

Particularly for its content of tannins, P. emblica fruit has a history of use in traditional medicine and is under study for its potential biological properties.[23] Leaves, roots, stem, bark and berries of this genus contain lignans and other phytochemicals.[24][25][26]

References edit

  1. ^ "Phyllanthus L." Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  2. ^ David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book. third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press.[page needed]
  3. ^ Kathriarachchi H, Hoffmann P, Samuel R, Wurdack KJ, Chase MW (July 2005). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae inferred from five genes (plastid atpB, matK, 3'ndhF, rbcL, and nuclear PHYC)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (1): 112–34. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.002. PMID 15904861.
  4. ^ Webster, Grady L. (1994). "Classification of the Euphorbiaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 81 (1): 3–32. doi:10.2307/2399908. JSTOR 2399908.
  5. ^ a b "Phyllanthus". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  6. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum 2: 981.
  7. ^ Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin. 61 (1): 37–53.
  8. ^ Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Samuel, Rosabelle; Hoffmann, Petra; Mlinarec, Jelena; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Ralimanana, Hélène; Stuessy, Tod F.; Chase, Mark W. (2006). "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 93 (4): 637–655. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.4.637. PMID 21646224.
  9. ^ Kanchana Pruesapan, Ian R.H. Telford, Jeremy J. Bruhl, Stefano G.A. Draisma, and Peter C. Van Welzen. 2008. "Delimitation of Sauropus (Phyllanthaceae) Based on Plastid matK and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS DNA Sequence Data." Annals of Botany 102(6):1007-1018
  10. ^ "Flora of China". eFlora. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  11. ^ Bouman, Roderick W.; Keßler, Paul J. A.; Telford, Ian R. H.; Bruhl, Jeremy J.; Strijk, Joeri S.; Saunders, Richard M. K.; Welzen, Peter C. van (2021). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthus sensu lato (Phyllanthaceae): Towards coherent monophyletic taxa". Taxon. 70 (1): 72–98. doi:10.1002/tax.12424. hdl:1887/3248720. ISSN 1996-8175.
  12. ^ "Phyllanthus phialanthoides (Phyllanthaceae), a new species from northeastern Cuba" (JSTOR)
  13. ^ a b Luo, S.X., H.-J. Esser, D. Zhang, and S. S. Renner. 2011. Nuclear ITS sequences help disentangle Phyllanthus reticulatus (Phyllanthaceae), an Asian species not occurring in Africa, but introduced to Jamaica. Systematic Botany 36(1): 99-104.
  14. ^ Bussmann, R. W.; Gilbreath, GG; Solio, J; Lutura, M; Lutuluo, R; Kunguru, K; Wood, N; Mathenge, SG (2006). "Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya". J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2: 22. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-22. PMC 1475560. PMID 16674830.
  15. ^ Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) by Łańcucka-Środoniowa M, Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
  16. ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2004. "Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)." American Journal of Botany 91: 410–415.
  17. ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2009. "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276: 417–426.
  18. ^ Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012) Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists. Biology Letters. 8: 258–261.
  19. ^ Luo, S.-X.; Yao, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hembry, D. H. (2017) "A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms." The American Naturalist. 189: 422–435
  20. ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. 2004. Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae). American Journal of Botany. 91: 1319–1325.
  21. ^ Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Hu, B.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. 2012. "Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae). PLOS ONE. 7: e41657.
  22. ^ Kathriarachchi, H.; Samuel, R.; Hoffmann, P.; Mlinarec, J.; Wurdack, K. J.; Ralimanana, H.; Stuessy, T. F.; Chase, M. W. 2006. "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data." American Journal of Botany. 93: 637–655.
  23. ^ Yang, B; Liu, P (2014). "Composition and biological activities of hydrolyzable tannins of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62 (3): 529–41. doi:10.1021/jf404703k. PMID 24369850.
  24. ^ Murugaiyah V, Chan KL (June 2007). "Determination of four lignans in Phyllanthus niruri L. by a simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection". Journal of Chromatography A. 1154 (1–2): 198–204. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.079. PMID 17418855.
  25. ^ Srivastava V, Singh M, Malasoni R, et al. (January 2008). "Separation and quantification of lignans in Phyllanthus species by a simple chiral densitometric method". Journal of Separation Science. 31 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1002/jssc.200700282. PMID 18064620.
  26. ^ Bagalkotkar G, Sagineedu SR, Saad MS, Stanslas J (December 2006). "Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: a review". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 58 (12): 1559–70. doi:10.1211/jpp.58.12.0001. PMID 17331318.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phyllanthus.

January 01, 1970
phyllanthus, conami, redirects, here, confused, with, konami, confused, with, philanthus, largest, genus, plant, family, phyllanthaceae, estimates, number, species, this, genus, vary, widely, from, 1200, remarkable, diversity, growth, forms, including, annual,. Conami redirects here Not to be confused with Konami Not to be confused with Philanthus Phyllanthus is the largest genus in the plant family Phyllanthaceae Estimates of the number of species in this genus vary widely from 750 2 to 1200 3 Phyllanthus has a remarkable diversity of growth forms including annual and perennial herbs shrubs climbers floating aquatics and pachycaulous succulents Some have flattened leaflike stems called cladodes It has a wide variety of floral morphologies and chromosome numbers and has one of the widest range of pollen types of any seed plant genus Phyllanthus Phyllanthus mirabilis Phyllanthus fluitans Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malpighiales Family Phyllanthaceae Subfamily Phyllanthoideae Tribe Phyllantheae Genus PhyllanthusL Diversity About 800 species Synonyms 1 ListAnisonema A Juss Aporosella Chodat Arachnodes Gagnep Ardinghalia Comm ex A Juss Asterandra Klotzsch Cathetus Lour Ceramanthus Hassk Chlorolepis Nutt Chorisandra Wight nom illeg Chorizonema Jean F Brunel Cicca L Clambus Miers Conami Aubl Cycca Batsch Dendrophyllanthus S Moore Dichelactina Hance Dichrophyllum Klotzsch amp Garcke Dimorphocladium Britton Emblica Gaertn Epistylium Sw Eriococcus Hassk Flueggeopsis K Schum Geminaria Raf Genesiphyla Raf Genesiphylla L Her Hemicicca Baill Hemiglochidion Mull Arg K Schum nom superfl Hexadena Raf Hexaspermum Domin Kirganelia Juss Leichhardtia F Muell Lomanthes Raf Macraea Wight Maschalanthus Nutt nom illeg Meborea Aubl Menarda Comm ex A Juss Moeroris Raf Nellica Raf Niruri Adans Niruris Raf Nymania K Schum Nymphanthus Lour Orbicularia Baill Oxalistylis Baill Pseudoglochidion Gamble Ramsdenia Britton Reidia Wight Reverchonia A Gray Rhopium Schreb Roigia Britton Scepasma Blume Staurothyrax Griff Synexemia Raf Tephranthus Neck opus utique oppr Tricarium Lour Uranthera Pax amp K Hoffm Urinaria Medik Williamia Baill Xylophylla L Plagiotropic shoots of Phyllanthus pulcher Fruit of Phyllanthus acidus Male and female flowers of Phyllanthus acidus Flattened stems and flowers of Phyllanthus angustifolius Leaves of Phyllanthus urinaria Despite their variety almost all Phyllanthus species express a specific type of growth called phyllanthoid branching in which the vertical stems bear deciduous floriferous flower bearing plagiotropic horizontal or oblique stems The leaves on the main vertical axes are reduced to scales called cataphylls while leaves on the other axes develop normally 4 Phyllanthus is distributed in all tropical and subtropical regions on Earth Phyllanthus was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 5 6 but the type was not designated 5 Contents 1 Species 1 1 Selected species 2 Fossil record 3 Pollination biology 4 Research and traditional medicine 5 ReferencesSpecies editMain article List of Phyllanthus species The circumscription of this genus has been a cause of much confusion and disagreement Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic over Reverchonia Glochidion Sauropus and Breynia A 2006 revision of the family Phyllanthaceae has subsumed all four of these genera into Phyllanthus 7 This enlarged version of Phyllanthus might eventually be divided into smaller genera 8 9 including 32 Chinese and northern Indochinese species 10 A complete overhaul of the genus including a new classification is currently underway following a recent indepth molecular treatment of major groups included 11 Selected species edit Phyllanthus abnormis Baill Drummond s leafflower Phyllanthus acidus L Skeels Otaheite gooseberry Phyllanthus acuminatus Vahl Jamaican gooseberry tree Phyllanthus amarus Schumacher Phyllanthus anamalayanus Gamble G L Webster Phyllanthus angustifolius Sw Sw Phyllanthus arbuscula Sw J F Gmel Phyllanthus axillaris Sw Mull Arg Phyllanthus brasiliensis Aubl Poir Phyllanthus caesiifolius Petra Hoffm amp Cheek Phyllanthus caroliniensis Walt native to the Americas Phyllanthus cauliflorus Sw Griseb Phyllanthus cladanthus Mull Arg Phyllanthus cochinchinensis Lour Spreng Phyllanthus coluteoides Baill ex Mull Arg Phyllanthus cuneifolius Britt Croizat Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd Phyllanthus distichus Hook amp Arn Phyllanthus emblica L Indian gooseberry also known as amla or amalaki Phyllanthus engleri Pax Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L Phyllanthus ericoides Torr Phyllanthus eximius G L Webster amp Proctor Phyllanthus fadyenii Urb Phyllanthus fluitans Benth ex Mull Arg red root floater sometimes sold in aquarium shops Phyllanthus fraternus G L Webster Phyllanthus gentryi Webster Phyllanthus grandifolius L Phyllanthus gunnii Hook f Phyllanthus hakgalensis Phyllanthus hirtellus F Muell ex Mull Arg Phyllanthus juglandifolius Willd Phyllanthus lacunarius F Muell Phyllanthus latifolius L Sw Phyllanthus liebmannianus Muell Arg Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L Phyllanthus microcladus Muell Arg Phyllanthus millei Standl Phyllanthus mirabilis Mull Arg one of the four succulent species of this genus Phyllanthus montanus Sw Sw Phyllanthus myrtifolius Wight Muell Arg Phyllanthus muellerianus Kuntze Exell Phyllanthus niruri L Chanca piedra Also includes P amarus and P debilis Phyllanthus nyale Petra Hoffm amp Cheek Phyllanthus parvifolius Buch Ham ex D Don Phyllanthus pavonianus Baill Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C Wright ex Griseb Phyllanthus phialanthoides Falcon amp J L Gomez 12 Phyllanthus polygonoides Nutt ex Spreng Smartweed leafflower Phyllanthus polyspermus Shumach amp Thonn often misidentified as P reticulatus 13 Phyllanthus profusus N E Br Phyllanthus pulcher Wallich ex Muell Arg Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir Asian sp similar in appearance to P polyspermus 13 Phyllanthus revaughanii Coode Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi Welzen R W Bouman amp Ent Phyllanthus saffordii Merr Phyllanthus salviifolius Kunth Phyllanthus sepialis Mull Arg 14 Phyllanthus societatis Mull Arg Phyllanthus sponiifolius Mull Arg Phyllanthus stipulatus Raf G L Webster Phyllanthus taxodiifolius Beille Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb Phyllanthus urinaria L chamberbitter Phyllanthus virgatus G Forst Phyllanthus warnockii G L Webster Phyllanthus watsonii Airy Shaw Phyllanthus welwitschianus Mull Arg Fossil record editTwo fossil seeds of a Phyllanthus species have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin West Carpathians Poland The seeds are similar to seeds of the fossil species Phyllanthus triquetra and Phyllanthus compassica from the Oligocene and Miocene of West Siberia Phyllanthus fossils are known from several Miocene and Pliocene sites in Poland 15 Pollination biology editPhyllanthus are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because some but not all species in the genus have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala leafflower moths in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers While ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds the moths also lay eggs in the flowers ovaries where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment 16 17 Other species of Epicephala are pollinators of certain species of plants in the genera Glochidion 18 19 and Breynia 20 21 both of which are phylogenetically nested within Phyllanthus 22 Research and traditional medicine editParticularly for its content of tannins P emblica fruit has a history of use in traditional medicine and is under study for its potential biological properties 23 Leaves roots stem bark and berries of this genus contain lignans and other phytochemicals 24 25 26 References edit Phyllanthus L Plants of the World Online Retrieved 18 March 2024 David J Mabberley 2008 Mabberley s Plant Book third edition 2008 Cambridge University Press page needed Kathriarachchi H Hoffmann P Samuel R Wurdack KJ Chase MW July 2005 Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae inferred from five genes plastid atpB matK 3 ndhF rbcL and nuclear PHYC Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36 1 112 34 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2004 12 002 PMID 15904861 Webster Grady L 1994 Classification of the Euphorbiaceae Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81 1 3 32 doi 10 2307 2399908 JSTOR 2399908 a b Phyllanthus Australian Plant Name Index IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Linnaeus C 1753 Species Plantarum 2 981 Hoffmann Petra Kathriarachchi Hashendra S Wurdack Kenneth J 2006 A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae Kew Bulletin 61 1 37 53 Kathriarachchi Hashendra S Samuel Rosabelle Hoffmann Petra Mlinarec Jelena Wurdack Kenneth J Ralimanana Helene Stuessy Tod F Chase Mark W 2006 Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae Phyllanthaceae based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data American Journal of Botany 93 4 637 655 doi 10 3732 ajb 93 4 637 PMID 21646224 Kanchana Pruesapan Ian R H Telford Jeremy J Bruhl Stefano G A Draisma and Peter C Van Welzen 2008 Delimitation of Sauropus Phyllanthaceae Based on Plastid matK and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS DNA Sequence Data Annals of Botany 102 6 1007 1018 Flora of China eFlora Retrieved 18 April 2017 Bouman Roderick W Kessler Paul J A Telford Ian R H Bruhl Jeremy J Strijk Joeri S Saunders Richard M K Welzen Peter C van 2021 Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthus sensu lato Phyllanthaceae Towards coherent monophyletic taxa Taxon 70 1 72 98 doi 10 1002 tax 12424 hdl 1887 3248720 ISSN 1996 8175 Phyllanthus phialanthoides Phyllanthaceae a new species from northeastern Cuba JSTOR a b Luo S X H J Esser D Zhang and S S Renner 2011 Nuclear ITS sequences help disentangle Phyllanthus reticulatus Phyllanthaceae an Asian species not occurring in Africa but introduced to Jamaica Systematic Botany 36 1 99 104 Bussmann R W Gilbreath GG Solio J Lutura M Lutuluo R Kunguru K Wood N Mathenge SG 2006 Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley Maasai Mara Kenya J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2 22 doi 10 1186 1746 4269 2 22 PMC 1475560 PMID 16674830 Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sacz Basin West Carpathians Poland by Lancucka Srodoniowa M Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 1 3 117 Kawakita A Kato M 2004 Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus Euphorbiaceae American Journal of Botany 91 410 415 Kawakita A Kato M 2009 Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae Epicephala association Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 417 426 Hembry D H Okamoto T Gillespie R G 2012 Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists Biology Letters 8 258 261 Luo S X Yao G Wang Z Zhang D Hembry D H 2017 A novel enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts partner replacement and apparent co adaptation in intimate mutualisms The American Naturalist 189 422 435 Kawakita A Kato M 2004 Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia Phyllanthaceae further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths Gracillariidae American Journal of Botany 91 1319 1325 Zhang J Wang S Li H Hu B Yang X Wang Z 2012 Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species Gracillariidae and two Breynia species Phyllanthaceae PLOS ONE 7 e41657 Kathriarachchi H Samuel R Hoffmann P Mlinarec J Wurdack K J Ralimanana H Stuessy T F Chase M W 2006 Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae Phyllanthaceae Euphorbiaceae sensu lato based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data American Journal of Botany 93 637 655 Yang B Liu P 2014 Composition and biological activities of hydrolyzable tannins of fruits of Phyllanthus emblica Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62 3 529 41 doi 10 1021 jf404703k PMID 24369850 Murugaiyah V Chan KL June 2007 Determination of four lignans in Phyllanthus niruri L by a simple high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection Journal of Chromatography A 1154 1 2 198 204 doi 10 1016 j chroma 2007 03 079 PMID 17418855 Srivastava V Singh M Malasoni R et al January 2008 Separation and quantification of lignans in Phyllanthus species by a simple chiral densitometric method Journal of Separation Science 31 1 47 55 doi 10 1002 jssc 200700282 PMID 18064620 Bagalkotkar G Sagineedu SR Saad MS Stanslas J December 2006 Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus niruri Linn and their pharmacological properties a review The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 58 12 1559 70 doi 10 1211 jpp 58 12 0001 PMID 17331318 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phyllanthus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Phyllanthus amp oldid 1214373145, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.