Bromus madritensis is an winter annual grass, growing solitary or tufted, with erect or ascending culms growing 20–70 cm (7.9–27.6 in) high. The leaf sheaths are downy or slightly hairy. The grass lacks auricles and the glabrous ligules are 1.5–2 mm (0.059–0.079 in) long. Its flat leaf blades are either glabrous or slightly hairy, and measure 4–20 cm (1.6–7.9 in) long and 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) wide. The erect and ellipsoid panicles are 3–12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long and 2–6 cm (0.79–2.36 in) wide, with short branches that ascend and slightly spread. The branches never droop and bear one or two spikelets each. The spikelets are 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) long, longer than the panicle branches, and bear seven to eleven florets. The spikelets vary in color from green to distinctly purplish-red. The lightly hairy glumes taper at their ends and have translucent margins. The lower glumes are one-nerved and 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long, and the upper glumes are three-nerved and 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long. The glabrous and slightly rough lemmas are 1.5–2 cm (0.59–0.79 in) long. The lemmas are hairier towards their edges and have five to seven veins. The awns are about the same length, 1.2–2.3 cm (0.47–0.91 in) long, and curve slightly. The anthers are 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) long. The caryopses are as long as 11 mm (0.43 in).[2][3]
The grass emerges in early winter and remains dormant until spring when heavy rainfall and higher temperatures stimulate growth. Plants flower from this period typically until May when water stress inhibits the grass. Populations grow during periods of heavy rainfall and populations can be wiped out during extended periods of drought.[4]
The grass alters soil conditions and the competition brought about by the grass both negatively affect native plant populations, and the highly flammable nature of the grass produces wildfires in North American communities where fire was previously rare. Dry florets of the weed entangle themselves in animal hair and can tear at the digestive tracts of foraging livestock.[4]
Habitat and distributionedit
Bromus madritensis is native to southern and western Europe but has been introduced and naturalized nearly worldwide. In North America it is found primarily in the western United States, in Oregon, California, and Arizona. The grass was brought to North America in 1848 and was naturalized by the 1890s.
In its native range the grass grows in cultivated fields and steppes, and in North America it grows in waste areas, road verges, and disturbed areas, in both ranges primarily on dry stony or sandy soil.[3] In California, the weedy grass occurs in areas disturbed by wildfires. It grows from sea level to elevations of 1,300 m (4,300 ft).[4]
Referencesedit
^"Bromus madritensis". USDA Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
^Merrit Lyndon Fernald (1970). R. C. Rollins (ed.). Gray's Manual of Botany (Eighth (Centennial) – Illustrated ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 103. ISBN0-442-22250-5.
^ abFlora of North America Editorial Committee (1993). Flora of North America: North of Mexico. Vol. 24. Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN9780195310719.
^ abcCarla C. Bossard; John M. Randall; Marc C. Hoshovsky, eds. (2000). Invasive Plants of California's Wildlands (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 74-75. ISBN9780520225473.
Simonin, Kevin A. (2001). "Bromus rubens, Bromus madritensis". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bromus madritensis.
Jepson Manual treatment
January 01, 1970
bromus, madritensis, species, brome, grass, known, common, name, compact, brome, specific, epithet, madritensis, refers, madrid, spain, diploid, number, subsp, rubens, scientific, classification, kingdom, plantae, clade, tracheophytes, clade, angiosperms, clad. Bromus madritensis is a species of brome grass known by the common name compact brome The specific epithet madritensis refers to Madrid Spain It has a diploid number of 28 Bromus madritensis Bromus madritensis subsp rubens Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Clade Commelinids Order Poales Family Poaceae Subfamily Pooideae Genus Bromus Species B madritensis Binomial name Bromus madritensisL Synonyms 1 Anisantha madritensis L Nevski Anisantha matritensis L Nevski Bromus matritensis L There are two subspecies Bromus madritensis subsp madritensis panicles less dense stem and leaf sheath less hairy Bromus madritensis subsp rubens syn Bromus rubens foxtail brome foxtail chess red brome dense panicles and slightly hairy stems Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat and distribution 3 References 4 External linksDescription edit nbsp Reddish subspecies rubens habit Bromus madritensis is an winter annual grass growing solitary or tufted with erect or ascending culms growing 20 70 cm 7 9 27 6 in high The leaf sheaths are downy or slightly hairy The grass lacks auricles and the glabrous ligules are 1 5 2 mm 0 059 0 079 in long Its flat leaf blades are either glabrous or slightly hairy and measure 4 20 cm 1 6 7 9 in long and 1 5 mm 0 039 0 197 in wide The erect and ellipsoid panicles are 3 12 cm 1 2 4 7 in long and 2 6 cm 0 79 2 36 in wide with short branches that ascend and slightly spread The branches never droop and bear one or two spikelets each The spikelets are 4 6 cm 1 6 2 4 in long longer than the panicle branches and bear seven to eleven florets The spikelets vary in color from green to distinctly purplish red The lightly hairy glumes taper at their ends and have translucent margins The lower glumes are one nerved and 5 10 mm 0 20 0 39 in long and the upper glumes are three nerved and 10 15 mm 0 39 0 59 in long The glabrous and slightly rough lemmas are 1 5 2 cm 0 59 0 79 in long The lemmas are hairier towards their edges and have five to seven veins The awns are about the same length 1 2 2 3 cm 0 47 0 91 in long and curve slightly The anthers are 0 5 1 mm 0 020 0 039 in long The caryopses are as long as 11 mm 0 43 in 2 3 The grass emerges in early winter and remains dormant until spring when heavy rainfall and higher temperatures stimulate growth Plants flower from this period typically until May when water stress inhibits the grass Populations grow during periods of heavy rainfall and populations can be wiped out during extended periods of drought 4 The grass alters soil conditions and the competition brought about by the grass both negatively affect native plant populations and the highly flammable nature of the grass produces wildfires in North American communities where fire was previously rare Dry florets of the weed entangle themselves in animal hair and can tear at the digestive tracts of foraging livestock 4 Habitat and distribution editBromus madritensis is native to southern and western Europe but has been introduced and naturalized nearly worldwide In North America it is found primarily in the western United States in Oregon California and Arizona The grass was brought to North America in 1848 and was naturalized by the 1890s In its native range the grass grows in cultivated fields and steppes and in North America it grows in waste areas road verges and disturbed areas in both ranges primarily on dry stony or sandy soil 3 In California the weedy grass occurs in areas disturbed by wildfires It grows from sea level to elevations of 1 300 m 4 300 ft 4 References edit Bromus madritensis USDA Plants Database United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 22 August 2018 Merrit Lyndon Fernald 1970 R C Rollins ed Gray s Manual of Botany Eighth Centennial Illustrated ed D Van Nostrand Company p 103 ISBN 0 442 22250 5 a b Flora of North America Editorial Committee 1993 Flora of North America North of Mexico Vol 24 Oxford University Press p 226 ISBN 9780195310719 a b c Carla C Bossard John M Randall Marc C Hoshovsky eds 2000 Invasive Plants of California s Wildlands illustrated ed University of California Press p 74 75 ISBN 9780520225473 Simonin Kevin A 2001 Bromus rubens Bromus madritensis Fire Effects Information System FEIS US Department of Agriculture USDA Forest Service USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bromus madritensis Jepson Manual treatment Photos ssp rubens Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bromus madritensis amp oldid 1156018368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
