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Commonwealth citizen

January 19, 2024

A Commonwealth citizen is a citizen or qualified national of a Commonwealth of Nations member state. Most member countries do not treat citizens of other Commonwealth states any differently from foreign nationals, but some grant limited citizenship rights to resident Commonwealth citizens. In 16 member states, resident non-local Commonwealth citizens are eligible to vote in elections. The status is most significant in the United Kingdom, and carries few or no privileges in many other Commonwealth countries.

Background edit

See also: British Nationality Act 1948 and British subject

Commonwealth citizenship was created out of a gradual transition from an earlier form of British nationality. Before 1949, all citizens of the British Empire were British subjects and owed allegiance to the Crown.[1] Although the Dominions (Australia, Canada, Ireland, Newfoundland, New Zealand, and South Africa) created their own nationality laws following the First World War,[2] they mutually maintained British subjecthood as a common nationality with the United Kingdom and its colonies.[1] However, divergence in Dominion legislation and growing assertions of independence from London culminated in the creation of Canadian citizenship in 1946 and its separation from British subject status.[3] Combined with the impending independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, nationality law reform became necessary.[4]

The British Nationality Act 1948 redefined British subject as any citizen of the United Kingdom, its colonies, or other Commonwealth countries. Commonwealth citizen was also defined in this Act as having the same meaning.[5] This change in naming indicated a shift in the base theory of British nationality, that allegiance to the Crown was no longer a requirement to hold British subject status.[6] The change was also necessary to retain a number of newly independent countries that wished to become republics rather than retain the monarch as head of state.[7] The common status of Commonwealth citizenship would instead be maintained voluntarily by the various members of the Commonwealth.[6]

At first, all Commonwealth citizens held the automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom.[8] This was first restricted by Parliament with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, which imposed immigration controls on subjects originating from outside the British Islands.[9] The Immigration Act 1971 relaxed controls on patrials, those whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom,[10] and effectively gave preferential treatment to Commonwealth citizens from white-majority countries.[11]

Outside the United Kingdom, in some member states Commonwealth citizens also initially retained eligibility to vote in elections, to preferred paths to citizenship, and to welfare benefits. These privileges were removed on independence in most countries but retained in some. British subjects/Commonwealth citizens were eligible to vote in New Zealand until 1975,[12] Canada at the federal level until 1975 (not fully phased out in provinces until 2006),[13] and Australia until 1984 (though subjects on the electoral roll in that year are still eligible).[14]

By the 1980s, most colonies of the British Empire had become independent. Parliament updated nationality law to reflect the more modest geographical boundaries of the United Kingdom and its remaining territories.[15] The British Nationality Act 1981 redefined British subject in such a way that it no longer also meant Commonwealth citizen.[16]

Acquisition and loss edit

 
Map showing countries listed in the British Nationality Act 1981, which makes citizens of these countries Commonwealth citizens in the UK

Commonwealth citizenship is acquired by virtue of being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state[17] or, in the United Kingdom, a country listed in Schedule 3 of the British Nationality Act 1981. This list closely follows the composition of the organisation, but is not always the same.[18] For example, the Maldives left the Commonwealth in 2016[19] before rejoining in 2020.[20] The country was removed from Schedule 3 in 2017,[21] but legislation was not updated to relist it until 2021.[22] Conversely, although Zimbabwe has not been a part of the Commonwealth since 2003,[23] Zimbabwean citizens retain Commonwealth citizenship because the country remains on Schedule 3.[18]

Most classes of British nationals other than British citizens are also considered Commonwealth citizens. British Overseas Territories citizens, British Overseas citizens, British subjects, and British Nationals (Overseas) all have this additional status. However, British protected persons[16] and non-citizen nationals of other Commonwealth countries (such as Overseas Citizens of India) are not considered Commonwealth citizens.[24]

Acquisition and loss of Commonwealth citizenship is tied to the domestic nationality regulations of each member state;[17] there is no separate process for obtaining this status. It is automatically lost if an individual is no longer a citizen or qualified national of a member state,[25] or if their country is removed from Schedule 3.[26]

Rights and privileges edit

Commonwealth citizens have different entitlements in each Commonwealth country, which individually have separate legislation specifying what, if any, rights they are afforded.[27] The organization does not have a permissive system of free movement or labour[28] and in over half of the member states, Commonwealth citizens do not receive substantially different treatment than foreign nationals.[29]

In 16 countries and all three Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom, Commonwealth citizens may register to vote after fulfilling residence requirements. In Australia, Bermuda, and the Cayman Islands, they no longer have the right to register as electors, but voters who were already registered before that right was ended may continue to participate in elections.[30][31][32] Commonwealth citizens are also eligible to serve in one or both houses of the national legislature in Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the United Kingdom.[16][33]

All Commonwealth citizens may receive consular assistance from British embassies and consulates in foreign non-Commonwealth nations where their home countries have not established diplomatic or consular posts.[34] They are eligible to apply for British emergency passports, if their travel documents have been lost or stolen and permission has been given by their national governments.[35] Additionally, Australia issues Documents of Identity in exceptional circumstances to resident Commonwealth citizens who are unable to obtain valid travel documents from their countries of origin and must travel urgently.[36]

When residing in the United Kingdom, Commonwealth citizens may be employed in non-reserved Civil Service posts[37] and are eligible to enlist in the British Armed Forces.[38] In addition, Commonwealth citizens were generally exempt from the requirement to register with local police. However, this is no longer required in general, as the police registration scheme was abolished in August 2022.[39]

Right to vote edit

See also: Right of foreigners to vote

The following jurisdictions allow citizens of other Commonwealth countries to vote:[33]

Access to voting in these countries is open to all permanent resident foreign nationals and is not exclusive to Commonwealth citizens:

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Karatani 2003, p. 29.
  2. ^ Historical background information on nationality, p. 10.
  3. ^ Karatani 2003, pp. 114–115.
  4. ^ Karatani 2003, pp. 122–126.
  5. ^ British Nationality Act 1948.
  6. ^ a b Karatani 2003, pp. 116–118.
  7. ^ Weis 1979, p. 17.
  8. ^ McKay 2008.
  9. ^ Evans 1972, p. 508.
  10. ^ Evans 1972, p. 509.
  11. ^ Paul 1997, p. 181.
  12. ^ McMillan 2017, p. 31.
  13. ^ Maas, Willem (July 2015). Access to electoral rights: Canada (PDF) (Report). European University Institute. pp. 13–14. (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  14. ^ Chappell, Chesterman & Hill 2009, p. 98.
  15. ^ Paul 1997, pp. 182–183.
  16. ^ a b c British Nationality Act 1981.
  17. ^ a b Bloom 2011, p. 640.
  18. ^ a b British Nationality Act 1981 Schedule 3.
  19. ^ "Maldives leaves Commonwealth amid democracy row". BBC News. 13 October 2016. from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  20. ^ "Maldives rejoins Commonwealth after evidence of reforms". The Guardian. 1 February 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  21. ^ The British Nationality (Maldives) Order 2017.
  22. ^ The British Nationality (Maldives) Order 2021
  23. ^ White, Michael (8 December 2003). "Mugabe quits Commonwealth". The Guardian. from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  24. ^ G Musgrave (14 July 2016). "Freedom of Information Request" (PDF). Letter to A Fernandes. United Kingdom: Home Office. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  25. ^ Karatani 2003, p. 30.
  26. ^ "Electoral Administration Bulletin 185" (PDF). United Kingdom: Electoral Commission. 11 May 2017. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  27. ^ Belton 2019, p. 97.
  28. ^ Bloom 2011, p. 642.
  29. ^ Bloom 2011, pp. 653–654.
  30. ^ "British Subjects Eligibility". Australian Electoral Commission. from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  31. ^ "Election Overview". Bermuda: Parliamentary Registry. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  32. ^ "Elections Law (2013 Revision)" (PDF). Cayman Islands: Elections Office. (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  33. ^ a b Belton 2019, pp. 100–101.
  34. ^ "Support for British nationals abroad: A guide" (PDF). United Kingdom: Foreign and Commonwealth Office. p. 6. (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  35. ^ "The new UK Emergency Passport" (PDF). United Kingdom: Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  36. ^ "Travel related documents". Australia: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  37. ^ "Civil Service Nationality Rules" (PDF). United Kingdom: Cabinet Office. November 2007. p. 5. (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  38. ^ "Nationality". British Army. from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  39. ^ "UK visas and registering with the police". gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  40. ^ "Constitution of Mauritius" (PDF). Mauritius: Electoral Commission. (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  41. ^ Representation of the People Act 1983.
  42. ^ "Elections & Electoral Roll". States of Guernsey. from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  43. ^ "Registration of Electors Act 2006". Article 3, Act No. 12 of 12 July 2006 (PDF). Tynwald. p. 6.
  44. ^ "Public Elections (Jersey) Law 2002". Article 5, Law No. 12 of 2002. States Assembly.
  45. ^ "Voters Registration Act, 2013". Article 7, Act No. 4 of 2013 (PDF). Parliament of Eswatini. p. 8.
  46. ^ "Constitution of Malawi" (PDF). Malawi: National Assembly. Retrieved 20 May 2019 – via Constitute Project.
  47. ^ "Who can and can't enrol?". New Zealand: Electoral Commission. from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.

Sources edit

Legislation edit

Publications edit

  • Belton, Kristy A. (2019). "Muddy waters: citizenship and the right to vote in the Commonwealth Caribbean migratory context". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 57 (1): 93–122. doi:10.1080/14662043.2019.1545526. S2CID 159214396.
  • Bloom, Tendayi (December 2011). "Contradictions in Formal Commonwealth Citizenship Rights in Commonwealth Countries". The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs. 100 (417): 639–654. doi:10.1080/00358533.2011.633381. S2CID 154726067.
  • Chappell, Louise; Chesterman, John; Hill, Lisa (2009). The Politics of Human Rights in Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70774-9.
  • Evans, J. M. (1972). "Immigration Act 1971". The Modern Law Review. 35 (5): 508–524. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x. JSTOR 1094478.
  • Historical background information on nationality (PDF) (Report). 1.0. Home Office. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  • Karatani, Rieko (2003). Defining British Citizenship: Empire, Commonwealth and Modern Britain. Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 0-7146-8298-5.
  • McKay, James (2008). "The Passage of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act, a Case-Study of Backbench Power". Observatoire de la société britannique (6): 89–108. doi:10.4000/osb.433.
  • McMillan, Kate (2017). "Fairness and the borders around political community". In Hall, David (ed.). Fair Borders?: Migration Policy in the Twenty-First Century. Bridget Williams Books. doi:10.7810/9780947518851. hdl:10289/11427. ISBN 9780947518851.
  • Paul, Kathleen (1997). Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8440-7.
  • Weis, Paul (1979). Nationality and Statelessness in International Law (2nd ed.). Sijthoff & Noordhoff. ISBN 90-286-0329-8.

January 19, 2024
commonwealth, citizen, citizen, qualified, national, commonwealth, nations, member, state, most, member, countries, treat, citizens, other, commonwealth, states, differently, from, foreign, nationals, some, grant, limited, citizenship, rights, resident, member. A Commonwealth citizen is a citizen or qualified national of a Commonwealth of Nations member state Most member countries do not treat citizens of other Commonwealth states any differently from foreign nationals but some grant limited citizenship rights to resident Commonwealth citizens In 16 member states resident non local Commonwealth citizens are eligible to vote in elections The status is most significant in the United Kingdom and carries few or no privileges in many other Commonwealth countries Contents 1 Background 2 Acquisition and loss 3 Rights and privileges 3 1 Right to vote 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 Sources 4 2 1 Legislation 4 2 2 PublicationsBackground editSee also British Nationality Act 1948 and British subject Commonwealth citizenship was created out of a gradual transition from an earlier form of British nationality Before 1949 all citizens of the British Empire were British subjects and owed allegiance to the Crown 1 Although the Dominions Australia Canada Ireland Newfoundland New Zealand and South Africa created their own nationality laws following the First World War 2 they mutually maintained British subjecthood as a common nationality with the United Kingdom and its colonies 1 However divergence in Dominion legislation and growing assertions of independence from London culminated in the creation of Canadian citizenship in 1946 and its separation from British subject status 3 Combined with the impending independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 nationality law reform became necessary 4 The British Nationality Act 1948 redefined British subject as any citizen of the United Kingdom its colonies or other Commonwealth countries Commonwealth citizen was also defined in this Act as having the same meaning 5 This change in naming indicated a shift in the base theory of British nationality that allegiance to the Crown was no longer a requirement to hold British subject status 6 The change was also necessary to retain a number of newly independent countries that wished to become republics rather than retain the monarch as head of state 7 The common status of Commonwealth citizenship would instead be maintained voluntarily by the various members of the Commonwealth 6 At first all Commonwealth citizens held the automatic right to settle in the United Kingdom 8 This was first restricted by Parliament with the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 which imposed immigration controls on subjects originating from outside the British Islands 9 The Immigration Act 1971 relaxed controls on patrials those whose parents or grandparents were born in the United Kingdom 10 and effectively gave preferential treatment to Commonwealth citizens from white majority countries 11 Outside the United Kingdom in some member states Commonwealth citizens also initially retained eligibility to vote in elections to preferred paths to citizenship and to welfare benefits These privileges were removed on independence in most countries but retained in some British subjects Commonwealth citizens were eligible to vote in New Zealand until 1975 12 Canada at the federal level until 1975 not fully phased out in provinces until 2006 13 and Australia until 1984 though subjects on the electoral roll in that year are still eligible 14 By the 1980s most colonies of the British Empire had become independent Parliament updated nationality law to reflect the more modest geographical boundaries of the United Kingdom and its remaining territories 15 The British Nationality Act 1981 redefined British subject in such a way that it no longer also meant Commonwealth citizen 16 Acquisition and loss edit nbsp Map showing countries listed in the British Nationality Act 1981 which makes citizens of these countries Commonwealth citizens in the UKCommonwealth citizenship is acquired by virtue of being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state 17 or in the United Kingdom a country listed in Schedule 3 of the British Nationality Act 1981 This list closely follows the composition of the organisation but is not always the same 18 For example the Maldives left the Commonwealth in 2016 19 before rejoining in 2020 20 The country was removed from Schedule 3 in 2017 21 but legislation was not updated to relist it until 2021 22 Conversely although Zimbabwe has not been a part of the Commonwealth since 2003 23 Zimbabwean citizens retain Commonwealth citizenship because the country remains on Schedule 3 18 Most classes of British nationals other than British citizens are also considered Commonwealth citizens British Overseas Territories citizens British Overseas citizens British subjects and British Nationals Overseas all have this additional status However British protected persons 16 and non citizen nationals of other Commonwealth countries such as Overseas Citizens of India are not considered Commonwealth citizens 24 Acquisition and loss of Commonwealth citizenship is tied to the domestic nationality regulations of each member state 17 there is no separate process for obtaining this status It is automatically lost if an individual is no longer a citizen or qualified national of a member state 25 or if their country is removed from Schedule 3 26 Rights and privileges editCommonwealth citizens have different entitlements in each Commonwealth country which individually have separate legislation specifying what if any rights they are afforded 27 The organization does not have a permissive system of free movement or labour 28 and in over half of the member states Commonwealth citizens do not receive substantially different treatment than foreign nationals 29 In 16 countries and all three Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom Commonwealth citizens may register to vote after fulfilling residence requirements In Australia Bermuda and the Cayman Islands they no longer have the right to register as electors but voters who were already registered before that right was ended may continue to participate in elections 30 31 32 Commonwealth citizens are also eligible to serve in one or both houses of the national legislature in Jamaica Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the United Kingdom 16 33 All Commonwealth citizens may receive consular assistance from British embassies and consulates in foreign non Commonwealth nations where their home countries have not established diplomatic or consular posts 34 They are eligible to apply for British emergency passports if their travel documents have been lost or stolen and permission has been given by their national governments 35 Additionally Australia issues Documents of Identity in exceptional circumstances to resident Commonwealth citizens who are unable to obtain valid travel documents from their countries of origin and must travel urgently 36 When residing in the United Kingdom Commonwealth citizens may be employed in non reserved Civil Service posts 37 and are eligible to enlist in the British Armed Forces 38 In addition Commonwealth citizens were generally exempt from the requirement to register with local police However this is no longer required in general as the police registration scheme was abolished in August 2022 39 Right to vote edit See also Right of foreigners to vote The following jurisdictions allow citizens of other Commonwealth countries to vote 33 nbsp Antigua and Barbuda nbsp Barbados nbsp Belize nbsp Dominica nbsp Grenada nbsp Guyana nbsp Jamaica nbsp Mauritius 40 nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis nbsp Saint Lucia nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines nbsp Trinidad and Tobago nbsp United Kingdom 41 nbsp Guernsey 42 nbsp Isle of Man 43 nbsp Jersey 44 Access to voting in these countries is open to all permanent resident foreign nationals and is not exclusive to Commonwealth citizens nbsp Eswatini 45 nbsp Malawi 46 nbsp New Zealand 47 References editCitations edit a b Karatani 2003 p 29 Historical background information on nationality p 10 Karatani 2003 pp 114 115 Karatani 2003 pp 122 126 British Nationality Act 1948 a b Karatani 2003 pp 116 118 Weis 1979 p 17 McKay 2008 Evans 1972 p 508 Evans 1972 p 509 Paul 1997 p 181 McMillan 2017 p 31 Maas Willem July 2015 Access to electoral rights Canada PDF Report European University Institute pp 13 14 Archived PDF from the original on 28 July 2018 Retrieved 5 April 2019 Chappell Chesterman amp Hill 2009 p 98 Paul 1997 pp 182 183 a b c British Nationality Act 1981 a b Bloom 2011 p 640 a b British Nationality Act 1981 Schedule 3 Maldives leaves Commonwealth amid democracy row BBC News 13 October 2016 Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 18 May 2019 Maldives rejoins Commonwealth after evidence of reforms The Guardian 1 February 2020 Retrieved 27 April 2020 The British Nationality Maldives Order 2017 The British Nationality Maldives Order 2021 White Michael 8 December 2003 Mugabe quits Commonwealth The Guardian Archived from the original on 18 May 2019 Retrieved 18 May 2019 G Musgrave 14 July 2016 Freedom of Information Request PDF Letter to A Fernandes United Kingdom Home Office Retrieved 27 April 2020 Karatani 2003 p 30 Electoral Administration Bulletin 185 PDF United Kingdom Electoral Commission 11 May 2017 pp 1 2 Retrieved 27 April 2020 Belton 2019 p 97 Bloom 2011 p 642 Bloom 2011 pp 653 654 British Subjects Eligibility Australian Electoral Commission Archived from the original on 4 April 2019 Retrieved 19 May 2019 Election Overview Bermuda Parliamentary Registry Retrieved 19 May 2019 Elections Law 2013 Revision PDF Cayman Islands Elections Office Archived PDF from the original on 15 February 2017 Retrieved 19 May 2019 a b Belton 2019 pp 100 101 Support for British nationals abroad A guide PDF United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office p 6 Archived PDF from the original on 30 March 2019 Retrieved 15 May 2019 The new UK Emergency Passport PDF United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office Archived from the original PDF on 12 December 2012 Retrieved 15 May 2019 Travel related documents Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived from the original on 27 March 2019 Retrieved 15 May 2019 Civil Service Nationality Rules PDF United Kingdom Cabinet Office November 2007 p 5 Archived PDF from the original on 21 August 2018 Retrieved 2 April 2019 Nationality British Army Archived from the original on 3 April 2019 Retrieved 2 April 2019 UK visas and registering with the police gov uk Government of the United Kingdom Archived from the original on 1 January 2019 Retrieved 2 April 2019 Constitution of Mauritius PDF Mauritius Electoral Commission Archived PDF from the original on 21 June 2015 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Representation of the People Act 1983 Elections amp Electoral Roll States of Guernsey Archived from the original on 13 November 2018 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Registration of Electors Act 2006 Article 3 Act No 12 of 12 July 2006 PDF Tynwald p 6 Public Elections Jersey Law 2002 Article 5 Law No 12 of 2002 States Assembly Voters Registration Act 2013 Article 7 Act No 4 of 2013 PDF Parliament of Eswatini p 8 Constitution of Malawi PDF Malawi National Assembly Retrieved 20 May 2019 via Constitute Project Who can and can t enrol New Zealand Electoral Commission Archived from the original on 8 May 2019 Retrieved 20 May 2019 Sources edit Legislation edit British Nationality Act 1948 legislation gov uk The National Archives 1948 c 56 British Nationality Act 1981 legislation gov uk The National Archives 1981 c 61 British Nationality Act 1981 Schedule 3 legislation gov uk The National Archives 1981 c 61 sch 3 Representation of the People Act 1983 Section 1 legislation gov uk The National Archives 1983 c 2 s 1 The British Nationality Maldives Order 2017 legislation gov uk The National Archives SI 2017 568 The British Nationality Maldives Order 2021 legislation gov uk The National Archives SI 2021 523 Publications edit Belton Kristy A 2019 Muddy waters citizenship and the right to vote in the Commonwealth Caribbean migratory context Commonwealth amp Comparative Politics 57 1 93 122 doi 10 1080 14662043 2019 1545526 S2CID 159214396 Bloom Tendayi December 2011 Contradictions in Formal Commonwealth Citizenship Rights in Commonwealth Countries The Round Table The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 100 417 639 654 doi 10 1080 00358533 2011 633381 S2CID 154726067 Chappell Louise Chesterman John Hill Lisa 2009 The Politics of Human Rights in Australia Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 70774 9 Evans J M 1972 Immigration Act 1971 The Modern Law Review 35 5 508 524 doi 10 1111 j 1468 2230 1972 tb02363 x JSTOR 1094478 Historical background information on nationality PDF Report 1 0 Home Office 21 July 2017 Retrieved 3 April 2019 Karatani Rieko 2003 Defining British Citizenship Empire Commonwealth and Modern Britain Frank Cass Publishers ISBN 0 7146 8298 5 McKay James 2008 The Passage of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act a Case Study of Backbench Power Observatoire de la societe britannique 6 89 108 doi 10 4000 osb 433 McMillan Kate 2017 Fairness and the borders around political community In Hall David ed Fair Borders Migration Policy in the Twenty First Century Bridget Williams Books doi 10 7810 9780947518851 hdl 10289 11427 ISBN 9780947518851 Paul Kathleen 1997 Whitewashing Britain Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 8440 7 Weis Paul 1979 Nationality and Statelessness in International Law 2nd ed Sijthoff amp Noordhoff ISBN 90 286 0329 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Commonwealth citizen amp oldid 1166481904, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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