Tilia × europaea, generally known as the European lime,[1]common lime (British Isles) or common linden, is a naturally occurring hybrid between Tilia cordata (small-leaved lime) and Tilia platyphyllos (large-leaved lime). It occurs in the wild in Europe at scattered localities wherever the two parent species are both native.[2][3] It is not closely related to the lime fruit tree, a species of citrus.
Tilia × europaea is a large deciduoustree up to 15–50 metres (49–164 feet) tall with a trunk up to 2.5 m (8 ft). The base of the trunk often features burrs and a dense mass of brushwood.[4] The leaves are intermediate between the parents, 6–15 centimetres (2–6 inches) long and 6–12 cm (2–5 in) broad, thinly hairy below with tufts of denser hairs in the leaf vein axils. The flowers are produced in clusters of four to ten in early summer with a leafy yellow-green subtending bract; they are fragrant, and pollinated by bees. The floral formula is ✶ K5 C5 A0+5∞G(5).[5] The fruit is a dry nut-like drupe 8 millimetres (3⁄8 in) in diameter, downy and faintly ribbed.[2]
Cultivationedit
Common limes in the landscape, King's Somborne, United Kingdom
This hybrid is very widely cultivated, being readily and inexpensively propagated by layering; as a result, it is often the commonest Tilia species in urban areas and along avenues and streets. It is not however the best species for this purpose, as it produces abundant stem sprouts, and also often hosts heavy aphid populations resulting in honeydew deposits on everything underneath the trees. Furthermore, there is substantial leaf litter in autumn (fall).[2]
Notable treesedit
One long-lived example was the "Malmvik lime", planted as a sapling near the Malmvik Manor in Stockholm, Sweden in 1618. The tree existed for 381 years until the last part of the tree fell in a storm in 1999.[6] The UK Tree Register Champion is at Aysgarth, Yorkshire, measuring 26 m (85 ft) in height and 295 cm (9 ft 8 in) diameter at breast height in 2009.[7] The tree in front of Augustusburg Hunting Lodge in Saxony was planted in 1421 according to the chronicles of Augustusburg.[8] Some 13 limes were planted at Mullary cemetery Co Louth Ireland to commemorate "king Billy's" victory at the battle of the Boyne in circa 1669 as lime are not native to Ireland and they were planted to mark the foreign victory, they remain standing today.
Usesedit
The leaves, except for their stalks, can be eaten raw.[9]
The infusion of its blossoms functions as a mild relaxant.
The wood of the lime was commonly used by Vikings in their shields.[citation needed]Archaeologist Neil Price talked about this in a Wired video but I haven't found it in one of his books.
Referencesedit
^"European Linden Tree Facts". Home Guides | SF Gate. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
^ abcRushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN0-00-220013-9.
^Alan Mitchell, The Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe, William Collins & Co Ltd 1974, ISBN0-00-219213-6 (p.359)
^Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 225. ISBN978-0-521-49346-8.
^Bengtsson, Rune (Winter 2004). "The Malmvik Lime: An Historical and Biological Analysis of the Oldest Documented Planting of Common Lime (Tilia x Europaea L.) in Sweden". Garden History. 32 (2). The Garden History Society: 188–196. doi:10.2307/4150380. JSTOR 4150380.
^Johnson, O. (2011). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. p.165. Kew publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London.
Media related to Tilia × europaea at Wikimedia Commons
Photos, measurements and location details of ancient common lime trees
January 01, 1970
tilia, europaea, generally, known, european, lime, common, lime, british, isles, common, linden, naturally, occurring, hybrid, between, tilia, cordata, small, leaved, lime, tilia, platyphyllos, large, leaved, lime, occurs, wild, europe, scattered, localities, . Tilia europaea generally known as the European lime 1 common lime British Isles or common linden is a naturally occurring hybrid between Tilia cordata small leaved lime and Tilia platyphyllos large leaved lime It occurs in the wild in Europe at scattered localities wherever the two parent species are both native 2 3 It is not closely related to the lime fruit tree a species of citrus Tilia europaea Avenue of common limes Hampshire UK Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Malvales Family Malvaceae Genus Tilia Species T europaea Binomial name Tilia europaeaL Synonyms Tilia vulgaris Hayne Contents 1 Description 2 Cultivation 2 1 Notable trees 3 Uses 4 References 5 External linksDescription edit nbsp Tilia europaea foliage Tilia europaea is a large deciduous tree up to 15 50 metres 49 164 feet tall with a trunk up to 2 5 m 8 ft The base of the trunk often features burrs and a dense mass of brushwood 4 The leaves are intermediate between the parents 6 15 centimetres 2 6 inches long and 6 12 cm 2 5 in broad thinly hairy below with tufts of denser hairs in the leaf vein axils The flowers are produced in clusters of four to ten in early summer with a leafy yellow green subtending bract they are fragrant and pollinated by bees The floral formula is K5 C5 A0 5 G 5 5 The fruit is a dry nut like drupe 8 millimetres 3 8 in in diameter downy and faintly ribbed 2 Cultivation edit nbsp Common limes in the landscape King s Somborne United Kingdom This hybrid is very widely cultivated being readily and inexpensively propagated by layering as a result it is often the commonest Tilia species in urban areas and along avenues and streets It is not however the best species for this purpose as it produces abundant stem sprouts and also often hosts heavy aphid populations resulting in honeydew deposits on everything underneath the trees Furthermore there is substantial leaf litter in autumn fall 2 Notable trees edit One long lived example was the Malmvik lime planted as a sapling near the Malmvik Manor in Stockholm Sweden in 1618 The tree existed for 381 years until the last part of the tree fell in a storm in 1999 6 The UK Tree Register Champion is at Aysgarth Yorkshire measuring 26 m 85 ft in height and 295 cm 9 ft 8 in diameter at breast height in 2009 7 The tree in front of Augustusburg Hunting Lodge in Saxony was planted in 1421 according to the chronicles of Augustusburg 8 Some 13 limes were planted at Mullary cemetery Co Louth Ireland to commemorate king Billy s victory at the battle of the Boyne in circa 1669 as lime are not native to Ireland and they were planted to mark the foreign victory they remain standing today Uses editThe leaves except for their stalks can be eaten raw 9 The infusion of its blossoms functions as a mild relaxant The wood of the lime was commonly used by Vikings in their shields citation needed Archaeologist Neil Price talked about this in a Wired video but I haven t found it in one of his books References edit European Linden Tree Facts Home Guides SF Gate Retrieved 2022 08 21 a b c Rushforth K 1999 Trees of Britain and Europe Collins ISBN 0 00 220013 9 Flora of NW Europe Tilia europaea permanent dead link Alan Mitchell The Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe William Collins amp Co Ltd 1974 ISBN 0 00 219213 6 p 359 Ronse De Craene Louis P 2010 02 04 Floral Diagrams An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 225 ISBN 978 0 521 49346 8 Bengtsson Rune Winter 2004 The Malmvik Lime An Historical and Biological Analysis of the Oldest Documented Planting of Common Lime Tilia x Europaea L in Sweden Garden History 32 2 The Garden History Society 188 196 doi 10 2307 4150380 JSTOR 4150380 Johnson O 2011 Champion Trees of Britain amp Ireland p 165 Kew publishing Royal Botanic Gardens Kew London Lemke Karl 1988 Naturdenkmale Baume Felsen Wasserfalle Hartmut Muller 1 Aufl ed Berlin ISBN 978 3 350 00284 9 OCLC 75004491 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Mabey Richard 2012 Food for Free London Collins p 57 ISBN 978 000 743847 1 External links edit nbsp Media related to Tilia europaea at Wikimedia Commons Photos measurements and location details of ancient common lime trees Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tilia europaea amp oldid 1176896965, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
