Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy

Coastal Forces was a division of the Royal Navy initially established during World War I, and then again in World War II under the command of Rear-Admiral, Coastal Forces.^[1] It remained active until the last minesweepers to wear the "HM Coastal Forces" cap tally were taken out of reserve in 1968. The division received more gallantry awards than any other branch of the Royal Navy during that period.

Coastal Forces
Motor torpedo boats in the Mediterranean, February 1945
Active	1914–1918, 1939–1968, 2020–present
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Royal Navy
Type	Naval force
Commanders
Commander	Rear Admiral Coastal Forces

Coastal Forces Squadron
Active	2020–
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Royal Navy
Type	Naval force
Size	Two divisions (14 P2000 patrol boats and 3 offshore patrol vessels)

In 2020, ministerial approval for the change in name from 1st Patrol Boat Squadron to Coastal Forces Squadron was given. It encompasses 14 of 16 Archer-class patrol vessels and the Batch 1 River-class offshore patrol vessels and is responsible for UKEEZ Protection and Patrol.^[2]

History

 

The steam gun boat Grey Goose

 

MTB 5 c. 1939-1945

 

Crewmen with a Molins autoloading 57-mm gun on a Fairmile D motor torpedo boat during World War II

 

The Royal Navy Captain-class frigate HMS Rutherford underway during World War II. She served as a coastal forces control frigate in 1944 and 1945.

Predecessor

The Royal Navy had previously operated flotillas of small torpedo- and depth-charge-armed craft (coastal motor boats) during World War I (1914–1918). They operated as often in action against the enemy coast as in defence of British coastal areas.

Establishment

The first post WWI motor torpedo boats built for the Royal Navy were built by the British Powerboat Company at Hythe, Southampton. MTBs 01-19 were built between 1935 and 1938, following the hard chine planing hull designed with T E Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), for high speed rescue of downed aircraft crew.^{[citation needed]}

During World War II (1939–1945), the first Coastal Forces headquarters was set up at HMS Vernon in 1940 under Rear Admiral Piers Kekewich, Flag Officer Coastal Forces. The chief staff officer to the admiral was Augustus Agar, VC, who had commanded coastal motor boats during World War I and in British operations in the Baltic Sea in 1918 and 1919 in support of White Russian forces during the Russian Civil War.^{[citation needed]}

World War II operations

Royal Navy Coastal Forces craft operated mainly in the English Channel and North Sea waters. They were also based in Malta, The 1st & 3rd MTB Flotillas, Numbers 01-06 & 14-19, and HMS Tamar, Hong Kong, the 2nd MTB Flotilla, numbers 07-12, 26 & 27.

On 19 December 1941 MTB 07 led the attack on Japanese landing craft in Kowloon Harbour, Hong Kong, taking fire from land, sea and air. The operation was arguably the most daring daylight MTB raid of all time losing over 40% of the flotilla. MTB 07 was hit 97 times losing two crew dead and all three engines. It was hailed as the "Balaclava of the sea".^{[3][full citation needed]}

They were also used in the Mediterranean^{[4][page needed]} and off the Norwegian coastline.^[5] They were used at the St. Nazaire Raid and the Dieppe Raid. They were used to attack German convoys and their S-boat (known to the Allies as "E-Boat") escorts, carry out clandestine raids and landings, and pick up secret agents in Norway and Brittany. Alongside British officers and men, the coastal craft were manned by various Allied nationalities including Dutch, Norwegian, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealanders.^[6][7]

A number of Captain-class frigates were configured to operate as "coastal forces control frigates" (CFCF).^[8] Operating with Coastal Forces officers embarked and responsible for controlling and providing radar support to groups of Coastal Forces' motor torpedo boats intercepting German motor torpedo boats in the North Sea,^[9] these frigates were involved in the destruction of at least 26 E-Boats.^[10]

By 1944 Coastal Forces numbered 3,000 officers and 22,000 ratings. Altogether there were 2,000 British Coastal Forces craft. Affectionately known as the Royal Navy's "little ships", they fought over 900 actions and sank around 400 enemy vessels, including 48 E-boats and 32 midget submarines. They fired 1,169 torpedoes, shot down 32 enemy aircraft and carried out many mine laying operations. 170 of the "little ships" were sunk or otherwise destroyed.^[11]

Post-World War II

After World War II, the Royal Navy re-designated all its motor torpedo boats (MTBs) and motor gun boats (MGBs) as "fast patrol boats." The Brave-class fast patrol boats were the last craft to be built for the Coastal Forces, and the Coastal Forces were disbanded as a separate unit and their last base, (HMS Hornet), decommissioned in 1956.

In 1960, a question was asked in the House of Lords why Coastal Forces had been reduced to a skeleton of three patrol boats and three ships operated by two crews, based at HMS Dolphin in Gosport, when considerable expenditure was made in the 1950s but not followed up, and thus wasted. In addition, Coastal Forces was invaluable as a means of training young officers, and the development of small ships, often to the benefit of the navies of Britain's allies. Lord Carrington, then First Lord of the Admiralty, responded that limited resources and changing threats were the reason, and that keeping the Coastal Forces at a low level would at least enable it to be rapidly expanded should the need arise. He added that nine boats were in operational reserve to maintain Britain's NATO commitment.^[12]

The last sailors to wear the "HM Coastal Forces" cap tally were the ship's companies of the inshore minesweepers Dittisham and Flintham on being taken out of reserve in 1968, before individual cap tallies for the minesweepers had been manufactured and issued.

A permanent exhibition of craft, personnel and history of Coastal Forces was established in Gosport in 2021. The exhibition shows that, with 3,000 decorations, including four Victoria Crosses, Coastal Forces personnel received more gallantry awards than any other branch of the Royal Navy.^[13]

Craft types used

Coastal Forces included the following types of coastal defence craft:^[11]

Type^[14]	Designation	Built	Lost	Designed purpose
Motor launches	ML, HDML, RML			Harbour Defence Motor Launch and submarine chasing or rescue motor launches.
Motor Gun Boats	MGB
Steam Gun Boats	SGB	7	1	Hunting down German E-boats
Motor torpedo boats	MTB

At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 there were three flotillas totalling 18 motor torpedo^[15] "short boats" between 60 ft (18 m) and 72 feet (22 m) long. These could typically maintain 40 knots and were armed with two torpedo tubes. They were built mainly by the British Power Boat Company, Vospers, and Thornycroft.

In 1940 a modified craft, the motor gun boat (MGB), was introduced. These were armed with weapons such as the 0.5 in (12.7 mm) Vickers machine gun, 2 pounder (40 mm) "pom pom", a single or twin 20 mm Oerlikon cannon and ultimately the 6-pounder (57 mm) gun with autoloader.^[16]

It was also apparent that larger craft were needed as the operational capability of the short boats was too restricted by sea conditions. Fairmile designed a series of larger coastal craft, up to 120 feet (37 m) long. The Fairmile A Type and B Type were Motor Launches and the C Type was a motor gun boat.^[17]

In 1943 the Fairmile D Type appeared. It was a motor torpedo boat – nicknamed the "Dog Boat" – and was designed as a counter to the German S-boat (known to the Allies as the "E-boat"). It could be fitted as either a gun or a torpedo boat, so the designation MGB and MTB tended to be intermixed or 'MGB/MTB' used.^[18] It was a good sea boat and could maintain 30 knots (56 km/h) at full load. The later D types carried four 18-inch (460 mm) torpedo tubes.^[19]

The Vosper Type I MTB appeared in 1943. This was a 73-foot (22 m) craft with four 18-inch (460 mm) torpedo tubes and was capable of a maximum speed of 40 knots (74 km/h).

Bases

Coastal Forces bases were located around the British coast and at major locations overseas.^{[1][20][21][22]}

South coast HMS Attack, Portland HMS Bee, then HMS Grasshopper, Weymouth HMS Bee, Weymouth 1942–1943 HMS Bee, Holyhead 1943–1945 HMS Black Bat, Plymouth HMS Hornet, Haslar, Gosport HMS Tadpole, Poole HMS Wasp, Dover Coastal Forces^[23] West coast HMS Ferret II Port of Londonderry, Northern Ireland HMS Seahawk^[24] Ardrishaig, Argyll HMS St Christopher^[25] Fort William, Inverness-shire East Coast HMS Badger, Harwich HMS Beehive, Felixstowe HMS Midge, Great Yarmouth HMS Minos II, then HMS Mantis, Lowestoft HMS Sandfly, Peterhead HMS Flora II, Invergordon HMS Flora III, Invergordon

Mediterranean HMS Gregale, Malta HMS Mosquito, HMS Regea, Alexandria, Egypt HMS Razorbill, Algiers HMS Hannibal, Algiers Indo-china HMIS Cheetah, Bombay (Royal Indian Navy) Other HMS Argyll HMS Aggressive, Newhaven, Sussex HMS Beaver II, Immingham HMS Britannia III, Dartmouth HMS Cicala, Dartmouth^[26] HMS Claverhouse, Leith HMS Dartmouth II, Dartmouth HMS Fervent, Ramsgate HMS Forte IV, Falmouth HMS Forward II, Newhaven HMS Fox Lerwick HMS Castle Harbour, Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda

Commonwealth coastal forces

Although British Commonwealth coastal forces operated independently from British ones, they used similar vessels:

Coastal forces of	Type	Built	Lost	Notes
Canada	Fairmile B motor launch Fairmile D motor torpedo boat BPB motor torpedo boat	80^[27] 10^[28] 11^[29]
Australia	Harbour defence motor launch Fairmile B motor launch	31^[30] 35^[31]
New Zealand	Harbour defence motor launch Fairmile B motor launch	16^[32] 12^[33]

Surviving craft

Vessel	Description	Built	Builder	In the care of	Condition
HDML 1387 Medusa	Harbour defence launch which took part in the Normandy landings.^[34]	1943	R.A.Newman & sons	Medusa Trust^[35]	restored to original condition
MTB 102	Prototype for World War II MTBs^[36]	1937	Vosper	MTB102 Trust^[37]	still seaworthy
MTB 331	55 ft (17 m) Stepped-hull motor torpedo boat - sole survivor^[38]	1941	Thornycroft	British Military Powerboat Trust^[39]	Intention to get her seaworthy
MGB 81	71.5 ft (21.8 m) Motor gunboat	1942	British Power Boat Company	Portsmouth Naval Base Property Trust^[40]	Fully operational, based at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard.
MTB 71	60 ft (18 m) Motor torpedo boat	1940	Vosper		Static exhibit

Some surviving motor launches in British waters were taken on as pleasure boats and a number of them are on the National Register of Historic Vessels.

Re-formation 2020

The name "Coastal Forces Squadron", replacing the previous title of "1st Patrol Boat Squadron", was re-adopted in May 2020. As of 2023, the Coastal Forces Squadron comprises two divisions: the Off-shore division comprising the three Batch 1 River-class offshore patrol vessels and the In-shore division comprising 14 of 16 Archer-class fast patrol boats. Headquartered at HMNB Portsmouth, as of the mid-2020s the In-shore division of the squadron is playing an increasing role in supporting Royal Navy exercises beyond U.K. waters in both the Baltic and the Norwegian Seas.^[41][42]

In 2023, four ships from Coastal Forces took part in an exercise with the Norwegian Coastal Ranger Command inside the Arctic circle.^[43]

The exercise was repeated in 2024 when four vessels of the Squadron, Biter, Blazer, Trumpeter and Exploit, deployed to northern Norway as part of the NATO exercise "Steadfast Defender".^[44]

See also

 

Coastal Forces memorial at the former HMS Hornet, Gosport

• Royal Naval Patrol Service
• Trawlers of the Royal Navy
• Coastal Forces of World War II
• Coastal Forces of the Royal Canadian Navy
• Coastal Forces of the Royal Australian Navy
• Coastal Forces of the Royal New Zealand Navy
• Robert Peverell Hichens RNVR MTB Flotilla leader

References

Notes

1. "Royal Navy Coastal Forces 1940-1945". www.unithistories.com.
2. "Coastal Forces Squadron - a Freedom of Information request to Royal Navy". WhatDoTheyKnow. 6 June 2020.
3. The fair log from MTB 07 along with official reports by the surviving commanders
4. Reynolds, L.C. and Cooper, H.F. (1999) Mediterranean MTBs at War: Short MTB Flotilla Operations, 1939-45
5. see for example Operation Brandy or MTB 345
6. . Coastal Forces Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
7. Coastal Forces of World War Two 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Royal Naval Museum)
8. Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. p. 31.
9. Mason, Lt Cdr Geoffrey B (29 May 2011). Smith, Gordon (ed.). "HMS Rutherford (K 558) - Captain-class Frigate including Convoy Escort Movements". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-History.Net.
10. Donald. The Captain Class Frigates in the Second World War. pp. 124, 139.
11. "The Coastal Forces Heritage Trust". www.coastal-forces.org.uk.
12. "Hansard: Royal Naval Coastal Forces question". 20 December 1960. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
13. "Royal Navy's Coastal Forces exhibition set to open in Gosport". BBC News. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
14. Note that minesweepers, trawlers and landing craft are not included.
15. Konstam p.7
16. Allied Coastal Forces of World War II - Volume II: Vosper designs and US Elcos - by John Lambert and Al Ross, 1993 ISBN 0-85177-602-7
17. Allied Coastal Forces of World War II - Volume I: Fairmile designs and US Submarine Chasers - by John Lambert and Al Ross, 1990 ISBN 978-0-85177-519-7
18. Konstam p17
19. The Fairmile D Motor Torpedo Boat (Anatomy of the Ship's series) by John Lambert, 1985 ISBN 0-85177-321-4
20. "UK Land Based Combined Operations Training Establishments".
21. List of Royal Navy shore establishments
22. "Western Approaches Command, Admiral Noble, January 1942". www.naval-history.net.
23. "Royal Navy Coastal Forces 1940-1945". www.unithistories.com.
24. . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
25. History of HMS St Christopher
26. "Things to Do – Dartmouth Museum". Dartmouth Museum. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011. The Royal Dart Hotel between the ferries played a vital role in the Second World War. It was called HMS Cicala then.
27. . Archived from the original on 13 September 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
28. . Archived from the original on 7 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
29. . Archived from the original on 7 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
30. . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
31. . Archived from the original on 20 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
32. . Archived from the original on 7 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
33. . Archived from the original on 7 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
34. . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007.
35. Limited, LMA. "The Medusa Trust, preserving the small naval vessel of World War II". www.hmsmedusa.org.uk.
36. . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007.
37. "MTB 102". www.mtb102.com.
38. MTB-331 - 55 ft (17 m) coastal motor torpedo boat 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
39. "British Military Powerboat Trust, Coastal Forces, Gunboats, Target Boats, High Speed Launches, Motor Gun Boats, Torpedo Boats, Patrol Boats, Seaplane Tenders". www.bmpt.org.uk.
40. "Motor Gun Boat 81". Portsmouth Naval Base Property Trust.
41. "Coastal Forces Squadron". What do they know?. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
42. "P2000s landmark visit to Arctic Circle for NATO exercise". Royal Navy. 26 April 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
43. Webb, Freddie (2 May 2023). "Royal Navy: Four Coastal Forces Squadron ships brave freezing conditions in Arctic Circle for first time in defensive exercises". The News, Portsmouth. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
44. "Royal Navy's smallest ships take on huge challenge as they brave weeks of rough seas". ForcesNet. 5 February 2024.

Bibliography

• Cooper, Bryan. (1972) Battle of the Torpedo Boats. ISBN 978-0-330-23243-2
• Holman, Gordon (1944) The Little Ships. London: Hodder & Stroughton OCLC 2300084
• Konstam, Angus (2003) British Motor Torpedo Boat 1939–45. Osprey ISBN 1-84176-500-7
• Lambert, John and Ross, Al (1990) Allied Coastal Forces of World War II, Volume I: Fairmile designs and US Submarine Chasers. ISBN 978-0-85177-519-7
• Lavery, Brian (2006) Churchill's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1939-1945, ISBN 978-1-84486-035-7
• Lambert, John; Ross, Al (1993). Allied Coastal Forces of World War II - Volume II: Vosper designs and US Elcos. ISBN 0-85177-602-7.
• Kemp, Paul J (1997) British Coastal Forces of WWII, ISO Publications, London, ISBN 0-946784-52-3
• Konstam, Angus (2003). British Motor Torpedo Boat 1939-45. New Vanguard No. 74. illustrated by Tony Bryan. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-500-6.
• Pickles, Harold (1995) Untold Stories of Small Boats at War: Coastal Forces Veterans Remember ISBN 978-1-85821-176-3
• Pope, Dudley (2006) Flag 4: The Battle of Coastal Forces in the Mediterranean 1939-1945. ISBN 978-1-86176-067-8
• Reynolds, L.C. and Cooper, H.F. (1999) Mediterranean MTBs at War: Short MTB Flotilla Operations, 1939-45. ISBN 978-0-7509-2274-6
• Reynolds, L. C. (2000) Home Waters MTBs at War: Channel and North Sea MTB and MGB Flotilla Operations, 1939-1945. ISBN 978-0-7509-2518-1
• Reynolds, L. C. and Lord Lewin (2000) Dog Boats at War: A History of the Operations of the Royal Navy D Class Fairmile Motor Torpedo Boats and Motor Gunboats 1939-1945, Sutton Publications Inc, ISBN 978-0-7509-2454-2
• Reynolds, L. C. (2002) Motor Gunboat 658: The Small Boat War in the Mediterranean. ISBN 978-0-304-36183-0
• Scott, Peter and Hichens, Antony (2009) The Battle of the Narrow Seas: A History of the Light Coastal Forces in the Channel and North Sea, 1939-1945 (reprint) Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781591140412.

Further reading

• - Books About Coastal Forces
• "Coastal Forces, Clandestine Naval Ops and Landing Craft - book reviews". Retrieved 14 September 2023.

External links

• Imperial War Museum: Coastal Forces
• Royal Naval Museum: Coastal Forces
• Royal Navy Coastal Forces Veterans
• Coastal, inshore and special naval warfare
• MTB-/MGB-Battles - mostly in German language
• The Coastal Forces Heritage Trust
• British Military Powerboat Trust: Boat Histories
• Royal Navy Coastal Warfare Vessels Lost at Sea
• Motor launches and MTBs of the Coastal Forces