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United States Army Coast Artillery Corps

The U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps (CAC) was an administrative corps responsible for coastal, harbor, and anti-aircraft defense of the United States and its possessions between 1901 and 1950. The CAC also operated heavy and railway artillery during World War I.

U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps
Active1901–1950
Country United States of America
Branch United States Army
Garrison/HQFort Monroe
PatronSaint Barbara
ColorsScarlet
Mascot(s)Oozlefinch
Commanders
Notable
commanders
Chiefs of Coast Artillery

History Edit

 
Practice loading of a 10-inch gun on a disappearing carriage at Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, NY, a typical Endicott period installation.
 
Typical Endicott period battery with components labeled.

As early as 1882 the need for heavy fixed artillery for seacoast defense was noted in Chester A. Arthur's Second Annual Message to Congress where he noted:

"I call your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary and the board that authority be given to construct two more cruisers of smaller dimensions and one fleet dispatch vessel, and that appropriations be made for high-power rifled cannon for the torpedo service and for other harbor defenses."[1][2]

In 1885 the Endicott Board was convened under the subsequent Grover Cleveland administration, chaired by Secretary of War William Crowninshield Endicott. This board recommended a large-scale program of harbor defenses at 29 ports, including guns, mortars, and mine fields. Most of their recommendations were implemented and new defenses were constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1895 and 1905. As the defenses were constructed, each harbor or river's installations were controlled by Artillery Districts, renamed Coast Defense Commands in 1913 and Harbor Defense Commands in 1925. With the 1913 renaming, Artillery Districts became regional commands, each including several coast defense commands.[3][4]

An extensive fire control system was developed and provided for the forts of each Artillery District.[5]

1901 reorganization Edit

Army leaders realized that heavy fixed artillery required different training programs and tactics than mobile field artillery. Prior to 1901 each of the seven Regular Army artillery regiments contained both heavy and light artillery batteries. In February 1901 the Artillery Corps was divided into two types: field artillery and coast artillery. The previous seven artillery regiments were dissolved, and 30 numbered companies of field artillery (commonly called batteries) and 126 numbered companies of coast artillery (CA) were authorized. 82 existing heavy artillery batteries were designated as coast artillery companies, and 44 new CA companies were created by splitting existing units and filling their ranks with recruits. The company-based organization was for flexibility, as each harbor defense command was differently equipped and a task-based organization was needed. The Coast Artillery would alternate between small unit and regimental organization several times over its history. The head of the Artillery Corps became the Chief of Artillery in the rank of brigadier general with jurisdiction over both types of artillery.[3][6]

Controlled mine fields Edit

 
USAMP Major Samuel Ringgold, built in 1904, which planted practice groups of mines in the Columbia River during the 1920s. (National Archives and Records Administration)

c. 1901 the Coast Artillery took responsibility for the installation and operation of the controlled mine fields from the Corps of Engineers; these were planted to be under observation, remotely detonated electrically, and protected by fixed guns.[3] With that responsibility the Coast Artillery began to acquire the vessels required to plant and maintain the mine fields and cables connecting the mines to the mine casemate ashore organized as a "Submarine Mine Battery" within the installation command, "submarine" meaning "underwater" in this case.[3] The larger vessels, called "mine planters", were civilian crewed until the creation of the U.S. Army Mine Planter Service (AMPS) and Warrant Officer Corps in 1918 to provide officers and engineers for the ships designated as mine planters.[7] The mine component was considered to be among the principal armament of coastal defense works.[8]

Taft Board and the creation of the Coast Artillery Corps Edit

In 1905, after the experiences of the Spanish–American War, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed a new board on fortifications, under Secretary of War William Howard Taft. They updated some standards and reviewed the progress of the Endicott board's program. Most of the changes recommended by this board were technical; such as adding more searchlights, electrification (lighting, communications, and projectile handling), and more sophisticated optical aiming techniques. The board also recommended fortifications in territories acquired from Spain: Cuba and the Philippines, as well as Hawaii and a few other sites. Defenses in Panama were authorized by the Spooner Act of 1902. Due to rapid development of the dreadnought battleship type, a new 14-inch (356 mm) gun was introduced in a few locations, including Los Angeles, the Philippines, Hawaii, and Panama. The Japanese were acquiring capital ships with guns of this caliber, beginning with Kongō in 1913. The Taft program fortifications differed slightly in battery construction and had fewer numbers of guns at a given location than those of the Endicott program. By the beginning of World War I, the United States had a coastal defense system that was equal to any other nation.

The rapidity of technological advances and changing techniques increasingly separated coastal defenses (heavy) from field artillery (light). Officers were rarely qualified to command both, requiring specialization. As a result, in 1907, Congress split the Field Artillery and Coast Artillery into separate branches, creating a separate Coast Artillery Corps (CAC), and authorizing an increase in the Coast Artillery Corps to 170 numbered companies. National Guard coast artillery units were also formed by the states to attempt to bring the CAC up to strength in wartime. Confusingly, many of these units were designated Coast Artillery Corps of their respective state National Guards.[3] In 1907 the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Monroe became the Coast Artillery School, which operated until 1946, and in 1908, the Chief of Artillery became the Chief of Coast Artillery in the rank of major general.

World War I Edit

 
US-manned 155mm GPF gun of Battery F, 55th Coast Artillery, France 1918

As with the rest of the US Armed Forces, the Coast Artillery was undermanned and poorly equipped except for coastal artillery weapons when war broke out in Europe in 1914. The War Department formed a Board of Review that recommended an increase in strength, which resulted in 105 new CA companies in 1916–17, although these were initially undermanned. After the American entry into World War I, the Coast Artillery as a whole was ordered brought up to strength, and 71 new companies were organized by July 1917.[9]

In response to the rapid improvements in dreadnought battleships, approximately 14 two-gun batteries of 12-inch guns on a new M1917 long-range barbette carriage began construction in 1917, but none were completed until 1920.

The Coast Artillery was designated to provide the personnel for all US-manned heavy artillery (155 mm gun and larger), almost all railway artillery, and later anti-aircraft artillery units. As with most US Army World War I equipment, these units were primarily equipped with French- and British-made weapons, with few American-made heavy weapons arriving in France before the Armistice. As with other American World War I units, the CAC units operated alongside French forces for the most part. The CAC units sent to France and Britain with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were organized into a total of 11 brigades comprising 33 regiments of 24 guns each, plus a replacement regiment, nine trench mortar battalions and thirteen anti-aircraft battalions (a.k.a. sectors). Many Coast Artillery companies were withdrawn from stateside coast defenses to provide cadre for the new artillery regiments.[10][11] However, only 13 regiments saw action, while the remaining 20 regiments did not complete training before the Armistice, and up to 6 of these never received guns. A total of 61 regiments were organized; however, at least 23 of these were organized in the US shortly before the Armistice and were soon disbanded.[12] The coast defense commands retained a company-based organization.[10] Only one regiment saw action equipped with US-made guns, the 58th Coast Artillery armed with the 8-inch howitzer M1917, based on the British BL 8-inch howitzer Mk VI.[13]

Ninety-five 6-inch guns were withdrawn from coast defenses, with an additional 46 weapons supplied by the Navy and 30 ex-Navy weapons from arms dealer Francis Bannerman.[14] Seventy-two of the Army 6-inch guns (possibly with a few additional Navy weapons) and 26 5-inch guns also removed from coast defenses were mounted on M1917 field carriages and equipped four artillery regiments in France, but none of these completed training before the Armistice.[15] After the war, some of the 6-inch guns were returned to coast defenses, but the 5-inch guns were withdrawn from coast defense service. Most of the 6-inch guns were stored and were eventually deployed in World War II.[9][11][10]

 
8-inch M1888 railway gun with ammunition wagon.
 
12-inch mortar on M1918 railway carriage.

No US railway guns existed when the US entered World War I in early 1917. Due to low production and shipping priorities, the Army's railway gun contribution on the Western Front consisted of four CA regiments operating French-made weapons. These were organized as the 30th Separate Artillery Brigade (Railway), also designated as the Railway Artillery Reserve (RAR), which usually operated mingled with French units in an Allied RAR.[16][17] The 40th Artillery Brigade of three regiments was also a railway artillery brigade of the RAR; however, it did not complete training before the Armistice.[11]

The US Navy manufactured and operated five 14"/50 caliber railway guns that were delivered in time to support the final Allied offensives. With a view to getting numerous US-made weapons into the fight eventually, the Army also converted some of the many US coast artillery weapons to railway mounts. A total of 96 8-inch guns, 129 10-inch guns, 49 12-inch guns, and 150 12-inch mortars could be taken from fixed coast defense batteries or spares. Twelve 7-inch ex-Navy guns and six 12-inch guns being built for Chile were also available.

None of the army weapons were shipped to France except three 8-inch guns and some 10-inch barrels (to be mounted in France), as few of any type were completed before the Armistice. Forty-seven 8-inch railway guns were ordered, with 18 completed by the Armistice and the remainder completed later. Eight 10-inch railway mounts of 54 ordered were completed by this time, and twelve 12-inch railway mounts were completed by 1 April 1919. Three railway mountings for the Chilean 12-inch guns were ready for shipment by the Armistice; the remaining three barrels were retained as spares. Ninety-one 12-inch railway mortars were ordered, with 45 complete by 7 April 1919 and all major components of the remainder also complete. It is unclear how many additional railway guns and mortars were completed, but all 47 8-inch weapons and probably the 91 12-inch mortars were.[18] The 7-inch and 8-inch guns and 12-inch mortars used a common carriage, with outriggers and a rotating mount allowing all-around fire. This allowed the weapons to be used in coast defense against moving targets.

The 8-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were retained on railway mountings after the war, while most of the 10-inch and 12-inch guns were returned to the coastal forts.[19] The 7-inch railway guns most likely became fixed coast artillery, although some were eventually transferred to Brazil as railway guns in 1941.[20]

The official birthday of the Army Warrant Officer Corps is 9 July 1918, when an Act of Congress established the Army Mine Planter Service as part of the Coast Artillery Corps, replacing previous civilian manning of mine planter vessels. Implementation of the Act by the Army was published in War Department Bulletin 43, dated 22 July 1918.[7]

Interwar period Edit

 
155mm gun M1918 on Panama Mount
 
Coast Artillery Corps anti-aircraft sound locator and searchlight 1932

After World War I all but ten of the wartime regiments were disbanded. The four regiments of the 30th Railway Artillery Brigade initially remained, along with six tractor-drawn regiments equipped with the 155 mm gun M1918 (6.1 inch), developed from the French Canon de 155mm GPF (Grand Puissance Filloux, or high-powered gun designed by Filloux), a weapon these regiments used during the war.[3] This weapon, drawn by heavy Holt tractors, introduced road and cross-country mobility to the Coast Artillery, and allowed mobile defense of areas not protected by fixed harbor defenses. Circular concrete platforms called "Panama mounts" were added to existing defenses to improve the utility of these guns.[21] Budget reductions resulted in the disbandment of all but three of the tractor-drawn regiments and all but one railway regiment by late 1921. The anti-aircraft mission continued with three battalions in the Contiguous United States (CONUS), one battalion in the Philippines, and a regiment in Hawaii.[3]

The railway artillery mission became a permanent role of the CA, but railway guns were not widely deployed. All 47 8-inch railway guns were deployed, but only 16 of the 91 12-inch railway mortars were deployed at any one time.

 
16-inch coast artillery howitzer, Fort Story, Virginia, United States 1942

Due to the continued improvement of battleships until the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty halted their construction, the Coast Artillery acquired some new 16-inch (406 mm) and 14-inch (356 mm) weapons, although in minute quantities. Based on the Coast Artillery's experience operating heavy weapons in World War I, especially the French-made 400 mm (15.75-inch) Modèle 1916 railway howitzer, new barbette carriages were designed with an elevation of 65 degrees to allow plunging fire as enemy ships approached.[22][23] Only 22 16-inch and four 14-inch M1920 railway guns were deployed in CONUS, Hawaii, and Panama by 1940. The 16-inch guns were one 16-inch gun M1895 on a disappearing carriage, seven 16-inch M1919 guns (one on a disappearing carriage), four 16-inch M1920 howitzers, and ten 16"/50 caliber Mark 2 guns (including some Mark 3 guns), the last taken from weapons produced for South Dakota-class battleships and Lexington-class battlecruisers cancelled by the Washington Naval Treaty. Twenty of about 70 of these weapons were initially given to the Army, but funding precluded deployment of more than ten until 1940. The remaining 50 or so weapons were retained by the Navy for use on future battleships; but in 1940 a near-fiasco in the design of the Iowa-class battleships precluded their use on that class, and the guns were released to the Army.[24]

A postwar weapon deployed in more reasonable quantities was the 12-inch gun M1895 on the long-range barbette carriage M1917. These were the same guns found in Endicott period installations, but on a high-angle carriage that increased their range from 18,400 yd (16,800 m) on a disappearing carriage at 15° elevation to 29,300 yd (26,800 m) at 35° elevation.[25][26] Thirty guns were deployed in 16 batteries, including two one-gun batteries in the Philippines, all completed by 1924.[27] These were the last guns added to the Philippine defenses until 1940, as the Washington Naval Treaty prohibited additional fortifications in the Pacific.[28]

In 1922 fifteen companies of Philippine Scouts coast artillery were established. These units were composed primarily of Filipino enlisted men and US officers, and garrisoned many of the coast defenses in the Philippines until the surrender of US forces there in 1942.

Also in 1922, the Journal of the United States Artillery was renamed the Coast Artillery Journal.[29]

In 1923–1924, the Coast Artillery adopted a regimental system forcewide, which included the Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve components (see "Units" section below).[30] This lasted until the anti-aircraft regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943-44 and the harbor defense regiments were similarly broken up by late 1944.[31] On 9 June 1925 the Coast Defense Commands were redesignated as Harbor Defense Commands via a War Department order.[32]

By the end of the 1920s, eight Harbor Defense Commands in less-threatened areas were completely disarmed. These included the defenses of the Kennebec River (Maine), Baltimore (Maryland), Potomac River (Maryland and Virginia), Cape Fear River (North Carolina), Savannah (Georgia), Tampa Bay (Florida), Mobile (Alabama), and the Mississippi River (Louisiana). The mine capability may have been retained in reserve at these defenses. Some of these installations were rearmed with "Panama mounts" for towed artillery early in World War II.[33]

The new 16-inch and 12-inch batteries of the 1920s were all in open mounts, unprotected against air attack except for camouflage. Like the Endicott and Taft period emplacements, they were positioned to be hidden from observation from the sea, but were open to the air. This somewhat inexplicable situation was remedied by casemating most of the newer batteries early in World War II.

World War II Edit

The outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939 and the Fall of France in June 1940 greatly accelerated US defense planning and funding. About this time a severe lack of design coordination resulted in the Iowa-class battleships being unable to use the Mark 2 and Mark 3 16-inch guns, and a new gun design was required for them.[24] With war on the horizon, the Navy released the approximately 50 remaining guns, and on 27 July 1940 the Army's Harbor Defense Board recommended the construction of 27 (eventually 38) 16-inch two-gun batteries to protect strategic points along the US coastline, to be casemated against air attack. However, as the war's progress greatly reduced the threat from enemy surface vessels, only 21 of these were completed, and not all of them were armed.[34]

The 16-inch guns were only the top end of the World War II program, which eventually replaced almost all previous coast defense weapons with newer (or remounted) weapons. Generally, each harbor defense command was to have two or three 16-inch or 12-inch long-range batteries, plus 6-inch guns on new mountings with protected magazines, and 90 mm Anti Motor Torpedo Boat (AMTB) guns.[35] Activation of the National Guard and expansion of regular harbor defense regiments to wartime strength resulted in 45,000 troops assigned to this function by fall 1941. Including field artillery units deployed in coast defense, harbor defense forces peaked at 70,000 troops from spring 1942 until mid-1943. In 1943–44, with most of the new defenses completed, the numerous older weapons of the Endicott and Taft periods were scrapped, with their crews largely reassigned to field artillery units.[36]

 
"B" Battery, 57th Coast Artillery Regiment, at Ackermann's Hill (or Turtle Hill), in the British Army's Warwick Camp, in Bermuda during the Second World War
Bermuda

Prior to the December, 1941, entry of the United States into the Second World War, the United States Army and the United States Marines Corps were permitted to deploy forces to Bermuda under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, ostensibly to guard US Navy and US Army Air Forces air base sites to which the United States had been granted leases by the British Government, but with the intent of also allowing the neutral US to covertly reinforce the British Army's Bermuda Garrison. Bermuda had been the headquarters and main base of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Squadron since the independence of the United States, and the location of its dockyard. The colony was a vital forming-up point for trans-Atlantic convoys in both world wars. There was also Royal Air Force Bermuda on Darrell's Island which was vital to trans-Atlantic aviation, a Fleet Air Arm air station on Boaz Island, cable and radio facilities important to trans-Atlantic navigation and communication, and other strategic assets (which would be joined by the US Army air base, the US Naval Operating Base (for flying boats and ships), a US Navy submarine base on Ordnance Island, and a Royal Canadian Navy base). These assets made Bermuda's defense imperative to the British Empire and Commonwealth's, and later the Allies', global strategy, but British forces used for its defense were desperately needed elsewhere. Granting the neutral United States base rights and enabling the deployment of American ground forces resulted in the development of assets at American expense which would be used by British forces (notably Kindley Field air base which was to be used jointly by the US Army and the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy), as well as enabling British forces to be redeployed overseas as there was a tacit agreement the American forces would defend the entire British colony, and not just the US bases.

Coastal artillery was a critical requirement at the start of the war. Although Bermuda had been heavily fortified over the previous centuries, and hundreds of artillery pieces had been emplaced, most were hopelessly obsolete. Of the newer guns, only two batteries, each of two 6-inch guns, were in serviceable condition (at St. David's Battery and Warwick Camp, both manned by the Bermuda Militia Artillery). Consequently, among the first American units deployed to Bermuda were batteries of artillery at Cooper's Island, Fort Albert and Fort Victoria on St. George's Island, Fort Langton at Prospect Camp, Warwick Camp, Tudor Hill, and also Scaur Hill Fort on Somerset Island. Subunits included "B" Battery, 57th Regiment, United States Army Coast Artillery Corps, deployed to Ackermann's Hill at Warwick Camp in 1941 with two 155mm GPF artillery guns on wheeled carriages, which were placed on "Panama mounts" by October 1941. All US Army defenses outside the leased baselands were withdrawn from Bermuda on the end of hostilities.[37]

After Pearl Harbor

The attack on Pearl Harbor showed that the Coast Artillery, despite the inclusion of the anti-aircraft mission, was ineffective against a mass air attack. Pre-war anti-aircraft planning had been very inadequate, with few weapons allocated, and the coast defense guns had become almost irrelevant. They were positioned to keep enemy ships out of a friendly harbor, but that was all they could accomplish. The Japanese invaded the Philippines shortly after Pearl Harbor, bringing the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays into the war along with the other US and Filipino forces in the archipelago. The Japanese initially landed in northern Luzon, far from the defenses of Manila Bay. Although the Coast Artillery did their best, their weapons were poorly positioned against the direction of enemy attacks and vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack. Eight 8-inch railway guns had been deployed to the Philippines in 1940, but six were destroyed by air attack while entrained in response to the initial landings, and the other two were placed in fixed mountings on Corregidor and Bataan, but lacked crews and ammunition.[38] The 14-inch turret guns of Fort Drum and the 12-inch mortars of Battery Way and Battery Geary were probably the most effective coast defense weapons in the Battle of Corregidor, but all but two of the mortars were knocked out before the Japanese landed on the island. The US and Filipino forces surrendered on 6 May 1942, after destroying their weapons.

The Coast Artillery faced two priorities during the war: mobilization and modernization. The National Guard was mobilized in 1940 and the Reserve units were mobilized in 1942. Most of the reserve regiments not designated as anti-aircraft in 1925 appear to have been disbanded by World War II.[39] Besides new construction at most harbor defenses, the standard anti-aircraft gun was upgraded from the 3-inch gun M3 to the 90 mm gun M1. Except for the early-war fighting in the Philippines, the anti-aircraft branch was the Coast Artillery's only contribution on the front lines of World War II; almost all mobile heavy artillery overseas was operated by the Field Artillery.

Two times a post-1895 military base in the continental United States came under attack were the bombardments of Dutch Harbor, Alaska and Fort Stevens, Oregon by the Imperial Japanese Navy in June 1942. For the former, members of the 206th Coast Artillery Regiment lost seven during the battle in which the Japanese planes inflicted moderate damage to the base. For the latter, battery Russell was attacked with a deck gun from the Japanese submarine I-25, but the fort's commander did not return fire, since his fire control equipment indicated the submarine was out of range, and for fear of revealing the battery's position. Other than some severed telephone cables, no significant damage to either side occurred.

In late 1942, the War Department decided that to free up more younger and physically fit troops for frontline duty, harbor defense and anti-aircraft units in the continental United States would be staffed primarily with "limited service" troops, who generally were not permitted to serve on the front lines due to age or disability. Since Coast Artillery units were allowed to exceed authorized personnel strength while making the transition, understrength batteries were brought up to their authorized manning levels for the duration of the war. Reassigned former Coast Artillery troops usually went to field artillery or anti-aircraft units.[40]

 
View of 90 mm anti-aircraft gun emplacement, Okinawa, 1945.

The regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943–44, in line with an Army-wide policy for all units except infantry, and a number of former Coast Artillery units were converted into heavy field artillery units.[41] In 1944, with about two-thirds of the initially projected new batteries complete and most naval threats neutralized or destroyed, work was stopped on the remaining new batteries. Except for some 6-inch pedestal guns and 3-inch guns, the Endicott- and Taft-period guns were scrapped and the Coast Artillery Corps drawn down in size.[42] When the war ended it was decided that few (and soon no) gun defenses were needed, and by 1948 almost all of the seacoast defenses had been scrapped. With only the anti-aircraft mission left, the Coast Artillery was disestablished and the anti-aircraft and field artillery branches were merged in 1950.[3] Some of the mine planter vessels were transferred to the Navy and designated Auxiliary Minelayers (ACM, later MMA). The anti-aircraft and field artillery branches were later separated again and regiments eventually re-appeared. In the 1950s through early 1970s, the Anti-Aircraft Command and its successors operated the Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules missiles that, along with the United States Air Force's BOMARC, were the successors to the Coast Artillery in defending the US continent and friendly countries. Today the Air Defense Artillery carries the Coast Artillery's lineage, including many regiment numbers and the Oozlefinch mascot.

Chiefs of Coast Artillery Edit

The Office of the Chief of Coast Artillery was established in the rank of major general 1 July 1908 until it was abolished 9 March 1942, with functions transferred to the Commanding General, Army Ground Forces, effective 9 March 1942, by Circular 59, War Department, 2 March 1942.

Image Rank Name Begin Date End Date Notes
  Major General Arthur MurrayArthur Murray 1908-07-011 July 1908 1911-03-1414 March 1911 [43]
  Major General Erasmus M. WeaverErasmus M. Weaver Jr. 1908-07-0115 March 1911 1918-5-02828 May 1918 [43]
  Major General Frank W. Coe Frank W. Coe 1918-05-2429 May 1918 1926 03 1919 March 1926 [43]
  Major General Andrew Hero Jr. Andrew Hero Jr. 1926-03-2020 March 1926 1930-03-2121 March 1930 [43]
  Major General John W. Gulick John W. Gulick 1930-05-2222 March 1930 1934-03-2121 March 1934 [43]
  Major General William F. HaseWilliam F. Hase 1934-05-2626 March 1934 1935-01-2020 January 1935 [43]
  Major General Harry L. SteeleHarry L. Steele 1935-01-2121 January 1935 1936-03-3131 March 1936 [43]
  Major General Archibald H. Sunderland Archibald H. Sunderland 1936-04-011 April 1936 1940-03-3131 March 1940 [43]
  Major General Joseph A. GreenJoseph A. Green 1940-04-011 April 1940 1942-03-099 March 1942 [43]

Units Edit

 
Coast Artillery School device

In 1901, the regimental organization of the US Army artillery was abolished. More companies were added, and given numerical designations.

  • 126 companies of heavy (coast) artillery
  • 30 companies of light (field) artillery

In 1907 the Coast Artillery Corps was established and the Field Artillery was re-regimented

The Corps constantly reorganized the numbered companies until 1924, but during World War I created 61 regiments and 16 brigade headquarters with many of the numbered companies as cadre, for service operating heavy and railway artillery with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Western Front in France. 34 of these regiments and 11 brigade headquarters served in France; the remainder stayed in the United States. Most of these were disbanded immediately after the war.[10][11] Also during World War I, the antiaircraft branch was born, with thirteen AA battalions (also called sectors) and six AA machine gun battalions.[44] This mission was formally assigned to the Coast Artillery Corps in 1920.

In 1924 the Coast Artillery Corps returned to the regimental system, and the numbered companies were returned to letter designations. In order to promote esprit-de-corps, the first seven regiments inherited the lineage of the original seven regiments of artillery. The Regular Army had 17 harbor defense regiments (one of Philippine Scouts), four tractor-drawn regiments (one of Philippine Scouts), three railway regiments, and six anti-aircraft regiments. The National Guard had 10 harbor defense regiments, two tractor-drawn regiments, and nine anti-aircraft regiments. In the Organized Reserve, there was 14 harbor defense regiments, four railway regiments, three tractor-drawn regiments, and 42 anti-aircraft regiments in 8 AA brigades. However, many of the Reserve units had only small numbers of, or widely dispersed, personnel assigned, which hampered effective training. Many were demobilized before being initiated (activated) in the 1920s and 1930s or after U.S. entry into World War II, or served in that war under different designations.[30][45][46][47][48]

Regular Army Edit

National Guard Edit

Interwar and World War II reorganization Edit

  • 1926: Battery G (NC) of the 200th CA Regiment (AA), AL, FL, LA, MS, and NC National Guard, which was the only active element of the regiment, was redesignated Battery F, 252nd CA Battalion (HD), on 1 December 1926.
  • 1927: the 200th CA Regiment (AA) was demobilized (disbanded) on 5 September 1927.
  • 1929: the 252nd CA Battalion (HD) reorganized as the 252nd CA Regiment (TD) in the NC National Guard, the 260th CA Regiment (HD) reorganized as the 260th CA (AA) in the DC National Guard, and the 265th CA Battalion (HD) reorganized as the 265th CA Regiment (HD) in the FL National Guard.[47]
  • 1930: the 251st CA (HD) reorganized as the 251st Coast Artillery Regiment (AA) in the CA National Guard, and the 263rd CA Battalion (HD) reorganized as the 263rd CA Regiment (HD) in the SC National Guard. The 59th Coast Artillery (TD) was reorganized as HD in the Philippines, and the 53rd CA (RY) was demobilized.[46][47]
  • 1931: the 41st CA Regiment (RY) was inactivated in Hawaii.[46]
  • 1932: the 2nd CA Regiment (HD) was transferred to Fort Monroe in the Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay and the 12th CA Regiment (HD) was inactivated.[46]
  • 1933: the 264th CA Regiment (HD) reorganized as the 214th CA Regiment (AA) in the GA National Guard.[30]
  • 1935: the 248th CA Battalion (HD) was expanded to the 248th CA Regiment (HD) in the WA National Guard.[47]
  • 1940: the 207th CA Regiment (AA) of the NM National Guard, converted from the 111th Cavalry Regiment on 26 April 1940, was redesignated the 200th CA Regiment (AA) on 1 July 1940.[30][47][49]

Mobilization in 1939-41 created more regiments. Almost all of the National Guard units above were mobilized during this period.[30]

Accelerated mobilization following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the American entry into World War II created the following regiments:[30]

  • (5) Harbor Defense regiments
  • (1) Railway regiment
  • (7) Tractor Drawn regiments (155mm)
    • 30th Coast Artillery, Aleutian Islands
    • 40th Coast Artillery, Aleutian Islands
    • 46th Coast Artillery
    • 47th Coast Artillery
    • 50th Coast Artillery
    • 53rd Coast Artillery
    • 58th Coast Artillery, South America, Dutch West Indies
  • (26) Anti-aircraft regiments

In World War II more expansion and reorganization occurred. The Japanese invasion of the Philippines resulted in the surrender of US forces there on 9 April and 6 May 1942, including the 59th CA (HD), 60th CA (AA), 200th CA (AA), 515th CA (AA), 91st CA (HD) (PS), and 92nd CA (TD) (PS). The anti-aircraft regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943-44 and the harbor defense regiments were similarly broken up in late 1944, as part of an Army-wide reorganization that left only the Infantry branch as regiments. The "coast artillery" nomenclature was dropped from the antiaircraft units' designations at this time. As a result of this reorganization (in most cases), 46 anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) brigades, 155 AAA groups, and 13 coast artillery groups were activated, probably controlling task-organized groups of battalions.[51] Over 900 battalions were created with the following designations:[31]

  • Coast Artillery Battalion
  • Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion
  • Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion
  • Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion
  • Antiaircraft Artillery Searchlight Battalion
  • Barrage Balloon Battalion.

On 1 April 1945 the majority of the remaining coast artillery battalions (other than antiaircraft) were inactivated, with most personnel either transferred to their parent harbor defense commands or used to activate or fill out field artillery units.

Coast Artillery School Edit

Distinctive unit insignia Edit

  • Description- A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 inch (2.54 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess wavy Gules and Azure in chief on an oval escutcheon of the first (Gules) in front of the cannon saltirewise Or an Artillery projectile paleways within a bordure of the last (Or) in base a submarine mine of the like (Or).
  • Background- The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 October 1929.
  • Device
  • Blazon
  • Shield- Per fess wavy Gules and Azure in chief on an oval escutcheon of the first (Gules) in front of the cannon saltirewise Or an Artillery projectile paleways within a bordure of the last (Or) in base a submarine mine of the like (Or).
  • Supporters- Two cannons paleways Or.
  • Motto: "Defendimus" (We Defend).
  • Symbolism
  • Shield

The design was used by the Coast Artillery School for many years but was never recorded by the War Department. It is a shield of red and blue parted horizontally by a wavy line; on the upper red portion of the shield is the insignia of the Coast Artillery, and on the lower blue portion a submarine mine in gold. A scroll bearing the words "Coast Artillery School" may be added to the device.

  • Supporters- Two cannons, muzzles up, are used as supporters.
  • Background- The device was approved on 8 November 1924.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Chester A. Arthur, Second Annual Message to Congress
  2. ^ "Torpedo" in this case refers to naval mines.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Coast Artillery Organization – A Brief Overview, Bolling W. Smith & William C. Gaines
  4. ^ Fort and Battery list at the Coast Defense Study Group website
  5. ^ FM 4-15, Coast Artillery Field Manual - Seacoast Artillery Fire Control and Position Finding, U.S. War Department, 1940, Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
  6. ^ Berhow, pp. 423-426
  7. ^ a b Army Warrant Officer History
  8. ^ . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  9. ^ a b The Coast Artillery in WWI at Coast Defense Study Group
  10. ^ a b c d Rinaldi, pp. 150-168
  11. ^ a b c d History of the Coast Artillery Corps in World War I at Rootsweb.com
  12. ^ Rinaldi, pp. 159-160
  13. ^ 58th Artillery (CAC) at Rootsweb.com
  14. ^ Crowell, Benedict (1919). America's Munitions 1917-1918. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 73–75.
  15. ^ Williford, pp. 92-99
  16. ^ Order designating the 30th Brigade as the Railway Arty Reserve, 3 April 1918
  17. ^ Allied RAR organization, 6 September 1918
  18. ^ US Army Railway Guns in World War I
  19. ^ Miller, H. W., LTC, USA Railway Artillery, Vols. I and II, 1921, Vol. I, pp. 131-155
  20. ^ Williford, pp. 100-101
  21. ^ Berhow, pp. 190-191
  22. ^ Miller, Vol. II, p. 109
  23. ^ Ordnance, pp. 147-149
  24. ^ a b Friedman Battleships, pp. 311–313
  25. ^ Battery Hall, Fort Saulsbury, Delaware at FortWiki.com
  26. ^ Berhow 2015, p. 61
  27. ^ Berhow 2015, pp. 227–228
  28. ^ Berhow 2015, p. 222
  29. ^ . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d e f Berhow, pp. 473-477
  31. ^ a b Stanton, pp. 454-476
  32. ^ Berhow, p. 432
  33. ^ Berhow, pp. 201-231
  34. ^ Berhow, pp. 176-177
  35. ^ Berhow, pp. 80-81, 227-231, 256-258
  36. ^ Conn, p. 52
  37. ^ Harris, Edward Cecil (1997). Bermuda Forts, 1612-1957 (1 ed.). Bermuda: Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-921560-11-1.
  38. ^ Account of the 8" railway guns in the Philippines, 1940-42
  39. ^ Stanton, pp. 434-476
  40. ^ Conn, pp. 105-106
  41. ^ Stanton, pp. 425-510
  42. ^ Conn, pp. 47-54
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i Taylor, John E.; Andrews, Patricia (1962). Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the Chiefs of Arms. Westminster, MD: Heritage Books. p. 2. ISBN 9780788436499.
  44. ^ Rinaldi, pp. 123, 166-168
  45. ^ Coast Artillery Regiments at CDSG
  46. ^ a b c d e CAC regiments 1-196 at the CDSG
  47. ^ a b c d e f National Guard CAC regiments 197-265 at the CDSG
  48. ^ Organized Reserve and Army of the United States Coast Artillery Regiments at CDSG
  49. ^ Clay, Steven E. (2010). US Army Order of Battle 1919–1941, vol. 2 (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1102.
  50. ^ Stanton, p. 487
  51. ^ Stanton, pp. 426-453
  • Berhow, Mark A., Ed. (2015). American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide, Third Edition. CDSG Press. ISBN 978-0-9748167-3-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000). Guarding the United States and Its Outposts. United States Army Center of Military History. ISBN 978-14102019-2-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Friedman, Norman (1985). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 978-0-87021-715-9.
  • Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979). Seacoast Fortifications of the United States. Annapolis: Leeward Publications. ISBN 978-0-929521-11-4.
  • Miller, H. W., LTC, USA (1921). Railway Artillery, Vols. I and II. Washington: US Government Printing Office.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ordnance Corps, US Army (1922). American Coast Artillery Materiel. Washington: Government Printing Office.
  • Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004). The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle. General Data LLC. ISBN 0-9720296-4-8.
  • Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). World War II Order of Battle. Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-775-9.
  • Williford, Glen (2016). American Breechloading Mobile Artillery, 1875-1953. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7643-5049-8.
  • List of all US coastal forts and batteries at the Coastal Defense Study Group, Inc. website
  • FortWiki, lists most CONUS and Canadian forts

External links Edit

  • "U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps 1901-1950" at Coast Defense Study Group
  • "Records of U.S. Army Coast Artillery Districts and Defenses, 1901-1942" at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
  • Insignia of the Coast Artillery Corps by Mark Berhow at Coast Defense Study Group
  • "Government Plans Call For 14 Coast Artillery Units", The Harvard Crimson, 26 April 1919
  • Coast Artillery Journal online 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  • Hines, Frank T. and Franklin W. Ward, The Service of Coast Artillery (digital book at Open Library)
  • "The Chief of Artillery", The New York Times, 21 Jan 1903 (subscription required for access to full article)
  • Stark, Major H. W., "The Delaware Coast Artillery", Journal of the U.S. Artillery, vol. 56, pp 60—. (digital publication at Google Books)
  • Coast Artillery Journal, Number 59, August 1923, p. 123 15 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  • Annual Report of the Commandant, Coast Artillery School: 1916 (digital book at Google Books)
  • Coastal Defense US National Park Service
  • FortWiki gun type list
  • Description of Seacoast Guns 8, 10, 12, 14, 16-inch
  • American Forts Network, lists US forts worldwide

united, states, army, coast, artillery, corps, army, coast, artillery, corps, administrative, corps, responsible, coastal, harbor, anti, aircraft, defense, united, states, possessions, between, 1901, 1950, also, operated, heavy, railway, artillery, during, wor. The U S Army Coast Artillery Corps CAC was an administrative corps responsible for coastal harbor and anti aircraft defense of the United States and its possessions between 1901 and 1950 The CAC also operated heavy and railway artillery during World War I U S Army Coast Artillery CorpsActive1901 1950Country United States of AmericaBranch United States ArmyGarrison HQFort MonroePatronSaint BarbaraColorsScarletMascot s OozlefinchCommandersNotablecommandersChiefs of Coast Artillery Contents 1 History 1 1 1901 reorganization 1 2 Controlled mine fields 1 3 Taft Board and the creation of the Coast Artillery Corps 1 4 World War I 1 5 Interwar period 1 6 World War II 2 Chiefs of Coast Artillery 3 Units 3 1 Regular Army 3 2 National Guard 3 3 Interwar and World War II reorganization 4 Coast Artillery School 4 1 Distinctive unit insignia 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory Edit nbsp Practice loading of a 10 inch gun on a disappearing carriage at Fort Hamilton Brooklyn NY a typical Endicott period installation nbsp Typical Endicott period battery with components labeled As early as 1882 the need for heavy fixed artillery for seacoast defense was noted in Chester A Arthur s Second Annual Message to Congress where he noted I call your attention to the recommendation of the Secretary and the board that authority be given to construct two more cruisers of smaller dimensions and one fleet dispatch vessel and that appropriations be made for high power rifled cannon for the torpedo service and for other harbor defenses 1 2 In 1885 the Endicott Board was convened under the subsequent Grover Cleveland administration chaired by Secretary of War William Crowninshield Endicott This board recommended a large scale program of harbor defenses at 29 ports including guns mortars and mine fields Most of their recommendations were implemented and new defenses were constructed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers between 1895 and 1905 As the defenses were constructed each harbor or river s installations were controlled by Artillery Districts renamed Coast Defense Commands in 1913 and Harbor Defense Commands in 1925 With the 1913 renaming Artillery Districts became regional commands each including several coast defense commands 3 4 An extensive fire control system was developed and provided for the forts of each Artillery District 5 1901 reorganization Edit Army leaders realized that heavy fixed artillery required different training programs and tactics than mobile field artillery Prior to 1901 each of the seven Regular Army artillery regiments contained both heavy and light artillery batteries In February 1901 the Artillery Corps was divided into two types field artillery and coast artillery The previous seven artillery regiments were dissolved and 30 numbered companies of field artillery commonly called batteries and 126 numbered companies of coast artillery CA were authorized 82 existing heavy artillery batteries were designated as coast artillery companies and 44 new CA companies were created by splitting existing units and filling their ranks with recruits The company based organization was for flexibility as each harbor defense command was differently equipped and a task based organization was needed The Coast Artillery would alternate between small unit and regimental organization several times over its history The head of the Artillery Corps became the Chief of Artillery in the rank of brigadier general with jurisdiction over both types of artillery 3 6 Controlled mine fields Edit nbsp USAMP Major Samuel Ringgold built in 1904 which planted practice groups of mines in the Columbia River during the 1920s National Archives and Records Administration c 1901 the Coast Artillery took responsibility for the installation and operation of the controlled mine fields from the Corps of Engineers these were planted to be under observation remotely detonated electrically and protected by fixed guns 3 With that responsibility the Coast Artillery began to acquire the vessels required to plant and maintain the mine fields and cables connecting the mines to the mine casemate ashore organized as a Submarine Mine Battery within the installation command submarine meaning underwater in this case 3 The larger vessels called mine planters were civilian crewed until the creation of the U S Army Mine Planter Service AMPS and Warrant Officer Corps in 1918 to provide officers and engineers for the ships designated as mine planters 7 The mine component was considered to be among the principal armament of coastal defense works 8 Taft Board and the creation of the Coast Artillery Corps Edit In 1905 after the experiences of the Spanish American War President Theodore Roosevelt appointed a new board on fortifications under Secretary of War William Howard Taft They updated some standards and reviewed the progress of the Endicott board s program Most of the changes recommended by this board were technical such as adding more searchlights electrification lighting communications and projectile handling and more sophisticated optical aiming techniques The board also recommended fortifications in territories acquired from Spain Cuba and the Philippines as well as Hawaii and a few other sites Defenses in Panama were authorized by the Spooner Act of 1902 Due to rapid development of the dreadnought battleship type a new 14 inch 356 mm gun was introduced in a few locations including Los Angeles the Philippines Hawaii and Panama The Japanese were acquiring capital ships with guns of this caliber beginning with Kongō in 1913 The Taft program fortifications differed slightly in battery construction and had fewer numbers of guns at a given location than those of the Endicott program By the beginning of World War I the United States had a coastal defense system that was equal to any other nation The rapidity of technological advances and changing techniques increasingly separated coastal defenses heavy from field artillery light Officers were rarely qualified to command both requiring specialization As a result in 1907 Congress split the Field Artillery and Coast Artillery into separate branches creating a separate Coast Artillery Corps CAC and authorizing an increase in the Coast Artillery Corps to 170 numbered companies National Guard coast artillery units were also formed by the states to attempt to bring the CAC up to strength in wartime Confusingly many of these units were designated Coast Artillery Corps of their respective state National Guards 3 In 1907 the United States Army Field Artillery School at Fort Monroe became the Coast Artillery School which operated until 1946 and in 1908 the Chief of Artillery became the Chief of Coast Artillery in the rank of major general World War I Edit nbsp US manned 155mm GPF gun of Battery F 55th Coast Artillery France 1918As with the rest of the US Armed Forces the Coast Artillery was undermanned and poorly equipped except for coastal artillery weapons when war broke out in Europe in 1914 The War Department formed a Board of Review that recommended an increase in strength which resulted in 105 new CA companies in 1916 17 although these were initially undermanned After the American entry into World War I the Coast Artillery as a whole was ordered brought up to strength and 71 new companies were organized by July 1917 9 In response to the rapid improvements in dreadnought battleships approximately 14 two gun batteries of 12 inch guns on a new M1917 long range barbette carriage began construction in 1917 but none were completed until 1920 The Coast Artillery was designated to provide the personnel for all US manned heavy artillery 155 mm gun and larger almost all railway artillery and later anti aircraft artillery units As with most US Army World War I equipment these units were primarily equipped with French and British made weapons with few American made heavy weapons arriving in France before the Armistice As with other American World War I units the CAC units operated alongside French forces for the most part The CAC units sent to France and Britain with the American Expeditionary Forces AEF were organized into a total of 11 brigades comprising 33 regiments of 24 guns each plus a replacement regiment nine trench mortar battalions and thirteen anti aircraft battalions a k a sectors Many Coast Artillery companies were withdrawn from stateside coast defenses to provide cadre for the new artillery regiments 10 11 However only 13 regiments saw action while the remaining 20 regiments did not complete training before the Armistice and up to 6 of these never received guns A total of 61 regiments were organized however at least 23 of these were organized in the US shortly before the Armistice and were soon disbanded 12 The coast defense commands retained a company based organization 10 Only one regiment saw action equipped with US made guns the 58th Coast Artillery armed with the 8 inch howitzer M1917 based on the British BL 8 inch howitzer Mk VI 13 Ninety five 6 inch guns were withdrawn from coast defenses with an additional 46 weapons supplied by the Navy and 30 ex Navy weapons from arms dealer Francis Bannerman 14 Seventy two of the Army 6 inch guns possibly with a few additional Navy weapons and 26 5 inch guns also removed from coast defenses were mounted on M1917 field carriages and equipped four artillery regiments in France but none of these completed training before the Armistice 15 After the war some of the 6 inch guns were returned to coast defenses but the 5 inch guns were withdrawn from coast defense service Most of the 6 inch guns were stored and were eventually deployed in World War II 9 11 10 nbsp 8 inch M1888 railway gun with ammunition wagon nbsp 12 inch mortar on M1918 railway carriage No US railway guns existed when the US entered World War I in early 1917 Due to low production and shipping priorities the Army s railway gun contribution on the Western Front consisted of four CA regiments operating French made weapons These were organized as the 30th Separate Artillery Brigade Railway also designated as the Railway Artillery Reserve RAR which usually operated mingled with French units in an Allied RAR 16 17 The 40th Artillery Brigade of three regiments was also a railway artillery brigade of the RAR however it did not complete training before the Armistice 11 The US Navy manufactured and operated five 14 50 caliber railway guns that were delivered in time to support the final Allied offensives With a view to getting numerous US made weapons into the fight eventually the Army also converted some of the many US coast artillery weapons to railway mounts A total of 96 8 inch guns 129 10 inch guns 49 12 inch guns and 150 12 inch mortars could be taken from fixed coast defense batteries or spares Twelve 7 inch ex Navy guns and six 12 inch guns being built for Chile were also available None of the army weapons were shipped to France except three 8 inch guns and some 10 inch barrels to be mounted in France as few of any type were completed before the Armistice Forty seven 8 inch railway guns were ordered with 18 completed by the Armistice and the remainder completed later Eight 10 inch railway mounts of 54 ordered were completed by this time and twelve 12 inch railway mounts were completed by 1 April 1919 Three railway mountings for the Chilean 12 inch guns were ready for shipment by the Armistice the remaining three barrels were retained as spares Ninety one 12 inch railway mortars were ordered with 45 complete by 7 April 1919 and all major components of the remainder also complete It is unclear how many additional railway guns and mortars were completed but all 47 8 inch weapons and probably the 91 12 inch mortars were 18 The 7 inch and 8 inch guns and 12 inch mortars used a common carriage with outriggers and a rotating mount allowing all around fire This allowed the weapons to be used in coast defense against moving targets The 8 inch guns and 12 inch mortars were retained on railway mountings after the war while most of the 10 inch and 12 inch guns were returned to the coastal forts 19 The 7 inch railway guns most likely became fixed coast artillery although some were eventually transferred to Brazil as railway guns in 1941 20 The official birthday of the Army Warrant Officer Corps is 9 July 1918 when an Act of Congress established the Army Mine Planter Service as part of the Coast Artillery Corps replacing previous civilian manning of mine planter vessels Implementation of the Act by the Army was published in War Department Bulletin 43 dated 22 July 1918 7 Interwar period Edit nbsp 155mm gun M1918 on Panama Mount nbsp Coast Artillery Corps anti aircraft sound locator and searchlight 1932After World War I all but ten of the wartime regiments were disbanded The four regiments of the 30th Railway Artillery Brigade initially remained along with six tractor drawn regiments equipped with the 155 mm gun M1918 6 1 inch developed from the French Canon de 155mm GPF Grand Puissance Filloux or high powered gun designed by Filloux a weapon these regiments used during the war 3 This weapon drawn by heavy Holt tractors introduced road and cross country mobility to the Coast Artillery and allowed mobile defense of areas not protected by fixed harbor defenses Circular concrete platforms called Panama mounts were added to existing defenses to improve the utility of these guns 21 Budget reductions resulted in the disbandment of all but three of the tractor drawn regiments and all but one railway regiment by late 1921 The anti aircraft mission continued with three battalions in the Contiguous United States CONUS one battalion in the Philippines and a regiment in Hawaii 3 The railway artillery mission became a permanent role of the CA but railway guns were not widely deployed All 47 8 inch railway guns were deployed but only 16 of the 91 12 inch railway mortars were deployed at any one time nbsp 16 inch coast artillery howitzer Fort Story Virginia United States 1942Due to the continued improvement of battleships until the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty halted their construction the Coast Artillery acquired some new 16 inch 406 mm and 14 inch 356 mm weapons although in minute quantities Based on the Coast Artillery s experience operating heavy weapons in World War I especially the French made 400 mm 15 75 inch Modele 1916 railway howitzer new barbette carriages were designed with an elevation of 65 degrees to allow plunging fire as enemy ships approached 22 23 Only 22 16 inch and four 14 inch M1920 railway guns were deployed in CONUS Hawaii and Panama by 1940 The 16 inch guns were one 16 inch gun M1895 on a disappearing carriage seven 16 inch M1919 guns one on a disappearing carriage four 16 inch M1920 howitzers and ten 16 50 caliber Mark 2 guns including some Mark 3 guns the last taken from weapons produced for South Dakota class battleships and Lexington class battlecruisers cancelled by the Washington Naval Treaty Twenty of about 70 of these weapons were initially given to the Army but funding precluded deployment of more than ten until 1940 The remaining 50 or so weapons were retained by the Navy for use on future battleships but in 1940 a near fiasco in the design of the Iowa class battleships precluded their use on that class and the guns were released to the Army 24 A postwar weapon deployed in more reasonable quantities was the 12 inch gun M1895 on the long range barbette carriage M1917 These were the same guns found in Endicott period installations but on a high angle carriage that increased their range from 18 400 yd 16 800 m on a disappearing carriage at 15 elevation to 29 300 yd 26 800 m at 35 elevation 25 26 Thirty guns were deployed in 16 batteries including two one gun batteries in the Philippines all completed by 1924 27 These were the last guns added to the Philippine defenses until 1940 as the Washington Naval Treaty prohibited additional fortifications in the Pacific 28 In 1922 fifteen companies of Philippine Scouts coast artillery were established These units were composed primarily of Filipino enlisted men and US officers and garrisoned many of the coast defenses in the Philippines until the surrender of US forces there in 1942 Also in 1922 the Journal of the United States Artillery was renamed the Coast Artillery Journal 29 In 1923 1924 the Coast Artillery adopted a regimental system forcewide which included the Regular Army National Guard and Organized Reserve components see Units section below 30 This lasted until the anti aircraft regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943 44 and the harbor defense regiments were similarly broken up by late 1944 31 On 9 June 1925 the Coast Defense Commands were redesignated as Harbor Defense Commands via a War Department order 32 By the end of the 1920s eight Harbor Defense Commands in less threatened areas were completely disarmed These included the defenses of the Kennebec River Maine Baltimore Maryland Potomac River Maryland and Virginia Cape Fear River North Carolina Savannah Georgia Tampa Bay Florida Mobile Alabama and the Mississippi River Louisiana The mine capability may have been retained in reserve at these defenses Some of these installations were rearmed with Panama mounts for towed artillery early in World War II 33 The new 16 inch and 12 inch batteries of the 1920s were all in open mounts unprotected against air attack except for camouflage Like the Endicott and Taft period emplacements they were positioned to be hidden from observation from the sea but were open to the air This somewhat inexplicable situation was remedied by casemating most of the newer batteries early in World War II World War II Edit The outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939 and the Fall of France in June 1940 greatly accelerated US defense planning and funding About this time a severe lack of design coordination resulted in the Iowa class battleships being unable to use the Mark 2 and Mark 3 16 inch guns and a new gun design was required for them 24 With war on the horizon the Navy released the approximately 50 remaining guns and on 27 July 1940 the Army s Harbor Defense Board recommended the construction of 27 eventually 38 16 inch two gun batteries to protect strategic points along the US coastline to be casemated against air attack However as the war s progress greatly reduced the threat from enemy surface vessels only 21 of these were completed and not all of them were armed 34 The 16 inch guns were only the top end of the World War II program which eventually replaced almost all previous coast defense weapons with newer or remounted weapons Generally each harbor defense command was to have two or three 16 inch or 12 inch long range batteries plus 6 inch guns on new mountings with protected magazines and 90 mm Anti Motor Torpedo Boat AMTB guns 35 Activation of the National Guard and expansion of regular harbor defense regiments to wartime strength resulted in 45 000 troops assigned to this function by fall 1941 Including field artillery units deployed in coast defense harbor defense forces peaked at 70 000 troops from spring 1942 until mid 1943 In 1943 44 with most of the new defenses completed the numerous older weapons of the Endicott and Taft periods were scrapped with their crews largely reassigned to field artillery units 36 nbsp B Battery 57th Coast Artillery Regiment at Ackermann s Hill or Turtle Hill in the British Army s Warwick Camp in Bermuda during the Second World WarBermudaMain article Bermuda Base Command Prior to the December 1941 entry of the United States into the Second World War the United States Army and the United States Marines Corps were permitted to deploy forces to Bermuda under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement ostensibly to guard US Navy and US Army Air Forces air base sites to which the United States had been granted leases by the British Government but with the intent of also allowing the neutral US to covertly reinforce the British Army s Bermuda Garrison Bermuda had been the headquarters and main base of the Royal Navy s North America and West Indies Squadron since the independence of the United States and the location of its dockyard The colony was a vital forming up point for trans Atlantic convoys in both world wars There was also Royal Air Force Bermuda on Darrell s Island which was vital to trans Atlantic aviation a Fleet Air Arm air station on Boaz Island cable and radio facilities important to trans Atlantic navigation and communication and other strategic assets which would be joined by the US Army air base the US Naval Operating Base for flying boats and ships a US Navy submarine base on Ordnance Island and a Royal Canadian Navy base These assets made Bermuda s defense imperative to the British Empire and Commonwealth s and later the Allies global strategy but British forces used for its defense were desperately needed elsewhere Granting the neutral United States base rights and enabling the deployment of American ground forces resulted in the development of assets at American expense which would be used by British forces notably Kindley Field air base which was to be used jointly by the US Army and the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy as well as enabling British forces to be redeployed overseas as there was a tacit agreement the American forces would defend the entire British colony and not just the US bases Coastal artillery was a critical requirement at the start of the war Although Bermuda had been heavily fortified over the previous centuries and hundreds of artillery pieces had been emplaced most were hopelessly obsolete Of the newer guns only two batteries each of two 6 inch guns were in serviceable condition at St David s Battery and Warwick Camp both manned by the Bermuda Militia Artillery Consequently among the first American units deployed to Bermuda were batteries of artillery at Cooper s Island Fort Albert and Fort Victoria on St George s Island Fort Langton at Prospect Camp Warwick Camp Tudor Hill and also Scaur Hill Fort on Somerset Island Subunits included B Battery 57th Regiment United States Army Coast Artillery Corps deployed to Ackermann s Hill at Warwick Camp in 1941 with two 155mm GPF artillery guns on wheeled carriages which were placed on Panama mounts by October 1941 All US Army defenses outside the leased baselands were withdrawn from Bermuda on the end of hostilities 37 After Pearl HarborThe attack on Pearl Harbor showed that the Coast Artillery despite the inclusion of the anti aircraft mission was ineffective against a mass air attack Pre war anti aircraft planning had been very inadequate with few weapons allocated and the coast defense guns had become almost irrelevant They were positioned to keep enemy ships out of a friendly harbor but that was all they could accomplish The Japanese invaded the Philippines shortly after Pearl Harbor bringing the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays into the war along with the other US and Filipino forces in the archipelago The Japanese initially landed in northern Luzon far from the defenses of Manila Bay Although the Coast Artillery did their best their weapons were poorly positioned against the direction of enemy attacks and vulnerable to air and high angle artillery attack Eight 8 inch railway guns had been deployed to the Philippines in 1940 but six were destroyed by air attack while entrained in response to the initial landings and the other two were placed in fixed mountings on Corregidor and Bataan but lacked crews and ammunition 38 The 14 inch turret guns of Fort Drum and the 12 inch mortars of Battery Way and Battery Geary were probably the most effective coast defense weapons in the Battle of Corregidor but all but two of the mortars were knocked out before the Japanese landed on the island The US and Filipino forces surrendered on 6 May 1942 after destroying their weapons The Coast Artillery faced two priorities during the war mobilization and modernization The National Guard was mobilized in 1940 and the Reserve units were mobilized in 1942 Most of the reserve regiments not designated as anti aircraft in 1925 appear to have been disbanded by World War II 39 Besides new construction at most harbor defenses the standard anti aircraft gun was upgraded from the 3 inch gun M3 to the 90 mm gun M1 Except for the early war fighting in the Philippines the anti aircraft branch was the Coast Artillery s only contribution on the front lines of World War II almost all mobile heavy artillery overseas was operated by the Field Artillery Two times a post 1895 military base in the continental United States came under attack were the bombardments of Dutch Harbor Alaska and Fort Stevens Oregon by the Imperial Japanese Navy in June 1942 For the former members of the 206th Coast Artillery Regiment lost seven during the battle in which the Japanese planes inflicted moderate damage to the base For the latter battery Russell was attacked with a deck gun from the Japanese submarine I 25 but the fort s commander did not return fire since his fire control equipment indicated the submarine was out of range and for fear of revealing the battery s position Other than some severed telephone cables no significant damage to either side occurred In late 1942 the War Department decided that to free up more younger and physically fit troops for frontline duty harbor defense and anti aircraft units in the continental United States would be staffed primarily with limited service troops who generally were not permitted to serve on the front lines due to age or disability Since Coast Artillery units were allowed to exceed authorized personnel strength while making the transition understrength batteries were brought up to their authorized manning levels for the duration of the war Reassigned former Coast Artillery troops usually went to field artillery or anti aircraft units 40 nbsp View of 90 mm anti aircraft gun emplacement Okinawa 1945 The regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943 44 in line with an Army wide policy for all units except infantry and a number of former Coast Artillery units were converted into heavy field artillery units 41 In 1944 with about two thirds of the initially projected new batteries complete and most naval threats neutralized or destroyed work was stopped on the remaining new batteries Except for some 6 inch pedestal guns and 3 inch guns the Endicott and Taft period guns were scrapped and the Coast Artillery Corps drawn down in size 42 When the war ended it was decided that few and soon no gun defenses were needed and by 1948 almost all of the seacoast defenses had been scrapped With only the anti aircraft mission left the Coast Artillery was disestablished and the anti aircraft and field artillery branches were merged in 1950 3 Some of the mine planter vessels were transferred to the Navy and designated Auxiliary Minelayers ACM later MMA The anti aircraft and field artillery branches were later separated again and regiments eventually re appeared In the 1950s through early 1970s the Anti Aircraft Command and its successors operated the Nike Ajax and Nike Hercules missiles that along with the United States Air Force s BOMARC were the successors to the Coast Artillery in defending the US continent and friendly countries Today the Air Defense Artillery carries the Coast Artillery s lineage including many regiment numbers and the Oozlefinch mascot Chiefs of Coast Artillery EditThe Office of the Chief of Coast Artillery was established in the rank of major general 1 July 1908 until it was abolished 9 March 1942 with functions transferred to the Commanding General Army Ground Forces effective 9 March 1942 by Circular 59 War Department 2 March 1942 Image Rank Name Begin Date End Date Notes nbsp Major General Arthur Murray Arthur Murray 1908 07 01 1 July 1908 1911 03 14 14 March 1911 43 nbsp Major General Erasmus M Weaver Erasmus M Weaver Jr 1908 07 01 15 March 1911 1918 5 028 28 May 1918 43 nbsp Major General Frank W Coe Frank W Coe 1918 05 24 29 May 1918 1926 03 19 19 March 1926 43 nbsp Major General Andrew Hero Jr Andrew Hero Jr 1926 03 20 20 March 1926 1930 03 21 21 March 1930 43 nbsp Major General John W Gulick John W Gulick 1930 05 22 22 March 1930 1934 03 21 21 March 1934 43 nbsp Major General William F Hase William F Hase 1934 05 26 26 March 1934 1935 01 20 20 January 1935 43 nbsp Major General Harry L Steele Harry L Steele 1935 01 21 21 January 1935 1936 03 31 31 March 1936 43 nbsp Major General Archibald H Sunderland Archibald H Sunderland 1936 04 01 1 April 1936 1940 03 31 31 March 1940 43 nbsp Major General Joseph A Green Joseph A Green 1940 04 01 1 April 1940 1942 03 09 9 March 1942 43 Units Edit nbsp Coast Artillery School deviceIn 1901 the regimental organization of the US Army artillery was abolished More companies were added and given numerical designations 126 companies of heavy coast artillery 30 companies of light field artilleryIn 1907 the Coast Artillery Corps was established and the Field Artillery was re regimented 1st Field Artillery Regiment United States up to 320thSee also Category Field artillery regiments of the United States Army See also Category Coast artillery regiments of the United States Army The Corps constantly reorganized the numbered companies until 1924 but during World War I created 61 regiments and 16 brigade headquarters with many of the numbered companies as cadre for service operating heavy and railway artillery with the American Expeditionary Forces AEF on the Western Front in France 34 of these regiments and 11 brigade headquarters served in France the remainder stayed in the United States Most of these were disbanded immediately after the war 10 11 Also during World War I the antiaircraft branch was born with thirteen AA battalions also called sectors and six AA machine gun battalions 44 This mission was formally assigned to the Coast Artillery Corps in 1920 In 1924 the Coast Artillery Corps returned to the regimental system and the numbered companies were returned to letter designations In order to promote esprit de corps the first seven regiments inherited the lineage of the original seven regiments of artillery The Regular Army had 17 harbor defense regiments one of Philippine Scouts four tractor drawn regiments one of Philippine Scouts three railway regiments and six anti aircraft regiments The National Guard had 10 harbor defense regiments two tractor drawn regiments and nine anti aircraft regiments In the Organized Reserve there was 14 harbor defense regiments four railway regiments three tractor drawn regiments and 42 anti aircraft regiments in 8 AA brigades However many of the Reserve units had only small numbers of or widely dispersed personnel assigned which hampered effective training Many were demobilized before being initiated activated in the 1920s and 1930s or after U S entry into World War II or served in that war under different designations 30 45 46 47 48 Regular Army Edit 16 harbor defense regiments 1st Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Cristobal Panama 2nd Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Cristobal Panama 3rd Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Los Angeles and San Diego California and the Columbia River 4th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Balboa Panama 5th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Southern New York 6th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of San Francisco California 7th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Sandy Hook New Jersey and the Delaware River 8th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Portland Maine and Portsmouth New Hampshire 9th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Boston Massachusetts 10th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Narragansett Bay Rhode Island and New Bedford Massachusetts 11th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound New York 12th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay 13th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Pensacola and Key West Florida and Charleston South Carolina 14th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Puget Sound Washington 15th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Pearl Harbor Hawaii 16th Coast Artillery HD Harbor Defenses of Honolulu Hawaii 3 tractor drawn regiments 155 mm 51st Coast Artillery TD 55th Coast Artillery TD 59th Coast Artillery TD 3 railway regiments 41st Coast Artillery RY 52nd Coast Artillery RY 53rd Coast Artillery RY active with Organized Reserve personnel as a Regular Army Inactive unit 1927 1930 6 anti aircraft regiments 60th Coast Artillery AA 61st Coast Artillery AA 62nd Coast Artillery AA 63rd Coast Artillery AA 64th Coast Artillery AA 65th Coast Artillery AA 2 Philippine Scouts PS regiments 91st Coast Artillery HD PS 92nd Coast Artillery TD PS National Guard Edit 10 harbor defense regiments units designated as battalions or batteries as of 1924 are not listed 240th Coast Artillery Maine National Guard Harbor Defenses of Portland Maine 241st Coast Artillery Massachusetts National Guard Harbor Defenses of Boston Massachusetts 242nd Coast Artillery Connecticut National Guard Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound 243rd Coast Artillery Rhode Island National Guard Harbor Defenses of Narragansett Bay Rhode Island 245th Coast Artillery New York National Guard Harbor Defenses of Southern New York 246th Coast Artillery Virginia National Guard Harbor Defenses of the Chesapeake Bay 249th Coast Artillery Oregon National Guard Harbor Defenses of the Columbia River 251st Coast Artillery California National Guard Harbor Defenses of San Diego and Los Angeles California 260th Coast Artillery District of Columbia National Guard Harbor Defenses of the Potomac River 264th Coast Artillery Georgia National Guard Harbor Defenses of Savannah Georgia 2 tractor drawn regiments 155 mm 244th Coast Artillery TD New York National Guard 250th Coast Artillery TD California National Guard 9 anti aircraft regiments 197th Coast Artillery AA New Hampshire National Guard 198th Coast Artillery AA Delaware National Guard 200th Coast Artillery AA North Carolina National Guard 202nd Coast Artillery AA Illinois National Guard 203rd Coast Artillery AA Missouri National Guard 206th Coast Artillery AA Arkansas National Guard 211th Coast Artillery AA Massachusetts National Guard 212th Coast Artillery AA New York National Guard 213th Coast Artillery AA Pennsylvania National Guard Interwar and World War II reorganization Edit 1926 Battery G NC of the 200th CA Regiment AA AL FL LA MS and NC National Guard which was the only active element of the regiment was redesignated Battery F 252nd CA Battalion HD on 1 December 1926 1927 the 200th CA Regiment AA was demobilized disbanded on 5 September 1927 1929 the 252nd CA Battalion HD reorganized as the 252nd CA Regiment TD in the NC National Guard the 260th CA Regiment HD reorganized as the 260th CA AA in the DC National Guard and the 265th CA Battalion HD reorganized as the 265th CA Regiment HD in the FL National Guard 47 1930 the 251st CA HD reorganized as the 251st Coast Artillery Regiment AA in the CA National Guard and the 263rd CA Battalion HD reorganized as the 263rd CA Regiment HD in the SC National Guard The 59th Coast Artillery TD was reorganized as HD in the Philippines and the 53rd CA RY was demobilized 46 47 1931 the 41st CA Regiment RY was inactivated in Hawaii 46 1932 the 2nd CA Regiment HD was transferred to Fort Monroe in the Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay and the 12th CA Regiment HD was inactivated 46 1933 the 264th CA Regiment HD reorganized as the 214th CA Regiment AA in the GA National Guard 30 1935 the 248th CA Battalion HD was expanded to the 248th CA Regiment HD in the WA National Guard 47 1940 the 207th CA Regiment AA of the NM National Guard converted from the 111th Cavalry Regiment on 26 April 1940 was redesignated the 200th CA Regiment AA on 1 July 1940 30 47 49 Mobilization in 1939 41 created more regiments Almost all of the National Guard units above were mobilized during this period 30 7 Harbor Defense regiments 18th Coast Artillery Columbia River and San Francisco 19th Coast Artillery San Diego redesignated from 625th CA HD 20th Coast Artillery Galveston TX 21st Coast Artillery Delaware River 22nd Coast Artillery Portsmouth NH redesignated from 614th CA HD 23rd Coast Artillery New Bedford MA redesignated from 616th CA HD 261st Coast Artillery Battalion Delaware River Delaware National Guard 2 Tractor Drawn regiments 155mm 54th Coast Artillery Colored redesignated from inactive 44th CA TD 253rd Coast Artillery Puerto Rico National Guard 27 Anti aircraft regiments On 20 July 1940 the 261st Coast Artillery HD Battalion was notionally expanded to a regiment with a 2nd battalion constituted in the New Jersey National Guard the 1st battalion was Delaware National Guard However the 2nd battalion activated in 1940 was redesignated as the 122nd CA AA Battalion in January 1941 50 The 1st battalion was redesignated as the 261st CA HD Battalion Separate shortly before activation in January 1941 47 Accelerated mobilization following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the American entry into World War II created the following regiments 30 5 Harbor Defense regiments 24th Coast Artillery Newfoundland 27th Coast Artillery Battalion Bermuda 31st Coast Artillery Key West FL 35th Coast Artillery Puerto Rico 36th Coast Artillery Puerto Rico St Thomas later Panama 1 Railway regiment 41st Coast Artillery RY Hawaii partial activation redesignated as HD for the North Shore in May 1943 46 7 Tractor Drawn regiments 155mm 30th Coast Artillery Aleutian Islands 40th Coast Artillery Aleutian Islands 46th Coast Artillery 47th Coast Artillery 50th Coast Artillery 53rd Coast Artillery 58th Coast Artillery South America Dutch West Indies 26 Anti aircraft regimentsIn World War II more expansion and reorganization occurred The Japanese invasion of the Philippines resulted in the surrender of US forces there on 9 April and 6 May 1942 including the 59th CA HD 60th CA AA 200th CA AA 515th CA AA 91st CA HD PS and 92nd CA TD PS The anti aircraft regiments were broken up into battalions in 1943 44 and the harbor defense regiments were similarly broken up in late 1944 as part of an Army wide reorganization that left only the Infantry branch as regiments The coast artillery nomenclature was dropped from the antiaircraft units designations at this time As a result of this reorganization in most cases 46 anti aircraft artillery AAA brigades 155 AAA groups and 13 coast artillery groups were activated probably controlling task organized groups of battalions 51 Over 900 battalions were created with the following designations 31 Coast Artillery Battalion Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion Antiaircraft Artillery Searchlight Battalion Barrage Balloon Battalion On 1 April 1945 the majority of the remaining coast artillery battalions other than antiaircraft were inactivated with most personnel either transferred to their parent harbor defense commands or used to activate or fill out field artillery units Coast Artillery School EditDistinctive unit insignia Edit Description A Gold color metal and enamel device 1 inch 2 54 cm in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned Per fess wavy Gules and Azure in chief on an oval escutcheon of the first Gules in front of the cannon saltirewise Or an Artillery projectile paleways within a bordure of the last Or in base a submarine mine of the like Or Background The distinctive unit insignia was approved on 16 October 1929 Device Blazon Shield Per fess wavy Gules and Azure in chief on an oval escutcheon of the first Gules in front of the cannon saltirewise Or an Artillery projectile paleways within a bordure of the last Or in base a submarine mine of the like Or Supporters Two cannons paleways Or Motto Defendimus We Defend Symbolism ShieldThe design was used by the Coast Artillery School for many years but was never recorded by the War Department It is a shield of red and blue parted horizontally by a wavy line on the upper red portion of the shield is the insignia of the Coast Artillery and on the lower blue portion a submarine mine in gold A scroll bearing the words Coast Artillery School may be added to the device Supporters Two cannons muzzles up are used as supporters Background The device was approved on 8 November 1924 See also Edit nbsp World War I portal nbsp World War II portalHarbor Defense Command Seacoast defense in the United States List of coastal fortifications of the United States List of United States War Department Forms Lists US Army ordnance publications circa 1895 1920 links online versions including many coast artillery weapons Coastal defence and fortification United States home front during World War I Attacks on North America during World War II Harbor Defense Museum at Fort Hamilton Brooklyn NYReferences Edit Chester A Arthur Second Annual Message to Congress Torpedo in this case refers to naval mines a b c d e f g h Coast Artillery Organization A Brief Overview Bolling W Smith amp William C Gaines Fort and Battery list at the Coast Defense Study Group website FM 4 15 Coast Artillery Field Manual Seacoast Artillery Fire Control and Position Finding U S War Department 1940 Government Printing Office Washington DC Berhow pp 423 426 a b Army Warrant Officer History Fort Miles Principal Armament Mine Field Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 Retrieved 23 January 2012 a b The Coast Artillery in WWI at Coast Defense Study Group a b c d Rinaldi pp 150 168 a b c d History of the Coast Artillery Corps in World War I at Rootsweb com Rinaldi pp 159 160 58th Artillery CAC at Rootsweb com Crowell Benedict 1919 America s Munitions 1917 1918 Washington DC Government Printing Office pp 73 75 Williford pp 92 99 Order designating the 30th Brigade as the Railway Arty Reserve 3 April 1918 Allied RAR organization 6 September 1918 US Army Railway Guns in World War I Miller H W LTC USA Railway Artillery Vols I and II 1921 Vol I pp 131 155 Williford pp 100 101 Berhow pp 190 191 Miller Vol II p 109 Ordnance pp 147 149 a b Friedman Battleships pp 311 313 Battery Hall Fort Saulsbury Delaware at FortWiki com Berhow 2015 p 61 Berhow 2015 pp 227 228 Berhow 2015 p 222 Coast Artillery Journal archive at sill www army mil Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 Retrieved 17 May 2018 a b c d e f Berhow pp 473 477 a b Stanton pp 454 476 Berhow p 432 Berhow pp 201 231 Berhow pp 176 177 Berhow pp 80 81 227 231 256 258 Conn p 52 Harris Edward Cecil 1997 Bermuda Forts 1612 1957 1 ed Bermuda Bermuda Maritime Museum Press ISBN 978 0 921560 11 1 Account of the 8 railway guns in the Philippines 1940 42 Stanton pp 434 476 Conn pp 105 106 Stanton pp 425 510 Conn pp 47 54 a b c d e f g h i Taylor John E Andrews Patricia 1962 Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the Chiefs of Arms Westminster MD Heritage Books p 2 ISBN 9780788436499 Rinaldi pp 123 166 168 Coast Artillery Regiments at CDSG a b c d e CAC regiments 1 196 at the CDSG a b c d e f National Guard CAC regiments 197 265 at the CDSG Organized Reserve and Army of the United States Coast Artillery Regiments at CDSG Clay Steven E 2010 US Army Order of Battle 1919 1941 vol 2 PDF Fort Leavenworth Kansas Combat Studies Institute Press p 1102 Stanton p 487 Stanton pp 426 453 Berhow Mark A Ed 2015 American Seacoast Defenses A Reference Guide Third Edition CDSG Press ISBN 978 0 9748167 3 9 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Conn Stetson Engelman Rose C Fairchild Byron 2000 Guarding the United States and Its Outposts United States Army Center of Military History ISBN 978 14102019 2 8 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Friedman Norman 1985 U S Battleships An Illustrated Design History Annapolis Maryland United States Naval Institute ISBN 978 0 87021 715 9 Lewis Emanuel Raymond 1979 Seacoast Fortifications of the United States Annapolis Leeward Publications ISBN 978 0 929521 11 4 Miller H W LTC USA 1921 Railway Artillery Vols I and II Washington US Government Printing Office a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ordnance Corps US Army 1922 American Coast Artillery Materiel Washington Government Printing Office Rinaldi Richard A 2004 The U S Army in World War I Orders of Battle General Data LLC ISBN 0 9720296 4 8 Stanton Shelby L 1991 World War II Order of Battle Galahad Books ISBN 0 88365 775 9 Williford Glen 2016 American Breechloading Mobile Artillery 1875 1953 Atglen PA Schiffer Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 0 7643 5049 8 List of all US coastal forts and batteries at the Coastal Defense Study Group Inc website FortWiki lists most CONUS and Canadian fortsExternal links Edit U S Army Coast Artillery Corps 1901 1950 at Coast Defense Study Group Records of U S Army Coast Artillery Districts and Defenses 1901 1942 at the U S National Archives and Records Administration Insignia of the Coast Artillery Corps by Mark Berhow at Coast Defense Study Group Government Plans Call For 14 Coast Artillery Units The Harvard Crimson 26 April 1919 Coast Artillery Journal online Archived 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Hines Frank T and Franklin W Ward The Service of Coast Artillery digital book at Open Library The Chief of Artillery The New York Times 21 Jan 1903 subscription required for access to full article Stark Major H W The Delaware Coast Artillery Journal of the U S Artillery vol 56 pp 60 digital publication at Google Books Coast Artillery Journal Number 59 August 1923 p 123 Archived 15 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Annual Report of the Commandant Coast Artillery School 1916 digital book at Google Books Coastal Defense US National Park Service FortWiki gun type list Description of Seacoast Guns 8 10 12 14 16 inch American Forts Network lists US forts worldwide Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title United States Army Coast Artillery Corps amp oldid 1179026875, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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