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Clitoria ternatea

May 02, 2024

Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as Asian pigeonwings,[1] bluebellvine, blue pea, butterfly pea, cordofan pea or Darwin pea,[2] is a plant species belonging to the family Fabaceae, endemic and native to the Indonesian island of Ternate.[3]: 215 

Clitoria ternatea
Flowers and foliage
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Clitoria
Species:
C. ternatea
Binomial name
Clitoria ternatea

Etymology edit

The genus name Clitoria is derived from "clitoris", due to their blossoms' shape that resembles the shape of a human vulva. The first reference to the genus, which includes an illustration of the plant, was made in 1678 by Jakób Breyne, a Polish naturalist, who described it as Flos clitoridis ternatensibus, meaning 'Ternatean flower of the clitoris'.[4][5] The species name is derived from the name of the island where botanist Carl Linnaeus's specimens originated: the Ternate Island, located in the northern part of the Maluku Islands.[6][3]

Distribution edit

This plant is native to equatorial Asia, including locations in South Asia and Southeast Asia but has also been introduced to Africa, Australia and the Americas.

Description edit

It is a perennial herbaceous plant, with elliptic, obtuse leaves. It grows as a vine or creeper, doing well in moist, neutral soil. Its most striking feature is the color of its flowers, a vivid deep blue; solitary, with light yellow markings. They are about 4 cm (1+1⁄2 in) long by 3 cm (1+1⁄4 in) wide. Some varieties yield white flowers and pink.

The fruits are 5–7 cm (2–2+3⁄4 in) long, flat pods with six to ten seeds in each pod. They are edible when tender.

It is grown as an ornamental plant and as a revegetation species (e.g., in coal mines in Australia), requiring little care when cultivated. As a legume, its roots form a symbiotic association with soil bacteria known as rhizobia, which transform atmospheric N2 into a plant-usable form (a process called nitrogen fixing), therefore, this plant is also used to improve soil quality through the decomposition of nitrogen rich plant material.

 
Blue flower
 
White flower
 
Pollen grains of Clitoria ternatea

Cultivation edit

C. ternatea does not suffer from any severe pest or disease problems.[7][8]

Pests edit

Rarely suffers from caterpillars,[7] whiteflies,[7][8][9] and spider mites.[8][9]

Diseases edit

Suffers from anthracnose and bacterial soft rot.[9] Rarely suffers from fungal root rots.[8]

Uses edit

Culinary use edit

In Southeast Asia, the flower is used as a natural food colouring to colour glutinous rice and desserts like the Eurasian putugal as well as an ayurvedic medicine.[10] In Kelantan, in the north-east of peninsular Malaysia, it is an important ingredient in nasi kerabu, giving it its characteristic bluish colour. In Burmese and Thai cuisines, the flowers are also dipped in butter and fried. It is also used to colour the Nyonya dish Pulot tartal.[11]

Butterfly pea flower tea is made from the ternatea flowers and dried lemongrass and changes color depending on what is added to the liquid, with lemon juice turning it purple.[12] In Thailand and Vietnam, this butterfly blue pea flower tea is commonly mixed with honey and lemon to increase acidity and turn the beverage a pink-purple color, to produce for a drink usually served after dinner, or as a refreshment at hotels and spas.[13] The drink is a typical local drink like chamomile tea is in other parts of the world.[13] The tea is found in both hot and cold varieties.[14]

The flowers have more recently been used in a color-changing gin and absinthe. Blue in the bottle, it turns pink when mixed with a carbonated mixer such as tonic water due to the change in pH.[15] As organic colours are not permanent, this type of gin is recommended to be stored in a dark place to maintain the effect.[16]

Traditional medicine edit

In traditional ayurvedic medicine, it is ascribed with various qualities including memory enhancing, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing, and sedative properties.[17] In traditional Chinese medicine, the plant has been ascribed properties affecting female libido due to its similar appearance to the female reproductive organ.[18] Using its extract have also shown its ability to reduce intensity of behavior caused by serotonin and acetylcholine.[19]

Its extracts possess a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, local anesthetic, antidiabetic, insecticidal, blood platelet aggregation-inhibiting and for use as a vascular smooth muscle relaxing properties. This plant has a long use in traditional ayurvedic medicine for several diseases and the scientific studies has reconfirmed those with modern relevance. [20]

Textile use edit

The flower can be used to dye natural fibers and is used by traditional societies in Asia to do so.

Chemical constituents edit

Chemical compounds isolated from C. ternatea include various triterpenoids, flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins and steroids.[17] Cyclic peptides known as cliotides have been isolated from the heat-stable fraction of C. ternatea extract.[21] The blue colour of C. ternatea is a result of various anthocyanins, most importantly ternatins - polyacylated derivatives of delphinidin 3,3', 5'-triglucoside (Da-T).[22][23][24]

Gallery edit

  •  
    Butterfly pea flower tea is made from C ternatea flowers
  •  
    Thai khao tom sweet, colored blue with C. ternatea flowers
  •  
    A less common "double-flowered" C. ternatea
  •  
    Flower and pods in different states of ripeness
  •  
    Seeds
  •  
    Vietnamese girl collecting butterfly pea flowers in her nón lá

References edit

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Clitoria ternatea". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 Jul 2016.
  2. ^ "Clitoria ternatea L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 31 Jul 2016.
  3. ^ a b Don, George (1831). A General History of the Dichleamydeous Plants. J. G. and F. Rivington. C. Ternatea being a native to the island of Ternate
  4. ^ Fantz, Paul R. (2000). "Nomenclatural Notes on the Genus Clitoria for the Flora North American Project". Castanea. 65 (2): 89–92. JSTOR 4034108.
  5. ^ Breyne, Jakób (1678). Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum plantarum centuria prima [Exotic and other less-known plants of the first century] (in Latin). Biblioteca Digital del Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid: David-Fridericus Rhetius.
  6. ^ Oguis, Georgianna K.; Gilding, Edward K.; Jackson, Mark A.; Craik, David J. (28 May 2019). "Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea), a Cyclotide-Bearing Plant with Applications in Agriculture and Medicine". Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 645. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00645. PMC 6546959. PMID 31191573.
  7. ^ a b c . NParks Singapore. 2021-08-19. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  8. ^ a b c d Blackstone, Victoria Lee (2012-12-06). "How to Make Blue Pea Vines Bloom". SF Gate. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  9. ^ a b c "Clitoria ternatea". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  10. ^ Vuong, Tung Thanh; Hongsprabhas, Parichat (2021-01-01). Yildiz, Fatih (ed.). "Influences of pH on binding mechanisms of anthocyanins from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) with whey powder and whey protein isolate". Cogent Food & Agriculture. 7 (1): 1889098. doi:10.1080/23311932.2021.1889098. S2CID 233972591.
  11. ^ "Pulut Tai Tai". nyonyacooking.com. Nyonyacooking. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2021. 1 tbsp butterfly pea flowers (dried
  12. ^ Pantazi, Chloe (February 26, 2016). . Business Insider Deutschland. Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  13. ^ a b Goldberg, Elyssa (January 31, 2016). "The Science Behind This Mesmerizing Color-Changing Tea". Bon Appétit. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  14. ^ Reid, Marian (October 16, 2012). "Be good to yourself in Chiang Mai". BBC Travel. the British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  15. ^ "This magical gin changes colour when tonic's added to it". Good Housekeeping.
  16. ^ "Road test: Ink gin changes colour when mixed with tonic". The Australian. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  17. ^ a b Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Kumar NS, Heinrich M (2008). "The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea-From traditional use to scientific assessment". J Ethnopharmacol. 120 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.009. PMID 18926895.
  18. ^ Fantz, Paul R. (1991). "Ethnobotany of Clitoria (Leguminosae)". Economic Botany. 45 (4). New York Botanical Garden Press: 511–20. doi:10.1007/BF02930715. JSTOR 4255394. S2CID 38939748.
  19. ^ Jain, Neeti N.; Ohal, C.C; Shroff, S.K; Bhutada, R.H; Somani, R.S; Kasture, V.S; Kasture, S.B (2003-06-01). "Clitoria ternatea and the CNS". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 75 (3): 529–536. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00130-8. ISSN 0091-3057. PMID 12895670. S2CID 25178020.
  20. ^ Mukherjee, Pulok; Venkatesan, Kumar; Satheesh Kumar, Nanjappan; Heinrich, Michael (2008-10-01). "The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea-From traditional use to scientific assessment". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 120 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.009. PMID 18926895.
  21. ^ Nguyen, GK; Zhang, S; Nguyen, NT; Nguyen, PQ; Chiu, MS; Hardjojo, A; Tam, JP. (Jul 2011). (PDF). J Biol Chem. 286 (27): 24275–87. doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.229922. PMC 3129208. PMID 21596752. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
  22. ^ Terahara, Norihiko; Saito, Norio; Honda, Toshio; Toki, Kenjiro; Osajima, Yutaka (1990-01-01). "Acylated anthocyanins of Clitoria ternatea flowers and their acyl moieties". Phytochemistry. 29 (3): 949–953. Bibcode:1990PChem..29..949T. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)80053-J. ISSN 0031-9422.
  23. ^ Terahara, Norihiko; Oda, Masahiro; Matsui, Toshiro; Osajima, Yutaka; Saito, Norio; Toki, Kenjiro; Honda, Toshio (1996-01-01). "Five New Anthocyanins, Ternatins A3, B4, B3, B2, and D2, from Clitoria ternatea Flowers". Journal of Natural Products. 59 (2): 139–144. doi:10.1021/np960050a. ISSN 0163-3864. PMID 8991946.
  24. ^ Terahara, Norihiko; Saito, Norio; Honda, Toshio; Toki, Kenjiro; Osajima, Yutaka (1990-01-01). "Structure of ternatin A1, the largest ternatin in the major blue anthocyanins from clitoria ternatea flowers". Tetrahedron Letters. 31 (20): 2921–2924. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(90)80185-O. ISSN 0040-4039.

External links edit

  Media related to Clitoria ternatea at Wikimedia Commons

  • . Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  • . Tropical Forages. Archived from the original on 2007-08-17. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
  • A strain of Clitoria ternatea from the Philippines from the Int'l Soc. for Taxonomic Explorations 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine by Isidro A. T. Savillo.

May 02, 2024
clitoria, ternatea, commonly, known, asian, pigeonwings, bluebellvine, blue, butterfly, cordofan, darwin, plant, species, belonging, family, fabaceae, endemic, native, indonesian, island, ternate, flowers, foliage, scientific, classification, kingdom, plantae,. Clitoria ternatea commonly known as Asian pigeonwings 1 bluebellvine blue pea butterfly pea cordofan pea or Darwin pea 2 is a plant species belonging to the family Fabaceae endemic and native to the Indonesian island of Ternate 3 215 Clitoria ternatea Flowers and foliage Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Subfamily Faboideae Genus Clitoria Species C ternatea Binomial name Clitoria ternateaL Contents 1 Etymology 2 Distribution 3 Description 4 Cultivation 4 1 Pests 4 2 Diseases 5 Uses 5 1 Culinary use 5 2 Traditional medicine 5 3 Textile use 6 Chemical constituents 7 Gallery 8 References 9 External linksEtymology editThe genus name Clitoria is derived from clitoris due to their blossoms shape that resembles the shape of a human vulva The first reference to the genus which includes an illustration of the plant was made in 1678 by Jakob Breyne a Polish naturalist who described it as Flos clitoridis ternatensibus meaning Ternatean flower of the clitoris 4 5 The species name is derived from the name of the island where botanist Carl Linnaeus s specimens originated the Ternate Island located in the northern part of the Maluku Islands 6 3 Distribution editThis plant is native to equatorial Asia including locations in South Asia and Southeast Asia but has also been introduced to Africa Australia and the Americas Description editIt is a perennial herbaceous plant with elliptic obtuse leaves It grows as a vine or creeper doing well in moist neutral soil Its most striking feature is the color of its flowers a vivid deep blue solitary with light yellow markings They are about 4 cm 1 1 2 in long by 3 cm 1 1 4 in wide Some varieties yield white flowers and pink The fruits are 5 7 cm 2 2 3 4 in long flat pods with six to ten seeds in each pod They are edible when tender It is grown as an ornamental plant and as a revegetation species e g in coal mines in Australia requiring little care when cultivated As a legume its roots form a symbiotic association with soil bacteria known as rhizobia which transform atmospheric N2 into a plant usable form a process called nitrogen fixing therefore this plant is also used to improve soil quality through the decomposition of nitrogen rich plant material nbsp Blue flower nbsp White flower nbsp Pollen grains of Clitoria ternateaCultivation editC ternatea does not suffer from any severe pest or disease problems 7 8 Pests edit Rarely suffers from caterpillars 7 whiteflies 7 8 9 and spider mites 8 9 Diseases edit Suffers from anthracnose and bacterial soft rot 9 Rarely suffers from fungal root rots 8 Uses editCulinary use edit In Southeast Asia the flower is used as a natural food colouring to colour glutinous rice and desserts like the Eurasian putugal as well as an ayurvedic medicine 10 In Kelantan in the north east of peninsular Malaysia it is an important ingredient in nasi kerabu giving it its characteristic bluish colour In Burmese and Thai cuisines the flowers are also dipped in butter and fried It is also used to colour the Nyonya dish Pulot tartal 11 Butterfly pea flower tea is made from the ternatea flowers and dried lemongrass and changes color depending on what is added to the liquid with lemon juice turning it purple 12 In Thailand and Vietnam this butterfly blue pea flower tea is commonly mixed with honey and lemon to increase acidity and turn the beverage a pink purple color to produce for a drink usually served after dinner or as a refreshment at hotels and spas 13 The drink is a typical local drink like chamomile tea is in other parts of the world 13 The tea is found in both hot and cold varieties 14 The flowers have more recently been used in a color changing gin and absinthe Blue in the bottle it turns pink when mixed with a carbonated mixer such as tonic water due to the change in pH 15 As organic colours are not permanent this type of gin is recommended to be stored in a dark place to maintain the effect 16 Traditional medicine edit In traditional ayurvedic medicine it is ascribed with various qualities including memory enhancing nootropic antistress anxiolytic antidepressant anticonvulsant tranquilizing and sedative properties 17 In traditional Chinese medicine the plant has been ascribed properties affecting female libido due to its similar appearance to the female reproductive organ 18 Using its extract have also shown its ability to reduce intensity of behavior caused by serotonin and acetylcholine 19 Its extracts possess a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial antipyretic anti inflammatory analgesic diuretic local anesthetic antidiabetic insecticidal blood platelet aggregation inhibiting and for use as a vascular smooth muscle relaxing properties This plant has a long use in traditional ayurvedic medicine for several diseases and the scientific studies has reconfirmed those with modern relevance 20 Textile use edit The flower can be used to dye natural fibers and is used by traditional societies in Asia to do so Chemical constituents editChemical compounds isolated from C ternatea include various triterpenoids flavonol glycosides anthocyanins and steroids 17 Cyclic peptides known as cliotides have been isolated from the heat stable fraction of C ternatea extract 21 The blue colour of C ternatea is a result of various anthocyanins most importantly ternatins polyacylated derivatives of delphinidin 3 3 5 triglucoside Da T 22 23 24 Gallery edit nbsp Butterfly pea flower tea is made from C ternatea flowers nbsp Thai khao tom sweet colored blue with C ternatea flowers nbsp A less common double flowered C ternatea nbsp Flower and pods in different states of ripeness nbsp Seeds nbsp Vietnamese girl collecting butterfly pea flowers in her non laReferences edit USDA NRCS n d Clitoria ternatea The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 31 Jul 2016 Clitoria ternatea L Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 31 Jul 2016 a b Don George 1831 A General History of the Dichleamydeous Plants J G and F Rivington C Ternatea being a native to the island of Ternate Fantz Paul R 2000 Nomenclatural Notes on the Genus Clitoria for the Flora North American Project Castanea 65 2 89 92 JSTOR 4034108 Breyne Jakob 1678 Exoticarum aliarumque minus cognitarum plantarum centuria prima Exotic and other less known plants of the first century in Latin Biblioteca Digital del Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid David Fridericus Rhetius Oguis Georgianna K Gilding Edward K Jackson Mark A Craik David J 28 May 2019 Butterfly Pea Clitoria ternatea a Cyclotide Bearing Plant with Applications in Agriculture and Medicine Frontiers in Plant Science 10 645 doi 10 3389 fpls 2019 00645 PMC 6546959 PMID 31191573 a b c Clitoria ternatea Pale Blue NParks Singapore 2021 08 19 Archived from the original on 2021 01 28 Retrieved 2022 05 01 a b c d Blackstone Victoria Lee 2012 12 06 How to Make Blue Pea Vines Bloom SF Gate Retrieved 2022 05 01 a b c Clitoria ternatea Plant Finder Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved 2022 05 01 Vuong Tung Thanh Hongsprabhas Parichat 2021 01 01 Yildiz Fatih ed Influences of pH on binding mechanisms of anthocyanins from butterfly pea flower Clitoria ternatea with whey powder and whey protein isolate Cogent Food amp Agriculture 7 1 1889098 doi 10 1080 23311932 2021 1889098 S2CID 233972591 Pulut Tai Tai nyonyacooking com Nyonyacooking 14 March 2015 Retrieved 14 November 2021 1 tbsp butterfly pea flowers dried Pantazi Chloe February 26 2016 Watch this tea dramatically change from deep blue to vibrant red with a squeeze of lemon Business Insider Deutschland Archived from the original on September 30 2018 Retrieved July 2 2016 a b Goldberg Elyssa January 31 2016 The Science Behind This Mesmerizing Color Changing Tea Bon Appetit Retrieved July 2 2016 Reid Marian October 16 2012 Be good to yourself in Chiang Mai BBC Travel the British Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved July 3 2016 This magical gin changes colour when tonic s added to it Good Housekeeping Road test Ink gin changes colour when mixed with tonic The Australian Retrieved 2018 12 18 a b Mukherjee PK Kumar V Kumar NS Heinrich M 2008 The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea From traditional use to scientific assessment J Ethnopharmacol 120 3 291 301 doi 10 1016 j jep 2008 09 009 PMID 18926895 Fantz Paul R 1991 Ethnobotany of Clitoria Leguminosae Economic Botany 45 4 New York Botanical Garden Press 511 20 doi 10 1007 BF02930715 JSTOR 4255394 S2CID 38939748 Jain Neeti N Ohal C C Shroff S K Bhutada R H Somani R S Kasture V S Kasture S B 2003 06 01 Clitoria ternatea and the CNS Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 75 3 529 536 doi 10 1016 S0091 3057 03 00130 8 ISSN 0091 3057 PMID 12895670 S2CID 25178020 Mukherjee Pulok Venkatesan Kumar Satheesh Kumar Nanjappan Heinrich Michael 2008 10 01 The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea From traditional use to scientific assessment Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120 3 291 301 doi 10 1016 j jep 2008 09 009 PMID 18926895 Nguyen GK Zhang S Nguyen NT Nguyen PQ Chiu MS Hardjojo A Tam JP Jul 2011 Discovery and characterization of novel cyclotides originated from chimeric precursors consisting of albumin 1 chain a and cyclotide domains in the Fabaceae family PDF J Biol Chem 286 27 24275 87 doi 10 1074 jbc m111 229922 PMC 3129208 PMID 21596752 Archived from the original PDF on 2022 05 31 Retrieved 2018 10 29 Terahara Norihiko Saito Norio Honda Toshio Toki Kenjiro Osajima Yutaka 1990 01 01 Acylated anthocyanins of Clitoria ternatea flowers and their acyl moieties Phytochemistry 29 3 949 953 Bibcode 1990PChem 29 949T doi 10 1016 0031 9422 90 80053 J ISSN 0031 9422 Terahara Norihiko Oda Masahiro Matsui Toshiro Osajima Yutaka Saito Norio Toki Kenjiro Honda Toshio 1996 01 01 Five New Anthocyanins Ternatins A3 B4 B3 B2 and D2 from Clitoria ternatea Flowers Journal of Natural Products 59 2 139 144 doi 10 1021 np960050a ISSN 0163 3864 PMID 8991946 Terahara Norihiko Saito Norio Honda Toshio Toki Kenjiro Osajima Yutaka 1990 01 01 Structure of ternatin A1 the largest ternatin in the major blue anthocyanins from clitoria ternatea flowers Tetrahedron Letters 31 20 2921 2924 doi 10 1016 0040 4039 90 80185 O ISSN 0040 4039 External links edit nbsp Media related to Clitoria ternatea at Wikimedia Commons Plant of the Week Clitoria ternatea Archived from the original on 2007 08 09 Retrieved 2007 07 31 Clitoria ternatea Tropical Forages Archived from the original on 2007 08 17 Retrieved 2007 07 31 A strain of Clitoria ternatea from the Philippines from the Int l Soc for Taxonomic Explorations Archived 2020 10 24 at the Wayback Machine by Isidro A T Savillo Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clitoria ternatea amp oldid 1221852364, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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